以下是小编为大家准备了美国文学期末试卷，本文共9篇，欢迎参阅。
篇1：美国文学期末试卷
美国文学选读试题及答案 试题一 I. Multiple Choice (1'×15=15')
1. C______was the first colony in American history. A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey C. Virginia D.Georgia
2. _B_____ was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. One of his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any other man's on this young nation.” A. John Smith B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D.Thomas Paine
3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT __A____. A. common sense B. imagination C. intuition D. individualism
4. The Raven was written in 1844 by __B______ A. Philip Freneau B. Edgar Allan Poe C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow D. Emily Dickinson
5. The ship __C____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A. Sunflower B. Armada C. Mayflower D. Titanic
6. Melville's novel __D____ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. A. Typee B. Omoo C. White Jacket D. Moby Dick
7. As a philosophical and literary movement, __D____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. A.Modernism B.Rationalism C.Sentimentalism D.Transcendentalism
8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in ___A______. A. The Scarlet Letter B. Sister Carrie C. The Great Gatsby D. The Old Man and Sea
9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ___B___ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is第2页not determined economically. A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious
10. Realism was a reaction against____B__ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism. A. Rationalism B. Romanticism C. Neoclassicism D. Enlightenment
11. __C______ was a poet in American modern period who was deeply influence by eastern culture. A. T. S Eliot B. Robert Frost C. Ezra Pound D. Walt Whitman 12. Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is NOT true?D A. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing close friends. B. She once felt a deep affection for Charles Wadsworth, a married aged minister, but it proved to be a frustrated love affair for Dickinson. C. She wrote about death, immortality, nature, success and failure. D. During her lifetime, all her poems are published.
[美国文学期末试卷]
篇2：美国文学选读期末试卷
Part Ⅰ: Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.
(10 points in all, 2 point for each)
Group 1
Column A Column B
( )1. Benjamin Franklin a. Moby Dick
( )2.Edgar Allan Poe b. The Cast of Amontillado
( )3. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. The Scarlet letter
( )4. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Self-Reliance
( )5. Herman Melville e. The Autobiography
Part ⅠⅠ: Gap filling (10 points in all, 1 point for each).
1.
2.
3.
4. ?The Old Man and the Sea? is written by _______ . Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name ______ _______ . ?the remains of my relations? means __________________ in Chinese. ?I must not only punish but punish with impunity? means ___________________________in Chinese.
5. _________ is regarded as the first person to write the detective novel in the west.
6. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the supporter of _________.
7. Herman Melville is the famous _________and poet of America.
8. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled _________ by Emerson.
9. The historical novel ?Scarlet Letter? describes the17th century?s life style of the___________________________ in North America.
10. In Herman Melville?s Moby Dick?, as the opposite of the human being, the whale stands for __________________.
Part ⅠⅠⅠ: Reading Comprehension (40 points in all, 2 points for each).
A
I travel a lot, and I find out different “styles” (风格) of directions every time 1 ask “How can I get to the post office?”
Foreign tourists are often confused (困惑) in Japan because most streets there don?t have names; in Japan, people use landmarks (地标) in their directions instead of street names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop.”
In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings within miles. Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for example, people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”
People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measure distance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post office?” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “it?s
about five minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it?” They don?t know. It?s true that a person doesn?t know the answer to your question sometimes. What happens in such a situation? A New Yorker might say, ?Sorry, I have no idea.” But in Yucatan, Mexico, no one answers “I don?t know.” People in Yucatan believe that “I don?t know” is impolite, they usually give an answer, often a wrong one. A tourist can get very, very lost in Yucatan!
1. When a tourist asks the Japanese the way to a certain place they usually _________
A. describe the place carefully
B. show him a map of the place
C. tell him the names of the streets
D. refer to recognizable buildings and places
2. What is the place where people measure distance in time? _________
A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. Kansas. D. Iowa.
3. People in Yucatan may give a tourist a wrong answer ________
A. in order to save time B. as a test C. so as to be polite D. for fun
4. What can we infer from the text? _________
A. It?s important for travelers to understand cultural differences.
B. It?s useful for travelers to know how to ask the way properly.
C. People have similar understandings of politeness.
D. New Yorkers are generally friendly to visitors.
B
Heroes of Our Time
A good heart
Dikembe Mutombo grew up in Africa among great poverty and disease. He came to Georgetown University on a scholarshipto study medicine ― but Coach John Thompson got a look at Dikembe and had a different idea. Dikembe became a star in the NBA, and a citizen of the United States. But he never forgot the land of his birth, or the duty to share his fortune with others. He built a new hospital in his old hometown in the Congo. A friend has said of this good-hearted man: “Mutombo believes that God has given him this chance to do great things.”
Success and kindness
After her daughter was born, Julie Aigner-Clark searched for ways to share her love of music and art with her child. So she borrowed some equipment, and began filming children?s videos in her own house. The Baby Einstein Company was born, and in just five years her business grew to more than $20 million in sales. And she is using her success to help others ― producing child safety videos with John Walsh of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Julie says of her new program: “I believe it?s the most important thing that I have ever done. I believe that children have the right to live in a world that is safe.”
Bravery and courage
A few weeks ago, Wesley Autrey was waiting at a Harlem subway station with his two little girls when he saw a man fall into the path of a train. With seconds to act, Wesley jumped onto the tracks, pulled the man into the space between the rails, and held him as the train passed right above their heads. He insists he?s not a hero. He says: “We have got to show each other some love.”
A. Being a star in the NBA. B. Being a student of medicine.
C. His work in the church. D. His willingness to help the needy.
.
A. helpful to his personal development
B. something he should do for his homeland
C. a chance for his friends to share his money
D. a way of showing his respect to the NBA
A. Produce safety equipment for children.
B. Make videos to help protect children.
C. Sell children?s music and artwork.
D. Look for missing and exploited children.
A. He helped a man get across the rails.
B. He stopped a man from destroying the rails.
C. He protected two little girls from getting hurt.
D. He saved a person without considering his own safety.
C
Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer group.
The lack of right male role models in many of their lives ― at home and particularly in the school environment ― means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.
They don?t see men succeeding in society so it doesn?t occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child?s peers. You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child.
It?s pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games. Instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems ― somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children.
A. He disliked his teachers.
B. His parents no longer supported him.
C. It?s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.
.
A. Peer groups. B. A special unit. C. The student judges. D. The home environment.
A. Wait for their change patiently. B. Train leaders of their peer groups.
C. Stop the development of street culture. D. Give them lessons in a separate area.
12. A teacher?s work is most effective with a schoolboy when heA. is with the boy alone B. teaches the boy a lesson
C. sends the boy home as punishment D. works together with another teacher
D
Far from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.
For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.
Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied the fish?s blood and measured its freezing point.
The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of-1.88°C and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to -2.05°C. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the ice-salt mixture.
The scientists? next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish?s blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein never before seen in put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.
Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules(分子)held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.
.
A. The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.
B. A special fish living in freezing waters.
C. The ice shelf around Antarctica.
D. Protection of the Antarctic cod.
.
A. The seawater has a temperature of -1.88°C.
B. it loves to live in the ice-salt mixture
C. A special protein keeps it from freezing.
D. Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05°C.
15. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A. A type of ice-salt mixture. B. A newly found protein.
C. Fish blood. D. Sugar molecule.
16. What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraph
A. sugar B. ice C. blood D. molecule
E
If your boss asks you to work in Moscow this year, he?d better offer you more money to do
so ― or even double that depending on where you live now. That?s because Moscow has just been found to be the world?s most expensive city for the second year in a row by Mercer Human Resources Consulting.
Using the cost of living in New York as a base, Mercer determined Moscow is 34.4 percent more expensive including the cost of housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment.
A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger is London takes the No. 2 place, up from No. 5 a year ago, thanks to higher cost of housing and a stronger British pound relative to the dollar. Mercer estimates London is 26 percent more expensive than New York these days. Following London closely are Seoul and Tokyo, both of which are 22 percent more expensive than New York, while No. 5 Hong Kong is 19 percent more costly.
Among North American cities, New York and Los Angeles are the most expensive and are the only two listed in the top 50 of the world?s most expensive cities. But both have fallen since last year?s study ― New York came in 15th, down from 10th place, while Los Angeles fell to 42nd from 29th place a year ago. San Francisco came in a distant third at No. 54, down 20 places from a year earlier.
Toronto, meanwhile, is Canada?s most expensive city but fell 35 places to take 82nd place worldwide. In Australia, Sydney is the priciest place to live in and No. 21 worldwide.
17. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean? _________
A. an act of stealing B. something delicious
C. something very cheap D. an act of buying
18. London has become the second most expensive city because of _________
A. the high cost of clothing B. the stronger pound against the dollar
C. its expensive transportation D. the high prices of fast food meals
19. Which city is the third most expensive on the list? _________
A. Tokyo. B. Hong Kong. C. Moscow. D. Sydney.
20. Which city has dropped most on the list in North America?
A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. San Francisco. D. Toronto.
Part IV: Translation (40 points in all, 20 points for each).
1. When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent me getting employment in any
other printing house of the town by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refused to give me work. I then thought of going to New York as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was the rather inclined to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party; and from the arbitrary proceeding of the Assembly in my brother?s case, it was likely I might if I stayed soon bring myself into scrapes, and further that my indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determined on the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that if I attempted to go openly means would be used to prevent me.
2. He had a weak point--this Fortunato--although in other regards he was a man to be
篇3：美国文学读后感
美国文学读后感
――《向美国学教育》读后感
文/孙玮
《向美国学教育》这本书，万玮老师将我带进的是熟悉而陌生的美国教育。说熟悉是因为美国的“模范教师”――当然他们称呼为年度教师或者国家英雄，在最近几年艾斯奎斯《第56号教室的奇迹》，罗恩克拉克老师的《优秀是教出来的》，以及由李茂老师翻译的《每个孩子都爱学》，从教师层面介绍了美国英雄教师们的工作状态，尤其是艾斯奎斯连续几次来中国与一线教师面对面交流，道出了许多真实的教育处境。说陌生是指对于美国教育中的具体问题，只能隔靴搔痒，浅尝辄止，没法有更系统深入的了解。万玮老师的这次美国之行中所做的记录和思考无疑对帮助我感受美国教育文化的独特魅力，辨析中美教育的差异，有着重要意义。
阅读伊始就对万玮老师生活化的文笔打动，摒弃空洞枯燥的理论说教，用亲身经历来讲述，娓娓道来，如沐春风。在文字中可以感觉到万老师置身其中的那种在场感，不仅仅是观察者，更是参与者，美国教育文化中的点滴被万老师捕捉到，提炼出来，蕴含在讲述中――一个讲故事的人，教育的哲理朴素，而芬芳。作为一名教师，要学会用生活化的讲述来阐释自己的观点，也就是要会讲故事，讲自己的教育故事，也讲自己听到或者感受到的教育道理。可以明显感觉到较之《班主任兵法》中的诙谐幽默、斗智斗勇，《向美国学教育》中作者的心境更沉潜稳重，颇具诗意行走和思考的意蕴。
在记录中万玮老师大量采用对比的方式来进行思考。用他的话说：“对比不是目的，对比只是一种方式――生活方式、思维方式，对比让我们感觉到宇宙的辽阔，感知到自己的位置，让我们思考，我们应该去何方。”在认识了阿米什人之后，他想到了云南贵州我们少数民族的青年的情况，感叹文化需要坚守。阿米什人总数大概25万左右，主要生活在美国宾州境内和加拿大，被包围在高度现代化的社会丛林中，竟然以一种100多年以前的原始生活方式生活。如果孩子外出上学接受了现代化的东西，他就要与种族隔绝，目的只是为了保持他们这个种族的纯洁本性不被现代社会污染。而现在我们的一些少数民族，正在面临着被文化科技的改变，最原始的民族风貌开始发生变化。这是文化的一种消亡。在倡导开放自主的社会中，还可以允许要阿米什人族群的存在，意味着文化要回归对人本身的尊重。对比的方式，可以帮助我们更清晰地来判断教育中的价值取向。
在书中，美国人对中国教育的见解令人耳目一新。我们知道美国的数学教育是相对很容易的，中国的任何一位老师如果语言过关，()都可以到美国做小学数学教师。美国的格雷格老师一语道破：理科的东西答案通常很明确，因此受到大力鼓励；文科方面，因为涉及很多思想方面的东西，如果一个社会不够开放的话，必然要加以控制。这确实是一个关于文理科的有意思的课题，在很久之前我们就在喊：学会数理化，走遍天下都不怕。这或许是为了国内经济建设的需要，需要有大批的建设者，需要有数理化方面的人才。而文科过于倾向于思想的自由化，关注人文，关注人的生存现状，对于整个社会的架构和发展都会有有所洞察。在教育的今天，我们所要关注的绝不仅仅是数理化，还有孩子作为人的发展元素。中国有句话：先做人再做事。我们教育要让孩子成人，成站起来的人，真正的人，而不能培养一批数理化的“精英利己主义者”。
万玮老师在书中对中美教育及文化的差异，以及从高中到大学的课程管理、教学方式、评价体系等都有较为详实的记录，这些思考涉及教育的各个方面，甚至有社会学的相关内容。作为一个教育思想者，万老师的行走始终坚定有力，他在美国的日子里所记录的令人感佩，而其中洋溢着的学者风范更是让我肃然起敬。走一路，学一路，思一路，行一路。对照中美教育，从中汲取积极的价值取向，借鉴一些具体的行为措施，创新一些因地制宜地做法，让自己在相对开阔的教育视野中来品鉴践行我们的教育。
感谢万玮老师。
篇4：美国文学试题及答案
1、The Colonial Period(1607-1765)
American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)
北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱)
Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响(metaphysical)
2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period
Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源
3、American Romanticism（end of 18thto the civil war)
American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.
早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature 短篇小说
James Fenimore Cooper 历史，冒险，边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大自然的摧残与破坏
William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl>美国山水，讴歌大自然，歌颂美国生活现实
Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories)
He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”
He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story.
Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism
American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance” ) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点
Henry David Thoreau------ Walden
he regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.
小说家：Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》
Melville 怀疑，悲观，sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗
诗人Longfellow《 I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌
Whitman (Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme )
《Leaves of Grass》《 One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》song
Dickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty
4、The Age ofRealism
James upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of man
Howells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.
Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism
American Naturalism自然主义(新型现实)
Stephen Crane;《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimistic
Theodore Dreiser;Sister Carrie;Jennie Gerhardt;An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire)
O.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi;The Cop and the anthem
Jack London：The Call of the Wild;Martin Eden
5、 The Modern Period The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissanceof American literature)
The Roaring Twenties ，The Jazz Age ，“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot)
现代主义小说家
F. Scott Fitzgerald：《The Great Gatsby》 被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream为主线。
Hemingway迷惘一代Iceberg Principle (Theory):The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
《The Sun Also Rises 1926》《The Old Man and the Sea 》
William Faulkner ：Yoknapatawpha Country---以故乡为原型虚构南方贵族家庭的没落
The Sound and the Fury 取自莎士比亚的《麦克白》
Anderson ：《Winesburg, Ohio 》，又称“小镇畸人”
现代主义诗人：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticism
Imagism 意象派
Pound：《In a Station of the Metro》《Cantos》
Stevens：《Anecdote of the Jar》〈The Man with the Blue Guitar>
Williams:
T.S.Eliot::
浪漫派：Frost：《The Road Not Taken》《Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 》
Hughes：---Poet Laureate of Harlem，Harlem Renaissance 开创黑人文学
Dreams 《梦想》 Border Line 《分界线》
6、当代，后现代时期 The Post-War Period (The Beat Generation ，Black Humor，寻找自我)
Ellison(黑人)： Invisible Man 《看不见的人》---“寻找自我”主题的代表作
Allen Ginsberg(Jewish)：《Howl》―跨掉的一代代表作
[美国文学试题及答案]
篇5：美国文学的名词解释
美国文学的名词解释
美国文学(American Literature 或 Literature of the United States)指在美国产生的文学(也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品)。用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
美国文学的特点
美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。
美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。
内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，而且形成强烈的对照。从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是一个浪潮未落，另一浪潮又起。作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。
20世纪以来，许多文**流起源于美国，给世界文学同时带来积极的与消极的影响。
随着美国历史的发展，美国文学在各个时期产生了不同的文学作品。在殖民地时期，他们的作品一方面描述了发现新大陆和探索文学作品;另一方面是清教作品，清教作品是主要反映他们的自我的精神.而随后代浪漫主义时期文学，他们以美国人为中心，描绘本土风情，反映美国的自身问题，主要反映自由，拓展和个人主义精神。随后到来的超验主义以爱默生为代表，超验主义提倡崇高、谨慎、社会改革和教育、个人主义胜于传统和社会的原则，但由于战争的影响，这个时期的作品主要是揭露社会的阴暗面，这些文学作品带有浓厚的本土色彩和批判现实主义。随着战争的爆发，美国文学也进入了现代主义时期，现代主义文学作品在形式和内容上都有了很大的改革。
美国文学的流派
the Lost Generation——“迷惘的一代”
第一次世界大战后出现在美国的一个文学流派。它不是一个有组织、有共同纲领的团体。这个名词源出侨居巴黎的美国女作家格特鲁德·斯泰因。她有一次指着海明威等人说：“你们都是迷惘的一代。”海明威把这句话作为他的长篇小说《太阳照样升起》的一句题辞，于是“迷悯的一代”成了一个文学流派的名称。“迷惘的一代”作家的共同点是厌恶帝国主义战争，却又找不到出路。第一次世界大战爆发时，他们大多是20岁左右的年轻人。他们在美国政府“拯救世界民主”口号的蛊惑下，怀着民主的理想，奔赴欧洲战场。他们目睹人类空前的大屠杀，发现战争远不是他们原来设想的那种英雄的事业，所谓“民主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”都是骗人的东西。他们在战争中经历了种种苦难，了解到普通兵士中间的反战情绪。这在他们心灵中留下了无法医治的创伤。他们的作品反映了这些思想感情。例如，约翰·多斯·帕索斯的《三个士兵》、爱·肯明斯的《巨大的房间》、威廉·福克纳的《士兵的报酬》和《萨托里斯》。海明威是“迷惘的一代”的代表作家。
the Beat Generation——“垮掉的一代”
第二次世界大战后在美国出现的一个文学流派。有人根据英文“Beats”和“Beatniks”(“垮掉青年”的俗称)译成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其诗歌的部分特征，称为“节拍运动”或“敲打诗派”。“垮掉青年”对战后美国社会现实不满，又迫于麦卡锡主义的反动政治高压，便以“脱俗”的方式来表示抗议。他们奇装异服，蔑视传统观念，厌弃学业和工作，长期浪迹于底层社会，形成了独特的社会圈子和处世哲学。50年代初，他们的反叛情绪表现为一股“地下文学”潮流，向保守文化的统治发动冲击。多数垮掉派文人来自东部。著名的有杰克·凯鲁亚克、艾伦·金斯堡、威廉· 巴罗斯、格雷戈里·柯尔索、约翰·克莱伦·霍尔姆斯、塞缪尔·克雷姆和加里·斯奈德等。1950年，凯鲁亚克与巴罗斯合写侦探故事未成，却各自完成了一部垮掉派小说《小镇与城市》(1951)和《吸毒者》(1953)。霍尔姆斯从中受到启发，在小说《走吧》(1952)中更明确地反映纽约“垮掉青年”的生活感受，又在《纽约时报》上鼓吹垮掉派文学，但这种尝试受到东部学院派势力的压抑，他们就往西部寻求同道和发展基地。当时洛杉矶近郊的西威尼斯有个以劳伦斯·李普顿为首的垮掉派组织，他于1955年发表小说《神圣的野蛮人》。在旧金山，以劳伦斯·弗林盖梯的“城市之光”书店为中心，聚合了一群立志从事“文艺复兴”的反学院派诗人，他们的首领即是后来成为“垮掉的一代”理论家的肯尼斯·雷克思罗斯。
Black Mountain Poems——“黑山派诗歌”
美国当代的一个诗歌流派。20世纪50年代初，在马萨诸塞州黑山学院任教的查·奥尔逊、罗·邓肯、罗·克里利等人创办《黑山评论》杂志，提倡与40年代流行的传统格律体相反的“放射体”诗歌，逐步形成一个流派。奥尔逊的《放射体诗歌》(1950)一文阐述了他们的主要观点。奥尔逊认为诗是把诗人的“能”传递给读者的东西，因此诗是“能的结构”和“能的放射”;要以顺应呼吸的“音乐片语”代替传统诗律中的节拍;形式只是内容的延伸;一个意念必须直接导向另一个意念，提倡快速写作。黑山派诗人还倡导诗歌朗诵。他们强调诗歌的自发性和口语化，采用美国口语和埋语，反对艾略特等人精雕细刻、广征博引的学院派诗风。50年代后期他们与垮掉派诗人合流，引起较大的反响。
篇6：美国文学教案第一讲
美国文学教案第一讲
Lecture 1 1. Self-introduction 2. Introduction of the course ⑴Similar with History of English Literature ⑵Course book: A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin; good and authoritative one; a little bit difficult and lack in order; prepare a notebook and copy the outline I provide ⑶Especially important to your graduate entrance examination ⑷Suggestions: 左金梅《美国文学》青岛海洋出版社（条理较好）；李公昭《20世纪美国文学导论》（可以帮助理解20世纪美国文学）；吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（很多学校考研的'指定书目，但过于简单） ⑷ Preview; taking notes; homework (two papers); attendance Chapter 1 Colonial America (US is a quite special country in the world. Although it only has a very short history, it is the most powerful country today. ) 1. Historical Background ⑴ In 1942, Christopher Columbus found the new continent called America. ⑵ Immigrants: Spanish (they built the first town on the new continent); Dutch (they built New York city at the beginning stage); French (today still lots of people’s mother tongue is French in North America) ⑶ English immigrants, Jamestown, Virginia, 1607 1620 “May Flower”, Plymouth (Imagine: transportation not convenient, why some many immigrants left their hometown and came to such a remote place as America? Economic reasons; Religious reasons) (Reformation and religious conflicts in Europe; persecution of Protestants) 2. American Puritanism（清教主义） ⑴ Puritans=Calvinists ◆ John Calvin, a theologian, Puritans believed most doctrines preached by him, so they were also called Calvinists ◆ Puritans wanted to “purify the church” to its original state, because they thought the church was corrupted and had too many rituals ◆ To be a Puritan: taking religion as the most important thing; living for glorifying God; believing predestination（命运天定）, original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）, total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝）, limited atonement（有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救） ◆ Life style of Puritans: pious, austerity of taste, diligence and thrift, rigid sense of morality, self-reliance (John Milton is a typical Puritan.) ⑵ American Puritan ◆ On the one hand, American Puritans were all idealist as their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would built the new land to an Eden on earth. ◆ On the other hand, American Puritans were more practical maybe because the severe conditions they faced. ⑶ Influence on literature ◆ Basis of American literature: the dream of building an Eden of Garden on earth (Early American literature were mainly optimistic because they believed that God sent them to the new continent to fulfill the sacred task so they would overcome all the difficulties they met at last. Gradually Americans found that their dreams would not be successful, so lots of pessimistic literary works were produced.) ◆ Symbolism（象征主义）: lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.) Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning. ◆ Style: simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of the Authorized Version of Holy Bible) 3. Colonial Literature ⑴ General features ◆ Humble origins: diaries, histories, letters etc. ◆ In content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both ◆ In form: imitating English literary traditions ⑵ Captain John Smith: the first American Writer (P16) ⑶ Anne Bradstreet: first American woman poet; a Puritan poet; once called “Tenth Muse”; her poems mainly about religious experience, family life and early settlers’ lives; her most famous poems―“Contemplations” (P17) ⑷ Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ◆ He is the most important poet in the 18th century. ◆ He was entitled “Father of American Poetry”. ◆ He was born in New York and graduated from Princeton University. ◆ He wrote lots of poems supporting American Revolution and human liberty. ◆ He was the most notable representative of dawning American nationalism in literature. ◆ His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form and taste were mainly influenced by Classicism. ◆ Most famous poems: “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground” ◆ Analyze and discuss the theme, rhyme scheme and some difficult dictions in “The Wild Honey Suckle”. 4. Homework Preview the next chapter. 美国文学教案第二讲 Lecture 2 Edwards and Franklin (In most course books, this part is called the 18th century literature. And Jonathan Edwards is not included and is put to the colonial period. However, Philip Freneau should be included in this chapter.) (Putting these two characters together, the author may means to compare these two. The comparison is mentioned several times in the text on P27 and P32.) 1. Historical Background ⑴ American Revolution (Strict rules made by English government prevented the economic development of the colonies. It was unfair. So American Independence War broke.) ◆ 1775, Lexington, beginning of the Independence War ◆ June 4th, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence ◆ 1778, alliance with France, turning point for American army ◆ 1778, English army surrendered ◆ 1783, formal recognition from Britain government ⑵ Enlightenment (启蒙运动) (Review English Literature, 18th century, Addison, Steele and Pope, Classicism) ◆ Originated in Europe in the 17th century ◆ Resources: Newton’s theory; deism（自然神教派，课本P28，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）; French philosophy (Rousseau, Voltaire) ◆ Basic principles: stressing education; stressing Reason (Order) (The age has been called Age of Reason.); employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justice ◆ Significance: accelerating social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for American Revolution ◆ Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson etc. ◆ Influence on literature In form: imitating English classical（古典主义）writers In content: utilitarian tendency (for political or educational purpose) 2. Jonathan Edwards (1703―1758) (last important figure in Puritan tradition) ⑴ Life ◆ Born in a very religious New England family ◆ Graduated from Yale ◆ Worked as a minister and was an important figure in “Great Awakening” (a serious of religious revivals which occurred in the 1730s and 1740s on North America continent) ◆ Dismissed from his position because of fierce religious controversy at that time ◆ Lived and meditated in solitude; wrote some books (P29) ⑵ Analysis ◆ Influenced by the new ideas of Enlightenment, such as empiricism ◆ Still a pious Puritan ◆ His sense of God’s overwhelming presence in nature and in soul anticipated the Transcendentalism. (P32) ◆ First modern American and the country’s last medieval man 3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ⑴ Life―Jack of all trades ◆ Born in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston ◆篇7：值得一读的美国文学书籍推荐
1.菲利普·罗斯 ——《再见，哥伦布》
菲利普·罗斯的中篇小说《再见，哥伦布》讲述一对同为犹太人但家境悬殊的青年恋人的故事。出身贫寒的图书管理员尼尔与青春貌美的富家女大学生布兰达在盛夏的游泳池畔邂逅，一见钟情。但社会阶层的差异、恋人之间的种种猜疑最终导致一段青春恋情黯然收场……
2.卡佛 ——《当我们谈论爱情时，我们在谈论什么》
卡 佛的这本短篇小说集如同一针强心剂，为美国短篇小说写作注入了新的生命，对美国现实主义写作传统的复苏起到了决定性的作用。小说集里篇幅不长的十七篇小说 也使当时名不见经传的卡佛成了一个备受瞩目的小说家，并为他赢得了“美国的契诃夫”这一称号。《当我们谈论爱情时我们在谈论什么》出版后，效仿者趋之若 鹜，卡佛成了美国继海明威之后受到模仿最多的作家。
3.厄普代克 ——《兔子富了》
《兔子富了》的故事发生在1979年6月最后一个星期六至1980年元月。讲述主人公哈里因继承岳父财产而步入中产阶级后的生活，他富了，也自学老境将至，他需要安稳，也需要刺激;再就是跟已经成年又不成器的儿子纳尔逊之间没完没了的冲突。
4.耶茨 ——《十一种孤独》
理查德·耶茨所著的《十一种孤独》以冷峻的笔触描写了美国二战后五六十年代普通纽约人的生活，写了十一种孤独的人生，主人公都是缺乏安全感、生活不太如意的人：曼哈顿办公楼里被炒的白领、有着杰出想象力的出租车司机、屡屡遭挫却一心想成为作家的年轻人、即将结婚又万分迷茫的男女、古怪的老教师、新转学的小学生、肺结核病人、老病号的妻子、爵士钢琴手、郁郁不得志的军官和退役军人等。
中学生爱看的文学书籍
1.雷蒙德·钱德勒 ——《漫长的告别》
这是真正意义上的灵魂交流的故事，是人与人之间自发地相互理解的故事，是人类抱有的美好幻想和它不可避免地引发的深深幻灭的故事。钱德勒的行文，其生动流畅达到了无我之境。我们惊喜地意识到，在我们面前的不仅仅是个讲故事的人，而且是一个有独特文体风格的、有远见的作家。
2.冯内古特 ——《五号屠场》
《五号屠场》是一部独特的反战小说。作者在小说中塑造了一个对敌无害、对友无益的患精神分裂症的主人公毕利，通过这个傻乎乎的主人公的独特感受，一方面谴责德国法西斯的残暴，另一方面又抨击了盟国轰炸德累斯顿的野蛮行为，嘲笑人类发动战争是多么愚蠢。
3.海勒 ——《第二十二条军规》
根据第二十二条军规， 只有疯子才能免除飞行任务，但必须由本人提出申请;而能提出此申请的人必然没疯，所以他必须去飞行，去送死。在英文中，“军规”和“圈套”是同一个词。小 说的主人公约塞连是二战中一名美国轰炸兵，第二十二条军规使他不得不在生死线上苟且偷生，同时他也发现原来世界到处暗藏着这种荒唐的圈套。
篇8：值得一读的美国文学书籍推荐
1.麦卡勒斯 ——《心是孤独的猎手》
《心是孤独的猎手》是作者麦卡勒斯的第一部长篇小说， 也是她一举成名的作品和最具震撼力的代表作。书中讲述了一个关于孤独的故事。美国南方小镇，漫长沉闷的八月。一个总是温和微笑的哑巴，午夜的咖啡馆里喝着 冰啤酒的人们，黑人对于自由的隐忍与矛盾的苦痛，期望改革的人疯狂绝望却又依然坚定前行的决心……这是一个孤独到极致的故事，最深切的爱也无法改变人类最 终极的孤独。
2.巴勒斯 ——《裸体午餐》
本书描述一个毒瘾者漫游纽约等城市的令人胆寒的故事，批判了美国社会的荒诞、堕落和腐朽，向读者展示了一个人间地狱般的美国。作者使用了一种称为“剪裁法”的写作手法，风格新颖独特，并夹杂了大量典故、方言、俚语、黑话、双关语、文字游戏等，给读者一种全新的阅读体验。
篇9：美国文学经典小说：《麦田里的守望者》
《麦田里的守望者》开了当代美国文学心理现实主义的先河，在美国社会上和文学界都产生了巨大且深远的影响，“几乎大大地影响了好几代美国青年”。——美国文学经典小说：《麦田里的守望者》
《麦田里的守望者》的作者塞林格，全名为杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格(Jerome David Salinger)，于1920xx年1月1日出生在纽约的一个富裕的犹太商人家庭里。1936年塞林格于军事学校毕业，1942年从军被派往欧洲参与反间谍工作，1946年复员，回到纽约专心从事文学创作。塞林格一生发表了20多篇小说著作，其中绝大部分都是短篇小说，而于1951年出版的唯一一部长篇小说《麦田里的守望者》则让他一举成名。成功之后的塞林格性格变得更加孤僻，在新罕布什尔州乡间过起了隐居生活。20xx年1月27日，杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格在美国家中逝世，享年91岁。
美国文学经典小说：《麦田里的守望者》
《麦田里的守望者》中的主人翁是一个出生在富裕家庭里的16岁的叛逆男孩霍尔顿·考尔菲德，他讨厌上学，在第四次被学校开除后游走在纽约城里三天。在这三天的时间里，他看到了资本主义社会的种种丑恶，接触了各式各样的“伪君子”。于是他想逃离这个现实世界，想去穷乡僻壤里当一个“麦田里的守望者”，最后因为天真可爱的妹妹而终止了行动。回家后他生了一场大病，被送进了疗养院。
塞林格以犀利的洞察力和细致入微的心理描写，栩栩如生地展现了主人公霍尔顿无聊、烦闷、焦虑、复杂的内心世界，既写出了他受环境影响而颓废没落的一面，也写出了他纯朴、敏感、善良的一面，反映了当代青少年的心理特点。主人公霍尔顿是当代美国文学中最早出现的反英雄形象，受到青少年的普遍认同。一时间，青少年们纷纷模仿霍尔顿的言语、行动和穿着，就像模仿少年维特一样。
《麦田里的守望者》凭借颇具特色的艺术风格、独创一格的语言特色、天马行空的写作方法和小说的悲剧色彩，赢得了世人的赞扬，成为二十世纪美国文学的经典作品之一。《纽约时报》评价此书说：在美国，阅读《麦田里的守望者》就像毕业要获得导师的首肯一样重要。
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