欢迎来到千学网!
您现在的位置:首页 > 实用文 > 其他范文

托福考生如何针对性拓展阅读背景知识面

时间:2023-03-31 08:09:40 其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文

下面是小编为大家整理的托福考生如何针对性拓展阅读背景知识面,本文共5篇,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

托福考生如何针对性拓展阅读背景知识面

篇1:托福考生如何针对性拓展阅读背景知识面

很多人觉得既然背景知识有所不足,最好的做法当然是做一些课外阅读来进行补充了。这个方法诚然是不错的选择,但其实在学习效率方面还是比较低的,可以说缺乏针对性。小编认为大家想要拓展背景知识面,还是应该有更为明确的练习步骤方法才行,下面这3个方法大家可以尝试一下:

1. 首先划定自身的确不了解的话题范围

每位托福考生的学术背景都有差异,大家平时的爱好和感兴趣的方向也各有不同,因此在拓展托福阅读背景知识的时候就不能使用统一的方法了。小编建议大家首先要做的是明确划定自身的确不了解的话题范围,大家如果觉得范围太大,不妨先找一下托福阅读考试的相关资讯,托福阅读喜欢出哪些主题的文章其实都是有明确范围的,整理这方面资料的教材也有不少,找起来并不困难。找到一份大致的话题列表后,考生可以结合自身的认知做进一步选择,哪些话题自己比较熟悉,哪些话题只是略有耳闻,还有哪些话题自己完全没兴趣也不了解。做一个简单划分后,考生就可以较为明确地认识到自身在托福阅读背景知识面上存在的不足,为之后的针对性提升指出正确的努力方向。

2. 收集话题相关的文章进行强化提升

在完成第一步了解了自己需要提升的话题范围后,接下来小编要做的就是找出一些和这类话题相关的文章,进行强度较高的针对性训练了。在选材方面,小编建议大家主要可以从两个方向入手,一个方向是涉及到这个话题领域具有一定权威性但又不会太过学术性的报刊杂志,寻找其中的文章进行阅读;另一个方向是从现有的托福阅读教材中找到有关这个话题的已有文章做集中阅读。前者能够帮助大家更好地丰富知识面提升对这类背景知识的了解。后者则可以让考生看到有关这类话题可能会在考试中实际出现的具体文章内容,进一步加深大家对于托福阅读考试中这些话题的认识。

3. 代入主动思考阅读方式加深印象

因为是考生自己不感兴趣的陌生话题,所以大家如果只是集中看文章的话可能留下的印象不会很深刻,也很容易没过多久就又遗忘了。为了避免这种做无用功的情况出现,小编建议大家通过代入主动思考的阅读方式来加深对这些话题背景知识的印象。具体做法是在阅读此类文章时,始终努力在阅读前先给自己设立几个问题,并且尝试在阅读过程中主动寻找和思考问题的答案,在完成阅读后能够给出一个较为满意的解答。大家可以从文章主旨、特定段落含义、暗示内容、具体细节和逻辑漏洞等方面来进行自问自答式的训练。这样做既能够锻炼自己应对各类托福阅读题目的解题思维能力,也会在无形中帮助大家加深对这些陌生话题领域背景知识的认识理解,更好地消化文章知识为考试做好信息储备。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The explanation is...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

词汇讲解:

excavate /'eksk?ve?t/ v. 挖掘;发掘

depression n. 沮丧,忧愁;经济萧条;凹地,洼地

plug /pl?g/ v. 堵塞,填塞

karst /kɑ?st/ n. 水蚀石灰岩地区,喀斯特地貌

plaster /'plɑ?st?/ v. 用灰泥涂抹

catchment /'k?t?m?nt/ n. 集水,蓄水,蓄贮的水

结构划分:

The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks (in the karst) (by plastering the bottoms of the depressions) (in order to create reservoirs), (which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season).

深度分析:

这个句子的主干就是The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks

中文:这个解释是玛雅人挖掘低地或者改造天然低地,然后用灰泥填满裂缝

修饰一:(in the karst),介词短语

中文:在水蚀石灰岩地区

修饰二:(by plastering the bottoms of the depressions),介词短语

中文:用灰泥填满低地底部

修饰二:(in order to create reservoirs) ,介词短语

中文:目的是为了创造水库

修饰三:(which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season) ,从句,注意从句中有一个并列结构

中文:它用来收集大型灰泥蓄水盆地的雨水,并储存起来以备在旱季使用

参考翻译:

这个解释是玛雅人挖掘低地或者改造天然低地,然后用灰泥填满低地底部水蚀石灰岩的裂缝以创造水库,它用来收集大型灰泥蓄水盆地的雨水,并储存起来以备在旱季使用。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The Independent...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally orunintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.

结构划分:

The Independent Television Commission, (regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom), has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness”(—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—)(in an effort)(to control advertisers' use of techniques)(that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.)

深度分析:

修饰一:(regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom) ,同位语

中文:英国电视广告的管理者

修饰二:(—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—),破折号和非谓语动词

中文:他们有意或无意营造了一个错误的印象

修饰三:(in an effort) ,介词短语

中文:努力

修饰四:(to control advertisers' use oftechniques),非谓语动词

中文:控制广告商对技术的使用

修饰五:(that make it difficult forchildren to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.) ,从句,修饰techniques

中文:这些技术使孩子很难去判断玩具的真实大小、动作、性能以及构造

参考翻译:

英国电视广告的管理者即独立电视委员会批评广告商的“误导”(他们有意或无意营造了一个错误的印象),他们努力控制广告商对技术的使用,这些技术使孩子很难去判断玩具的真实大小、动作、性能以及构造。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:In a countercurrent...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例:

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

结构划分:

(In a countercurrent exchange system), the blood vessels (carrying cooled blood from the flippers) run close enough to the blood vessels (carrying warm blood from the body) (to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels); thus, the heat is transferred (from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels) (before it reaches the flipper itself).

深度分析:

修饰一:(In a countercurrent exchange system),介词短语

中文:在逆流交换系统中

修饰二:(carrying cooled blood from the flippers),非谓语动词,修饰the blood vessels

中文:携带来自鳍部的冷血

修饰三:(carrying warm blood from the body) ,非谓语动词,修饰the blood vessels

中文:携带来自身体的温血

修饰四:(to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels) ,非谓语动词

中文:以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量

修饰五:(from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels) ,介词短语

中文:由流出的血管到流进的血管

修饰六:(before it reaches the flipper itself),从句

中文:在到达鳍部前

参考翻译:

在逆流交换系统中,携带来自鳍部的冷血的血管非常接近携带来自身体的温血的血管以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量;因此,在到达鳍部前,热量通过由流出的血管到流进的血管完成了热量转移。

篇2:托福阅读备考如何正确积累阅读量拓展知识面

托福阅读备考如何正确积累阅读量拓展知识面?

托福阅读备考正确使用课外读物方法要点

虽然看课外读物对于考生提升托福阅读应试能力有很大帮助,但这都需建立在考生能够正确使用课外读物的基础之上,下面这些方法大家需要切实牢记和遵循:

1. 广泛阅读禁止“挑食”

大家在看文章的时候总是会想当然下意识地根据自己的喜好进行挑选。一些不感兴趣的话题文章往往会直接跳过,比如文科生可能对许多科技类话题就不太感兴趣,理科生则看到艺术历史类的内容会觉得头疼。但是在托福考试中无论文章题材如何考生都必须认真去看,因此常会让一些人觉得很痛苦。所以,为了端正阅读态度,做到对所有题材内容都一视同仁,大家在看课外读物过程中也要注意避免挑食,哪怕是完全不熟悉不了解的话题,也需要认真投入地阅读,逐步培养对于所有文章一视同仁的阅读态度。这种态度对于托福阅读考试是十分重要的。

2. 练习高效提速阅读技巧

托福阅读中最让人头疼的就是文章篇幅比较长,内容又那么多,哪怕是边读边做题也要花费不少时间,可以说是许多考生考试时间来不及的罪魁祸首。阅读这种长篇文章需要学会抓重点、跳读略读等技巧,要做到读完后脑海中对文章主旨和结构框架有所印象。而这些技巧和能力的培养,完全可以通过阅读课外读物的文章来进行锻炼。大家还可以结合笔记进行整理,提高对长篇文章的适应力。

3. 培养生词术语应对能力

在阅读过程中遭遇生词术语在所难免,哪怕是背熟了托福词汇考生也偶尔会碰到冷僻词汇。看课外读物也常会遇到这种情况。因此,考生完全可以通过阅读课外读物来锻炼自己的猜词能力以及在生词干扰下理解文章大意的能力,应对考场上托福阅读中的那些生僻术语类词汇。

4. 记录好词妙句遣词造句

如上文所说,许多原版杂志等读物中的文章质量很高,特别是在遣词造句方面都可以达到托福高分甚至满分范文的水平。因此,大家在阅读过程中,也可以适当摘抄记录一些好词妙句,适当背诵后灵活运用到自己的写作之中,让文章增光添彩。

多读课外读物受益的不止是阅读

多看课外读物,除了能够帮助大家提升托福阅读外,对于其它的托福考试科目和题型也能起到一并带动上升的作用,比如综合写作中就有先读一段文字的要求,口语和听力科目中也不乏需要大家阅读特定内容的题型。考生如果能够通过课外阅读的方式积累足够多的阅读量和经验,面对这些涉及阅读的题型时也就能更为轻松自如的加以应对了。

提升托福阅读能力的方法你都知道吗

托福阅读低账户因人而异

同学们都非常挑剔,不仅做到了严重的问题,而且问题都堆放在地上,每一个问题的问题,有自己的想法。随着时间的推移,从很多问题,逐渐揭示了同学的缺点答:过分关注细节。这种症状的具体表现是,他很在意的话,认真跟我讨论往往且通常在表达程度的差异,如中国画的写意手法,反复打击和详细的控制。对于这种学术研究态度,批准也有点荒谬。由于A对单词的痴迷,TA因为TA认为不严格的“同义替换”而失去了正确的答案。同学就像一个戴近视眼镜看东西的人。每当我回答一个问题时,我都必须从附在头上的TA中取出TA,以便TA可以看一般情况。

另一位同学B正在采取隆重开幕的风格。许多人头疼,从未要求TA提出要求。相反,它们通常是详细的问题,因此TA已被种植。通过重述问题,您可以看到对文章结构的理解仍然非常精确,经常达到媒介,就像写意风格。 B类的问题正好相反:对细节的理解太不合适了。要么限于词汇,要么不理解句子,所以即使内容非常精确,也很难找到与原文相对应的信息。类似于这类问题,通常需要的不仅仅是对“为什么”的回答,而是回顾问题时的情况,并反思,为什么不选择真正的珍珠?

2.托福阅读提升方法因人而异

对于这两个学生来说,即使考试成绩是一致的,他们背后的阅读能力分布也是完全不同的。

对于A类,它意味着有一个良好的词汇和语法基础,以及比较现有句法结构的能力。在句子层面没有理解问题,但是,文章的一般结构还不够充分理解,必须改进总结能力。对于B类,这意味着没有逻辑问题,并且对文章结构的控制相对清晰;缺点是目前的词汇和句法知识仍然有限,导致对细节的理解不足。

同一疾病的原因不同,因此不同的部分。这两个学生就是典型的例子。事实上,每个人的技能分配并不完全一致。找到最短的木头是非常重要的。

在托福阅读中不建议学生的细腻和细致的风格,或不受B限制的写意风格。如果托福阅读是技能树,则以下四个分支的技能点已满:

对词汇,句法结构,语义和逻辑以及文章结构的认识,这四种技能共同构成了完整阅读的能力,这是不可或缺的。这些画作既精致又粗鲁,文字没有限制,读数也不那么自由。能够获得最高分的学生在某种意义上是“完美主义者”。——要返回的单词,句子分析为此,应逐步阅读本文。我们想要开发自适应评估系统的原因是能够更直观地定位每个人的短表,然后我们不需要很多这些问题和推测。

托福阅读考试为什么拿不了30分,这些原因你都知道吗

一,词汇量不足

从某种意义上说,词汇量的大小是托福阅读理解得分高的基础。词汇是很难得到的,因为基本要求(5000以上)的高分,虽然没有提示在手,只是如果你是满意的一个红色的鲱鱼词汇技能培训费用的成本。

2.解决问题的技术不合适

毕竟,你应该怎么读这篇文章?用一句话积极阅读文章的关键部分。所谓活动系指信息完全被动的接受者,如常见的阅读,但必须继续思考和预测,所谓的黄金地段,主要是在每一段的开头和结尾。从官方出版物中选择的所有托福阅读文章都非常完整和严谨,而写作的逻辑结构将揭示出一种逻辑模式。经过系统的培训,考生可以非常准确地进行预测。这样的文章阅读一些主要部分的结构和快速的了解整个文档的内在逻辑,就应该解决70%的问题。

3.真题训练不能正常进行

排除方法可能是大多数学生解决阅读问题最常用的方法。事实上,这种方法有一个致命的缺点:干扰大,耗时长。一个更有效和快速的方法不明确或发现自己接近从以下选项中的答案,确定阅读的问题后反映一个不完整的答案。必须在一般训练和解释中逐步发展和加强这种能力,这不是一种可以替代的技能或手段。

当然,除了以上三个方面,学生可以在学生学习和掌握背景知识,从而保证阅读的准确性和速度。在托福阅读中获得满分并不难。

托福阅读能力快速提升的三个技巧

扩大词汇量

当然,托福这个词也是阅读速度的重要组成部分。如果你读单词托福阅读,你可以阅读它没有问题,但如果你不明白,你必须用一个代号取代它,或猜想你的意思,只是感觉卡卡。这也浪费时间。

我们都知道,学生在等级4日至6日的英语词汇量一般6000左右。然而,托福考试需要约8000词汇,而且必须填补这一空白个字。背后的话是托福考试准备中最基本也是最重要的问题。注意一些技术支持的话:第一,背的词汇是很无聊的。候选人长时间不能看一个字。重复内存(即快速)会更好。写几个单词并重复一些单词。其次,写下你不知道的单词并记住你通常的意思。而且因为它很可能是问题托福阅读重复,如果考生能多次在材料找到相同的话,那么考生应该注意并记住随着时间的推移。

提高理解能力

最基本的是阅读更多内容并阅读长篇文章。除了培训考生阅读长篇文章外,您还可以在此过程中看到许多单词。此外,考生还可以探索对应读长文章,如快速了解全文,作者的意图和中心思想的结构的能力的技能。

您可以用英语咨询报纸和网站,不仅可以增加课外知识,还可以提高阅读速度。特别是,您可以查看您喜欢的主题,与真题托福不同,被动接受未知读数。读为长一段时间它需要每天坚持,所以你必须,如果没有利益导向阅读,很容易半途而废。

抓住托福阅读文章的关键信息

托福阅读文章,由于风格和主题不同,必须捕获的内容是不同的。能够理解文章结构的候选人可以帮助提高托福的阅读速度。例如,参数读托福相比,更便于说明文字理解的,因为一般的看法+论点+论据可以帮助考生理解文章的思想,观点经常出现在开头或者在每个段落的末尾,很容易找到。说明文字将包含一些数字,字符,实验等。学生可以感觉到信息量太大占据主导地位,但这些内容可以在大多数情况下进行分析,因为考生可以轻松地围绕这个内容阅读。如果问题是关于这些的讨论,很容易通过标记找到答案。因此,在阅读全文之前,考生不妨快速浏览一下完整的文本,试图了解该项目是否是一个解释性文字或证明文件或其他东西。这样可以快速定位,抓取整篇文章并提高阅读速度。

篇3:托福阅读背景材料

托福阅读背景材料:距离土星第七远的土星卫星

Excitement Builds for the Possibility of Life on Enceladus

Scientists tackle the question of how to search for life on Saturn’s sixth-largest moon

By Annie Sneed on June 28,

Saturn's icy moon Enceladus is thought to host a liquid ocean beneath its frozen surface that could be hospitable to life. Credit: NASA

Saturn’s frozen moon Enceladus is a tantalizing world—many scientists are increasingly convinced it may be the best place in our solar system to search for life. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, currently orbiting Saturn, has made intriguing observations of icy jets spewing from a suspected underground liquid ocean on the mysterious world that might be hospitable to alien life.

Cassini’s tour is due to wind down in , and scientists badly want to send a dedicated mission to Enceladus to look for signs of life. In fact, some have already started seriously thinking about exactly how they might do this—including planetary scientist Carolyn Porco, who is the imaging team leader for Cassini. Earlier this month, she gathered a group of researchers including oceanographers, organic chemists and astrobiologists at the University of California, Berkeley, to strategize how to search for extraterrestrials on Enceladus—which, according to Porco, “is a total bitch of a problem to solve.”

Although Enceladus is small in size and shrouded in a thick shell of ice, it appears to be a habitable world: It has a source of energy from friction created by its orbit around Saturn, organic compounds that are building blocks for life and a liquid water ocean underneath all that ice. But just because Enceladus may be hospitable to life does not mean life exists there; it will take much more work to definitively prove it. At the Berkeley meeting, scientists laid out the data Cassini has collected for Enceladus—they discussed analyses of its geysers, measurements of its ice shell, ideas on what its ocean chemistry might be like, and more. Yet even with all the newest data and models scientists have, they are not even close to detecting organisms on Enceladus—hence the need for a space mission.

Finding life there would be a profound revelation that we are not alone in the cosmos. Furthermore, the discovery of organisms—or the lack thereof—could answer the subtler mystery of how life started on Earth. Researchers at the meeting presented two major opposing theories about how life here originated (in the ocean versus on land), and the group discussed how exploring Enceladus would inform this debate. “It would be a test of one of the ideas about the origin of life,” Porco says—specifically, the proposition that Earth’s species sprang in the sea. For example, if organisms exist in Enceladus’s ocean and presumably arose there, it would support the theory that life began on Earth in hydrothermal vents (hot, nutrient-rich, deep-sea vents on the ocean floor) rather than in patches of water on land.

托福阅读背景材料:甲烷水合物

Gas Hydrate

Gas Hydrate又称甲烷水合物(Methane Hydrate)系水分子与甲烷于低温高压(0℃,26大气压或10℃,76大气压下)形成类似冰状物质,在常温常压下即分解成水与甲烷,Gas Hydrate在水深数百公尺的大陆边缘地区存在如太平洋海域之大陆边缘,大西洋的大陆斜坡,南极大陆周边海域,Kvenvoden 估计Gas Hydrate总储量为1 x 1016(m)3,如能够开采将成为重要之能源,因为甲烷为温室效应气体,故其与全球气候之变化将为海突候之变化将为海洋钻探研究之重点。Gas Hydrate之存在与海底之稳定性亦有密切之关系。

什么是甲烷水合物

「可燃烧的冰块」,这是许多人在介绍甲烷水合物时很喜欢引用的标题。在实验中人工合成的甲烷水合物就像一块不透明的冰块般纯白、洁净,在室温下一点火,它就自我燃烧起来(图一)。严格说来,甲烷水合物指的是甲烷气体分子在高压及低温的状态下,被呈笼状晶结架构的水分子所包合,而形成一种类似冰晶的化合物。这种气体分子和水分子的结合并不依靠化学的键结,纯粹是气体分子被包裹在水分子的笼状架构空隙中,与一般化学反应所产生的水合物性质并不相同。有的学者因而认为应称其为「甲烷气水包合物」(methane clathrate),以别于一般以化学键方式结合的水合物。另外,大自然中与水分子结成笼状包合物的气体分子并不限于甲烷,乙烷、丙烷等烷氢类气体,甚至二氧化碳、氮气等常见气体,在适当的高压低温条件下,均会与水分子结合成气水包合物。事实上,这类气水包合物的英文名称为「gas hydrate」,直译应为「天然气水合物」或「瓦斯水合物」。由于自然界中的天然气水合物其气体成份以甲烷为主(超过90%),因此一般人常把气水包合物称为「甲烷水合物」。本文随俗,用「甲烷水合物」代表学理上较严谨的「天然气气水包合物」一词。

托福阅读背景材料:纳米材料及其应用

About 纳米材料及其应用

纳米技术在生物工程上的应用

众所周知,分子是保持物质化学性质不变的最小单位。生物分子是很好的信息处理材料,每一个生物大分子本身就是一个微型处理器,分子在运动过程中以可预测方式进行状态变化,其原理类似于计算机的逻辑开关,利用该特性并结合纳米技术,可以此来设计量子计算机。美国南加州大学的Adelman博士等应用基于DNA分子计算技术的生物实验方法,有效地解决了目前计算机无法解决的问题—“哈密顿路径问题”,使人们对生物材料的信息处理功能和生物分子的计算技术有了进一步的认识。

虽然分子计算机目前只是处于理想阶段,但科学家已经考虑应用几种生物分子制造计算机的组件,其中细菌视紫红质最具前景。该生物材料具有特异的热、光、化学物理特性和很好的稳定性,并且,其奇特的光学循环特性可用于储存信息,从而起到代替当今计算机信息处理和信息存储的作用。在整个光循环过程中,细菌视紫红质经历几种不同的中间体过程,伴随相应的物质结构变化。Birge等研究了细菌视紫红质分子潜在的并行处理机制和用作三维存储器的潜能。通过调谐激光束,将信息并行地写入细菌视紫红质立方体,并从立方体中读取信息,并且细菌视紫红质的三维存储器可提供比二维光学存储器大得多的存储空间。

到目前为止,还没有出现商品化的分子计算机组件。科学家们认为:要想提高集成度,制造微型计算机,关键在于寻找具有开关功能的微型器件。美国锡拉丘兹大学已经利用细菌视紫红质蛋白质制作出了光导“与”门,利用发光门制成蛋白质存储器。此外,他们还利用细菌视紫红质蛋白质研制模拟人脑联想能力的中心网络和联想式存储装置。

纳米计算机的问世,将会使当今的信息时代发生质的飞跃。它将突破传统极限,使单位体积物质的储存和信息处理的能力提高上百万倍,从而实现电子学上的又一次革命。

有关纳米技术

华人科学家:美国纳米技术应用研究四大热点

正在美国从事纳米技术研究的华人青年科学家崔屹博士17日接受新华社记者采访时表示,美国纳米技术的应用研究目前正在半导体芯片、癌症诊断、光学新材料和生物分子追踪等四大热点领域快速发展,其中在芯片和癌症诊断领域的应用可望在内出现划时代的突破。

崔屹说,在癌症研究领域,利用纳米技术制成的传感器可望使各种癌症的早期诊断成为现实。目前,崔屹和他的同事已经在实验室环境下实现了对前列腺癌、直肠癌等多种癌症的早期诊断。纳米传感器灵敏度很高,在进行血液检测时,当传感器中预置的某种癌细胞抗体遇到相应的抗原时,传感器中的电流会发生变化,通过这种电流变化可以判断血液中癌细胞的种类和浓度。这一研究成果可望于近期发表在美国《科学》杂志上。崔屹指出,目前越来越多的风险投资正在涌入这一领域,但这一技术在实用中还有一些技术难题需要解决。他估计,今后可能会有多种纳米传感器集成在一起被置入人体,以用来早期检测各种疾病。

在半导体芯片领域,如何让芯片体积更小、速度更快是科学界一直研究的课题。目前用于芯片制造的光刻技术已经接近于发展极限,要想把更多的晶体管集成到一块芯片上已经越来越难。目前,美国纳米技术专家们试图把纳米级的半导体材料做成晶体管,从而可以让一块芯片上容纳更多的晶体管。这种芯片的运算速度可望比传统的硅芯片提高上千倍。这一研究方向在取得基础性研究突破后,目前在应用研究中越来越热。据崔屹估计,这一技术可望在10年后达到实用化。

此外,纳米技术在光学材料和生物分子追踪两个领域的应用也是研究热门。在光学材料研究领域,科学家们试图改变某些半导体材料的分子结构,用来生产特定的光学器件。比如,一些科学家试图让某种半导体材料内部具有纳米级的线状结构,这种材料用于显示器制造领域可以大大提高显示器的清晰度和颜色逼真度。而在生物分子追踪领域,科学家把某种纳米颗粒“粘”在生物分子上,然后利用纳米颗粒的发光特性研究生物分子的行踪。这对研究艾滋病病毒等在人体内的活动过程十分有益。

崔屹说,美国在纳米应用研究领域中享有资金和人才优势,一直走在世界前列,但距离纳米技术实用化仍有一段路要走。与美国相比,其他国家则主要处于纳米技术的基础研究阶段。

现年27岁的崔屹毕业于中国科技大学,后在哈佛大学获纳米应用专业博士,目前在加州大学伯克利分校从事研究工作。过去几年,崔屹在《自然》和《科学》等权威杂志上发表多篇研究论文,同时还是美国“米勒”杰出青年科学家奖和20美国材料研究学会金奖得主。

托福阅读背景材料:p53的抗癌作用

What is p53 ?

After the identification of the p53 protein and the subsequent cloning of p53 genes from several species, early observations suggested that p53 may function as an oncogene, because overexpression of p53 appeared to cause oncogenic transformation of cells. In the late 1980s, however, several critical discoveries defined the normal function of p53 to be anti-oncogenic. Wild-type p53 genes, when introduced into cells, were found to be growth suppressive. The screening of DNA from colon cancer patients revealed that p53 mutations occur with unusually high frequency in tumor tissue, an observation that was extended to most of the other major forms of human cancer. Indeed, members of Li-Fraumeni cancer-prone families were shown to carry germ-line p53 mutations. The importance of these observations was underscored by the finding that mice that are homozygous null for p53, although developmentally competent, are highly predisposed to tumors.

The functional character of the p53 protein was determined by experiments showing that p53 contains a strong transcriptional activation domain within its amino terminus and that it is a tetrameric, sequence-specific DNA-biding protein with a defined cognate binding site containing two copies of the 10-mer (5'-RRRCA/TT/AGYYY-3'). Although the p53 protein acts as a transcriptional activator of genes containing p53-binding sites, it is also capable of strongly inhibiting transcription from many genes lacking p53-binding sites. Several oncogenic DNA viruses express viral gene products that associate with and inhibit the trans-activation function of p53, notably SV40 large T antigen, the adenovirus E1B 55-kD protein, and the E6 protein of oncogenic forms of human papillomavirus (HPV E6). In cells, p53 can associate with a 90-kD protein, identified as the product of the mdm-2 oncogene, which is amplified in some types of tumors. When bound to mdm-2, p53 can no longer function as an activator of transcription.

p53 plays multiple roles in cells. Expression of high levels of wild-type (but not mutant) p53 has two outcomes: cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The observation that DNA-damaging agents induce levels of p53 in cells led to the definition of p53 as a checkpoint factor, akin, perhaps, to the product of the fad9 gene in yeast. While dispensable for viability, in response to genotoxic stress, p53 acts as an “emergency brake” inducing either arrest or apoptosis, protecting the genome from accumulating excess mutations. Consistent with this notion, cells lacking p53 were shown to be genetically unstable and thus more prone to tumors.

篇4:托福阅读背景知识

托福阅读背景知识知多少 阅读背景知识汇总

一.考古学(archaeology)题材

1.文化(cultural )考古学

形态(physical)考古学(多见)

2.化石(fossil )

化石构成。化石比原物更沉重(矿物质环境)

化石形成原因。坚硬物质,迅速掩埋。

化石与动物的进化关系。

3.人的左右手

使用工具。证据:敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。

牙齿上的划痕。

大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。

作画时人像的方向

4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay,model,wheel (转盘),glaze,kiln

5.古代文字的考古。

二.印第安题材

1.白令海峡移民理论

2.印第安文化

3.印第安宗教观

4.印第安建筑业:大、先进。

5.印第安手工业:好。

6.社会组织结构:严密、分工细、凝聚力强。

7.农业先进:A. irrigation; B. maize,squash,bean,pea。

三.动植物题材(必考)

1.植物学题材(不多见)

地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。

树冠上方生物。

植物在生态平衡中的作用。

2.动物学题材(90%以上)

考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。

考动物进化(evolution)。

考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum)—门class—纲order—目family—科genus—属species—种carnivore/predator—食肉动物herbivore—食草动物omnivore—杂食动物

动物的生活习性最为多见。

群居(social animal)动物的习性

蚂蚁:社会组织结构—等级制(caste):交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

蜜蜂:群居个性;“8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。

大猩猩:智能:猩际关系

迁徙(migration )

野鸭、大雁:日照长短;辨别方向。

伪装(camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )

四.美国历史题材

1.美国发展线索

发现美洲阶段

哥伦布(意),为黄金、茶叶、香料

West/East Indian

影响:世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒)

英国定居阶段(English settlement )

1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒

1620五月花号

殖民时期(colonial era )

独立战争(American Revolution )

新的国家(new nation):南北不均衡

南北战争(Civil War )

战后重建。持续近1。

西进运动(Westward movement )

工业化大增长

world war I &; II

2.“大熔炉”:地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。

3.邮政。小马快递;铁路邮政。

五.地理学题材

1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。

2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险

3.地球构成:地心构成

4.板块构成学说

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.

A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.

Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.

1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?

(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?

(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?

(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?

(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?

2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) interesting

(B) fundamental

(C) ornamental

(D) overlooked

3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?

(A) Central Asia

(B) Western Europe

(C) India

(D) North America

4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) were discovered

(B) were marketed

(C) combined

(D) thrived

5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order to

illustrate how

(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips

(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another

(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America

(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another

6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) denied

(B) warned

(C) complained

(D) explained

7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in their

gardens was that tulips

(A) were easy to grow

(B) had become readily available

(C) made them appear fashionable

(D) reminded them of home

8. The word they in line 20 refers to

(A) tulips

(B) plains

(C) immigrants

(D) plants

9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens during

the European settlement of North America?

(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.

(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.

(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.

(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation of

tulips into North America?

(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.

(B) They often failed to survive the journey.

(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.

(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.

PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB

篇5:托福阅读备考如何针对性准备词汇

托福阅读备考如何针对性准备词汇?3大类常见话题汇总分析

提升托福阅读词汇要按照话题频率

虽然托福阅读文章选材类型众多,但其中大部分文章的阅读难度还是比较低的,而生词出现较为集中的文章也有迹可循。考生只要重点准备一些应对这类话题的词汇,在小编看来就能较为有效地解决阅读考试中遇到生词的问题。当然,对于学术性很强的专业词汇,一方面大家在记忆时也不用像记住其他核心词汇那样深度背诵,只要能够确保基本的辨识就可以了;另一方面如果词汇专业性太强,托福文章本身也会给出解释,一般以同位语形式直接紧跟在生词之后,或者以比较明显的方式在同段落的其它位置提供说明。所以,大家只需要适当记忆一些常见生词话题的术语词汇就可以了。

托福阅读3大话题常见词汇汇总分析

那么,托福阅读哪些话题的文章比较容易出现较多生词需要考生记忆呢?小编总结下来主要有这3类:

1. 气候生态环境类话题

这类话题因为如今见诸报端较多,涉及到濒危动物保护或者环境问题,所以是托福阅读话题中的常客,考生经常可以在做各类练习真题以及考试中遇到。而这个话题对应的词汇,比如unpredictable无法预测的,range幅度,extinction灭绝,endangered濒危,tropical热带,jungle丛林,equatorial赤道等等,大家都需要有所了解,收集好相关词汇。

2. 人类历史及考古学话题

这个话题最近几年也颇为受到托福考试的话题,选取自这个话题的托福阅读文章层出不穷。特别是涉及到历史的话题,具体文章内容实在太多,比如人类文化变迁,古代人类生活习惯等等。而一旦出现这种话题,很多相关词汇也常会让考生觉得头疼,毕竟对这类话题感兴趣的同学实在算不上多。这些词汇请大家适当了解一下:relics遗迹,remains遗迹,mausoleum陵墓,handicraft工艺品,territorial领土,civilization文明。

3. 地理天文学话题

这个话题因为比较生僻,一直以来都被托福考试拿来作为为难考生性质的文章。这类文章即使是看中文也往往很难理解,因此考生的答题正确率和完成度都是明显比较低的。有鉴于此,小编希望大家能够重点积累话题相关的词汇,以提升对文章的理解能力。常见词汇有:volcano火山,layer岩层,karst喀斯特地形,permeable可渗透,meteo陨石,asteroid小行星等等。

对于以上这些话题相关的词汇,小编建议大家能够重点准备。假如在备考中遇到涉及这些话题的文章,也希望大家能够认真研究看懂,特别是其中出现的一些词汇需要收集以后做简单记忆,如此才能确保在托福考试中不会因为遇到陌生话题的文章而影响理解和解题。

托福阅读素材:星巴克在中国的经典运营方法

Starbucks is planning a massive expansion in China over the next couple years that will nearly double its locations in the country. It might seem risky for a coffee company to expand so aggressively in a culture of tea-drinkers. But Starbucks has altered its stores and products to adapt to local tastes and the strategy appears to be working.

星巴克计划在接下来的几年里在中国大规模的扩张,店面的数量将会是之前的两倍。在拥有饮茶文化的国家有如此大的扩张野心,对于一家咖啡公司而言似乎是在冒险。但是星巴克已经改变它的店面和饮品,用来迎合当地居民的口味,这个战略好像开始奏效。

The company’s same-store sales grew 7% in the region for the most recent quarter and it’s planning to open 500 new locations in China by the end of the year, which would make China Starbucks’ second largest market outside the U.S.

最近一个季度,在一个区域,公司的同等店面销售额上涨了7%。星巴克计划年底在中国新开500家店,这将使中国的星巴克店面数量是低于美国的第二大市场。

Here’s a few ways that Starbucks is doing things differently in China:

这里有几点事星巴克在中国的不同运营方法:

1.The stores are bigger with more seating space. “Unlike Americans, who can’t cope without a morning cup of joe, most Chinese customers don’t just grab and go,” writes Violet Law in the Global Post. “Instead, coffee shops here are a destination. People sit back and chat with friends and family. Some come to meet with clients or do business.”

1.店面扩大有更多的座位。维奥莱特·劳在国际杂志上写道“大多数中国客人不需要急忙拿着咖啡然后离开,不像美国人不能早上没有一杯咖啡。”相反,咖啡店在中国是目的地。人们坐这里同朋友和家人聊天,一些人也会在这里跟客户见面或者处理商业事务。

While most Starbucks stores in the U.S. are hectic and bustling, Chinese consumers seek out Starbucks to “nurse their drinks and lose themselves in their laptops… enjoying tranquility that’s usually elusive in teeming China,” Law writes.

虽然美国大部分的星巴克店都是繁忙和熙熙攘攘的,而在中国顾客寻找星巴克是为了“在人数如织的中国这种安静通常是难以找到的,他们享受这种宁静,喝咖啡和沉浸在网络上…”劳写道。

2.The coffee is more expensive. Starbucks charges up to 20% more for its coffee products in China compared to other markets. The Chinese state media has attacked Starbucks for this practice, but the company says the prices are due to the higher costs of doing business in the country.

2.咖啡会更贵。星巴克在中国咖啡的收费相比于其它市场要高出20%。中国媒体曾攻击过星巴克的价格,但是星巴克公司却说价格归因于在中国开店的高成本。

3.Starbucks stores in China offer a menu of Chinese teas and treats like mooncakes. But one of the best-selling item in the region right now is actually a Strawberry Cheesecake Frappucino, which is topped with a cream cheese whipped cream, graham cracker crumbles, and strawberry syrup. The frappuccino “set instant records for the top-selling limited-time Frappuccino offering ever,” Starbucks chief operating office Troy Alstead said on a recent earnings call.

3.星巴克店在中国提供中国茶菜单和推出像月饼之类的甜点。但在这个地区,目前销量最好的产品实际上冰草莓乳酪刨冰,在刨冰的上面覆盖一层搅拌乳酪,碎薄饼还有草莓糖浆。刨冰“在有限的时间里,刨冰的销售量瞬间突破以往的纪录,”星巴克首席运营官特洛伊·奥尔斯得特在近期的收入来电说。

4. The food is labeled with the country where it was imported from to address Chinese consumers’ concerns about food safety.

4.出于中国消费者对食品安全的担忧,所有的食物都会贴上从哪个国家进口的标签。

5. Starbucks management makes an effort to get to know employees’ families.“Starbucks has … factored in family dynamics and expectations in China, where success can be judged by the title on one’s business card,” the company said in a statement. “Family forums have been held for parents of store partners to hear managers discuss gratifying career paths at Starbucks.”

5.星巴克的管理方式会努力知道员工的家庭。公司在一次声明中说“在中国,星巴克有家庭动态因素,一个人商务名片的头衔可以评判他的成功。”“家庭讨论已经为合作伙伴的家人举办了很多次,让他们去听经理们讨论感谢在星巴克的职业生涯。”

托福阅读素材:美国大学生求职前需要准备什么

04-21 14:45来源:新东方网整理分享到 对于美国大学生来说,大学不是只有图书馆、学分和GPA,即使成绩很好也不见得就为工作做好了准备。在美国的大学,课外活动常常和功课一样重要。一起来看看美国大学生为求职会做什么准备工作呢?

1.Get out of the library. You can have a degree and a huge GPA and not be ready for the workplace. A student should plan that college is four years of experience rather than 120 credits,“ says William Coplin, professor at Syracuse University and author of the book, 10 Things Employers Want You to Learn in College.”

第一,走出图书馆。就算有了学位和很高的GPA你也不见得就为工作做好了准备。大学是四年人生经验,不是高学分。在美国的大学,课外活动常常和功课一样重要。

2. Start a business in your dorm room. It's cheap, Google and Yahoo are dying to buy your website, and it's better than washing dishes in the cafeteria. Note to those who play poker online until 4 a.m.: Gambling isn't a business. It's an addiction.

第二,从宿舍开始做生意。这很便宜,雅虎、都会争先恐后地买你弄出来的网站,这比餐馆里洗盘子好多了。至于那些通宵在线玩扑克的人,记住赌博不是生意,赌博是瘾。

3. Don't take on debt that is too limiting. This is not a reference to online gambling, although it could be. This is about choosing a state school over a pricey private school. Almost everyone agrees you can get a great education at an inexpensive school. So in many cases the debt from a private school is more career-limiting than the lack of brand name on your diploma.

第三,别债务缠身。这和在线赌博关系不大,虽然可能有关系。这是关于应该选择一所州立大学而不是昂贵的私立学校的问题。几乎所有人都同意在不那么贵的学校里也能得到良好的教育。所以从个人前途上看,无债一身轻比花钱买个名牌要有利得多。

4. Get involved on campus. When it comes to career success, emotional intelligence -- social skills to read and lead others -- get you farther than knowledge or job competence, according to Tiziana Casciaro, professor at Harvard Business School. Julie Albert, a junior at Brandeis University, is the director of her a capella group and head of orientation this year. She hones her leadership skills outside the classroom, which is exactly where to do it.

第四,积极参加校园的活动。通过这种活动,可以学会怎么理解、帮助别人,满足别人的需要和别人沟通。这在美国文化中,是所谓“领袖素质”的基础。找工作时会被别人另眼相看。千万不要认为自己的生活只有校园而已。

5. Avoid grad school in the liberal arts. One in five English Phd's find stable university jobs, and the degree won't help outside the university: “Schooling only gives you the capacity to stand behind a cash register,” says Thomas Benton, a columnist at the Chronicle of Higher Education (who has an English degree from Yale and a tenure-track teaching job.)

第五,不要读文科博士,五分之一的英语(课程)博士能找到大学里的稳定的工作,如果走出校门,学位没什么用处。除非你离了学术不能活。读博士对实际工作毫无帮助。

6. Skip the law-school track. Lawyers are the most depressed of all professionals. Stress itself does not make a job bad, says Alan Kreuger, economist at Princeton University. Not having control over one's work does make a bad job, though, and lawyers are always acting on behalf of someone else. Suicide is among the leading causes of premature death among lawyers.

第六,别上法学院。律师是所有职业中最压抑的。律师总是代表别人去争利,压力奇大。自杀是律师中第一号非正常死亡的原因。

7. Play a sport. People who play sports earn more money than couch potatoes, and women executives who played sports attribute much of their career success to their athletic experience, says Jennifer Cripsen of Sweet Briar College in Virginia. You don't need to be great at sports, you just need to be part of a team.

第七,参加体育运动。调查表明,大学从事体育的人,毕业后比那些不沾体育的同学明显收入高。美国人从事体育不仅是锻炼身体,而且是培养竞争的才能和领袖素质。一个大动队的队长到华尔街找工作,优势不可限量。

8. Separate your expectations from those of your parents. “Otherwise you wake up and realize you're not living your own life,” says Alexandra Robbins, author of the popular new book “The Overachievers.” (Note to parents: If you cringe as you read this list, then you need to read this book.)

第八,别按着父母的期待生活,“否则你醒来后会发现你过的不是自己的日子。”

9. Try new things that you're not good at. “Ditch the superstar mentality that if you don't reach the top, president, A+, editor in chief, then the efforts were worthless. It's important to learn to enjoy things without getting recognition,” says Robbins.

第九,干一些你并不擅长的新事物。你对自己未必了解,这是苏格拉底给人类的教诲。所以,请给自己一个机会。

10. Define success for yourself. “Society defines success very narrowly. Rather than defining success as financial gain or accolades, define it in terms of individual interests and personal happiness,” says Robbins.

第十,以自己为中心来定义成功,别以外在的东西(比如金钱)来定义成功。

11. Make your job search a priority. Jobs do not fall in your lap, you have to chase them. Especially a good one. It's a job to look for a job. Use spreadsheets to track your progress. And plan early. Goldman Sachs, for example, starts its information sessions in September.

个人简历要有针对性

简历有针对性

TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选篇

专业针对性个人简历写作

增加简历的针对性

新托福登陆中国内地时间推迟 考生反应不一

托福高分考生备考常用方法和学习思路

有针对性的学生评语

网投简历要有针对性

开学典礼背景

《托福考生如何针对性拓展阅读背景知识面(共5篇).doc》
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑,方便收藏和打印
推荐度:
点击下载文档

文档为doc格式

点击下载本文文档