下面就是小编给大家带来的阅读理解：有机食品真的更健康吗，本文共6篇，希望能帮助到大家!
篇1：阅读理解：有机食品真的更健康吗
Is organic food really healthier?
有机食品真的更健康吗?
Organic food is more than just a passing fad. Organic food sales totaled a record US$45.2 billion in , making it one of the fastest-growing segments of American agriculture. While a small number of studies have shown associations between organic food consumption and decreased incidence of disease, no studies to date have been designed to answer the question of whether organic food consumption causes an improvement in health.
有机食品可不仅仅是一时风尚。，其销售总额创下历史新高——452亿美元，成为美国农业增长最快的部分之一。虽然少数研究已表明食用有机食品和疾病发病率降低存在联系，但尚未有研究对如下问题做出解答：食用有机食品是否会让人更健康?
I’m an environmental health scientist who has spent over 20 years studying pesticide exposures in human populations. Last month, my research group published a small study that I believe suggests a path forward to answering the question of whether eating organic food actually improves health.
我是一名环境健康科学家，过去二十年一直都在研究人类接触农药的情况。上个月，我的研究团队发表了一篇小型研究，我认为这项研究为上述问题提供了前进方向。
According to the USDA, the organic label does not imply anything about health. In , Miles McEvoy, then chief of the National Organic Program for USDA, refused to speculate about any health benefits of organic food, saying the question wasn't “relevant” to the National Organic Program. Instead, the USDA's definition of organic is intended to indicate a production method that “foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.”
据美国农业部表示，有机标签并不意味着健康。在，美国农业部国家有机计划的时任负责人迈尔斯·麦克沃伊(Miles McEvoy)拒绝推测有机食品的健康益处，并表示这一问题与国家有机计划并“不相关”。相反，美国农业部对有机一词的定义旨在表明一种生产方法，该方法可“鼓励资源循环、促进生态平衡、保护生态多样性。”
While some organic consumers may base their purchasing decisions on factors like resource cycling and biodiversity, most report choosing organic because they think it's healthier.
虽然有些购买有机产品的消费者可能是根据资源循环和生物多样性等因素做出的购买决定，但大多数人还是因为觉得它更健康。
Sixteen years ago, I was part of the first study to look at the potential for an organic diet to reduce pesticide exposure. This study focused on a group of pesticides called organophosphates, which have consistently been associated with negative effects on children's brain development. We found that children who ate conventional diets had nine times higher exposure to these pesticides than children who ate organic diets.
十六年前，我参与了首个探索有机饮食潜力以降低农药接触的研究。这项研究重点关注一组名为有机磷酸盐的农药，这类农药一直被认为会对儿童的大脑发育带来负面影响。我们发现，饮食传统的儿童接触这些农药的次数比食用有机食品的儿童高9倍。
Our study got a lot of attention. But while our results were novel, they didn't answer the big question. As I told The New York Times in , “People want to know, what does this really mean in terms of the safety of my kid? But we don't know. Nobody does.” It was true then, and it's still true now.
我们的研究受到了广泛关注。虽然我们的结果是新颖的，但却并未回答上述问题。正如我在对《纽约时报》所说的那样，“人们想知道，这对儿童的安全究竟有何意义?但我们并不知道答案。没有人知道。”这句话既适用于当时，也适用于此时。
篇2：微波食品有损健康的阅读理解及其答案
2．强调突出全部如此，无一例外。（4分）
3．① 微波辐射 (或：微波泄漏)。
② 微波食品安全(或：微波破坏食品营养的成分以及微波食品对健康的危害)。（4分，一点2分）
4．微波炉用交流电产生的微波，使食物中的分子以每秒钟数亿次的速度旋转，造成分子之间巨大的摩擦，从而产生热量。（4分）
篇3：远离垃圾食品，孩子更健康
远离垃圾食品，孩子更健康
一个全国性的饮食和营养调查发现：
92%的儿童食用过多的饱和脂肪；
86%的儿童食用过多的糖
72%的儿童食用过多的盐
96%的儿童没有吃足够的蔬果。
儿童的饮食问题，尤其是儿童的肥胖问题，已经认为是现在公众健康问题中最严重的其中一项。最近一个关于儿童肥胖的研究结果指出，如果我们现在还不采取措施去防患儿童肥胖，那么我们的国家健康将会日渐变差。到了2050年，有55%的男孩和70%的女孩将会呈现肥胖的状态，而每年将会多消耗450亿美元。
以上的.数据是非常惊人的，那么，为什么我们的儿女总是喜欢吃垃圾食品呢？
这是因为：垃圾食品的广告投放经常是霸占了营销市场的很大一个额度。每年，都会有4亿8千万美元投放在宣传一些高脂肪、高糖和高岩的垃圾食品的电视宣传上。
在没有得到父母的指导前提下，儿童受那些电视宣传影响，产生了错误的饮食概念，并不去吃父母为他们选择的健康的食物。
那么，为人父母的，可以做些什么呢？
一系列的调查研究指出：绝大多数的父母都赞成政府应该采取行动，来防止小朋友再受垃圾食品的广告影响。英国心脏基金最近做了一份调查显示，68%的父母赞成晚上9点前，电台对垃圾食品的广告实行制约。
另外，79%的父母认为，在儿童会看电视的时间段里，不应该播放不健康食品的电视广告。
因此，各位父母除了要支持这些提议之外，还要注意给小朋友灌输正确的观念，告诉小朋友，什么是健康饮食，在饮食的过程中，怎样才能做到饮食均匀、平衡。另外，还要经常带小朋友进行体育锻炼。不然，民族的健康问题将会面临更加严峻的形势。
39健康网(www.39.net)专稿，方请明确注明出处及链接，或完整保留此版权信息。
篇4：方便食品阅读理解及答案
方便食品阅读理解及答案
方便食品
①方便食品的优点是烹饪简单，易于储藏。满足这两点，重要的是保质。几十年来，人们研发出三种制作方便食品的方式：脱水、速冻和抑菌。
②水是一切生命之源，其中也包括微生物，如果把食物中的水分去掉，导致食物变质的微生物便很难存活，食物保质期也就会延长。
③方便面是将面条先像织布一样盘织在一起，再经过蒸煮使之熟化，而后便放入油锅炸透定型，脱去面条中的水分。用油炸来脱水，不光是为了让面条易于保存，更重要的'是能令它经热水一泡便迅速回软涨发。因为面粉中富含小麦淀粉，如果只是简单烘干，它便会在面条表面形成一层类似保护壳的膜，水分子很难进入。而经油炸后，这层膜上会形成许多微小气孔，水分子便可由此进入，使面条变软涨发。
④方便米线和方便粉丝也是人们常吃的东西，它们的原料分别是大米和土豆（或红薯），它们所含的淀粉中小麦淀粉很少，因而米线和粉丝的脱水，完全不需要油炸，蒸煮后直接烘干就可以了，再遇热水时，便能直接吸水涨发。但是米饭和粥就没那么容易了，因为米粒在煮熟后，黏性会变得很大，互相粘在一起，直接脱水无法保证每粒米的干燥程度一致，所以对它脱水就要换另一套路。淀粉在湿润的环境中，若经短时间加热，性状将发生改变：变得本身虽不黏，但再遇热水就会非常黏软，且体积膨胀，这个过程就叫“α化”。经过“α化”处理并烘干的大米便得名“α化大米”，也就是方便粥饭的原料。然而遇热水后的“α化大米”，并非是米粒做熟的状态，只是具备了类似的口感，好在并不影响营养和消化。
⑤速冻又叫急冻，也就是把食物急速低温冷冻，通常在-18℃以下的环境中才能实现。除了脱水、速冻，对付好氧性微生物，最好的方法是隔绝空气，让它们不能有氧呼吸。这就需要一个密封的环境，真空包装的食品就是这样做到的，将包装袋中空气全部抽走，既不会影响食品的风味，又可以延长保存时间。罐头的保鲜也是同理。而要想消灭厌氧性微生物，就必须依靠防腐剂了，当然它对好氧性微生物同样奏效。如今，最常用的防腐剂是亚硝酸盐、苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾，这三种物质能破坏微生物体内的各种酶，但因此也多少带些毒性，故而罐头和真空方便食品不要吃得太多。
（取材于《省事与保质》）
19，阅读文章第②-④段，说明其中提到的方便食品不同的脱水方式。（3分）
20.小张同学酷爱一种名为“多过多”的果杯，每天至少吃一杯。阅读下面材料，借助上文中相关知识，分析该产品说明存在的问题。并劝说小张少吃这类食品。（3分）
【材料】
下面是该罐头果杯的产品说明。
【商品正面】多果多果杯（不添加色素及防腐剂）
【商品背面】品名：糖水黄桃罐头果杯
配料：黄桃、水、白砂糖、食品添加剂、维生素C、山梨酸钾
贮存条件：常温避光保存
保质期：18个月
存在的问题： 劝说：
19.参考答案：第一种是利用油炸方式脱水，第二种是蒸煮后直接烘干脱水，第三种是先将食材“α化”处理后再烘干脱水。
评分标准：共3分，每种方式1分，意思表达准确即可。
20.存在的问题：产品说明中“不添加色素及防腐剂”与实际不符，因为山梨酸钾就属于防腐剂，因此产品有虚假宣传的问题。（2分）。劝说：小张，这种罐头里含有防腐剂，带有毒性对身体不好，还是尽量少吃吧（1分）。
评分标准：共3分，意思表达准确即可。
篇5：TOEFL阅读理解真题精选
托福阅读真题1
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called social hormones, affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones. Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the queen substance produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate
(B) How pheromones are produced by insects
(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult
(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species
2. The word serve in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) improve
(B) function
(C) begin
(D) rely
3. The purpose of the second mention of hormones in line 4 is to point out
(A) chemical signals that are common among insects
(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals
(C) similarities between two chemical substances
(D) how insects produce different chemical substances
4. The word sole in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) obvious
(B) best
(C) only
(D) final
5. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs is
dependent on how quickly they
(A) lose their effectiveness
(B) evaporate in the air
(C) travel through the air
(D) are produced by the body
6. According to the passage , the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone
may vary when the
(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed
(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted
(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone
(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms
7. The word detecting in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) controlling
(B) storing
(C) questioning
(D) finding
8. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?
(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.
(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.
(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.
(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.
9. The word They in line 24 refers to
(A) pheromones
(B) roles
(C) activities
(D) insects
10. The word sedentary in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) inactive
(B) inefficient
(C) unchangeable
(D) unbalanced
11. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that
(A) also communicate using sight and sound
(B) live underground
(C) prey on other insects
(D) live in organized groups
PASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD
托福阅读真题2
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave heads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or older the right to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years of residence and improvement. This law was intended to provide land for small farmers and to prevent land from being bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large landholders. An early amendment to the act even prevented husbands and wives from filing separate claims. The West, land reformers had assumed, would soon contain many 160-acre family farms.
They were doomed to disappointment. Most landless Americans were too poor to become farmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools, draft animals, a wagon, a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come to $1,000 — a formidable barrier. As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was supposed to provide a safety valve, they had neither the skills nor the inclination to become farmers. Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculators often managed to obtain large tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that they had fulfilled the conditions laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and then deed the land over to their employers.
Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough for raising livestock or for the kind of commercial agriculture that was developing west of the Mississippi. The national government made a feeble attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders by passing the Timber Culture Act of 1873, which permitted individuals to claim an additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years. This law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the 245,000 who took up land under the Act obtained final title to the property.
1. Which aspect of the Homestead Act of 1862 does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How it transformed the western United States into a place of small farms
(B) Why it was an improvement over previous attempts at land reform
(C) Why it did not achieve its aim to provide land for small farmers
(D) How it failed in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas
2. An amendment added to the Homestead Act of 1862 specified that
(A) five years of residence was required for landownership
(B) husbands and wives could not file separate claims
(C) the price of 160 acres of land was $1,000
(D) land could not be resold for a profit
3. The word formidable in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) obvious
(B) predictable
(C) difficult
(D) manageable
4. It can be inferred that the safety valve in line 13 refers to
(A) a new kind of machinery
(B) an alternative for urban workers
(C) an area in a factory
(D) a procedure designed to protect workers
5. The word intent in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) purpose
(B) power
(C) effect
(D) invention
6. According to the passage , why did the government pass the Timber Culture Act of 1873?
(A) to make larger tracts of land available to small farmers
(B) to settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas
(C) to encourage land speculation west of the Mississippi
(D) to increase the variety of trees growing in the western states
7. The word they in line 23 refers to
(A) larger holdings
(B) individuals
(C) 160 acres
(D) trees
8. According to the passage , how many of the farmers who settled land under the Timber
Culture Act of 1873 received final title to the property?
(A) fewer than 25%
(B) more than 160
(C) 10% per year
(D) 245,000
9. The passage mentions all of the following as reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did not
achieve its aims EXCEPT:
(A) Most landless Americans could not afford the necessary tools and provisions.
(B) Industrial workers lacked the necessary farming skills.
(C) The farms were too large for single families to operate successfully.
(D) Homesteaders usually came from areas relatively close to the frontier.
10. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Timber Culture Act of
1873?
(A) It especially helped farmers with large holdings of land.
(B) It was most important to farmers living in states that had plenty of trees.
(C) The majority of farmers did not benefit significantly from it.
(D) The majority of farmers did not need the extra 160 acres it provided.
PASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACC
托福阅读真题3
The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.
(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.
(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.
(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.
2. The word undergone in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) altered
(B) substituted
(C) experienced
(D) preserved
3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of
(A) age
(B) manner of creation
(C) size
(D) composition
4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions
(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.
(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.
(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.
(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.
5. The word vast in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) special
(B) known
(C) varied
(D) great
6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:
(A) They have small craters.
(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.
(C) They have a rough texture.
(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.
7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) Moon (line 1)
(B) reflectivity (line 3)
(C) regolith (line 16)
(D) Maria (line 2)
8. The author mentions wispy marks in line 19 as an example of
(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions
(B) a characteristic of large craters
(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes
(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon
9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on
(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon
(B) the lunar regolith
(C) cataloging various land formations
(D) craters and their origins
10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study
(B) the different shapes small craters can have
(C) some features of large craters
(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed
PASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDC
篇6：TOEFL阅读理解真题
托福阅读真题1
In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established the still life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.
John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales' pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not always compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance.
About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both, often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings — butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale
(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century
(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in the United States
(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings
2. Which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah
Miriam Peale?
(A) simplicity
(B) symbolism
(C) smooth texture
(D) social commentary
3. The word biting in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) simple
(B) sorrowful
(C) frequent
(D) sharp
4. The word It in line 13 refers to
(A) Luncheon Still Life
(B) one of the Peales' pieces
(C) a larger scale
(D) the number of objects
5. The word heightened in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) complicated
(B) directed
(C) observed
(D) increased
6. The word meticulous in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) careful
(B) significant
(C) appropriate
(D) believable
7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) repertoire (line 5)
(B) satire (line 8)
(C) additive (line 17)
(D) rendering (line 23)
8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they
(A) are symbolic
(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit
(C) include brilliant colors
(D) are large in size
9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?
(A) Fertility
(B) Freedom
(C) Impermanence
(D) Abundance
PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD
托福阅读真题2
Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans — the plankton. The term plankton is a broad one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel themselves through the sea. In the late stages of the Mesozoic era, during the Cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate.
This development radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because, while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. For the first time in the Earth's long history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock, began to pile up in parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never before. The famous white chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, are just one example of the huge quantities of such material that amassed during the Cretaceous period; there are many more. Just why the calcareous plankton were so prolific during the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood. Such massive amounts of chalky sediments have never since been deposited over a comparable period of time.
The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions for oil accumulation. Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum. Sediments rich in organic material accumulated along the margins of the Tethys Seaway, the tropical east-west ocean that formed when Earth's single landmass (known as Pangaea) split apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of today's important oil fields are found in those sediments — in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, and in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the United States.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How sediments were built up in oceans during the Cretaceous period
(B) How petroleum was formed in the Mesozoic era
(C) The impact of changes in oceanic animal and plant life in the Mesozoic era
(D) The differences between plankton found in the present era and Cretaceous plankton
2. The passage indicates that the Cretaceous period occurred
(A) in the early part of the Mesozoic era
(B) in the middle part of the Mesozoic era
(C) in the later part of the Mesozoic era
(D) after the Mesozoic era
3. The passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton EXCEPT
(A) the length of their lives
(B) the level of the ocean at which they are found
(C) their movement
(D) their size
4. The word accumulated in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) depended
(B) matured
(C) dissolved
(D) collected
5. According to the passage , the most dramatic change to the oceans caused by plankton during
the Cretaceous period concerned
(A) the depth of the water
(B) the makeup of the sediment on the ocean floor
(C) the decrease in petroleum-producing sediment
(D) a decline in the quantity of calcareous ooze on the seafloor
6. The white chalk cliffs of Dover are mentioned in line 14 of the passage to
(A) show where the plankton sediment first began to build up
(B) provide an example of a plankton buildup that scientists cannot explain
(C) provide an example of the buildup of plankton sediment
(D) indicate the largest single plankton buildup on Earth
7. The word prolific in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) fruitful
(B) distinct
(C) determined
(D) energetic
8. The word ideal in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) common
(B) clear
(C) perfect
(D) immediate
9. The word it in line 22 refers to
(A) biological productivity
(B) oil
(C) organic material
(D) petroleum
PASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC
托福阅读真题3
The term art deco has come to encompass three distinct but related design trends of the 1920's and 1930's. The first was what is frequently referred to as zigzag moderne — the exotically ornamental style of such skyscrapers as the Chrysler Building in New York City and related structures such as the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California. The word zigzag alludes to the geometric and stylized ornamentation of zigzags, angular patterns, abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts, astrological imagery, formalized fountains, and related themes that were applied in mosaic relief, and mural form to the exterior and interior of the buildings. Many of these buildings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect. The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930's streamlined moderne style — a Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as speed stripes. In architecture, these elements were frequently accompanied by round windows, extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops.
The third style, referred to as either international stripped classicism, or simply classical moderne, also came to the forefront during the Depression, a period of severe economic difficult in the 1930's. This was a more conservative style, blending a simplified modernistic style with a more austere form of geometric and stylized relief sculpture and other ornament, including interior murals. Many buildings in this style were erected nationwide through government programs during the Depression.
Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it. For example, like art nouveau (1890-1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage, like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and colorfully ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England and the United States, art deco practitioners considered it their mission to transform the domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.
1. What aspect of art deco does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of art deco on the design of furniture and household accessories
(B) Ways in which government programs encouraged the development of art deco
(C) Architectural manifestations of art deco during the 1920's and 1930's
(D) Reasons for the popularity of art deco in New York and California
2. The word encompass in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) include
(C) replace
(D) enhance
3. The phrase The first in line 2 refers to
(A) the term art deco
(B) design trends
(C) the 1920's and 1930's
(D) skyscrapers
4. In line 9, the author mentions an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower in order to
(A) describe the exterior shape of certain art deco buildings
(B) explain the differences between ancient and modern architectural steles
(C) emphasize the extent of architectural advances
(D) argue for a return to more traditional architectural design
5. The streamlined moderne style is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
(A) animal motifs
(B) flat roofs
(C) round windows
(D) speed stripes
6. The phrase came to the forefront in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) grew in complexity
(B) went through a process
(C) changed its approach
(D) became important
7. According to the passage , which of the following statements most accurately describes the
relationship between art deco and art nouveau?
(A) They were art forms that competed with each other for government support during the
Depression era.
(B) They were essentially the same art form.
(C) Art nouveau preceded art deco and influenced it.
(D) Art deco became important in the United States while art nouveau became popular in
England.
8. According to the passage , a building having an especially ornate appearance would most
probably have been designed in the style of
(A) zigzag moderne
(B) streamlined moderne
(C) classical moderne
(D) the Arts and Crafts Movement
9. According to the passage , which of the following design trends is known by more than one
name?
(A) Zigzag moderne
(B) Streamlined moderne
(C) International stripped classicism
(D) Arts and Crafts Movement
10. The passage is primarily developed as
(A) the historical chronology of a movement
(B) a description of specific buildings that became famous for their unusual beauty
(C) an analysis of various trends within an artistic movement
(D) an argument of the advantages of one artistic form over another
PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC
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