以下是小编为大家整理的论说文的作文提纲范文，本文共19篇，希望对您有所帮助。
篇1：论说文经典语句
关于论说文经典语句
1.牙医终于把药棉从我嘴里取出后，我才能告诉他他给我拔错牙了。
After the dentist at last removed the cotton wool from my mouth, I was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth.
2.他的话消除了我们的'困惑。
His words blew away our confusion.
3.过去两年的一切努力将付之东流。
All the efforts of the last two years will be blown away.
4.那件事很快从他脑海中烟消云散了。
The matter was soon swept away from his mind.
5.飞机起飞后不久便坠毁了。
The airplane crashed soon after takeoff.
6.股票行情暴跌。
The stock market crashed.
7.第一眼看上去这个问题似乎很容易。
At first glance, the problem seemed easy.
8.以目前的发展情况，我认为这一步不可取。
In view of the recent developments, I do not think this step is advisable.
9.妻子对我的投资计划持悲观的看法。
My wife takes a dim view of my investment plan.
10.他们拼命向前挤，想看得清楚些。
They pushed forward for a better view.
11.仍然有几个悬而未决的问题。
篇2：论说文的经典语句
论说文的经典语句精选
1.下笔以前我得花些时间理清思路。
I need some time to sort out my thoughts before I can start writing.
2.她不亦乐乎地折腾着那位售货员把橱窗里几乎所有的东西都拿了下来才最终决定买下她第一次要的那一件衣服。
She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.
3.他就喜欢支使别人。
4.他们在父母和所有朋友的祝福声中成婚。
5.该树是50年前栽在教堂旁的，但要说得到如此一个坏名声，那还仅仅是近来的事。
The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation.
6.那是一场善与恶的较量。
That was a struggle between good and evil.
7.我总算是领教了Sue惯于迟到的`鼎鼎大名!
I was finally aware of Sues reputation for being late!
8.海尔的声望不是一夜间建立起来的。
Haiers reputation was not built overnight.
9.昨天土耳其发生地震，夺走了135条生命。
An earthquake struck Turkey yesterday, claiming 135 lives.
10.有人打电话给广播电台，宣称对这次炸弹事件负责。
篇3：PETS作文：高分论说文
( )表示可有可无的话，字不够就加上。[a/b/c]表示方括号内由/分开的几句话选一句。
（一） 对立观点式
(1)给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明。 具体表述如下：
topic: some people like a; others like b. which one do you prefer -- a or b? give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
(2)给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由。 具体表述如下：
topic: some people believe that a while others consider b more appropriate. give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support.
对立观点式的三种模板：
1． 人们往往看到b的明显优点而忽视了它的缺点，同时a的内在优势没有被重视。
第一段：to choose a or to choose b is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of b while neglect the genuinely good aspects of a.
第二段：[for b, people are often driven to believe that / it is quite easy for common people to choose b because of the obvious reason that] ____________. (as a proverb says, “everything has two sides”.) although b does have its seemingly profound advantages, in the meantime [there lie [harmful characteristics/ intrinsic drawbacks] in it such as ____________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________] . some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________. however, it is often overlooked [by the public/most people]. (therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that b is always better than a.)
第三段： unfortunately, the innate quality of a is often underestimated.
或：what is more, if you notice the invisible benefits of choosing a, you can understand a more deeply. here i would explain a few of the most important reasons for choosing a. 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。（列举原因的句式见最后的“通用句型”）
第四段：therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that choosing aaa is a rather wise decision.
2． 选a还是选b的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，a比b至少有三大优势：1，2，3。
第一段：there is no denying the fact that ____________(whether it is better to choose a or b) is a popular topic which is much talked about [not only by ____________, but also by ____________/by people across the world/ in a modern society].
或：there is no denying the fact that ____________(whether it is better to choose a or b) is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).
或：in a modern society, people are always faced with the dilemma of whether to choose a or b. this problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in his or her daily lives.
或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么popular topic）if ____________(it is announced that a new movie theater may be built ____________), i will not be surprised to see ____________ (whether it is better to choose a or b) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by ____________, but also by ____________. although it seems that [sometimes we can not tell which one outweigh the other between a and b / they normally coexist peacefully], they deserve some close examination. [if three criteria were taken into account in comparing these two, i would prefer a. / as far as i am concerned, i vote for the latter]. there are no less than three advantages in a as rendered below:
第二段 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段 in conclusion, （it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） only these three reasons are enough to make a person draw the conclusion that ____________ , not to mention there are more.
3． 选a还是选b的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，二者各有优势，不过我来选的话，a的优点还是比b多。
第一段前两句同2，第三句
while both the two [methods/choices] may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. later on, i will explain my opinion about it.
第二段：[a has the obvious advantage that / one very strong argument for a is that] ____________. but there lies intrinsic harmful characteristic in this method. some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________ furthermore, ____________. therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that a is always better than b.
第三段：on the other hand, choosing b also has advantages to some extent, for example, ____________. however, once again, it is important to see that under certain circumstances b will____________(disadvantage)
或：yet there are some people who cast serious doubts on b
或：although b does have its seemingly profound [advantages/ reason],in the meantime[there lie intrinsic [harmful characteristics/drawbacks] in it such as ________________________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________].
第四段：（针对我个人的情况又可以说出一套理由）but if all these factors are contemplated, [as far as i am concerned / according to my knowledge], the advantages of a carry more weight than those of b because a fits [me/us students] better in two ways: in the first place, ____________, in the second place/secondly,____________therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that choosing a is a rather wise decision.
或：（我个人的情况说不出什么新的理由，只好说我觉得a优点就是比b多）
it seems very difficult for us to prefer one to another because all of them have their advantages and disadvantages to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. yet that does not mean that they are all the same to me. which one i prefer depends on my own experience, life style and [emotional concerns / educational background/____________]. [as far as i am concerned / according to my personality and fondness/ to be frank], i would like to choose a, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose it. b, on the other hand, has advantages no more than its disadvantages.
(二)单一观点式
两种形式：
(1)给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。
具体表述如下：
topic: do you agree or disagree with the following statement? aaa. use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
(2)给出一个论点，主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。
具体表述如下：
topic: a is superior to b. do you agree or disagree with this statement? use specific reasons to support your point of view.
注：在模板中用a、b表示相比较的两个事物，这种形式与对立观点式有着很大的相似之处，考生可以进行适当的借鉴。
(2)可以使用对立观点式的模板。(1)的两种模板如下：
1． disagree这个问题的确是个热门话题，支持的人的理由是____________，但是它的错误在于____________。
第一段：there is no denying the fact that ____________(if one should ____________ /if ____________ is right) is a hot topic which is much talked about [not only by ____________, but also by ____________ /by people across the world/ in a modern society].
或：there is no denying the fact that ____________(if one should ____________ /if ____________ is right) is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).
或：there is no denying the fact that ____________(if one should ____________ /if ____________ is right) is a basic (moral/philosophical) problem that can not be circumvented by anybody,( because the opinion on this problem will determine one’s attitude toward the world and the life).
或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么popular topic）if ____________(it is announced
that a new movie theater may be built ____________), i will not be surprised to see ____________ (whether the plan should be supported or opposed) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by ____________, but also by ____________. before rendering my opinion, i think it is important to take a glance at the arguments on both sides.
第二段：people who support aaa usually give (some, even all of) the following reasons. 第一点 原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段：at the first glance, the opinion saying yes to the above question perhaps sounds reasonable and appealing. nevertheless, [many people do not think this view can hold water / we can find that it presents us with numerous negative effects along with its benefits.]
或：although ____________(the opinion in question) does have its seemingly profound [advantages/reasons], in the meantime [there lie intrinsic [harmful characteristics /drawbacks/faults] in [it/this method] such as ____________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________].
some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________. unfortunately, it is often overlooked by [the public/most people]. (therefore we have no complete evidence to conclude that the statement is right.) what is more, ____________
第四段：in a word, despite the fact that the argument i disagree does hold a little bit of water, i think that____________
2．agree或disagree都可以用。这个问题的确是个热门话题，乍一看不好说，不能仓促下结论，但是我同意/不同意它，至少有3条理由：1，2，3。（下面是按agree写的，容易改为disagree的模板）
第一段
第一句同1 ，第二句:
at first glance it seems very difficult for us to draw a [definite/quick] conclusion that ____________ is right or wrong, [because it has both advantages and disadvantages / since everything has two sides]. however, after serious considerations we can see that under most circumstances ____________(this approach) [will do more good than harm / is a rather wise viewpoint].
或：as far as i am concerned, i agree with the opinion. however, it is unfair to draw a quick conclusion without serious considerations. there are no less than [three advantages in a/three reasons to agree with the opinion] as rendered below:
第二段 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段 in conclusion, （it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） only these three reasons can make [a person/me] draw the conclusion that _____________ , not to mention there are more.
（三）选择观点式
具体表述如下：
topic: in order to do xxx, there are many ways: a, b, c, d. which do you choose? give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
注：在模板中用大写xxx表示一件事情，a，b，c，d代表做此事所用的不同方法。
1．面对这么多选择很难作出抉择，但是只考虑我个人的喜好，我选a，选a至少有三条好处：1,2,3。所以我得出结论a好。当然，这仅限于我。
第一段:
with so many choices it seems very difficult for us to prefer one to another because all of them have their advantages( and disadvantages) to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. yet that does not mean they are all the same to me. which one i prefer depends on my own experience, life style and [emotional concerns / educational background/____________]. to be frank, i would prefer a if personal quality is considered as a criterion to choose things. (however, it is unfair to draw a quick conclusion without serious onsiderations.) there are no less than three advantages in a as rendered below:
第二段:
第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段:
in conclusion, （it must be noted that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） only these three reasons can make me draw the conclusion that ______________ , not to mention there are more ([reasons/advantages of a] that can account for my fondness for it). (anyway, it is confined to me, and different persons can make different choices according to their personality and fondness.)
（四）分析列举式
具体表述如下：
人们喜欢参观博物馆，分析一下都有什么原因? 你认为一个好邻居应该有哪些品质?有人搬到你们城市，你认为他会对这个城市有些什么看法?
两种模板：
1．_________的确是一个值得探讨的话题。不同的人有不同的看法，有的认为______，有的认为____________，还有的认为____________我认为最重要的一点是____________.
第一段：
there is no denying the fact that (why/how/what) ____________ is a hot topic which is much talked about [not only by ____________, but also by ____________ /by people across the world/ in a modern society].
或：there is no denying the fact that (why/how/what) ____________ is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).
或：there is no denying the fact that (why/how/what) ____________ is a basic (moral/philosophical) problem that can not be circumvented by anybody,( because the opinion on this problem will determine one’s attitude toward the world and the life).
或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么popular topic）____________(why people visit museums) is a interesting question that deserves careful investigation not only by_______________(museum managers), but also by ____________(visitors themselves). people with different experience, life style and [emotional concerns / educational background/____________] differ greatly in their attitudes toward this [problem /question]. some people hold the opinion that ____________. others, [however/on the contrary], maintain that ____________. still others, convinced by the view that ____________, argue that ____________. according to them,____________. but as far as i am concerned, i consider the [chief reason/ most important quality] is ____________. and here are three reasons that i’d like to point out.
第二段：第一点第二点第三点
第三段：
in a word, ____________(the three points mentioned above) are the main opinions on ____________ hold by [common/most] people. but my idea is that ____________________, and i sincerely believe that it is right.
2．____________的确是一个值得探讨的话题。人们看法比较一致，第一第二第三。我认为最重要的一点是____________
第一段:
第一句同1。第二句：
somewhat surprisingly, people with different experience, life style and [emotional concerns / educational background/____________] share similar attitudes toward this [problem/question]. they usually [give some, even all of the following reasons / consider some, even all of the following points [important/ necessary / desirable /advisable] ].
第二段：
第一点第二点第三点
第三段：in a word, ____________(the three points mentioned above) are the main [reasons /desirable qualities /____________] of ____________. but as far as i am concerned, i consider the [ chief reason/ most important quality] is ____________.
或：in a word, ____________(the three points mentioned above) are the main opinions on ____________ hold by [common/most] people. but in my point of view, ____________ has more advantages than disadvantages under most circumstances.
通用句型：（并不固定在某个模板中，在每个模板中都可以用到）
this may explain why ____________/as a consequence____________
it goes without saying that____________
in fact, we can observe easily that in modern society,____________
as a proverb says, “everything has two sides”.
as a proverb says, “where there is a will there is a way”.
as is known to all, “no pains, no gains.”
let’s bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. in today’s world,____________
i can say that if you have no experiences like these, your life is an inadequate one.
be of great benefit/damage to sb./sth.
the reason of ____________ is not so much ____________ as ____________
people differ greatly in their attitudes towards this problem. some people hold the opinion that ____________ others, [ however/on the contrary], maintain that ____________.
it is [urgent/necessary/convenient/desirable/advisable] for sb. to do sth.
have [trouble/a difficult time] [in doing sth./with sth.]
举例证：it can be given by a (well known/concrete) example that ____________. / in order to see this point clearly, let us to see an example:____________/to illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive:____________.
第一点原因：
the main/first reason is that ____________.
first, we can observe easily that in modern society, ...
in the first place
to begin with, (a good roommate should ____________)
第二点原因：
besides, the further reason why i advocate aaa is that ____________.
[the second/another] reason for [my/people’s] propensity for a is that ____________
[the second/another] desirable quality for a good roommate is that ____________
第三点原因：
moreover,____________
the third reason, [not the last/however], goes this way: ____________
写完三条原因还可以再写：maybe there are some other reasons( to show____________). but
it is generally believed that the reasons mentioned above are commonly acceptable.
最后意犹未尽或者字数不够可以加这么一句：
nevertheless i must admit that people can do well without aaa, but no one can ignore the additional convenience and satisfaction offered by aaa. such experience will definitely be helpful in one’s later life.
一个使用了模板的例子：
对立观点：
in this modern society, people always confront the dilemma of choosing whether aaa or bbb. this problem is a much debated one in that it affects everybody in his or her daily life. people may prefer one to the other although some may have no opinions about either at all. before rendering my opinion, i think it is necessary to take a glance at the arguments on both sides.
it is quite rational for average people to choose bbb because of the obvious reason that 原因.the most extreme manifestation of this idea is the fact that 例子.even so, however, many advantages of bbb over aaa will be obscured by its considerable drawbacks such as 例子.therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that bbb is always better than aaa. moreover, a close scrutiny of the potential benefits of choosing aaa would reveal how flimsy it is to stick to the propensity to bbb over aaa.
there are numerous reasons for my preference for aaa, and i shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. one chief reason is that 原因一.and i can think of no better illustration of the idea than the fact that 例子一. the above is only part of the important aspects, and another one with equal significance with respect to choosing between the two lies in the development of the proposition that 原因二. this well explains the undeniable fact that 例子二. besides, a further reason why i advocate aaa is that 原因三.this may explain why 例子三.
last but not least, there is also a more practical reason why i would choose aaa, that is 原因四.
all in all, taking into account all these merits that aaa boasts of, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that the advantages of aaa outweigh any benefit we can get from bbb and choosing aaa is a rather wise decision.
pets论说文模板简化版
(一) 对立观点式
1.一个事物对立的两个放面/两对立事物,要求考生支持一方并进行说明. (which类型)
(who/how/what ……) is a prevalent topic undergoing serious debate. there exist two obvious and definite opinions regarding this controversy: a and b. personally, i would like to vote for a for three reasons.
the main reason for my propensity for a is that……
what is also worth noticing fact is that……
a is superior in another way, this is…
it is undeniable that b has its own merits. however, b can only be achieved conditionally because…
from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ...
2.给出两种观点,要求考生比较他们的优缺点. (compare & contrast)
to choose a or b is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of a, and neglect the genuinely good aspects of b.
for a, a 的一个优势
however, this “advantage” betrays a hidden drawback of a. a如何如何. for instance,
furthermore, a的一个大缺点. …a good case in point is...
on the contrary, b的优点1, a particular example for this is…
moreover, b的优点2,for example…
from what has been discussed above, i may safely draw the conclusion that b fits me better in two ways : b的优点1. b的优点2.
(二)单一观点式
1.给出一结论,此论点不包括两种事物的比较,要求考生支持或反对并给出理由. (同意 或 不同意类型)
首先 题目观点的重述paraphrase.
after pondering this opinion from several aspects, i totally agree (disagree) with it. the reasons are presented below.
there is no denying that…
another reason why i agree (disagree) with xxx is that…
finally,…
based on the above discussion, i agree( disagree ) with the opinion that…
2．给出一个论点，主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由( which类型+ 同意 或 不同意类型)
(本类型只agree)
(who/how/what ……) is a prevalent topic undergoing serious debate. there exist two obvious and definite opinions regarding this controversy: a and b. personally, i agree with the above statement that a is superior to b.
the main reason for my propensity for a is that……
what is also worth noticing fact is that……
a is superior in another way, this is…
it is undeniable that b has its own merits. however, b can only be achieved conditionally because…
from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ...
(三)选择多观点之一 并 解释你为什么选择它
there exist various choices in doing xxx such as a,b,c,d.
as far as i am concerned, i prefer c most for three reasons.
the main reason for my propensity for c is that……
what is also worth noticing fact is that……
c is superior in another way, this is…
from what has been discussed above, i may safely draw the conclusion that choosing c is most sensible for me/us. [in summary, i prefer c according to my personality and fondness.]
(四)原因解释型
1. 给出一个事实,要求解释它的原因.
陈述这个事实 as is know by all, ……
among countless factors which contribute to xxx, there exist three most conspicuous ones:
one of the primary causes is that…
xxx also results from…
… is responsible for xxx, as well.
to put all into a nutshell, i draw the conclusion that a,b and c are three main contributors to xxx
2. what should we do? how do something influence our lives? what are the characters of something.
背景描述
there are numerous approaches to solving…/impacts on sth. /characteristics of… , and i would explore the most conspicuous ones there.
one of the primary method, to my mind, is that…
one of the primary impact, to my mind, is that…
one of the primary characteristic, to my mind, is that…
a more subtle point which we must consider is that…
in addition/ furthermore ……
in conclusion, taking into account of all these methods/ affects / aspects, we may reach the conclusion that……
篇4：中学生论说文的作文评语
中学生论说文的作文评语
1、用词欠妥，语气不贯
2、析论不明，语多欠详
3、识见不高，文句生涩
4、语多重复，文欠调畅
5、入情入里，甚见精纯
6、豪放雄奇，不落俗套
7、诠释明确，措辞顺当
8、文气充沛，段落分明
9、脉络分明，有条不紊
10、文从字顺，言简意赅
11、激昂慷慨，扣人心弦
12、细心求证，丝毫不苟
13、措辞得体，立论公正
14、句句有力，字字精辟
15、笔致轻松，理畅辞达
16、八面玲珑，论断正确
17、说理调畅，议论允当
18、思想敏捷，眼光远大
19、徒多费词，毫无精义
20、内容杂乱，词句欠通
21、文句生涩，意不明畅
22、析论不明，语多欠详
23、结构松散，文句欠佳
24、选词失当，意不暧昧
25、用词妥切，议论精当
26、见解脱俗，理顺意明
篇5：全国英语等级考试作文辅导：论说文
全国英语等级考试作文辅导：论说文模板大全
( )表示可有可无的话，字不够就加上。[a/b/c]表示方括号内由/分开的几句话选一句。
（一） 对立观点式
(1)给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明。 具体表述如下：
TOPIC: Some people like A; others like B. Which one do you prefer -- A or B? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
(2)给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由。 具体表述如下：
TOPIC: Some people believe that A while others consider B more appropriate. Give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support.
对立观点式的三种模板：
1． 人们往往看到B的`明显优点而忽视了它的缺点，同时A的内在优势没有被重视。
第一段：To choose A or to choose B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of B while neglect the genuinely good aspects of A.
第二段：[For B, people are often driven to believe that / It is quite easy for common people to CHOOSE B because of the obvious reason that] ____________. (As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”.) Although B does have its seemingly profound advantages, in the meantime [there lie [harmful characteristics/ intrinsic drawbacks] in it such as ____________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________] . Some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________. However, it is often overlooked [by the public/most people]. (Therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that B is always better than A.)
第三段： Unfortunately, the innate quality of A is often underestimated.
或：What is more, if you notice the invisible benefits of CHOOSING A, you can understand A more deeply. Here I would explain a few of the most important reasons for choosing A. 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。（列举原因的句式见最后的“通用句型”）
第四段：Therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that CHOOSING AAA is a rather wise decision.
2． 选A还是选B的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，A比B至少有三大优势：1，2，3。
第一段：There is no denying the fact that ____________(whether it is better to choose A or B) is a popular topic which is much talked about [not only by ____________, but also by ____________/by people across the world/ in a modern society].
或：There is no denying the fact that ____________(whether it is better to choose A or B) is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).
或：In a modern society, people are always faced with the dilemma of whether to choose A or B. This problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in his or her daily lives.
或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么popular topic）If ____________(it is announced that a new movie theater may be built ____________), I will not be surprised to see ____________ (whether it is better to choose A or B) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by ____________, but also by ____________. Although it seems that [sometimes we can not tell which one outweigh the other between A and B / they normally coexist peacefully], they deserve some close examination. [If three criteria were taken into account in comparing these two, I would prefer A. / As far as I am concerned, I vote for the latter]. There are no less than three advantages in A as rendered below:
第二段 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段 In conclusion, （it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） Only these three reasons are enough to make a person draw the conclusion that ____________ , not to mention there are more.
3． 选A还是选B的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，二者各有优势，不过我来选的话，A的优点还是比B多。
第一段前两句同2，第三句
While both the two [methods/choices] may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. Later on, I will explain my opinion about it.
第二段：[A has the obvious advantage that / One very strong argument for A is that] ____________. But there lies intrinsic harmful characteristic in this method. Some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________ Furthermore, ____________. Therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that A is always better than B.
第三段：On the other hand, choosing B also has advantages to some extent, For example, ____________. However, once again, it is important to see that under certain circumstances B will____________(disadvantage)
或：Yet there are some people who cast serious doubts on B
或：Although B does have its seemingly profound [advantages/ reason],in the meantime[there lie intrinsic [harmful characteristics/drawbacks] in it such as ________________________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________].
第四段：（针对我个人的情况又可以说出一套理由）But if all these factors are contemplated, [as far as I am concerned / according to my knowledge], the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B because A fits [me/us students] better in two ways: In the first place, ____________, In the second place/secondly,____________Therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that choosing A is a rather wise decision.
或：（我个人的情况说不出什么新的理由，只好说我觉得A优点就是比B多）
It seems very difficult for us to prefer one to another because all of them have their advantages and disadvantages to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. Yet that does not mean that they are all the same to me. Which one I prefer depends on my own experience, life style and [emotional concerns / educational background/____________]. [As far as I am concerned / According to my personality and fondness/ To be frank], I would like to choose A, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose it. B, on the other hand, has advantages no more than its disadvantages.
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篇6：公共英语五级作文高分论说文摘抄
公共英语五级作文高分论说文模板摘抄
单一观点式两种形式：
(1)给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。
具体表述如下：
TOPIC： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? AAA. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
(2)给出一个论点，主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。
具体表述如下：
TOPIC： A is superior to B. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons to support your point of view.
注：在模板中用A、B表示相比较的两个事物，这种形式与对立观点式有着很大的相似之处，考生可以进行适当的借鉴。
(2)可以使用对立观点式的模板。(1)的两种模板如下：
1. disagree这个问题的确是个热门话题，支持的`人的理由是____________，但是它的错误在于____________.
第一段：There is no denying the fact that ____________(if one should ____________ /if ____________ is right) is a hot topic which is much talked about [not only by ____________， but also by ____________ /by people across the world/ in a modern society].
或：There is no denying the fact that ____________(if one should ____________ /if ____________ is right) is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).
或：There is no denying the fact that ____________(if one should ____________ /if ____________ is right) is a basic (moral/philosophical) problem that can not be circumvented by anybody，( because the opinion on this problem will determine one‘s attitude toward the world and the life).
或：(如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么popular topic)If ____________(it is announced
that a new movie theater may be built ____________)， I will not be surprised to see ____________ (whether the plan should be supported or opposed) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by ____________， but also by ____________. Before rendering my opinion， I think it is important to take a glance at the arguments on both sides.
第二段：People who support AAA usually give (some， even all of) the following reasons. 第一点 原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段：At the first glance， the opinion saying yes to the above question perhaps sounds reasonable and appealing. Nevertheless， [many people do not think this view can hold water / we can find that it presents us with numerous negative effects along with its benefits.]
或：Although ____________(the opinion in question) does have its seemingly profound [advantages/reasons]， in the meantime [there lie intrinsic [harmful characteristics /drawbacks/faults] in [it/this method] such as ____________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________].
Some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________. Unfortunately， it is often overlooked by [the public/most people]. (Therefore we have no complete evidence to conclude that the statement is right.) What is more， ____________
第四段：In a word， despite the fact that the argument I disagree does hold a little bit of water， I think that____________
2.Agree或disagree都可以用。这个问题的确是个热门话题，乍一看不好说，不能仓促下结论，但是我同意/不同意它，至少有3条理由：1，2，3.(下面是按agree写的，容易改为disagree的模板)
篇7：记述抒情作论说文评语
作文评语一：记述类
雅文练，写景生动。 布局新颖，用词简达。 娓娓细说，清婉可喜。 写景状物，入木三分。 层次井然，结构严谨 行文洒脱，趣味隽永。 淡远情逸，隽永含蓄。
平铺直叙，亦有情韵。 简洁流畅，意义深长。 言近旨远，不同凡味 明察秋毫，描述生动。 内容曲折，耐人寻味。 逸趣横生，读来可喜。 叙述紧凑，扣人心弦。
婉转流利，真实不虚 内容充实，文字流利。 优游从容，描写细腻。 据实叙述，畅所欲言。 辞意从容，雅见情韵。 叙事抒情，均颇贴切 文笔清丽，写景生动。
布局顺当，描写逼真。 语多赘余，文欠生动。 内容贫乏，错字太多。 收结过早，意未尽宜 文笔雄健，不落俗套。 文情并茂，感人肺腑。 叙述详尽，条理井然。
遣词造句，行云流水。 刻划入微，栩栩如生 取材不凡，运笔如飞。 词义从容，雅见情韵。 清新流畅，自然有致。 取材丰富，文字生动。 颇富幽默，笔调轻松，自然顺畅，有条不紊。
作文评语二：抒情类
炫丽清新，颇有韵味。 流利贴切，描写佳妙。 叙事抒情，均颇贴切。 淋漓尽致，颇切题意。 结构完整，清新隽永 笔灵心慧，极富诗意。 愤慨之情，流于翰墨。
文约意广，境界清真。 措辞婉约，面面俱到。 尽情发抒，言词无碍 明畅开朗，气势壮丽。 轻松有趣，颇具题意。 辞藻瑰丽，清娩可喜。 文笔练达，意亦周到。
抒情恳切，一气呵成 用词切当，意境不俗。 情感丰富，事件趣卓。 真情流露，感人肺腑。 文畅情达，雄深雅见。 词句生硬，文意不明 拖泥带水，语不明析。
文句生涩，未能达意。 草率成偏，殊少意义。 快乐之状，耀然纸上。 选词失当，譬喻不切 认识错误，不切题意。 文辞生硬，未能达意。 含意空虚，句亦欠顺。
作文评语二：论说类
用词妥切，议论精当。 激昂慷慨，扣人心弦。 见解脱俗，理顺意明。 细心求证，丝毫不苟。 笔力劲健，见解不凡 措辞得体，立论公正。 繁简适当，层次分明。
句句有力，字字精辟。 入情入里，甚见精纯。 笔致轻松，理畅辞达 豪放雄奇，不落俗套。 面面俱到，论断正确。 诠释明确，措辞顺当。 说理调畅，议论允当。
文气充沛，段落分明 思想敏捷，眼光远大。 脉络分明，有条不紊。 徒多费词，毫无精义。 文从字顺，言简意赅。 内容杂乱，词句欠通 文句生涩，意不明畅。
析论不明，语多欠详。 结构松散，文句欠佳。 语多重复，文欠调畅。 选词失当，意不明朗 用词欠妥，语气不贯。 析论不明，语多欠详。 识见不高，文句生涩。
篇8：记述抒情作论说文评语
用词妥切，议论精当。激昂慷慨，扣人心弦。见解脱俗，理顺意明。细心求证，丝毫不苟。笔力劲健，见解不凡措辞得体，立论公正。繁简适当，层次分明。
句句有力，字字精辟。入情入里，甚见精纯。笔致轻松，理畅辞达豪放雄奇，不落俗套。面面俱到，论断正确。诠释明确，措辞顺当。说理调畅，议论允当。
文气充沛，段落分明思想敏捷，眼光远大。脉络分明，有条不紊。徒多费词，毫无精义。文从字顺，言简意赅。内容杂乱，词句欠通文句生涩，意不明畅。
析论不明，语多欠详。结构松散，文句欠佳。语多重复，文欠调畅。选词失当，意不明朗用词欠妥，语气不贯。析论不明，语多欠详。识见不高，文句生涩。
篇9：记述抒情作论说文评语
雅文练，写景生动。布局新颖，用词简达。娓娓细说，清婉可喜。写景状物，入木三分。层次井然，结构严谨行文洒脱，趣味隽永。淡远情逸，隽永含蓄。
平铺直叙，亦有情韵。简洁流畅，意义深长。言近旨远，不同凡味明察秋毫，描述生动。内容曲折，耐人寻味。逸趣横生，读来可喜。叙述紧凑，扣人心弦。
婉转流利，真实不虚内容充实，文字流利。优游从容，描写细腻。据实叙述，畅所欲言。辞意从容，雅见情韵。叙事抒情，均颇贴切文笔清丽，写景生动。
布局顺当，描写逼真。语多赘余，文欠生动。内容贫乏，错字太多。收结过早，意未尽宜文笔雄健，不落俗套。文情并茂，感人肺腑。叙述详尽，条理井然。
遣词造句，行云流水。刻划入微，栩栩如生取材不凡，运笔如飞。词义从容，雅见情韵。清新流畅，自然有致。取材丰富，文字生动。颇富幽默，笔调轻松，自然顺畅，有条不紊。
篇10： 提纲
摘要 6-7
ABSTRACT 7
序言 8-9
目录 9-11
1 引言 11-15
1。1 研究背景 11-12
1。2 研究好处 12
1。2。1 理论好处 12
1。2。2 现实好处 12
1。3 研究资料及研究方法 12-14
1。3。1 研究资料 12-13
1。3。2 研究方法 13-14
1。4 研究框架 14-15
2 文献综述与相关理论基础 15-21
2。1 文献综述 15-18
2。1。1 相关概念界定 15
2。1。2 国外文献综述 15-17
2。1。3 国内文献综述 17-18
2。1。4 文献评述 18
2。2 相关理论基础 18-21
2。2。1 相对估值理论 18-19
2。2。2 VaR风险管理方法 19-20
2。2。3 理论基础评述 20-21
3 “新三板”企业利用股票质押融资的现状分析 21-29
3。1 “新三板”挂牌市场的特征分析 21-25
3。1。1 “新三板”市场产生的背景及好处 21-23
3。1。2 “新三板”企业的特点及融资需求 23-25
3。2 我国股票质押的发展现状 25-29
3。2。1 股票质押的好处与作用 25-26
3。2。2 选取质押股权融资的原因 26-29
4 “新三板”企业股票质押存在的主要风险 29-32
4。1 股票质押贷款的风险类型及特征 29-30
4。2 股票质押贷款的风险类型及特征股票质押贷款的风险 30-32
4。2。1 信用风险 30
4。2。2 市场风险 30-31
4。2。3 流动性风险 31-32
5 VAR与股票质押贷款风险管理及实证分析 32-46
5。1 VAR风险管理 32-37
5。1。1 VaR风险管理方法的前世今生 32
5。1。2 VaR风险管理的概念 32-34
5。1。3 VaR的计算方法 34-37
5。2 基于VAR的股票质押贷款风险模型 37-39
5。3 “新三板”股票质押VAR模型的实证研究 39-44
5。4 VAR在“新三板”股票质押的风险管理中的评价 44-46
6 结论 46-48
6。1 对策与推荐 46-47
6。2 不足与展望 47-48
参考文献 48-50
篇11： 提纲
目 录
引言 1
一、我国外贸依存度的现状 2
二、我国名义外贸依存度提升的原因 3
三、我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算和与国际间贸易的比较 5
(一)我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算 5
1、加工贸易在对外贸易结构中的比重较大 5
2、我国GDP总值被低估 5
3、汇率的影响 5
4、外资企业的影响 6
5、产业结构的影响 6
(二)我国外贸依存度的实际水平的国际比较 6
四、外贸依存度增高对我国经济的影响 7
(一)外贸依存度增高对我国经济的不利影响 7
1、对外贸易摩擦加剧 8
2、影响国家经济安全 8
3、影响国内产业发展 8
4、恶化贸易条件 8
(二)外贸依存度增高对我国经济有利影响 9
1、促进了有序竞争 9
2、中国在世界贸易中的分额上升 9
3、透过加工贸易熟悉了国外的技术、管理、市场 9
4、中国贸易的发展创造了超多的就业机会 9
五、合理调控外贸依存度的措施 9
1、继续扩大对外开放 9
2、扩大内需 10
3、促进加工贸易的升级转型 10
4、大力发展服务贸易 10
5、重视我国进出口依存度的结构性指标，推进市场多元化和出口产品结构优化战略 10
6、完善国内经济核算制度 10
7、完善人民币汇率构成机制，持续人民币汇率基本稳定 11
结论与启示 11
参考文献 11
篇12： 提纲
摘要 6-7
ABSTRACT 7-8
目录 9-11
1 引言 11-16
1。1 研究背景和好处 11-12
1。1。1 研究背景 11-12
1。1。2 研究好处 12
1。2 研究思路与方法 12-14
1。3 论文结构安排 14
1。4 研究资料 14-16
2 理论基础与文献综述 16-24
2。1 基本理论 16-17
2。1。1 需求层次理论 16
2。1。2 期望理论 16
2。1。3 公平理论 16-17
2。2 相关概念及文献综述 17-24
2。2。1 相关概念界定 17-21
2。2。2 相关文献综述 21-24
3 北京市H部门公务员薪酬激励机制现状与问题分析 24-36
3。1 中国公务员薪酬激励制度发展历程 24-25
3。2 北京市H部门公务员薪酬现状 25-26
3。3 北京市H部门公务员薪酬激励问卷调查与分析 26-30
3。3。1 调查问卷设计依据 26
3。3。2 调查问卷描述性分析 26-30
3。4 北京市H部门公务员薪酬激励机制存在问题及分析 30-36
3。4。1 北京市H部门薪酬激励机制存在问题分析 30-35
3。4。2 北京市H部门薪酬激励机制存在问题归因 35-36
4 国外公共部门薪酬激励机制的借鉴 36-43
4。1 国外公共部门薪酬激励制度 36-39
4。1。1 薪酬晋升方面 36-37
4。1。2 薪酬公平性差异方面 37
4。1。3 薪酬与工作资料和职位相关性方面 37-38
4。1。4 薪酬结构方面 38-39
4。2 国内外薪酬制度比较 39-43
4。2。1 国内薪酬制度在水平上未能实现激励 39-40
4。2。2 国内薪酬制度在结构上未能实现激励 40-41
4。2。3 国内薪酬制度在种类上未能实现激励 41
4。2。4 国内薪酬制度在方式上未能实现激励 41-43
5 北京市H部门薪酬体系政策推荐 43-52
5。1 北京市H部门薪酬激励机制路径选取 43-44
5。2 优化薪酬制度体系 44-47
5。2。1 调整薪酬结构 44-46
5。2。2 实现薪酬公平46-47
5。3 完备薪酬制度保障条件 47-52
5。3。1 加强精神建设构成激励文化 47-48
5。3。2 建立合理的考核体系 48-50
5。3。3 完善科学的监督体系 50-52
结论 52-53
参考文献 53-55
篇13： 提纲
一、性质地位
毕业论文是教学计划中的最后一个重要教学环节，是加强学生理论联系实际、培养学生严谨勤奋的工作态度和求实创新的科学作风、锻炼学生独立工作潜力、提高学生全面素质的有效手段，也是对学生掌握和运用所学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能和从事科学研究潜力的综合考核，是到达培养目标的必要步骤。
因此，毕业论文具有十分重要的地位。
二、时光安排
1、毕业论文的时光为8周;
2、一般在毕业前一学期，社会调查完成之后进行。
三、选题原则
1、毕业论文选题应当在法学专业范围之内，并贴合法律专业的特点;
2、毕业论文选题应当分为规定性命题和自选命题两种。选题时应当结合我国司法实践，选取应用性强或当前司法实践亟待解决的实际问题作为毕业论文的主要方向和主要资料;
3、鼓励学生对当前改革中出现的问题进行探讨。
四、写作要求
1、论文应中心突出、结构严谨、层次分明、论述清楚、文笔流畅，贴合规范的格式;
2、论文应到达必须的字数
本科：8000字以上
专科：6000字以上
3、论文应是在调查研究的基础上写出的、有学生自我观点和见解的学术性论文。在毕业论文写作过程中要虚心学习，尊重导师，严谨为学，诚实为人。收集资料、占有材料均要实事求是，摘录要贴合作者原意，不能断章取义，资料要注明来源。透过毕业论文写作应培养严谨的学术作风。
4、学员应独立完成毕业论文，论文写作应有计划地进行，论文资料应包括：
(1)前言 含简要说明选题的好处，主要创新观点、见解、对策和结论;
(2)论证分析部分这是论文的主要部分。要求思路清楚、逻辑严密、文字通顺、结论科学。全文应论点层次分明，要分章节或大小标题，标题要简洁醒目;论文不能只是材料的堆积，要言之有物，运用材料说明问题，论据充分、材料丰富且运用得当;论文要按照理论联系实际的原则分析问题和解决问题，最后得出合乎逻辑的结论。
(3) 对策推荐 创新见解要在那里总结、表述清楚。
(4) 结束语。
(5) 参考资料目录(包括：专著、著作、学术论文等)。
五、写作计划
论文应制定写作计划，包括：论文大纲，大小标题，基本论点和论点句;进度计划(社会调查计划，资料调研计划，时光进度表)。
学员撰写论文能够参照以下程序：
1、准备阶段：
(1)完成毕业论文写作指导的学习;
(2)了解毕业论文写作过程及要求。
2、选题阶段：
(1)收集、阅读、分析资料和文献;
(2)在导师指导下选题、命题和构思论文。
3、读书报告阶段：
(1)在选好题目的基础上， 调查研究、超多阅读文献、收集资料(含社会调查)、阅读消化、调查研究。要求每位学生阅读20篇以上文献资料，其中包括专著、著作、学术论文等;
(2)写出3000字以上的读书报告(最后与论文一并交指导教师)。
4、撰写论文初稿阶段：
学生在读书报告基础上， 撰写提纲并进行写作论文初稿。
5、论文修改完善阶段：
学生在指导教师的指导下对论文做进一步的充实、修改与完善。
6、论文提交阶段：
(1)根据导师最后提出的定稿意见做最后的完善;
(2)检查论文的格式和文字等细节;
(3)按照论文的统一格式排版并将最终的论文定稿打印、装订;
(4)提交的论文为一式三份;
(5)提交论文定稿的电子版给导师。
7、论文评审与答辩阶段：
(1)由相关部门组成毕业论文评审、答辩小组组织毕业论文评审、答辩。
(2)答辩在江苏大学或贴合条件的校外教学站进行;
(3)给出毕业论文综合成绩。
六、指导教师
1、指导教师及主持答辩的教师务必是具有中级(含中级)以上专业技术职称的法学教师、法学研究人员或具有同等资历并从事法律实务工作五年以上的人员，其资格由我校成人教育学院负责审核;
2、指导教师只能指导相关专业的毕业论文，不得跨专业指导;
3、一位指导教师指导学生人数不得超过10名，指导每个学生不得少于10个学时;
4、指导教师应认真履行职责，指导学生完成毕业论文的全过程。一般应包括指导学生选题、收集资料、撰写提纲、撰写初纲、提出修改意见，直至定稿和写出评语。
七、论文格式
1。论文要求一律用A4白纸打印。
2。封面：论文一律用统一封面，论文封面格式另行规定
3。任务书：资料包括论文要求、主要资料、进度安排等。任务书由学校统一印制。
4。摘要与关键词：论文要有150-200字的摘要，并列出论文3-5个关键词(中、英文对照)。
5。正文：论文统一用A4纸，计算机打印。正文标题用二号黑体字，行文用小四号宋体字。论文正文打印格式及尺寸要求：版芯尺寸为15CM23CM，统一用小四号宋体字打印。
6。脚注：论文中引用资料时要加以脚注。法学专业论文脚注统一使用小五号宋体字，脚注按：著者姓名、文献名、卷册序号、出版单位、出版时光、页码次序标注。
7。参考文献：论文正文后须附参考文献，著明论文所依据的文献资料状况，文献著录格式主要有下列几种：
(1)专(译)著：作者。书名(，译者)。出版地：出版者，出版年。 起~止页码;
连续出版物：作者。文题。刊名，年，卷号(期号)：起~止页码;
(2)论 文 集：作者。文章标题：编者，文集名。出版地：出版者，出版年。 起~止页码;
(3)互联网资料：作者。 文章标题，完整网址，年代。
8。鸣谢：本页内，学生能够表达对论文指导教师和在论文写在过程中给予帮忙和支持的其他人的感谢。
9。装订：毕业论文按如下顺序排列和装订：
(1)封面;
(2)目录;
(3)中英文摘要与关键词页;
(4)论文正文;
(5)参考文献页;
(6)鸣谢页;
(7)封底。
读书报告另行装订。
八、成绩评定
毕业论文成绩分优、良、中、及格、不及格五个等级。
1、优：能很好地综合运用所学知识进行分析问题，论文选题恰当，能以正确的观点和方法提出问题，对研究的问题论述清楚，分析透彻，论据充分，资料丰富，层次清楚，文笔流畅;对所研究的问题有建立性发挥和见解;答辩时口头表达清晰，回答问题正确无误。
2、良：能很好地综合运用所学知识进行分析问题，论文选题恰当，能以正确的观点和方法提出问题，对研究的问题论述清楚，分析透彻，论据充分，资料丰富，层次清楚，文笔流畅;答辩时口头表达清晰，回答问题正确无误。
3、中：能较好地综合运用所学知识进行分析问题，论文选题恰当，能以正确的观点和方法提出问题，对研究的问题论述清楚，分析透彻，论据比较充分，资料比较丰富，层次清楚，文笔通顺;答辩时口头表达清晰，回答问题基本正确。
4、及格：基本能运用所学知识进行分析问题，论文选题尚可，能以正确的观点和方法提出问题，对研究的问题论述清楚，论据能说明问题，资料贴合规定，层次基本清楚;答辩时口头表达基本清晰，回答问题没有明显错误。
5、不及格：有下列状况之一者论文不及格：
(1)未完成预定的论文写作资料;
(2)抄袭他人的论文或文章;
(3)没有掌握必要的基础理论和专业知识;
(4)论文分析有明显错误;
(5)论文结构不合理;
(6)质量较差;
(7)字数少于规定要求;
(8)打印装订不合格;
(9)答辩时不能阐明论文资料， 又不能回答提问;
(10)其他。
成绩评定方法与原则是：
1、指导教师应根据学生写作态度和论文质量给出推荐成绩;
2、经过口头答辩，由答辩小组根据毕业论文与答辩状况给予成绩;
3、最终成绩由江苏大学成人教育学院负责审定。
九、附则
1、本大纲由江苏大学继续教育学院负责解释;
2、本大纲未尽事宜，由江苏大学成人教育学院另行规定。
篇14： 提纲
一、毕业论文(设计)的装订顺序
依次为封面、诚信承诺书、目录、中文摘要与中文关键词、英文摘要与英文关键词、正文、注释(可选)、参考文献、致谢。
二、毕业论文(设计说明书)编写要求
1、封面(采用学校统一印制的封面纸)
具体资料包括：题目名称、系别、专业名称、班级、学生姓名、学号、指导教师和论文完成时光等。
题目名称应简短、明确、有概括性，必要时可加副标题。字数一般不宜超过20个汉字。(注意封面题目与论文正文的题目要一致)
2、诚信承诺书
诚信承诺书要单独一页，背面空白。
3、目录
目录按毕业论文(设计说明书)顺序分三级层次编写，要标明页数，以便阅读。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致。
4、摘要
摘要是毕业论文(设计说明书)资料的简短陈述，应以简要文字介绍研究课题的目的、方法、主要资料及主要结果或结论，字数约为300~500字。
摘要前以[摘要]作为标识。
5、关键词
关键词是反映毕业论文(设计说明书)最主要资料的词语或术语。关键词数量一般为3~5个。
关键词前以[关键词]作为标识，关键词之间用;分隔。
(中文标题、摘要、关键词与英文标题、摘要、关键词各占一页，详见《论文格式》)
6、引言或前言等
可选资料，笔者认为有必要可写则写，不写亦可。
7、正文
正文应充分阐明毕业论文(设计说明书)的观点、原理、方法等。
正文应分层深入，逐层剖析，并按层设分层标题并编号。标题序次结构采用下列形式：
(1)经济管理类毕业论文用：一、(一) 1。 (1) ① 依此类推
(2)理工设计类毕业设计和外语类毕业论文用：1 1。1 1。1。1 1。1。1。1 依此类推
注释主要对文中某一特定资料作必要的解释或说明，可夹在文内(加圆括号)，也可排在页末或篇末。序号用带圆圈的阿拉伯数字表示。
正文中引述他人的观点、统计数据或计算公式应注明来源，并尽量在句末右上角标注参考文献的编号。
毕业论文(设计说明书)中的表格应统一编序(如：表4)，也能够逐章单独编序(如：表2—3)。表格编序务必连续，不得重复或跳跃。
表格的结构应简洁。各栏都应标注量和相应的单位。表格内数字须上下对齐，相邻栏内的数值相同时，不能用同上、同左和其它类似用词，应一一重新标注。表的标题和序号置于表格上方中间位置。
插图应连续编序(如：图5)，也能够逐章单独编序(如：图3—8)，图的序号务必连续，不得重复或跳跃。图的标题和序号置于图下方中间位置。
标点符号应贴合GB/T15834-1995《标点符号用法》的规定。量的单位应贴合国务院《关于我国统一实行法定计量单位的命令》等文件的规定。
毕业论文(设计说明书)中测量、统计的数据一律用阿拉伯数字。公历的年、月、日一律用阿拉伯数字，如：4月5日，农历的年、月、日一律用汉字，如：二九年四月十七日。
经济管理类论文正文字数原则上不少于6000字，外语专业用外文撰写的毕业论文正文字数不少于3000字。
8、参考文献
参考文献反映了毕业论文(设计说明书)的参考材料来源。引用文献务必在文中引用处体现出来，并按顺序编号。所列参考文献资料来源不得少于6项。
常用参考文献的书写格式如下：
⑴期刊：[序号]作者。题名[J]。期刊名称，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码。
⑵书籍：[序号]著者。书名[M]。版次(第一版应省略)。出版地：出版者，出版年份：起止页码。
⑶论文集：[序号]著者。题名[C]。编者。论文集名。出版地：出版者，出版年份：起止页码。
⑷学位论文：[序号]作者。题名[D]。保存地。保存单位，年份。
⑸专利文献：[序号]专利所有者。专利题名[P]。专利国别：专利号，发布日期。
⑹国际、国家标准：[序号]标准代号，标准名称[S]。出版地：出版者，出版年份。
⑺报纸文章：[序号]作者。题名[N]。报纸名，出版日期及期号(版次)。
⑻电子文献：[序号]作者。电子文献题名[EB/OL]。电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选)。
9、致谢
主要对在完成毕业论文(设计)过程中给予帮忙较大的指导老师、领导、同学等表示谢意，字数一般不超过500字。
篇15： 提纲
城市经济博士论文提纲
目 录
中文摘要
1。 引 言
1。1 研究背景、目的及好处
1。1。1 研究背景和问题的提出
1。1。2 研究目的及好处
1。2 资源型城市概念及分类
1。2。1 资源型城市概念
1。2。2 资源型城市分类
1。3 研究目标、框架、创新与不足
1。3。1 研究目标
1。3。2 研究框架
1。3。3 研究创新
1。3。4 研究不足
2。 资源型城市转型与融资相关理论
2。1 资源型城市转型经典理论
2。1。1 可持续发展理论
2。1。2 公共财政理论
2。1。3 资本与经济增长理论
2。1。4 金融发展理论
2。1。5 制度经济学理论
2。2 国内外研究综述
2。2。1 国外研究综述
2。2。2 国内研究综述
2。2。3 简要评论
3。 我国资源型城市概况及转型面临的问题
3。1 我国资源型城市概况
3。1。1 我国资源型城市的基本状况
3。1。2 我国资源型城市的基本特征
3。2 我国资源型城市转型面临的问题
3。2。1 资源型城市体制机制相对落后
3。2。2 经济结构失衡缺乏发展后劲
3。2。3 生态环境破坏严重
3。2。4 所有制结构单一经济缺乏活力
3。2。5 偏远的区位特点导致吸引外来投资困难
3。2。6 失业人口较多导致就业压力大
3。2。7 地方财力不足难以支撑资源型城市转型发展
4。我国资源型城市转型资金需求和供给分析
4。1 资源型城市转型资金需求分析
4。1。1 典型的资源枯竭型城市——阜新概况
4。1。2 阜新“十二五”时期固定资产投资需求量预测
4。1。3 阜新转型资金需求预测结论
4。2 资源型城市转型资金供给分析
4。2。1 财政资金渠道
4。2。2 信贷资金渠道
4。2。3 利用外资渠道
4。2。4 资本市场
4。2。5 自筹及其他资金渠道
4。2。6 资源型城市转型资金供给渠道潜力预测
4。3 资源型城市转型资金供需缺口及原因
4。3。1 资源型城市转型资金供需缺口的统计性描述
4。3。2 资源型城市转型资金供需缺口存在的原因分析
5。 我国资源型城市转型融资体制现状及阻碍作用
5。1 融资体制的历史演进
5。2 融资体制运行效应分析
5。2。1 融资总量评价
5。2。2 融资渠道评价
5。2。3 融资结构评价
5。2。4 融资效果评价
5。2。5 融资体制运行效应实证分析
5。3 融资体制对资源型城市转型的作用机理
5。3。1 融资体制为资源型城市带给资金支持
5。3。2 融资体制可引导资金流向
5。3。3 融资体制能够保障资金效用发挥
5。4 现行融资体制对资金筹措的阻碍作用
5。4。1 融资环境欠佳，导致转型资金供给不足
5。4。2 融资渠道单一，过分依靠财政资金
5。4。3 市场缺位，融资主体融资潜力差
5。4。4 管理不当，融资资金使用效率低
5。4。5 投资盲目，缺乏前期可行性研究
5。4。6 融资模式缺乏创新，主要依靠地方政府“跑项目”
6。 国外资源型城市转型融资政策借鉴
6。1 国外资源型城市转型融资政策经验
6。1。1 德国鲁尔
6。1。2 法国洛林
6。1。3 日本九州
6。1。4 美国休斯顿
6。2 国外资源型城市转型融资政策对我国的启示
6。2。1 政府主导，对资源型城市转型带给资金倾斜和政策扶持
6。2。2 市场运作，实现外商内资同时发展的引资战略
6。2。3 营造投资环境，为融资的发展创造良好空间
7。 完善我国资源型城市转型融资体制的思路及推荐
7。1 资源型城市转型融资体制完善思路
7。1。1 融资主体市场化
7。1。2 融资项目市场化
7。1。3 融资条件市场化
7。1。4 融资工具市场化
7。2 政策推荐
7。2。1 政府用心发挥其政策导向作用
7。2。2 拓宽资本市场融资渠道，保障转型资金的供给
7。2。3 促进融资主体多元化发展
结论与展望
一、主要结论
二、研究展望
参考文献
后 记
篇16： 提纲
致谢 5-6
中文摘要 6-7
ABSTRACT 7
1 引言 10-15
1。1 研究背景及好处 10-11
1。2 国内外研究现状 11-13
1。3 本文主要研究资料 13-15
2 动脉硬化基础理论 15-22
2。1 人体动脉系统简介 15-16
2。2 动脉硬化构成机制 16-17
2。3 动脉硬化病理过程 17-18
2。4 动脉硬化不一样类型 18-19
2。5 动脉硬化临床表现 19-20
2。6 动脉硬化影响因素 20-21
2。7 本章小结 21-22
3 动脉硬化检测方法 22-36
3。1 人体各生理参数简介 22-27
3。1。1 血压 22-23
3。1。2 心电 23-26
3。1。3 脉搏 26-27
3。2 基于血压的特征参数 27-28
3。2。1 脉压的算法提取 27-28
3。2。2 脉压与动脉硬化 28
3。3 基于心电、脉搏的特征参数 28-32
3。3。1 脉搏波传导速度的算法提取 28
3。3。2 脉搏波传导时光的算法提取 28-30
3。3。3 心电波R波峰值检测 30-31
3。3。4 脉搏波峰值点检测 31-32
3。4 基于脉搏波形分析的特征参数 32-35
3。4。1 脉搏信号波形特征量K值的作用 32-33
3。4。2 动脉硬化相关参数的计算方法 33-35
3。5 本章小结 35-36
4 系统设计及实现 36-48
4。1 系统简介 36-37
4。2 身份识别部分 37-39
4。3 信号采集部分 39-43
4。4 数据传输部分 43
4。5 信号分析部分 43-47
4。6 本章小结 47-48
5 检测结果及分析 48-55
5。1 脉压的计算过程及结果 48-50
5。2 脉搏波传导速度的计算过程及结果 50-52
5。3 其他心血管参数的计算过程及结果 52-54
5。4 综合分析 54
5。5 本章小结 54-55
6 结论 55-56
参考文献 56-58
作者简历及攻读硕士 /博士学位期间取得的研究成果 58-60
学位论文数据集 60
篇17： 提纲
生态经济博士论文提纲
目录
摘要
1引言
1。1研究背景、目的与好处
1。1。1研究背景
1。1。2研究目的
1。1。3研究好处
1。2国内外相关研究及文献综述
1。2。1国外研究及文献综述
1。2。2国内研究及文献综述
1。3本研究的.课题来源及研究资料与方法
1。3。1课题来源
1。3。2 研究资料
1。3。3研究方法
1。4研究的技术路线及创新之处
1。4。1研究的技术路线
1。4。2研究的创新之处
2畜牧业经济效益的相关概念界定及理论基础
2。1畜牧业经济效益的相关概念界定
2。1。1经济效益
2。1。2畜牧业经济效益
2。1。3畜牧业经济效益影响因素
2。1。4畜牧业经济效益的结构因素的理论分析
2。2畜牧业经济效益影响因素研究的理论基础
2。2。1经济效益理论
2。2。2投入产出理论
2。2。3成本收益理论
2。2。4产业结构优化理论
3黑龙江省畜牧业经济效益总体状况分析
3。1畜牧业成本变化状况分析
3。1。1畜牧业总成本变化趋势分析
3。1。2畜牧业成本结构及其变动分析
3。2畜牧业收益变化状况分析
3。2。1畜牧业产值变化状况分析
3。2。2畜牧业净利润变化状况分析
3。3畜牧业经济效益的变化状况及特征
3。3。1成本收益率变化状况
3。3。2成本收益变化总体特征
3。4黑龙江省畜牧业经济效益现状总结
4黑龙江省畜牧业经济效益影响因素的灰色关联分析
4。1应用灰色关联理论研究畜牧业效益影响因素的可行性分析
4。1。1灰色关联理论原理
4。1。2可行性分析
4。1。3灰色关联分析的基本过程
4。2影响因素指标选取
4。3 灰色关联度测算
4。4灰色关联度结果讨论
5黑龙江省畜牧业经济效益A投入因素分析
5。1黑龙江省畜牧业投入的物质与服务费用分析
5。1。1总体费用变化状况分析
5。1。2仔畜费用变化状况分析
5。1。3饲料费用变化状况分析
5。1。4其他费用变化状况分析
5。2黑龙江省畜牧业投入的人工费用分析
5。3本章小结
6黑龙江省畜牧业经济效益的市场需求因素分析
6。1黑龙江省畜产品的总体市场需求状况分析
6。1。1黑龙江省城镇居民畜产品消费特征及趋势分析
6。1。2黑龙江省城乡畜产品消费总体状况总结
6。2黑龙江省畜产品市场需求的影响因素分析
6。2。1市场价格水平因素
6。2。2区域经济发展水平因素
6。2。3居民消费价格水平因素
6。2。4市场发育程度因素
6。2。5居民收入水平变化因素
6。2。6人口数量变化因素
6。3本章小结
7种养结构对畜牧业经济效益的影响分析
7。1种养结构对畜牧业经济效益的影响分析
7。1。1提出优化问题
7。1。2选取决策变量
7。1。3确定g标函数
7。1。4确定约束条件
7。1。5确定规划模型
7。1。6结果分析与讨论
7。2畜牧业内部结构对经济效益的影响分析
7。3畜牧业经济效益结构的优化分析
8发达国家畜牧业经济效益提升的先进做法及主要启示
8。1发达国家畜牧业经济效益提升的先进做法
8。1。1选取适宜的发展模式
8。1。2提升畜牧业规模效益
8。1。3不断优化畜禽产品结构
8。1。4发挥现代市场组织功能
8。2发达国家畜牧业经济效益提升的主要启示
9黑龙江省畜牧业经济效益提升的对策推荐
9。1有效控制投入要素成本
9。2合理优化种植养殖结构
9。3妥善配置畜禽内部结构
9。4适当简化流通环节链条
9。5用心强化市场体系设置
9。6不断加强价格调控潜力
9。7有力增强科技支撑潜力
10 结论
致谢
参考文献
篇18： 提纲
制度经济学专业博士论文提纲
第1章 导论
1。1 问题的提出
1。2 基本假设
1。3 研究的方法论
1。4 研究文献评述
1。5 基本理论应用综述
1。6 论文研究的资料、结构及主要创新
第2章 中国私营企业生命进化内生性制度研究的理论基础
2。1 马克思关于内生性制度理论评述
2。2 西方制度学派关于内生性制度理论评述
2。3 马克思与西方制度学派关于内生性制度理论的比较
2。4 本文对内生性制度理论的运用
第3章 私有产权制度的内生与中国私营企业的萌芽
3。1 内生性产权制度的界定
3。2 中国私有产权的内生与演进
3。3 中国私营企业萌芽的典型模式分析
3。4 内生性私有产权关联性家族惯例对私营企业萌芽的支撑
3。5 内生性产权制度与外生性制度的互动
第4章 产业组织制度的内生与中国私营企业的成长
4。1 中国私营企业成长的“引擎”：内生性产业组织制度
4。2 以温州为例透视内生性产业组织制度对私营企业成长的促进
4。3 内生性产业组织制度与外生性产业组织制度的互动
4。4 内生性产业组织制度与内生家族性产权制度的关联
第5章 内生性制度矛盾与当代中国私营企业的衰败
5。1 中国私营企业“短命”现象中存在的问题揭示
5。2 中国内生性产权制度与内生性产业组织制度的弊端分析
5。3 中国私营企业衰败源于内生性制度存在的矛盾
第6章 中国私营企业蜕变的制度分析
6。1 中国私营企业的艰难蜕变
6。2 中国私营企业内生性制度演化的系统性结构障碍分析
6。3 中国私营企业内生性制度演化路径依靠与锁定效应分析
6。4 中国私营企业实现长寿型蜕变之根本出路分析
结论
参考文献
后记
篇19： 提纲
摘要 4-6
Abstract 6-7
目录 8-11
第1章 绪论 11-37
1。1 课题研究背景及好处 11-12
1。2 透明导电薄膜的分类及特性 12-20
1。2。1 单层透明导电薄膜 13-19
1。2。2 叠层透明导电薄膜 19-20
1。3 界应对叠层透明导电薄膜性能的影响 20-22
1。3。1 界应对叠层透明导电薄膜稳定性的影响 21-22
1。3。2 界应对叠层透明导电薄膜光电性能的影响 22
1。4 透明导电薄膜的应用 22-30
1。5 叠层透明导电薄膜的研究现状 30-34
1。6 本论文的主要工作及创新点 34-37
第2章 新型高性能NiO/Ag/NiO叠层透明导电薄膜的制备及其在有机太阳能电池上的应用 37-65
2。1 引言 37-39
2。2 实验方法 39-41
2。2。1 NAN叠层透明导电薄膜的制备与性能测试 39
2。2。2 以NAN和ITO为阳极的太阳能电池的制备方法与性能测试 39-41
2。3 结果与讨论 41-51
2。3。1 NAN薄膜的光学性能 41-45
2。3。2 NAN薄膜的电学性能及其稳定性 45-48
2。3。3 NAN薄膜的表面形貌 48-49
2。3。4 NAN薄膜在有机太阳能电池中的应用 49-51
2。4 本章小结 51-52
2。5 引言 52-53
2。6 实验方法 53-54
2。7 结果与讨论 54-63
2。8 本章小结 63-65
第3章 叠层透明导电薄膜SnO_x/Ag/SnO_x的制备及其在有机太阳能电池中的应用 65-96
3。1 引言 65
3。2 实验方法 65-67
3。2。1 SAS叠层透明导电薄膜的制备与性能测试 66
3。2。2 以SAS和ITO为阴极的太阳能电池的制备方法与性能测试 66-67
3。3 结果与讨论 67-77
3。3。1 SAS薄膜的光学性能 67-70
3。3。2 SAS薄膜的电学性能 70-72
3。3。3 SAS薄膜的表面形貌 72-73
3。3。4 SAS薄膜在有机太阳能电池中的应用 73-77
3。4 本章小结 77-78
3。5 引言 78-79
3。6 实验方法 79-80
3。6。1 Bi_2O_3界面层以及SASB电极的制备过程及测试方法 79-80
3。6。2 倒置太阳能电池的制备过程 80
3。7 结果与讨论 80-92
3。7。1 Bi_O_3作为阴极界面层在有机太阳能电池中的应用 80-82
3。7。2 SASB 薄膜的光电性能 82-84
3。7。3 SASB的表面形貌 84-86
3。7。4 低功函SASB电极在有机太阳能电池中的应用 86-92
3。8 本章小结 92-93
3。9 总结 93-94
3。10 展望 94-96
参考文献 96-111
在学期间学术成果状况 111-112
指导教师及作者简介 112-113
★作文提纲
★论文提纲
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