托福阅读28分错几个

【导语】下面就是小编整理的托福阅读28分错几个（共9篇），希望大家喜欢。

篇1：托福阅读28分错几个

托福阅读得28分说明错了几道题目呢?28分的托福阅读题错几个?根据新托福阅读评分标准可知，托福阅读28分说明错了3个题。具体请看下文!

托福阅读28分错几个

托福阅读28分错几个呢?以下是详细的托福阅读评分标记及正确题目个数及对应的托福阅读分数。

关于托福阅读错几个得多少分的问题，大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法：

1、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分，每篇12-14道题。

2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。

3、除重要归类题和观点题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。

4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。

5、考试所得分数范围：0-30分。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读答题需要检查时间么

打完托福阅读之后再检查的效率在托福真题实战中是不太科学的。这样说的原因有这么几个。

托福阅读的时间是按篇来给的，也就是每篇托福阅读文章只给你20分钟的时间完成，提早完成了第一篇，并不会给你下一篇留有更充足的时间。所以，即使你能提前做完一篇也只能检查刚刚做完的这一篇，而一般情况下，这样短的时间是检查不出来什么错误的，因为你的思维还是停留在写答案的时候。

所以在托福阅读实战中，我们应该尽量争取一次做对，阅读时候速度可以比平时放慢一些，耐心读取题目的中心句……另外可以在考试过程中对一些提问关键信息作下笔记，帮助你更迅速定位题目，因为文章本身是会高亮标明一些问题中涉及的句子和要求解释的单词，所以有的时候连笔记都可以省掉。

另外大家要注意的就是时间来不及的情况。这就要求大家平时训练时候，还是坚持一次性原则为好，尽量把答完一篇文章的时间控制在16分钟内，这是一个参考标准，如果达不到这个阅读速度，面临真题时候就会遭遇很大的难度，根本来不及检查。

综上所述，在托福阅读实战中，不提倡大家留检查的时间。这样也可以促使大家在做题的时候比以前更加集中注意力，正确率也就会有所增加。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读高频失分点总结

我们考了二十多分而没有得满分，往往是这样几个部分容易丢分：

1 单词题

2 最后图表题

3 同义转换题

单词题，最好的解决方法，就是看看我们以前已经考过的单词题的汇总。多背单词总不会有错，如果你已经把托福单词和这个词汇。

图标题，这真的是考察我们阅读的速度。因此如果想在这个题拿到满分，就是要有充足的时间，怎么才算有充足的时间呢?简单来说，就是前面的1-12题最多要用15分钟做完，给最后这道题剩下5分钟的时间，才能保证此题的绝对正确率，而且做本题的时候还要注意，本题其实分为2类，一类是细节全错，一类是细节也为正确，一定要分清!

同义转换题，就是要注重细节。做本题的时候，一定要注意，加强阅读基本功，尤其是语法的练习!只有把语法练到纯熟，才能保证同义转换题的绝对正确率，切记切记!

除此之外，阅读这东西大多数情况下，考的就是细节，因此如果想更上一层楼，强烈建议狠抓语法，做到融会贯通，可以保证托福阅读满分如探囊取物!

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读为何题材广泛

有的同学说“我怎么会知道美国西部和东北的松鼠由于松子硬度不同，最后个头大小有什么区别?”曾经在考完托福后在网上咆哮。这是对托福阅读学科涉猎范围的质疑，ETS到底为什么要将整个考试听说读写四个部门的话题范围扩展得这么广，这么专业呢?为什么不能像国内的四六级或者高考英语那样，随便找一篇记叙文作为题目呢?

我们要考虑，考托福是为了什么。除了少数自虐族纯粹要通过靠托福提高英语水平外，其他考托福的同学们都是奔着同一个目标：出国读大学或者读研。所以在做托福训练时需要心中有数，以后阅读学术文章或者自己写论文大概都是这样的语言和论证。

在这样的要求下，如果托福考试使用简单的记叙文，就不符合大学对于国际学生的要求，所以，各种专业论文就成为了ETS的宠儿。大多数阅读、口语第五题和第六题还有听力Lecture都是一些非常浅显的专业学术论文的改编，只是看上去专业性很强，其实并不难理解，大概也就是科普文章的水平，无需太担心。

那么，托福阅读背景知识为什么要涉猎如此多学科呢?答案很简单：公平。如果你是生物专业，ETS选用的文章只有生物学，这样对很多其他专业的考生就不公平。如果只选用美国素材，那对其他国家的考生不公平。所以，目前这个文理科兼备，哪个国家的情况都有的选材范围就形成了。以上就是对托福阅读涉猎广泛原因分析的讲解，希望同学们通过阅读，对托福成绩提升有一定的帮助。

篇2：托福阅读28分错几个题

托福阅读28分错几个呢?以下是详细的托福阅读评分标记及正确题目个数及对应的托福阅读分数。相信大家看了就明白!

托福阅读28分错几个

托福阅读得28分说明错了几道题目呢?28分的托福阅读题错几个?根据新托福阅读评分标准可知，托福阅读28分说明错了3个题。

关于托福阅读错几个得多少分的问题，大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法：

1、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分，每篇12-14道题。

2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。

3、除重要归类题和观点题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。

4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。

5、考试所得分数范围：0-30分。

托福阅读五种题型重点复习

(1)主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。

(2)列举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。

(3)文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。

(4)作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

(5)文章想方设法题。文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。

托福阅读怎么避免理解误区

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是“被影响”，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们 以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的 就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

新托福阅读中如果你经常有看得懂文章，但不对题的感叹出现，考生们最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了，希望以上这些方法可以帮到大家。

托福阅读复习的四点建议

新托福阅读是700字左右一篇文章，20分钟内完成12-14题。与老托福相比，新托福阅读的题目四个选项长度呈不断加长趋势。有很多考生用在理解题目和选项的时间就远远超过答题时间。这样的话就直接影响了后面题目的答题质量。如果出现阅读加试，很多考生就更加手忙脚乱了。

这主要还是因为考生在准备新托福阅读考试过程中太注重技巧的提炼，而忘记了学习英语最根本的还是在对语言的掌握上。因此在这里给大家提几点复习新托福阅读的几点建议：

1. 如果基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，最好提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过：“Without grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。

2. 然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。

3. 积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。

4. 在复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron, Kaplan以及一些比较权威的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。

托福阅读28分错几个

篇3：托福阅读如何拿到28分

托福阅读如何拿到28分

分数要求

想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。我给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题

阅读时间：

15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)

13道题中除了4道词汇题(30‘’)1道多选题(1’30‘’)之外，其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。

在题目上一般是(细节 词汇，细节 作用， 细节 词汇， 细节 词汇 改写， 细节 词汇， 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。

简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。

我的阅读障碍：

速度：1’大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。

选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。

新托福阅读真题训练技巧：

1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。

2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)

3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。。。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色，这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红——黄——绿

红——黄——绿

4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤， 解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。

新托福阅读真题做题策略：

词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段(30‘ . + 1’.1)耗时3分钟

词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。

In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes

Mountains

of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但是看task本身，skilled task这种说法小奇怪，一般是skilled workers，所以选A

The word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning to

○Difficult○Necessary○Skilled○Shared

词汇题对于我一直是难点超爱错，猜出来的，如果有时间检查一定要再看一下，从ETS出题的角度考虑。

托福阅读技巧的整理

1.单词：想要做好托福阅读，背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要考生自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是，托福考试中，对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以，更重要的是要学会应用，学会在文章中理解使用单词。

2.句子：在托福阅读材料中，文章中的句子多是长句，有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句，以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯，不能适应句子的语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看，扩大泛读。

3.段落：托福阅读的文章大多都是学术性比较强的文章，在学习中，对于段落的安排和段与段之间的的关系问题也是托福阅读技巧中的一部分。对此，大家还是应该选举则一篇文章来一仔细研究，找出其中的关系之后，其他的文章就好办多了。

4.篇章：像托福的题型之一--小结题，就会用到对全篇的把握和理解。掌握对于全文的思维路线做这类题就会比较容易了。对于全文的拐角，转弯处把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做题的时候还有注意对细节的把握。

托福阅读推理题的解析

推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。

一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

托福阅读练习：jazz的完整历史

The roots of jazz

The folk songs and plantation dance music of black Americans contributed much to early jazz. These forms of music occurred throughout the Southern United States during the late 1800's.

Ragtime, a musical style that influenced early jazz, emerged from the St. Louis, Mo., area in the late 1890's. It quickly became the most popular music style in the United States. Ragtime was an energetic and syncopated variety of music, primarily for the piano, that emphasized formal composition.

The blues is a form of music that has always been an important part of jazz. The blues was especially widespread in the American South. Its mournful scale and simple repeated harmonies helped shape the character of jazz. Jazz instrumentalists have long exploited the blues as a vehicle for improvisation.

Early jazz.

Fully developed jazz music probably originated in New Orleans at the beginning of the 1900's. New Orleans style jazz emerged from the city's own musical traditions of band music for black funeral processions and street parades. Today, this type of jazz is sometimes called classic jazz, traditional jazz, or Dixieland jazz. New Orleans was the musical home of the first notable players and composers of jazz, including cornetists Buddy Bolden and King Oliver, cornetist and trumpeter Louis Armstrong, saxophonist and clarinetist Sidney Bechet, and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.

Jazz soon spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country. Fate Marable led a New Orleans band that played on riverboats traveling up and down the Mississippi River. King Oliver migrated to Chicago, and Jelly Roll Morton performed throughout the United States. Five white musicians formed a band in New Orleans, played in Chicago, and traveled to New York City, calling themselves the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (the spelling was soon changed to “Jazz”). This group made the earliest jazz phonograph recordings in 1917. Mamie Smith recorded “Crazy Blues” in 1920, and recordings of ragtime, blues, and jazz of various kinds soon popularized the music to a large and eager public.

The 1920's

The 1920's have been called the golden age of jazz or the jazz age. Commercial radio stations, which first appeared in the 1920's, featured live performances by the growing number of jazz musicians. New Orleans; Memphis; St. Louis; Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; Detroit; and New York City were all important centers of jazz.

A group of Midwest youths, many from Chicago's Austin High School, developed a type of improvisation and arrangement that became known as “Chicago style” jazz. These musicians included trumpeters Jimmy McPartland and Muggsy Spanier; cornetist Bix Beiderbecke; clarinetists Frank Teschemacher, Pee Wee Russell, Mezz Mezzrow, and Benny Goodman; saxophonists Frankie Trumbauer and Bud Freeman; drummers Dave Tough, George Wettling, and Gene Krupa; and guitarist Eddie Condon. They played harmonically inventive music, and the technical ability of some of the players, especially Goodman, was at a higher level than that of many earlier performers.

In New York City, James P. Johnson popularized a new musical style from ragtime called stride piano. In stride piano, the left hand plays alternating single notes and chords that move up and down the scale while the right hand plays solo melodies, accompanying rhythms, and interesting chordal passages. Johnson strongly influenced other jazz pianists, notably Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Fats Waller, and Teddy Wilson.

Fletcher Henderson was the first major figure in big band jazz. In 1923, he became the first leader to organize a jazz band into sections of brass, reed, and rhythm instruments. His arranger, Don Redman, was the first to master the technique of scoring music for big bands. Various Henderson bands of the 1920's and 1930's included such great jazz instrumentalists as Louis Armstrong and saxophonists Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins.

Armstrong made some of his most famous recordings with his own Hot Five and Hot Seven combos from 1925 to 1928. These recordings rank among the masterpieces of jazz, along with his duo recordings of the same period with pianist Earl “Fatha” Hines. Armstrong also became the first well-known male jazz singer, and popularized scat singing-that is, wordless syllables sung in an instrumental manner.

During the late 1920's and early 1930's, jazz advanced from relatively simple music played by performers who often could not read music to a more complex and sophisticated form. Among the musicians who brought about this change were saxophonists Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins, and Johnny Hodges; the team of violinist Joe Venuti and guitarist Eddie Lang; and pianist Art Tatum. Many people consider Tatum the most inspired and technically gifted improviser in jazz history.

The swing era flourished from the mid-1930's to the mid-1940's. In 1932, Duke Ellington recorded his composition “It Don't Mean a Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing.” “Swing” was soon adopted as the name of the newest style of jazz. Swing emphasizes four beats to the bar. Big bands dominated the swing era, especially those of Count Basie, Benny Goodman, and Duke Ellington.

Benny Goodman became known as the “King of Swing.” Starting in 1934, Goodman's bands and combos brought swing to nationwide audiences through ballroom performances, recordings, and radio broadcasts. Goodman was the first white bandleader to feature black and white musicians playing together in public performances. In 1936, he introduced two great black soloists-pianist Teddy Wilson and vibraphonist Lionel Hampton. Until then, racial segregation had held back the progress of jazz and of black musicians in particular. In 1938, Goodman and his band, and several guest musicians, performed a famous concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Their performance was one of the first by jazz musicians in a concert hall setting.

Other major bands of the swing era included those led by Benny Carter, Bob Crosby, Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Earl Hines, Andy Kirk, Jimmie Lunceford, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Chick Webb, and, toward the end of the period, Stan Kenton. The bands in Kansas City, Missouri, especially the Count Basie band, had a distinctive swing style. These bands relied on the 12-bar blues form and riff backgrounds, which consisted of repeated simple melodies. They depended less heavily on written arrangements, allowing more leeway for rhythmic drive and for extended solo improvisations.

Boogie-woogie

Boogie-woogie was another jazz form that became popular during the 1930's. Chiefly a piano style, it used eight beats to the bar instead of four. Boogie-woogie featured the traditional blues pattern for most themes. The music had an intense quality that created excitement through the repetition of a single phrase. Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson, Meade Lux Lewis, and Pinetop Smith were among its most important artists.

Jazz vocalists came into prominence during the swing era, many singing with big bands. Many fine jazz singers emphasized popular songs. These singers included Mildred Bailey, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Nat “King” Cole, Carmen McRae, and Sarah Vaughan. Blues singing at its best can be heard in recordings by Jimmy Rushing, Jack Teagarden, Joe Turner, and Dinah Washington. In addition to singing, Nat “King” Cole was a superb jazz pianist and Jack Teagarden was a great jazz trombonist. See also Special Reports: Ella Fitzgerald: First Lady of Song.

Bebop

In the early 1940's, a group of young musicians began experimenting with more complicated chord patterns and melodic ideas in a combo setting. The group included trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto saxophonist Charlie Parker, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, and drummers Kenny Clarke and Max Roach. The style they developed became known as bebop or bop.

Most bop musicians had an exceptional technique. They played long, dazzling phrases with many notes, difficult intervals, unexpected breaks, and unusual turns in melodic direction. On slower tunes, they displayed a keen ear for subtle changes of harmony. Only extremely skilled musicians were able to play bebop well, and only sophisticated listeners at first appreciated it.

In bebop performances, musicians usually played an intricate melody, followed with long periods of solo improvisation, and restated the theme at the end. The bassist presented the basic beat for the group by plucking a steady, moving bass line. The drummer elaborated the beat with sticks or brushes on cymbals, snare drum, and tom-tom. The bass drum was reserved for unexpected accents called “bombs.” The pianist inserted complex chords at irregular intervals to suggest, rather than state, the complete harmonies of the piece.

Hard bop

Bebop was followed in the 1950's by hard bop, or funk, jazz. This form emphasized some of the traditional values of jazz derived from gospel and blues music, including rhythmic drive, uninhibited tone and volume, and freedom from restricting arrangements. The hard bop leaders were drummer Art Blakey and pianist Horace Silver. Blakey led a combo called the Jazz Messengers from the mid-1950's until his death in 1990. The Jazz Messengers served as a training ground for many of the greatest soloists in jazz history. Trumpeter Clifford Brown and drummer Max Roach were co-leaders of another outstanding hard bop combo.

Cool jazz

Cool jazz originated in the works of such musicians as tenor saxophonist Lester Young, who starred with Count Basie, and guitarist Charlie Christian, who played with Benny Goodman. In the late 1930's and early 1940's, these musicians made changes in the sound and style of jazz improvisation. For example, they softened the tones of their instruments, used syncopation more subtly, and played with a more even beat.

In 1948, tenor saxophonist Stan Getz recorded a slow, romantic solo of Ralph Burns's composition “Early Autumn” with the Woody Herman band. This work profoundly influenced many younger musicians. In 1949 and 1950, a group of young musicians that included trumpeter Miles Davis, alto saxophonist Lee Konitz, baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan, and arranger Gil Evans recorded several new compositions. These recordings emphasized a lagging beat, soft instrumental sounds, and unusual orchestrations that included the first successful use of the French horn and the tuba in modern jazz. The recordings, with Davis as leader, were later released as Birth of the Cool.

During the 1950's, many combos became identified with the cool movement. Some of the most successful combos were the Gerry Mulligan Quartet, the Modern Jazz Quartet, and the Dave Brubeck Quartet.

The spread of jazz.

In the 1940's and 1950's, the sophisticated forms of bebop and cool jazz began to gain wide acceptance among intellectuals and college students. Jazz concerts became popular. Groups of jazz stars made a series of international tours called Jazz at the Philharmonic. The international growth of jazz resulted in many successful overseas tours by U.S. bands and combos.

The introduction of the 331/3 rpm long-playing (LP) record, which was first produced commercially in 1948, also helped spread the popularity of jazz. For 30 years, jazz recordings had been limited to 78 rpm records that restricted performances to about 3 minutes in length. The LP allowed recorded performances to run many minutes. The LP also permitted a number of shorter performances to be issued on a single record.

During the 1950's, musicians in other countries began to improve greatly as jazz performers as they were exposed to performances by American musicians through recordings and concerts. Sweden, France, Germany, Japan, and other countries developed players and composers whose work compared favorably with that of the leading Americans. The first foreign jazz musicians to influence Americans were Belgian-born guitarist Django Reinhardt in the late 1930's, and George Shearing, a blind, English-born pianist who immigrated to the United States in 1947.

In 1954, the first large American jazz festival was held at Newport, Rhode Island. Since then, annual festivals also have been held in Monterey, California; New York City; Chicago; Nice, France; Montreux, Switzerland; Warsaw, Poland; Berlin, Germany; and many other locations throughout the world. These festivals have featured almost all of the most popular jazz musicians and have introduced many extended concert works.

New directions

Beginning in the 1950's, jazz became even more experimental. Jazz music began to feature nontraditional instruments, such as French horn and bass flute. Jazz musicians began to take an interest in non-Western music, especially the modes (different arrangements of scales), melodic forms, and instruments of Africa, India, and the Far East.

In the late 1950's, John Lewis, musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet, worked with classical musician and composer Gunther Schuller to write and play orchestral works that combined elements of modern jazz and classical concert music. Stan Kenton also played this so-called third stream music when he toured the United States with a 40-piece orchestra.

Also during this period, pianist George Russell developed a jazz theory of modes. In 1959, the Miles Davis combo, with pianist Bill Evans and saxophonists John Coltrane and Cannonball Adderley, recorded compositions and improvised solos based on modes rather than on patterns of chords.

In 1960, saxophonist Ornette Coleman reshaped the thinking of younger jazz musicians when he recorded the album Free Jazz with a double quartet. In this recording, Coleman discarded harmony, melody, and regular rhythms. He substituted unstructured improvisation played atonally (in no definite key). Pianist Cecil Taylor and bassist Charles Mingus conducted similar atonal experiments.

In the 1960's, the influence of the music of India entered jazz through the adaptations of John Coltrane. Jazz musicians also began to use more unusual meters, such as 5/4, 7/4, and 9/8.

Fusion

In the 1970's, many musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz. Fusion combined the melodic and improvisational aspects of jazz with the rhythms and instruments of rock. Electronic music played an important part in fusion. Jazz pianists began exploring the increased sound potential of synthesizers. Horn and string players began to use electronics to intensify, distort, or multiply their sounds. Many well-known jazz musicians gained new popularity by playing fusion. Some of the best-known fusion musicians were guitarist George Benson, trumpeters Donald Byrd and Miles Davis, pianist Herbie Hancock, and two combos, Weather Report and the Mahavishnu Orchestra.

At the same time, many veteran jazz musicians retained their popularity by leading groups that played in the swing, bebop, and cool styles. These leaders included Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Woody Herman, Gerry Mulligan, and Oscar Peterson.

Recent developments

During the 1980's, a number of young jazz musicians returned to mainstream jazz. Mainstream jazz includes elements of the swing, cool, and bebop styles. The most widely acclaimed young musician of the 1980's was trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, a performer of both jazz and classical music. Marsalis plays with brilliant technique and tone. He and his brother, saxophonist Branford Marsalis, have led excellent hard bop combos.

Many young musicians continued to forge ahead with fusion groups. Two of the most respected fusion artists are the brothers trumpeter Randy Brecker and saxophonist Michael Brecker. Jane Ira Bloom also displays a mastery of the soprano saxophone and the synthesizer.

In the 1990's, jazz was dominated by a blend of older values and more modern styles. Many musicians favored acoustical over electronic instruments, formal structure over total freedom, and a sense of history over harsh modernity. Music of older artists continued to gain respect and followers. For example, bands devoted to the music of Count Basie and Charles Mingus became popular. Veteran musicians, such as trombonist J. J. Johnson and saxophonists Joe Henderson and Sonny Rollins, found new audiences among younger listeners.

The young musicians who energized jazz in the 1980's had become establishment figures by the end of the 1990's. They included trumpeters Roy Hargrove and Wynton Marsalis, guitarist Pat Metheny, trombonists Steve Turre and Ray Anderson, and pianist Chick Corea. A younger group of musicians also gained popularity, focusing on “straight-ahead jazz” that reflected earlier mainstream styles. They included saxophonists Joshua Redman and Donald Harrison, bassist Christian McBride, trumpeter Terence Blanchard, and pianist Marcus Roberts. At the same time, the free jazz style of the 1960's continued strong throughout the 1990's in the playing of saxophonists Steve Lacy and Roscoe Mitchell, pianist John Zorn, and their young followers.

Today, jazz continues to feature a variety of styles. Many musicians play in historic styles, such as swing and bebop. Others seek a more experimental approach. For example, the Art Ensemble of Chicago blends free jazz, African costumes and makeup, exotic instruments, and surprise techniques into theatrical musical events. Ornette Coleman's group, called Prime Time, mixes free and fusion jazz in new and interesting ways.

Electronics technology is gaining a greater role in jazz music. Such young jazz composers as Michael Daugherty are demonstrating that live musicians can interact creatively with computer-generated sound. Some artists have attempted new fusion sounds that blended jazz with such forms as rap music.

篇4：托福阅读16分到28分复习计划

托福阅读16分到28分复习计划

DAY1:

(1)(60min) 模考TPO1——按照考场纪律，60分钟3篇文章严格模拟考试。测试你的分数水平。

(2)分数小于16分，请跳至全文第一句。

分数大于等于16分，跳至(3).

(3)(150min) 三步骤分解TPO1三篇阅读题：

1. 重读文章第1遍，重新将每一道题分析清楚——题干，错误选项，正确选项。归结已错题误原因，蒙对题潜在错误原因。

2. 重读文章第2遍，将每个句子分析清楚——句子主干，句子层次，句意。

3. 重读文章第3遍，总结背诵该篇文章所属学科的所有词汇以及文中不会的核心单词。

(4)(10min)计算DAY1任务所耗费时间长短，根据本攻略列出每日学习规划。

注：DAY2-DAY60每天(120min)总结新词汇前都要复习1~若干遍已总结过的学科单词以及核心单词.

DAY2 —DAY15 ：

1. (60min)分科目做TPO

2. (120min-90min不等)每一套题完全按照DAY1的三步骤分解进行全面彻底分析。

DAY16 —DAY51 ：

1. (60min)1天1套TPO阅读模考练习(每做完5套停一天，休整总结。)

2. (60min-20min不等)每套TPO模考之后按照三步骤分解进行全面彻底分析。

随着阅读的不断进步，若时间有限，其他科目需要更多倾斜，请最起码完成三步骤分解的第一、二步。

DAY52 —DAY60 ：

1. (5天)将所有错题过一遍，找出错误原因绝不再犯相同错误。

2. (5天)将剩下TPO阅读套题(预计5套)，与听力口语写作等一同模考完成。

3. 此时阅读问题已经不大，若时间有限，其他科目需要更多倾斜，请最起码完成三步骤分解的第一步。

注：请认真对待TPO每一套题(尽管它也bug百出)。在你有信心能充分利用好它(三步骤分解)之前，请慎重使用，以防“毁题不倦”!

注2：攻略中所标明的天数、每日做题数、以及会花费时间仅供参考。

托福阅读练习：手指感应

Whether you're a hunt-and-peck typist or a Rachmaninoff of the keyboard, you will make mistakes. But it's not just your eyes catching typos when you see them on the screen. Your hands know when you mess up too. That’s according to a study in the journal Science. [Gordon Logan and Matthew Crump, “Cognitive Illusions of Authorship Reveal Hierarchical Error Detection in Skilled Typists”]

Researchers recruited expert typists—college students, of course—and showed them 600 five-letter words, one at a time. And they asked the students to type those words as quickly and accurately as possible. But sometimes, the researchers inserted typos in the word as it appeared on screen, when the students hadn’t made one. Other times they automatically corrected typos the students did make.

And the students tended to believe the screen. So if a typo had been added, they figured they must have messed up. If a typo had been corrected they thought they typed it right. But the hands didn't fall for it. When the fingers slipped up, they paused a split second longer than usual before typing the next letter. But they didn't pause when fake typos appeared on-screen only. So we apparently have two discrete mechanisms guarding against typing errors, one visual, the other tactile. To fox quick brown fixes. To fix quick brown foxes.

托福阅读练习：把名字送上太空

NASA is on a mission: to make space travel more interactive.

NASA(美国国家航空航天管理局)最近正在执行一项任务：让太空旅行变得更加生动交互起来。

With its future unsure thanks to Discovery's final flight on Wednesday as well as growing interest in commercial space flight, NASA is trying to make space for the average citizen a bit more personal.

多亏了探索号于星期三执行的终结飞行以及人们越来越热衷于太空旅行， NASA正努力尝试着提供更多让普通百姓进入太空的机会。

While odds are you'll never be an astronaut or be able to pay the astronomical costs of private space flight, you'll at least be able to send your name rocketing into the ether.

尽管你可能没法成为航天员或有钱支付一次私人太空旅行的费用，但至少你可以把你的名字送上太空。

NASA recently announced that anyone can go online and input their name in a massive database, which will be placed onto a microchip that will be sent up with the Mars Curiosity Rover in .

最近NASA宣布说，现在每个人都可以通过上网把他们的名字输入到一个巨大的数据库中，接着这些数据库会被存入到一个微芯片中，而这个存有你名字的芯片将于通过“火星猎奇漫游号”送上火星。

You can even print out a certificate to show all your nerdy science friends. And while you're at it, NASA has set up a live webcam that provides video feed of NASA engineers building the next Rover, which will investigate whether the Red Planet has environments favorable for supporting microbial life.

你也可以将你参加这个活动所获得的证书展示给你的那些痴迷于科学方面的朋友们看。此外，NASA 还安设了一个摄像头，你只需上网就可以在线看到NASA 工程师建造下一个巡航器的实况。这个巡航器将用于探测火星上是否具备适合微生物生存的环境。

你是否也对太空旅行感兴趣呢?

Notes:

be on a mission: 执行任务

odds: n. 几率，悬殊

favorable: adj. 有利的

托福阅读练习：了解我们的头发

A human hair consists mainly of a protein called Keratin. It also contains some moisture and the trace metals and minerals found in the rest of the body.

人类的头发主要由一种叫角朊的蛋白质组成，并含有水分及在身体其他部分也可找到的微量金属和矿物质。

● The only living part of hair is underneath the scalp--when the hair had grown through the scalp it is dead tissue.

头发唯一有生命的部分是在头皮下面，当它长出头皮时便成为无生命组织。

● Hair’s natural shine is supplied by its own conditioner, sebum, an oil composed of waxes and fats and also containing a natural antiseptic that helps fight infection. Too much sebum results in greasy hair and conversely, too little sebum makes dry hair.

头发的自然光泽来自它自身的护发素：油脂，它含有蜡和脂肪，还含有抗感染的自然抗菌剂。油脂含量过多会导致油性发质，相反，油脂含量过少则会导致干性发质。

● Hair grows about 12 mm per month. If a person never has his hair cut, it would grow to a length of about 108 cm before falling out. Hair grows faster in the summer and during sleep. A single strand lives for up to seven years.

头发每个月可长12毫米，如果一个人从不剪发，头发会长至108厘米才开始脱落。在夏天和睡觉的时候头发生长得较快。一根头发的寿命可长达7年。

● Healthy hair is highly elastic and can stretch 20 or 30 per cent before snapping. A human hair is stronger than copper wire of the same thickness. A combined strength of a headful of human hair is capable of supporting a weight equivalent to that of 99 people.

健康的头发非常富有弹性，可拉长20%或30%而不断。一根头发比同等粗细的铜丝还要结实。满头头发合在一起的力量可经得起99个人的重量。

● Scandinavians normally have thin, straight, baby-fine hair, and mid Europeans hair that is neither too fine nor too coarse. People native to the Indian subcontinent have coarse textured tresses while Middle Eastern populations have strong hair. The hair of Chinese and Japanese people is very straight; that of Latin-speaking and North African peoples can be very frizzy and thick.

斯堪的纳维亚人的头发又细又直，像婴儿的头发一样;中部欧洲人的头发不细不粗;印度次大陆人的头发粗且打绺;中东人的头发都很结实;中国人和日本人的头发非常直顺;而拉丁语国家及北非地区的人头发卷曲而浓密。

Notes:

scalp [sk lp] n. 头皮;战利品

conditioner: 护发素

antiseptic [, nti'septik] adj. 防腐的，抗菌的;非常整洁的n. 防腐剂，抗菌剂

copper wire : 铜线

Scandinavian [,sk ndi'neivi n; -vj n] n. 斯堪的纳维亚人

coarse texture粗结构

篇5：托福写作28分秘籍

托福写作28分的大神分享了他的高分秘籍，快来了解一下

托福写作拿高分我认为主要是2点：论据够充分和字数足够。

论据充分，就是要条理清晰，分点论证。从为什么我的观点就是好的、反对的观点就是不好的这两方面论证，中间再穿插例子(我的叔叔姨妈就是因为不喜欢锻炼身体导致现在老是要去医院、牛津大学的Sid教授开展过一个能说明这个问题的实验或者调查等等的例子都可以用，要信手拈来)。此外，还可以说说自己看过的书或者电影里出现过能帮助你论证的例子，都是加分项!

字数到底重不重要呢?我认为在不是native speaker或者不是英语写作水平极高的条件下，想要拿高分必须字数写得越多越好。个人认为字数多的标准是综合写作为300，独立写作400以上。网上有这么一个传闻，说托福的写作评分系统是这样的：先机器扫一遍作文，根据单词有无拼错、语法有无问题给出一个系统评分;再到人工批改，最后给出综合得分。其中大家普遍猜测的原理是机器批改计算单词语法错误时，分母越大，也就是你的字数多，错误比就会越低，分数也就会越高。字数多其实并不难，模板就占了100多字，只要平时练习的时候熟悉了敲模版，考试的时候敲起来速度极快，既节省了时间又增加了字数，还能在敲模版的时候思考接下来改如何举例论证观点。

另外，综合写作最重要是把听力里的内容写进作文里，写越多越好!因为阅读力的文字一直都会出现，所以听力才是真本事!听力文章一般都分为3个点，记笔记的时候也要分3个点来记。写清楚现象、原因和其他一些细节，特别是与阅读文章有对比的地方。记好模板，写作的时候把笔记往上套就ok!

我在备考的时候整理出了自己的模板，现在分享出来，同在备考托福路上的小伙伴们可以参考，写出自己独一无二的模板。备考的时候背熟悉敲熟悉，考试的时候就能一边打字一边思考要怎么写了。

综合写作模版

The reading passage explores the issue of X.X.X(阅读总结)The professor's lecture deals with the same issue.However,he/she thinks that X.X.X(听力总结),which contradicts what the reading states.And in the lecture,he/she uses 3 specific points to support his/her idea.

To begin with,even though the reading passage suggests thatX.X.X(阅读第一个观点),the professor argues in the lecture that X.X.X(听力第一个观点总结).This is because X.X.X,which means X.X.X.(听力第一个观点展开来说)Obviously,the professor's argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.

Secondly,despite the statement in the reading that X.X.X(阅读第二个观点总结),the professor contends that X.X.X.(听力第二个观点总结)Then he/she supports this point of view with the fact that X.X.X.(听力第二个观点展开来说)

Finally,the professor asserts that X.X.X,(听力第三个观点总结)whereas the reading claims that X.X.X(阅读第三个观点总结).The professor proves his/her idea is indefensible by pointing out that X.X.X.(听力第三个观点展开来说)

怎样才能写出一篇高分托福作文?

俗话说知己知彼百战不殆，想要在托福写作中获得高分，我们需要首先明确高分作文到底长啥样，而其实当我们认真揣摩了OG(官方指南)上的托福写作评分标准后，我们会发现，ETS 其实早已告知我们托福写作的高分秘诀了。

《新托福官方指南(第三版)》(英文版)P209：

? effectively addresses the topic and task;

? is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details;

? displays unity, progression, and coherence;

? displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.

01 作文要“切题”

恰当的开题源于仔细的审题。这一点对于同学们来说应该没有什么问题，因为托福写作无非是问你是否同意某个特定的观点，只要题目中的单词大部分都认识，理解上就不应有误差。但值得注意的是，对于某些特定的、看似能够从“两个或者更多角度来分开阐述”的话题，无论选择其中的哪一个角度(甚至两个角度都讨论到)，也都可算“切题”。比如关于“Parents are the best teachers”这个话题，无论是从“the best”入手，讨论“父母是否是最好的老师”，或者从“parents”来入手，讨论是否“所有的父母都是好老师”都没有问题，都符合“切题”的要求。

02 条理清晰，言之有物

第二条标准，直译过来唤作“良好的组织，良好的发展，并且使用了恰当的阐述、举例和/或细节”。

我们把这条标准分为两个部分，前半部分称为“条理清晰”，后半部分称为“言之有物”。若只有条理，没有内容，文章难免陷入空泛，读者则味同嚼蜡，毫无趣味;若只有内容，没有条理，则会让读者觉得一团乱麻，不知所言;两者着实缺一不可——想要做到这一点，我们当然需要狠下些工夫。

03 行文流畅

第三条标准，是要求文章展现出良好的“统一、发展和连贯性”：总的来说，就是要求“行文流畅”。

这一要求十分严苛，绝非一朝一夕所能练就。说到这里就不得不提一下“模板作文”，这是一个很值得“再商榷”的方法，事实上ETS在《新托福官方指南(第三版)》英文版 P207 页就有专门针对模板的论述，ETS的态度可谓不坚决，劝考生“不要仅仅为了增加文字字数而死记硬背一些冗长的首、末段，评分人员不会看好那些累赘的段落”。所以，使用模板有危险性，要慎重。

04 良好的语言能力

第四条标准，强调的是“良好的语言能力”，无论是“多样性”和“恰当性”，都不易于达到。

而且要体现自身的语言“掌控能力”，方法的确并不唯一：有些满分作文以“精妙”取胜，使用诸多复杂句型来展现语言水平;也有人是使用“简明质朴”的句子，清楚地表达自己的含义，往往也能够取得近乎满分的成绩。但不管哪种方法，都不是一天能达成的。我并不是认为语言不重要，但语言的确不是在短期取得分数飞跃的突破口。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.

The eighteenth century brought the invention of spun glass fibers. R é ne-Antoine de R é a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.

By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.

Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.

1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The major developments in its production

(B) Its relationship with pottery making

(C) Important inventors in its long history

(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry

2. The word coarse in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) decorative

(B) natural

(C) crude

(D) weak

3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?

(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.

(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.

(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.

(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.

4. According to the passage , using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten

glass made the fibers

(A) quicker to cool

(B) harder to bend

(C) shorter and more easily broken

(D) longer and more durable

5. The phrase this material in line 16 refers to

(A) glass fibers

(B) decorations

(C) ornaments

(D) novelties for collectors

6. The word brittle in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) easily broken

(B) roughly made

(C) hairy

(D) shiny

7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the

following

(A) Adding silver to the molten glass

(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes

(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers

(D) Using yarn reels

8. The word appreciated in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) experienced

(B) recognized

(C) explored

(D) increased

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) invention (line 7)

(B) circumference (line 17)

(C) manufacturing process (line 24)

(D) bushing (line 25)

PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD

篇6：托福阅读29分错几个

托福阅读29分错几个?

托福阅读29分错几个呢?以下是详细的托福阅读评分标记及正确题目个数及对应的托福阅读分数。

关于托福阅读错几个得多少分的问题，大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法：

1、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分，每篇12-14道题。

2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。

3、除重要归类题和观点题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。

4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。

5、考试所得分数范围：0-30分。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读中重要的几组术语

同学们反映托福阅读是不好啃的一块硬骨头，有的文科同学甚至向我抱怨说部分文章连中文译文都不好理解。这的确是托福的一大特点，就是“我变态”(IBT)嘛。那么应对这样一个学术性考试，大家是不是要考试每天钻研核物理、天文和生物化学呢?这当然是不可行，也是没有必要的。所谓考试，就是要调动一切能够利用的资源和知识，用已知的部分去推测理解未知的部分，最终达到对整个文章的把握。在这里和同学们分享五组托福阅读术语。

1. 人：学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。

例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geographer，astronomer

(人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家)

这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时，至少要判断他们存在于那个学科，才好进行下一步的推理。

2. 地质、地貌：这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。

例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid

火山，(地)层，砾岩，喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形)，多孔的(有透气性与透水性)，可渗透的，陨石，小行星

3. 气候、动物与生态：与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。我的学生甚至有人手气非常极品，在一次托福考试中遭遇了三篇生物文章。。。结果不用说了，你懂得!

例如：unpredictable，vary，range from，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial

不可预测的，改变(动词)，变化幅度(动词)，灭绝，濒危的，热带的，丛林，赤道附近的

4. 历史、考古，这类题材是分水轮流转的对象，也要加以注意。尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古，而是从各个层面切入，有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙，那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展，那就是经济史，等等。

例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization

遗迹，遗迹或残骸，陵墓，手工艺品，凝聚性，领土的，文明

5. 关键副词，这类词往往很不显眼，但是会左右整个句子的含义，他们是最需要加以注意的对象。一些看起来含有否定前缀的词可能是肯定含义，而一些完全没有否定词缀的副词却可能是真正的杀手!

例如：rarely，merely，undeniable

很少地，仅仅，不可否认

托福阅读技巧：找准你的托福阅读备考弱点

阅读是托福考试中最难的部分，每篇文章都有不同的背景，科普、艺术、美国历史、自然科学等都涉及，如果没有读懂很难答对。考生在平常的训练中要有意识地拓宽知识面。

听力的诀窍是要学会拼命记笔记，能记多少记多少。很多考生只喜欢记下重点、关键词，但是考题中会有许多不被重视的细节被问到。

托福考试中口语最需注意的是语音语调，考生平时要多模仿外国人说话，才会得高分。

很多人在写作上丢分，除了写作能力外，打字速度慢是一个很重要原因。通过上网用英语聊天，能很好解决这个问题。

托福阅读技巧：正确率永远优先于速度

其实当我们在准备托福的时候，很多考友只是很机械的，将新托福突破口TPO做了一遍又一遍，又一遍。但是托福考试与物理化学是不一样的，做物理化学题的时候，我们每做一道题，有可能就会掌握一种新的解题思路。但是托福是个英语考试，英语考试其实我们可以把它想象成一个饭盒，它需要掌握的知识是非常有限的，这些只是其实我们早就学过了，托福考试并没有考到什么新的知识，托福考试要求的，仅仅是要求我们将之前的知识熟练运用即可!

但是，各位考友需要注意的是，托福考试所需要的知识，其实应该是对于“单词、语法、逻辑”的“快速、准确、细致”的理解，托福阅读的核心其实就是这些，也就这么简单!但是问题是不管你做多少遍题，本身都是不可能去帮助你掌握“单词、语法、逻辑”的，因为做题做一遍就是过了，里面的单词我们是没有背下来的，里面考到了什么语法呢?让我们说，我们也真的说不出来?同样的，与语法相关的逻辑我们也没有得到任何的提高。因为我们看到的都是一句一句单独的句子，这些句子是已经将“单词、语法、逻辑”整合起来了。我们做题看到的一个一个的句子，这就好比是我们看到的马路上的一台一台的汽车，托福考试考的核心是这些汽车里面的零部件的工作原理，可是如果我们只坐在路边看汽车的话，是根本看不到这些汽车里面的工作原理的。我们做多少遍题，我们就看了多少遍汽车在我们的面前飞驰而过，但是仍然是不可能知道这些车里面的工作原理的。

请注意，这里并不是说不可以做题，我们是可以做题的。但是我们并不应该仅仅是去掐时间20分钟做完题这么简单。

其实当我们在前期做题的时候，应该是不限时做题的，我们应该把做题的时间拉长，换句话说，就是我们就会有充分的时间，去研究里面每一个单词，每一个语法点的逻辑，以及弄懂每一句话是什么意思，当然还包括弄懂前后文的逻辑发展，这都是很重要的。这就好像把我们自己想象为《黑客帝国》里面的基努里维斯的非常经典的子弹时间一样，我们把时间都停下来，就像基努里维斯仔细观察那个子弹一样，仔细的观察每一个句子，只有把里面的单词和里面的语法和逻辑关系都搞定了，我们才有成绩提升的可能。当然，这是指在一开始做题的时候，我们要这么做。

做完题之后，也不是把题一下就扔在一边，我们还应该，去反思里面的错题，因为我们都已经不限时做题了，那么我们为什么还会做错题呢?原因很简单!就是因为我们掌握的知识里面是有错误的地方，或者我们有的知识根本学的不扎实!因此我们就要把那些题目做对了，但是我们不知道为什么，以及做错了的题弄清楚，我们为什么错了，到底是有什么知识点我们不清楚?!自己弄不懂就去求教高手，只有这样我们才能一点一点提升我们的分数。

篇7：托福阅读易错题型思路分析

托福阅读易错题型思路分析 修辞目的题如何高效解答?

托福阅读修辞目的题介绍

修辞目的题是常见于托福阅读部分的一种题型，这里的“修辞”并不是考查修辞方法，而是涉及相应段落在文章中的作用，如：总结，回答问题，反驳，解释说明等。而“目的”则是考查对文章展开形式的把握，是否了解到文章的结构为：观点+细节。

一般来说，题干长这样：“why does author mention ”注意这里的why不是定位文中的because来找答案，而是应采取这样一种思维即：题干作为一个细节，其存在的价值是为了支撑前面出现的观点，所以答案在题干细节出现的位置前面去找，也就是找到观点 (注意避开其他同样支撑观点的细节)

托福阅读修辞目的题实例讲解

实例1：

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

1. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?

A.To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other.

B.To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are.

C.To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies.

D.To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes.

本题中的利用题干中的landing gear很好定位，答案在此信息之前，文章作者用airplane来举例说明landing gear的功能，它受到这个的启发来自于fin are tucked into the grooves ordepressions(鱼鳍藏于侧身凹槽而不会破坏其本身的流线型题型)。而CD选项都提到了design, 但是C提到 了airplane engine，这一概念文中并未提及，所以是错误的，正确答案是D项。

实例2：

Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitativeinstinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition thatcontributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of theaesthetic sense.

2. Why does the author mention “comedy”?

A. To give an example of early types of theater.

B. To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare.

C. To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater.

D. To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society.

本题中的comedy虽为一个小词，看似不起眼，但是它所存在的句子，句首为for example，这就构成了明显的举例关系，所以答案还是在前面找这个例子所证明的观点。第一句中的neither直接否定了两个观点，后面出现的therefore带起的句子是个过渡，第三句中才给出了detached view这一观点，因此看A项中没有detached相关的内容，排除，B项提到了welfare，无关信息，排除。C和D提到了detach但是D项中的other members没有提到。故，选C。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：对战争侵略行为的认识

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified--as during wartime--are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

词汇讲解：

aggression n. 侵略

justified adj. 合理的，正当的

unjust adj. 不公正的，不公平的

结构划分：

For example, people (who believe that aggression is necessary and justified--as during wartime--) are likely to act aggressively, whereas people (who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust), or (who think that aggression is never justified), are less likely to behave aggressively.

深度分析：

修饰一：(who believe that aggression is necessary and justified--as during wartime--)，从句，修饰people，注意里面还有一个从句(that aggression is necessary and justified)

中文：相信侵略是必要的合理的(诸如战争时期)

修饰二：(who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust) ，从句，修饰people，注意里面还有一个从句(that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust)

中文：相信一场特别的战争或侵略行为是不公正的人们

修饰三：(who think that aggression isnever justified)，从句，修饰people，

中文：认为侵略从来不是合理的人们

主干部分：表示对比的句子：people are likely to act aggressively whereas people are less likely to behave aggressively.

参考翻译：

例如，相信侵略是必要的合理的(诸如战争时期)的人们就有可能行为有侵略性;然而，相信一场特别的战争或侵略行为是不公正的，或者，认为侵略从来不是合理的人们，就少有可能行为有侵略性。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：太平洋地区的殖民探险

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplish ed by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

词汇讲解：

maroon /m?'ru?n/ v. 放逐到无人岛上，使孤立

adrift /?'dr?ft/ adj. 漂流的，漂泊的

feat /fi?t/ n. 功绩，伟业

deliberate /d?'l?b?r?t/ adj. 故意的，刻意的

set out 从某地出发

stock v. 贮备，贮存

domesticate /d?'m?st?ket/ v. 驯养(动物等)

结构划分：

Contrary to the arguments of some (that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift), it seems reasonable (that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions (that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. ) )

深度分析：

修饰一：(that much of thepacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift)，从句，修饰arguments

中文：波利尼西亚人是在偶尔迷失和漂流被困住而定居在大部分太平洋地区

修饰二：在上一个从句里还有一个省略的从句(after being lost and adrift) =(after Polynesians were lost and adrift)

修饰三：(that set outfully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. )，从句，修饰expeditions，注意这里(fully stocked with food and domesticated plants andanimals. )，非谓语动词修饰set out

中文：出发时充分贮存了食物和被驯化动植物

主干：大家注意，(that this feat wasaccomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stockedwith food and domesticated plants and animals.)， it seems reasonable中的 it指代这个从句，真正的主语是这个从句

参考翻译：

和某些人的观点相反，这些观点认为波利尼西亚人是在偶尔迷失和漂流被困住而定居在大部分太平洋地区，另外一种观点似乎更加合理，认为这些功绩是通过故意的并且出发时充分贮存了食物和被驯化动植物的殖民探险来实现的。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：冰川架结构的形成原理

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.

词汇讲解：

penetrate /'pen?tre?t/ v. 进入或穿过某物;充满，遍布

compact /k?m'p?kt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起

结构划分：

The ice shelf cores, (with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet)),were long enough (to penetrate through glacial ice)—(which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles)—and (to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice) (formed from seawater)(tha tfreezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.)

深度分析：

修饰一： (with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet))，介词短语，修饰the iceshelf cores，修饰成分一般放后面

中文：总长为215米(705英尺)

修饰二：(to penetrate through glacial ice)，非谓语动词

中文：穿透冰川冰

修饰三：(which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles)，从句，修饰glacial ice，修饰成分一般放后面

中文：由压缩的雪形成的并包含气泡

修饰四：(to continue into the clear,bubble-free ice)，非谓语动词

中文：继续进入清澈的、没有气泡的冰

修饰五：(formed from seawater) ，非谓语动词，修饰the clear, bubble-free ice

中文：由海水形成

修饰六：(that freezes onto the bottom ofthe glacial ice.) ，从句，修饰seawater

中文：凝固在冰川冰底部

主干：括号外面的，The iceshelf cores were long enough，主和谓语中间被解词短语with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet)隔开

参考翻译：

总长为215米(705英尺)的冰架核已足以穿透(由压缩的雪形成的并包含气泡)的冰川冰，随后穿透清澈的、没有气泡的冰，这些冰是由凝固在冰川冰底部的海水形成的。

篇8：托福阅读3种高频易错解题思路

托福阅读3种高频易错解题

托福阅读错误解题思路盘点：标题是摆设直接读文章

这是流行在托福界的一个普遍的错误。如果标题真的没用，那么精于算计的American考官早就取消了。标题是一篇文章的主题所在，理解它，就可以预判文章的内容，甚至是结构。同时提升阅读兴趣，避免考试阅读疲劳症的出现。 标题必须看，而且要预测文章基本结构和大体内容。

托福阅读错误解题思路盘点：选择题就是要用排除法

这是一个常见的认知错误。要知道四个选项，有三个错误，只有一个正确的，且位置不定，毫无规律可循。试问，选错的概率比选对的概率高50%。所以，排除法并不好用。只有把选择题当做简答题做，即从原文中找到题干对应答案，再进行选择才是正确，而且往往阅读高手还可以节约掉不必要的阅读选项的时间。

托福阅读错误解题思路盘点：词汇题只有增加词汇量才行

同学，你out了。要知道在托福的词汇考核中，基本词汇量、构词法分析还有上下文推断是三个考点。意味增加词汇量，只能对基本词汇量和部分构词法词汇起到帮助，对上下文推断收效甚微，这就是为什么经常有考试词汇量大概10,000但是托福阅读仍旧还在24-26分徘徊的原因。所以，词汇理解必须基于句子结构搭配，以及上下文分析方可。当然，这种提升是针对要冲击28-30满分的学生的要求。

托福阅读：需要避免的误区

一、做题的误区

考生做旧托福考试(托福)阅读或者平时的阅读练习时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思维就停止活动。不过在新托福网络考试中，考生面对电脑就做不了任何标志记号。

有些考生文章根本不读完，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说，大部分考生采用细读文章方法，做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。

在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文——词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

二、托福阅读中读文章的方法

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右。一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，比方说：如果最后一篇文章难度大，且12-14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度，同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。

第二步：采取“结构扫描”法阅读具体的一篇文章。所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福文章是纯学术体(Academic)，是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文，最显著的特点是呈板块结构。

托福文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。所以，采取“结构扫描”法，意味着以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。

三、托福阅读答题的技巧

1.做题总则：

文章大致看完之后，才能开始做题。做题时，应牢记以下几点：

(1)每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

(2)做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，同时排除相应的选项。

(3)到难句子时，最直接有效的方式就是对其进行句子结构分析，迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个的词不放，不然就会因小失大。

(4)每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释度、或者是歪曲原文、或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到合符文章意思和题意的选项。

2.区别对待几种题：

(1)主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。

(2)列举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。

(3)文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。

(4)作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

(5)文章想方设法题。文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。

托福阅读之高分要素

第一，词汇量是关键

我4月上TOEFL班，当时就是词汇量很贫乏(那年夏天考6级都没过)后来因为还有其它的事情，复习的时间只有20天，单词当然没有增加多少。当时做阅读就觉得简直太可怕了，基本上云山雾罩的。还专门又好好看了一遍做题技巧，还是不爽。成绩，54吧。后来考了GRE，再加上GRE阅读的地狱般的磨炼，再来看TOEFL阅读，我发现，我全部都看懂了!然后做题觉得挺好的。因此，各位如果觉得TOEFL阅读很难的话，请你一定要肯拿出时间来背单词。磨刀不误砍柴工，这句话一点都不假。即使你用一周时间，能把80%的单词都记住，那也是很值得的。

第二，阅读的做题顺序

现在还有人问，培训班说先看问题再读文章，又说自己不习惯等等。其实，这个完全在你自己。如果你觉得“先看问题再读文章，而且找到答案就停止，再读下一个问题”这样很习惯，那就保持下去。如果你觉得整个文章读完再做心里踏实，那就读完好了。我后来做阅读，是这样的。第一题，一般都是主题题。先不管。从第二题开始，看问题，然后看是读第一段。不管有没有找到答案，把这一段读完再停。这样，如果词基本认识，句子结构比较清楚的话，答案差不多就出来了。接下来还是这样，即使那一段很长，我也是读完一整段再做题。!但是这里要强调一下。如果你的阅读水平不是特别高的话，当你读完一段，有些问题的答案你可能已经知道了，但是还是请定位到原文，再看一遍。看看问题问的是不是的确就是你得出的答案等等。总之一句话，阅读的答案都是从文章里来的，如果和文章矛盾了或者文章没有这些说法，那就肯定不是正确答案!

第三，解题技巧

什么?就是排除法!遇到不确定的题目，一定从原文找到定位，然后把肯定不对的选项排除。就算是瞎蒙，50%也比25%好。这个也是做主题题的一贯原则。等你把文章通篇都读完了，再回过头看这个题目的时候，不正确的说法就可以排除了(如果你也是最后做主题题的话，一定不要忘了，还有一道题!)

托福阅读

篇9：托福阅读的3种易错题型

托福阅读的3种易错题型 这样解决就对了

易错题1：词汇题

形成原因：

这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。

分析及解决方法：

对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。

还有一部分同学不是因为托福词汇量不足而导致题目做错的，这类考生的原因就是词汇的语境使用不清楚，直接选择了自己记忆的词汇含义，所以所选择的答案就错了。这样的弊端往往是对于一词多义的情况难以确定具体释义或者是生僻释义考察的情况出错。考生要学会根结合语境解答词汇题的方法。比如，根据例子与主要论证对象特质一致这个原理来解题，如果考察的词汇是形容一个例子中的对象，这个对象所属的大概念的特点已知，往往这个词汇也具有类似的含义。又比如，利用“and”前后连接的句子感情色彩一致或者转折词前后的内容相反的原则解题等等。

易错题2：句子简化题

形成原因：

这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。

分析及解决方法：

这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。

句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读文章技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。

易错题3：文章总结题

形成原因：

托福阅读最后一题的错题率是非常高的，主要错题原因有答题时间不足或者考生能力不足。

分析及解决方法：

文章总结题处在最后一题位置，题型分值较高但是极容易出错。这个题型考察考生对于文章整体的把握，需要足够的解题时间。一部分考生由于时间紧张，往往匆匆作答，很难答对;还有部分考生是因为不能抓住文章主旨，分不清重点答不对题。

考生要想不出错，则要分不同情况选择方法解答题目。如果时间不足，可以选择较长的选项;如果时间充足，则可以按照这样的步骤答题：首先阅读题干中对于原文的相关总结，有利于下面的正确选出正确选项;第二步是把选项看一遍，排除明显和原文观点矛盾的选项或者是原文细节、例证的选项;最后参考剩余选项提炼出关键词，找回原文的相关出处，确定正误。

托福阅读背景材料：英属北美殖民地的建立

北美洲原始居民为印第安人。16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。法国人建立了新法兰西(包括圣劳伦斯流域下游大潮区，密西西比河流域等处);西班牙人建立了新西班牙(包括墨西哥和美国西南部的广大地区)。1607年，英国建立了第1个殖民据点—詹姆士城，此后在大西洋沿岸陆续建立了13个殖民地。到达殖民地的大多数是西欧贫苦的劳动人民，也有贵族、地主、资产阶级，以英国人、爱尔兰人、德意志人和荷兰人最多。移民中有逃避战祸和宗教迫害者，有自愿和非自愿的“契约奴”以及乞丐、罪犯;还有从非洲被贩运来的黑人。

“五月花”号 (Mayflower)

独立战争 (1774—1783)

英法为争夺海上霸权和掠夺殖民地而进行的七年战争，以英国胜利告终。英国在北美接管了加拿大，控制了密西西比河以东的新法兰西，对北美殖民地全面加强控制，宣告阿巴拉契亚山脉以西为王室产业，禁止殖民地人民染指;并征收重税，严厉缉私，限制经济活动，严重损害了殖民地各阶层人民的经济利益。从1619年弗吉尼亚建立议会起，各殖民地相继成立议会，与英国相抗衡，1765年9个殖民地举行抗议印花税大会，掀起反抗怒潮。

18世纪70年代英国进一步执行高压政策，1770年波士顿惨案发生。1773年通过了茶税法，引起波士顿倾茶事件。1774年颁布了5项不可容忍的法令(诸如封闭波士顿港，增派英国驻军，取消马萨诸塞自治权，确立英国对殖民地的司法权等)，从政治上军事上加紧对殖民地的控制与镇压。1772-1774年，各殖民地普遍成立通讯委员会，领导抗英斗争。1774年9月5日，除佐治亚外的各殖民地代表在费城召开了第1届大陆会议，通过了和英国断绝一切贸易关系的决议,继而通过“关于殖民地权利和怨恨的宣言”，向英王呈递请愿书。1775年4月18日，在波士顿附近的列克星敦和康科德，殖民地爱国者打响了反抗的枪声，揭开了独立战争的序幕。5月，第2届大陆会议召开。次年7月大陆会议通过独立宣言，宣布13个殖民地脱离英国独立。

独立战争开始时，双方实力悬殊，战争进行了8年。到1781年10月，美、法联军攻下英军最后据点约克镇，独立战争基本结束。1783年英美签订巴黎和约。独立战争时期涌现出一批杰出的政治家，如大陆军的总司令G.华盛顿、《独立宣言》的起草人T.杰斐逊、外交家B.富兰克林、文化战士T.潘恩。

印花税条例 (Stamp Act)

波士顿惨案 (Boston Massacre)

大陆会议 (Continental Congress)

独立战争 (War of lndependence)

独立宣言 (Declaration of Independence)

托福阅读背景知识之火山岩

Lava (火山岩)

Lava is magma that breaks the surface and erupts from a volcano. If the magma is very fluid, it flows rapidly down the volcano’s slopes. Lava that is more sticky and less fluid moves slower. Lava flows that have a continuous, smooth, ropy, or billowy surface are called pahoehoe (pronounced pah HOH ee hoh ee) flows; while a a (pronounced ah ah) flows have a jagged surface composed of loose, irregularly shaped lava chunks. Once cooled, pahoehoe forms smooth rocks, while a a forms jagged rocks. The words pahoehoe and a a are Hawaiian terms that describe the texture of the lava. Lava may also be described in terms of its composition and the type of rock it forms. Basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite are all different kinds of rock that form from lava. Each type of rock, and the lava from which it forms, contains a different amount of the compound silicon dioxide. Basaltic lava has the least amount of silicon dioxide, andesitic and dacitic lava have medium levels of silicon dioxide, while rhyolitic lava has the most.

托福阅读背景素材：世界上第一只汉堡来自中国

The world's first hamburger doesn't come from where you think it comes from. It wasn't invented in the United States, and it didn't originate in Germany. No, the world's first hamburger comes from China.

世界上第一只汉堡从哪来?不是你想的那样哦——不是起源于美国，也不是发源于德国。哦不，世界上第一只汉堡起来自中国哦。

If you're scratching your head right now, you're not alone. But Chinese hamburgers are very real and they definitely predate the hamburgers we call our own in the U.S. Known as rou jia mo, which translates to “meat burger” or “meat sandwich,” they consist of chopped meat inside a pita-like bun, and they've been around since the Qin dynasty, from about 221 BC to 207 BC. Despite the differences between this Chinese street food and our American-style burgers, the rou jia mo “has been called the world's first hamburger.”

如果你现在正在抓耳挠腮，你不是一个人。但是中国汉堡包真的存在，而且早于我们美国本土的“汉堡包”，在中国称为“肉夹馍”( meat burger，meat sandwich)，它们是由切碎的肉塞在开口圆饼里做成的，从秦朝开始(公元前221年-公元前207年)就有了。虽然这种中国街头小吃和我们美利坚的汉堡大不相同，但肉夹馍却被称为“世界上第一只汉堡”。

The rou jia mo originated in the Shaanxi province of China, and is now eaten all over the country. It's typically prepared and eaten on the street. The dough for the bun, or mo, consists of a simple mixture of wheat flour, water and maybe yeast. Of course recipes may vary, but this basic equation makes for a chewy and subtle pillow for the delicious filling. While the mo is traditionally baked in a clay oven, today it's often fried in a pan. They may look a little like Chinese steamed buns or baos, but the dough for those are, of course, steamed, not baked or fried.

肉夹馍起源于中国陕西省，如今已遍布全国，是代表性的街头小吃。生面团做成的“馍”，就是简单的由小麦粉，水，可能还有酵母做成。当然啦，配方不尽相同，但是基本做法都差不多，咬一口软糯可口，填充(肉)唇齿留香。而传统的做法，馍是在土灶里烘焙而成，如今则常常放在平底锅里烙制而成。可能看上去会比较像中国的馒头或是包子，但是那些是蒸的，不是烤的或烙的。

The meat filling might consist of chopped pork, beef, lamb or chicken that has been stewed with a variety of spices, like ginger, cloves, coriander and star anise. You might also find herbs like cilantro or greens like lettuce garnishing the sandwich.

夹在里面的肉可能是切碎的猪肉、牛肉、羊肉或是鸡肉，由文火慢炖，加入多种调味料：如姜、丁香、香菜和八角。你可能会发现里面还会有香菜或是生菜这样的绿色蔬菜做配菜。

★福分近义词

★生活哲理——有事做是一种福分

★一日禅：莫要折自己的福分

★贝贝托个人资料

★托班工作总结

★教案托班

★托班工作计划

★托班教案

★托班务工作计划

★托班反思

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