英美文学选读试卷分析

时间：2025-10-20 08:13:31 文学概论收藏本文下载本文

下面小编给大家整理的英美文学选读试卷分析，本文共10篇，欢迎阅读!

篇1：英美文学选读试卷分析

在自考的全部专业中，英语本科的淘汰率一直高居“榜首”，同时《英美文学选读》又是整个本科专业的瓶颈课程。我们随机抽取了两刀（40本）试卷进行统计，发现该门课程的通过率大致在12%左右，可能是自考全部课程最低的。绝大部分成绩徘徊在40分到58分之间，大约占了44.7%。我们批改到的最高分大约是82分，成绩相当出色！

一、试卷构成

《英美文学选读》全国卷由四部分组成：第一部分是40分的选择题，每题1分，覆盖面十分广泛。从以往几次试卷来看，该部分主要考核英美文学史，也包括少量选读中的内容，多属于常识性知识，例如今年14题要求辨别If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?的作者；11题要求辨别It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure done with caves of ice.的作者和出处；还有每年必定会有一题考核作品中出现的人物，例如20第8题是Sheridan’s The School for Scandal中的人物，今年28题是The Scarlet Letter的人物。由于内容大多属于大纲中的“识记”性知识，不需要多少理解，因此正确率相应比较高。但有时题目的切入点十分灵活比如年第6题，需要考生有较好的基本功。

第二部分是四道共16分的阅读理解。考题内容均取自选读部分，一般是两篇诗歌，两篇小说，要求指出：A）作者和作品出处（1分） B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分） C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。考生需要认真研读作品，和作品后面的注释，平时做一些读书笔记。

第三部分是四道共24分的简答题，内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。

第四部分是两题共20分的问答题。一般是某个重要作家或作品的特色以及对他们的评价。

二、试卷评析

文学术语（俗称的名词解释）是基本的文学常识，是对文学中共性问题的抽象概括，因此对于这些术语不可等闲视之。尽管全国卷没有单列的文学术语考核（省卷的题型可能不同），但是可能糅合在选择题中和第三部分的简答中。比较重要的名词解释有：所有以-ism结尾的名词，各个时期的文学运动，heroic couplet, Gothic novel, Byronic hero, Lost Generation, dramatic monologue, stream of consciousness, metaphysical poets等等，考生可以自己总结。本套试卷中1），26），37）等题目就从不同侧面考核了对术语的了解；其中第1）题考文学题材romance，对于这个题材我们要了解以下要点：流行于中世纪欧洲各国popular literary form in the medieval period；讲述骑士的英雄经历knightly adventures or other heroic deeds；题材往往是英雄救美的故事Romantic love is an important part of the plot.而形式是叙述性韵文narrative verse or prose（P3）。

第2）题答错的比较少，考生一般总会将Chaucer和The Canterbury Tales联系起来。尽管教材中没有出现中古时期的文学选读，但是这两个时期的文学发展脉络必须十分清晰，该题目早在2001年就出现过。另外的三部作品都是中世纪的重要作品，其中Piers Plowman的作者 William Langland是当时十分具有现实主义的作家；Sir Gawain and the Green Knight是用英国北部方言书写的，压头韵，作者至今是个谜； Confessio Amantis（《一个情人的忏悔》）的作者是John Gower。

4）题考核了莎士比亚Sonnet 18的主题思想，该十四行诗着重描写友人的美貌，同时说明诗歌能使人的美丽横古常新，因此我们可以排除A，B和D。由于此首诗歌十分重要，我们需要补充几个注释：1）sometime: 在莎翁时代等于sometimes；2)fair from fair:第一个fair是beautiful thing，第二个fair等于抽象名词beauty；3）最后一行的this指my poetry；life意immortality。

6）也是莎士比亚的作品，有许多人判断错误。本段的内容并没有什么难度，不需要上下文就可以判断，其中第二行的Which相当于Who，这是莎翁英语和现代英语不同的地方；最后一行的by理解为present。Bass的话只是在做陈述，而 Portia的回答才是关键，可以判断出带有“讽刺”意味。

7）的答案是B，错误的考生比较多，关键是考生没有熟悉这首诗歌。“玄学”派诗歌往往有“声东击西”的特点，正如教材所述：It begins with a certain idea but ends in quite a contrary one（P66）. The Sun Rising一诗分为三个部分，In Stanza 1 the lover addresses the sun directly, as a “busy old fool”, and asks why it bothers to shine in on him and his love, who will not be pressured by its time keeping. In Stanza 2, the poet uses hyperbolic extension to dispose of space and asks the sun to agree his love is better than all treasure. Stanza 3 extends the hyperbolic comparison even further to praise this lady ---“she is all States, and all Princes”.

8)菲尔丁在文学中的地位越来越重要，原因是近年来国内外叙事学研究的进一步深入。Fielding是一个时代的开始，在他之前英国文学的题材主要是按以下方式发展的：古民谣ballad, 传奇文学romance, 叙事诗narrative poem, 散文essay和戏剧 play。一直到了十八世纪，英国才出现“小说”novel这一新的文学题材。对这一题材做出贡献的有教材中的Daniel Defore, Henry Fielding以及Samuel Richardson，因此教材中注明菲尔丁是Father of the English Novel(p.121)；同时比较重要的还有1）菲尔丁四部小说的名称以及大致的内容2）comic epic in prose 3)the third person narration。

9）考核Swift的内容，关于该作家可以提及的有：1）有关“风格”的定义 proper words in proper places 2）作为讽刺名篇的A Modest Proposal 3）Gulliver’s Travels中的四个场景Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island和 Houyhnhnm；这四个场景不需要记忆，只需要识别，2001年试卷的6）题就考到了最后一个场景中的Yahoo。

12）Wordsworth在英国文学史中是一个举足轻重的人物。首先，浪漫主义和古典主义的分水岭就是他的那篇Lyrical Ballads，其次，在18的版本中，他发表了Prelude，阐述自己对诗歌的见解，吹响了浪漫主义的号角manifesto，其中他认为诗歌是the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ,which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity(P161)。教材的179页的最后两段就是他的文学主张，故该题的D是有悖于浪漫主义的。对于Wordsworth的四篇作品我们必须认真研读。浪漫主义诗人对“诗”的不同理解，以及nature和imagination在诗歌中的作用都是该时期的重点。

13）Keats的两首颠峰之作 Ode to a Nightingale和Ode on a Grecian Urn要求考生非常熟悉，尤其是诗歌的主题思想（即下面15题）。济慈挚爱一切自然和美的事物，曾说过：A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.而Beauty is truth, truth beauty.更是他的名chard Sheridan ，错误的原因在于考生只留意试题中的since Shakespear而没有考虑后面出现的social criticism，因为“社会批判”是在十九世纪末开始的，而非谢立丹的十八世纪；C）Oscar Wilde虽然也是十九世纪的剧作家，但是他与“社会批判”还有一定的距离，许多人可能记得他的唯美主义名言art for art’s sake，因此可以排除他。正确的答案在教材的318页。

22）Modernism现代主义是本教材的又一个重点内容，尽管作品通常比较晦涩难懂，但是现代主义的基本特色还是清晰的。首先，它的理论基础是irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis；其次，主题和内容是distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.这就是C的内容；再次，现代派作家侧重描写个人的内心活动和主观世界即concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective 也就是备选项A的内容，其中A中的介词over应理解为“而非、不是”的意思。最后，现代派作品更加注重形式和技巧的革新，反对一切形式的理性主义，和现实主义彻底决裂；它们打破了传统文学中的时空观，强调psychic time；宣扬屏弃一切文学的基本要素例如story, character, plot and chronological narration，因此他们的作品又被成为“反小说”，“反诗歌”等，D）表达了这个意思。只有B是试题要求的答案。

25）题的答案在书的407页，文选部分的上方：Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.和A的内容相似。其中C、D可以马上排除，因为教材406页已经说明：We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.有关Irving的内容需要和英国文学中Marlowe的作品一同记忆。前者的两部作品Rip Van Winkle和The Legend of Sleepy Hollow尽管被称为Spanish Sketch Book，但是他的创作灵感来自于German legends，恰好和后者的戏剧Dr. Faustus一样。

28）Nathaniel Hawthorne是近几十年来美国文学研究的热点之一，也是一个较有争议的作家，爱默生曾说他的小说“一无用处”。然而该作家给我们提供了广阔的研究空间，在以后的几次考试中很有可能出成大题。教材中的以下内容要注意：

霍桑特别关注人类的interior of the heart，他把现实社会中的许多问题归结为“人类的罪恶天性”，努力去探索人们心中“恶”便成了他作品的主题，他说There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity.而“恶”的一个来源，按他的看法就是自作聪明的知识分子overreaching intellect（2001年试卷35题）；他揭示的手段往往是寓言式的，使用多种象征手法，例如《红字》A就有多种意义，而里面的Pearl就是该书最大的'主题象征。

考生反映说，考题前三个人物Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth教材上没有，属于超纲内容。但是考生只要记住Pearl就可以做出正确的推断。

32）的答案在书500页的页端。对于这个作家我们必须扩展起来。为了教学的方便，美国现实主义文学的三巨头Howells, James 和Twain（见考题30）我们经常相提并论，但是他们之间却有许多不同（见书PP474-475），考生要自己整理成文。尽管其他两位作家时常嘲讽欧洲风情，但H.James却是欧洲古老文明的崇拜和捍卫者an admirer of ancient European civilization，原因是多方面的，一是他的家庭不同于其他作家，他的祖父是美国最富有的人之一，使James具有接受高等教育的可能；他的父亲和欧洲的许多名流交往，特别是他的弟弟威廉更是著名的实用主义哲学家，提出了“意识流”理论，因此James的作品语言晦涩，对读者的要求比较高，正如教材所述He is often highly refined and insightful.二是他经常来往于新、旧两个大陆，所以他的作品主题与其他作家不同：James’ fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America…（见书497页）。还有James同时也是一位批评家，著有The Art of Fiction一书，他对文学批评做出的贡献有：1）forerunner of stream of consciousness 2）founder of psychological realism 3）point of view（请与Fielding的the third person narration结合记忆）。

34）Emily Dickinson和Whitman同是美国诗歌的两座高峰，她的短诗集中体现了对death, nature, immortality, love和religion的思索（见2001年40题），而所有这些都是诗人个人的世界，没有涉及更广阔的范围，因此D)War and peace是不对的。Dickinson的诗歌特点：一、没有标题。二、多破折号(dashes)作为诗歌节奏的手段，多大写字母(capital letters)用于强调。

第一部分的全部答案如下：

1） B 2）D 3）C 4）C 5）D 6）A 7）B 8）B

9） A 10）C 11）D 12）D 13）D 14）D 15）B 16）B

17）D 18）C 19）A 20）A 21）D 22）B 23）B 24）A

25）A 26）C 27）B 28）A 29）C 30）C 31）C 32）D

33）C 34）D 35）D 36）A 37）A 38）A 39）C 40）B

第二部分的答案如下：

A. John Galsworthy: The Man of Property

B. A face does not show any emotion or reaction so that it is impossible to know how that person is feeling or what he is thinking about.

C. It presents the inner mind of Soames in face of his wife’s coldness. He can never know what is on his wife’s mind because the makeup of his and her mentality is different. His wife Irene, whose mind is romantically inclined, is disgusted with her husband’s possessiveness. Being unable to read his wife’s mind is as good as saying that he really can’t regard her as his property---this is the very reason why he is enraged beyond measure.

42.

A. T.S.Eliot: The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock

B. The ends of cigarettes, meaning trivial things here.

C. Here, Prufrock’s inability to do anything against the society he is in it made strikingly clear by using a sharp comparison. Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free. This image vividly shows Prufrock’s current predicament.

A. Wahington Irving : Rip Van Winkle

B. The social environment is changed

C. When Rip is back home after a period of 20 years, he finds that everything has

changed. All those old values are gone, and he can hardly feel at home in a changed society. One of the functions that Rip serves in the story is to provide a measuring stick for change. It is through him that Irving drives home the theme that a desire for change, improvement, and progress could subvert a stable society.

A. Robert Frost: The Road Not Taken

B. Many many years later.

C. The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in hislife. He seems to be giving a suggestion to the reader: “Make good choice of your life.”

以上A，B各1分，C部分2分。

第三部分

45 A. Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and Spenser’s The Faerie Queene

B. It is usually concerned with moral, religious, political, symbolic or mythical ideas.

说明：仅A点全对的就很少。不过有些考生答了Moby Dick, Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown，Gulliver’s Travels都是正确的，但是Paradise Lost不属于寓言。判断寓言其中第一个标准看它是否有两层意义：An allegory refers to a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning. In written form, allegory involves a continuous parallel between two levels of meaning.后一部分只要谈到moral, religious, political就可以了。

46A. The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau and the German writer Johan Wolfgang von Goethe.

B. It is Rousseau who established the cult of the individual and championed the

freedom of the human spirit; his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought.” Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit.

说明：本题考核的内容明显超纲了，只有一位考生几乎全对，三位考生大致正确。教材中只提到了卢梭，而没有歌德的内容，从世界文学的范围来看，提到浪漫主义，首先想到卢梭（1712-1778），在他的作品《新爱洛漪丝》中，对自然、情感和自我的颂扬，以及宣扬的感情至上，都为19世纪的浪漫主义作家所继承，因此是浪漫主义的先驱。紧接着德国的狂飙突进运动The Storm and Stress Movement为整个欧洲的浪漫主义开辟了道路，在这个运动中起重要作用的是Goethe(1749-1832)和Schiller(1759-1805)，而前者的作品就是著名的《少年维特之烦恼》。绝大部分考生都写了Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron等，这些都是leading writers而不是great shapers of thought。

以上两题A点2分，B点4分。

A. To Ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe, or perhaps both.

B. To Ishmael, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries. It is beautiful, but malignant at the same time. It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe, for it has a life force that surges onward irresistibly, impervious to the desires or wills of men.

C. As to the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man. It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature, or an instrument of God’s vengeance upon evil man. In general, the multiplicity and ambivalence of the symbolic meaning of the whale is such that it becomes a source of intense speculation, an object of profound curiosity for the reader.

说明：一般来将考生只要按三点分别讲述就可以了，不必像答案这么全面。但是许多同学只谈了一个方面，是不够的。

A. The Oversoul is believed to be an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent from which all things come and of which all are a part. It exists in nature and man alike and constitutes the chief element of the universe.

B. According to Emerson, it is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings, and a religion regarded as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal Over-soul of which it is a part.

C. He holds that intuition is a more certain way of knowing than reason and that the mind could intuitively perceive the existence of the Oversoul and of certain absolutes.

说明：以上两题每点3分，最高不超过6分。

第四部分：49题

A. Neo-classicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace. Pope’s An Essay on Criticism advocates grace, wit, and simplicity in language; Fielding’s Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel; Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard displays elegance in style, unified structure, serious tone and moral instruction.

B. Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “ spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,” and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were(Wordsworth’s “ I Wandered as a Cloud,” or “The Solitary Reaper,” or Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.

C. In a word, Neo-classicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind(emotion, imagination, temporary experience…)

50题

A. Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850

Along the river, floats a small raft, with two people on it: One is an ignorant, uneducated Black slave named Jim and the other is a little uneducated outcast white boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn.

The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as much as he could, changes his mind, his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.

During their journey,they experience a series of adventures: coming across two frauds, the “Duke” and the “King”, witnessing the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Tom’s coming to rescue.

B.The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. Mark Twain uses the raft’s journey down the Mississippi River to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.

以上A、B各5分。需要注意的是答案仅是参考，考生无须完全按照答案要求，只要能够有理有据，自圆其说就可以有高分。

三、学习方法

经过我们的教学观察，《英美文学选读》学习过程中暴露出来的问题有：

1）教材不便于自学。许多考生反映，如果没有经验十分丰富的教师指导，自学只能停留在教材的前30-40页，无法继续下去。书中的古代诗歌占了相当的比重，然而古诗词的注解太少，考生对中古英语的句法和诗歌的基本特征不了解（例如41题涉及“格”和“音步”问题），相当的词汇在一般词

典上查不到，学生看不懂，甚至部分教师也不明白，例如The Faerie Queene中 Upon a great adventure he was bond(P16)中bond的意思不明确； Enforst to seeke some covert nigh at hand（P18）enforst字典上查不到。其实在当时的英语中前者相当于bound，后者是 enforced的变体。莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》有一句Not on thy sole but on thy soul, harsh Jew/ Thou mak’st thy knife keen.(年19题)，为什么答案说是双关的修辞手法？书上却没有答案！关键在于sole和soul谐音，前者是指在“鞋底”，后者说是在“心头”磨刀，暗指心比石头还坚硬。所有这些都对自考学生带来了许多阻碍，尤其是偏远地区的考生，他们一无参考资料，二无教师请教，苦难相当大。

但是另一方面，考生的学习指导思想还停留在大专的方式上，希望教材能提供一切，这是十分错误的。本科段的大纲要求我们在这个阶段要培养：具有从事科学研究的初步能力。也就是说我们要善于自己发现问题和解决问题。我们要学会充分使用图书馆和各种工具书，我们列举一些参考书供大家选择：

1）陈嘉《英国文学史》四册商务印书馆

2）陈嘉《英国文学作品选读》三册商务印书馆

3）杨岂深《英国文学选读》三册上海译文出版社

4）杨岂深《美国文学选读》三册上海译文出版社

5）裘克安《莎士比亚注释丛书》商务印书馆

6）王佐良《英国文学名篇选注》商务印书馆

7）王佐良《英国诗选》上海译文出版社

8）辜正坤《英文名篇鉴赏金库诗歌卷》天津人民出版社

9）刘炳善〈〈简明英国文学史〉〉河南人民出版社

二、学校、考生的课程安排不科学。一些社会助学单位由于不了解英语专业的特点，往往在课程的安排上简单地从开考计划出发，安排课程设置，例如在四月份的课程刚结束，就进入《英美文学选读》的学习，希望在当年的十月份进行考试，学习的时间仅仅只有五个多月；还有相当的考生是从其他专业转报的，英语的基本功薄弱，他们从本科的第一学期就开始学该门课程，固守着专科的学习方式来看待本科的课程学习，同样是非常错误的。

《英美文学选读》属于高年级课程。在全日制高校中，一般是三、四年级的两年

时间里学完。对于自考生来将，我们建议大家先学《高级英语》，《英语词汇学》和《英语语法》，同时穿插其他的课程，例如《翻译》、《写作》和《英美文学选读》，但是考试最好安排在稍后的时间，目的是让考生先流利地掌握一些语言点，这些内容和基本功对文学的欣赏会起一定的促进作用。

三、学习方法过于僵化。从第一部分的试卷构成可以看出，复习的时候绝对不能搞什么单??的基础上再研读重点作家的作品。文学史的部分和选读的部分同等重要，不可偏废；考生可以先从“史”出发，以点带面，将作家串联起来。当教材进入“浪漫主义时期”之后，英国文学可以美国文学齐头并进，要求同学进行横向比较，例如要求同学自己整理英国浪漫主义和美国浪漫主义的“异”与“同”，美国现代主义和英国现代主义的联系。如此一来，学生产生了兴趣，也牢固记忆了各时期的作家。培养在熟读的基础上打破时间的界限，进行横向和纵向的对比的能力，学会自己进行罗列和总结。每一个时期的文学导言十分重要，也是考核的重点。

篇2：英美文学选读

英美文学选读

American Literature

Chapter one : The romantic period

I. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:

1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.

2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:

The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.

3.His toward nature:

Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.

II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:

1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.

2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.

3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.

III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick

1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.

2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.

IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :

1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)

2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.

3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.

Chapter two : The realistic period

I. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.

Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.

篇3：英美文学选读复习

英美文学选读复习

1．莎士比亚的生平

2．莎士比亚的戏剧创作生涯

3．莎士比亚戏剧的代表作品及其故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义

（1）威尼斯商人

4．莎士比亚的诗歌

（1）叙事诗

（2）十四行诗 18

5．莎士比亚戏剧的思想意义

（1）对社会现实的批判

（2）对人文主义的颂歌

6．莎士比亚的艺术成就

（1）人物塑造

（2）情节结构

（3）语言风格

7．选读

十四行诗 18 的主题、意象

《威尼斯商人》的主题、人物性格、语言特点

《哈姆雷特》的主题、人物性格、语言特点

B约翰?弥尔顿

1．弥尔顿的生平

2．弥尔顿的文学创作

3．《利西达斯》：挽歌及其特点

4．选读

史诗《失乐园》故事梗概、主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、作品意义

C亚历山大?蒲伯

1．蒲伯的生平及创作生涯

2．蒲伯的时代观与文学观

3．蒲伯的主要作品介绍

4．蒲伯的语言风格

5．选读《论批评》第二部分

（1）作品简介

（2）作品体裁、结构、语言风格

D丹尼尔笛福

1．笛福的生平：个人事业和社会活动

2．笛福的社会观

3．笛福的主要作品介绍

4．笛福的创作特点

5．选读：

《鲁滨逊漂流记》4

故事简介作者的创作意义：时代精神的.写照

1．华兹华斯的生平及创作生涯

2．华兹华斯的诗歌创作主张

3．华兹华斯的诗歌

（1）抒情诗：《丁灯寺旁》

4．华兹华斯诗歌的主要特点及思想意义

5．华兹华斯诗歌的艺术成就

6．华兹华斯的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响

7．选读：

《我孤独地漂泊犹如一片浮云》

《作于西敏寺桥上》

《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》

《孤独的割麦女》主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等

F珀?比?雪莱

1．雪莱的生平

2．雪莱的诗歌创作主张

3．雪莱的主要作品

抒情诗：《西风颂》《云雀颂》

诗剧：《解放了的普罗米修斯》

散文：诗辩

4．雪莱诗歌的主要特点及思想意义

5．雪莱的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响

6．选读：

《西风颂》：主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色

G约翰?济慈

1．济慈的生平及创作生涯

2．济慈的美学思想

3．济慈的主要诗作

《夜莺颂》《希腊古瓮颂》《安底弥翁》《伊莎贝拉》

4．济慈诗歌的主要特点及思想意义

5．济慈的诗歌对同时代英国文学的影响

6．选读：

《希腊古瓮颂》主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等

H简?奥斯汀

1．奥斯汀的生平及创作生涯

2．奥斯汀的小说创作思想

3．奥斯汀的小说

《理智与情感》《诺桑觉寺》《曼斯菲尔德公园》《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》《劝告》

4．奥斯汀小说的主要特点及社会意义

5．奥斯汀的小说对后世英国文学的影响

6．选读：

《傲慢与偏见》1 主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、表现手法等

I查尔斯?狄更斯

1．狄更斯的生平及创作生涯

2．狄更斯作品中的批判现实主义思想与社会改良主义倾向

3．狄更斯前期作品的思想与艺术特征

4．狄更斯后期作品的思想与艺术特征

5．狄更斯的创作特色与艺术成就

（1）语言

（2）3种人物的刻画

（3）幽默与哀婉情感的交融

6．狄更斯小说目录

7．选读《雾都孤儿》第3章

故事简介

主题：济贫院

J夏洛特?布朗蒂

1．夏洛特的生平

2．夏洛特的创作思想和主题

3．选读《简?爱》第23章

故事梗概

作品的批判现实主义思想

作品的社会意义

作品女主人公的形象

在逆境中求自我道德完善的主题

K托马斯?哈代

1．哈代的生平与创作

2．哈代的创作倾向：传统观念与现代思想的并存

3．哈代作品中的“宿命观”

4．哈代作品中的批判现实主义思想

5．哈代作品的艺术特色

6．选读

《德伯家的苔丝》19 故事梗概作品主题

L威廉?勃特勒?叶芝

1．叶芝的生平及文学生涯

2．叶芝的诗歌创作思想

3．叶芝诗歌的代表作品

（1）早期诗歌：

（2）中期诗歌

（3）晚期诗歌

4．叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义

5．叶芝诗歌的艺术成就

6．叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响

7．叶芝的戏剧创作

8．选读：

《茵纳斯弗利岛》《在阔叶柳花园旁边》

M D．T．S．艾略特

1．艾略特的生平几创作生涯

2．艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观点

3．艾略特的主要诗歌作品

（1）《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》

（2）《荒原》

4．艾略特诗歌的艺术特色及社会意义

5．艾略特的戏剧

6．艾略特的艺术成就

7．艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对当代英国的影响

8．《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义

9．选读

《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》主题结构、思想内容、语言特点、艺术手法等 N戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯

1．劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯

2．劳伦斯的创作思想

3．劳伦斯的主要小说

（1）《儿子与情人》《虹》《恋爱中的女人》

4．劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义

5．劳伦斯的诗歌与戏剧

6．劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响

7．《儿子与情人》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义

8．选读

《儿子与情人》人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等

篇4：英美文学选读教案之一

英美文学选读教案之一

这是我这学期上课的教案,自己觉的参考价值不像文学史教案那么高,但是也更新上来吧,对我的学生来说,上课有笔记没记上的也可以参考,我选用的教材是中国对外翻译出版公司出版的`《英美文学选读（增订版）》吴翔林编注。 Lecture 1 William Shakespeare 1. Introduction of the course (1) This course is called Selected Readings in English and American Literature, a compulsory course for you. It will be finished in 12 weeks. And in each week we’ll meet each other two times. (2) In this course, you will have to read some original works taken from English and American classics. It may be a little bit difficult for you. However, it’s also a chance for you to know some great treasury in world literature and I’ll help you understand them. (3)Comparing with the literary history courses, this course mainly focuses on original productions. The course book is a nice one with classical works and detailed notes. (4) For the final test, 10% will be decided by your attendance, 20% by your homework and 70% by the test paper. About the homework, after we finish each writer, I’ll give you a name list of recommended works written by the writer. In the whole semester, you should choose at least one piece of English writer’s works and one piece of American writer’s works recommended by me. And then you should write a small paper on the piece of works you chose. That means you should turn in two papers in the whole semester. (5) A very important suggestion: preview the productions before the class; otherwise it’ll be very difficult for you to catch me in the class. 2. William Shakespeare (1564 C 1616) (1) Historical Background A. Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalism B. Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another is the humanism, which means the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement. C. Shakespeare lived in such a period and also such a period made him the most famous and most important English writer. (2) Life (Read paragraph 1 and 2 on page 1 after class. These two paragraphs are the introduction of the great writer’s life.) A. His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. B. He is mainly famous for his great plays, especially the outstanding “Four Great Tragedies”. (“Hamlet”, “King Lear”, “Othello” and “Macbeth”) He is also the author of some other famous plays, such as “Romeo and Juliet”, but today we’ll learn the excerpt from one of his great comedies C “The Merchant of Venice”, which we’ll talk about a little bit later. C. Shakespeare’s sonnets are also very good. We’ll first introduce Sonnet 18, the most famous sonnet written by Shakespeare. (3) Sonnet 18 A. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. It was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. (It is a very popular poem form and used widely in English literature. In the Elizabeth era, Edmund Spenser was also famous for his sonnets. And later, John Milton, Byron and Keats all contributed excellent sonnets.) B. Though the sonnet is a fixed form, but the rhyme scheme of the sonnet is not fixed. (few minutes for students to find out this poem’s rhyme scheme.) Answer: abab cdcd efef gg. This is a typical rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in all his sonnets. C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence. temperate: moderate or mild; rough winds: strong winds; darling: lovely; lease: 租约；complexion: appearance; dim: darken with cloud; brag: boast; D.(discuss) Theme: expressing the deep love to his friend (4) The Merchant of Venice A. Famous comedy written by Shakespeare in his youth B. Setting: Venice, the Middle Age C. Characters: Bassanio, Antonio, Shylock, Portia (let students discuss the characters) Portia: Shakespeare’s ideal woman, beautiful, intelligent, cultured, gracious, independent, a daughter of Renaissance Shylock: most successful character, a Jew, a greedy and merciless usurer and also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution (sympathy) D. Plot: Read the introduction from P3 to P4. E. (Discuss)Theme: Mercy wins over malice. F. The selection is the most famous scene of the whole play and also the climax of the play. (Ask students to read it thoroughly after the class.) In the class, we’ll learn a short part taken from the scene. (P10 to P11, the famous statement about mercy made by Portia) G. (the last but not least) form of the play: verse drama written in blank verse mostly blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. Soon after blank verse was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil’s works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets, such as John Milton, also employed this form to write their long poems. (5) Recommended Reading Sonnet 29; Sonnet 73; Sonnet 116; Four great tragedies; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night’s Dream 3. Homework 1. Preview the next chapter about John Milton. 2. Find out the form and rhyme scheme of the poem “To Cyriack Skinner” on P23. 英美文学选读教案之二 Lecture 2 John Milton (1608 C 1674) (Comparing with William Shakespeare, few people read his great productions today. However, he is also a classical writer in English Literature.) 1. Historical Background (Discussion: Any important event happened during Milton’s life time in Britain?) English Bourgeois Revolution The conflicts between King (James I and then Charles I) and the Parliament Profound conflicts: the Old Feudalism and New Capitalism In religion: The Anglican Church and the Puritan The consequence of those contradictions: the Civil War (1642 C 1649) The King was executed in 1649 and monarchy was abolished. Oliver Cromwell’s dictatorship (1649 C 1660) The Restoration: Charles II and then James II Glorious Revolution (1688) 2. Life born in a rich and cultured family C handsome and hardworking C graduated from Cambridge University and got master degree C six years’ private study and the most knowledgeable poet in Britain C writing pamphlets for the Commonwealth C blind in 1652 C arrested and fined after restoration C produced three great poems in plain life Most important works C three great poems: Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama) Besides three great poems in his late years, he also wrote some excellent sonnets including the one we’ll learn today. 3. To Cyriack Skinner (Ask the questions of homework) (Answer: Sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd) (1) Form: Sonnet (2) Rhyme scheme: abba abba cdcdcd (different with William Shakespeare’s sonnets) (3) Explain the poem sentence by sentence (4) (Discussion) Theme: the author’s positive attitude towards his blindness (another sonnet on blindness seems more discouraged.) 4. Paradise Lost (《失乐园》) (1) Milton’s masterpiece; greatest epic written in the English language *epic（史诗）: it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Notice the differences between traditional epics and literary epics. Paradise Lost is a literary epic. (2) It’s a long epic including 12 books. The plot is taken from the Old Testament of Holy Bible. *Holy Bible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典，分为《旧约》(The Old Testament)和《新约》(The New Testament)两部分，这两部分写于不同的时期，而且使用的文字不同，《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成，《新约》则用希腊文写成。圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文，然后是拉丁文，在欧洲各国通行。《圣经》英译始自8世纪，但各种版本都不算通行，直到Martin Luther宗教改革之后，16出现的Authoriz

篇5：英美文学选读教案以及复习要点

英美文学选读教案以及复习要点

英美文学选读教案以及复习要点专业八级资料 Lecture 1 William Shakespeare 1. Introduction of the course (1) This course is called Selected Readings in English and American Literature, a compulsory course for you. It will be finished in 12 weeks. And in each week well meet each other two times. (2) In this course, you will have to read some original works taken from English and American classics. It may be a little bit difficult for you. However, its also a chance for you to know some great treasury in world literature and Ill help you understand them. (3)Comparing with the literary history courses, this course mainly focuses on original productions. The course book is a nice one with classical works and detailed notes. (4) For the final test, 10% will be decided by your attendance, 20% by your homework and 70% by the test paper. About the homework, after we finish each writer, Ill give you a name list of recommended works written by the writer. In the whole semester, you should choose at least one piece of English writers works and one piece of American writers works recommended by me. And then you should write a small paper on the piece of works you chose. That means you should turn in two papers in the whole semester. (5) A very important suggestion: preview the productions before the class; otherwise itll be very difficult for you to catch me in the class. 2. William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) (1) Historical Background A. Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalism B. Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another is the humanism, which means the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement. C. Shakespeare lived in such a period and also such a period made him the most famous and most important English writer. (2) Life (Read paragraph 1 and 2 on page 1 after class. These two paragraphs are the introduction of the great writers life.) A. His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. B. He is mainly famous for his great plays, especially the outstanding Four Great Tragedies. (Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth) He is also the author of some other famous plays, such as Romeo and Juliet, but today well learn the excerpt from one of his great comedies - The Merchant of Venice, which well talk about a little bit later. C. Shakespeares sonnets are also very good. Well first introduce Sonnet 18, the most famous sonnet written by Shakespeare. (3) Sonnet 18 A. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. It was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. (It is a very popular poem form and used widely in English literature. In the Elizabeth era, Edmund Spenser was also famous for his sonnets. And later, John Milton, Byron and Keats all contributed excellent sonnets.) B. Though the sonnet is a fixed form, but the rhyme scheme of the sonnet is not fixed. (few minutes for students to find out this poems rhyme scheme.) Answer: abab cdcd efef gg. This is a typical rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in all his sonnets. C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence. temperate: moderate or mild; rough winds: strong winds; darling: lovely; lease: 租约;complexion: appearance; dim: darken with cloud; brag: boast; D.(discuss) Theme: expressing the deep love to his friend (4) The Merchant of Venice A. Famous comedy written by Shakespeare in his youth B. Setting: Venice, the Middle Age C. Characters: Bassanio, Antonio, Shylock, Portia (let students discuss the characters) Portia: Shakespeares ideal woman, beautiful, intelligent, cultured, gracious, independent, a daughter of Renaissance Shylock: most successful character, a Jew, a greedy and merciless usurer and also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution (sympathy) D. Plot: Read the introduction from P3 to P4. E. (Discuss)Theme: Mercy wins over malice. F. The selection is the most famous scene of the whole play and also the climax of the play. (Ask students to read it thoroughly after the class.) In the class, well learn a short part taken from the scene. (P10 to P11, the famous statement about mercy made by Portia) G. (the last but not least) form of the play: verse drama written in blank verse mostly blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. Soon after blank verse was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgils works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets, such as John Milton, also employed this form to write their long poems. (5) Recommended Reading Sonnet 29; Sonnet 73; Sonnet 116; Four great tragedies; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Nights Dream 3. Homework 1. Preview the next chapter about John Milton. 2. Find out the form and rhyme scheme of the poem To Cyriack Skinner on P23. Lecture 2 John Milton (1608 0 1674) (Comparing with William Shakespeare, few people read his great productions today. However, he is also a classical writer in English Literature.) 1. Historical Background (Discussion: Any important event happened during Miltons life time in Britain ) English Bourgeois Revolution The conflicts between King (James I and then Charles I) and the Parliament Profound conflicts: the Old Feudalism and New Capitalism In religion: The Anglican Church and the Puritan The consequence of those contradictions: the Civil War (1642 - 1649) The King was executed in 1649 and monarchy was abolished. Oliver Cromwells dictatorship (1649 - 1660) The Restoration: Charles II and then James II Glorious Revolution (1688) 2. Life born in a rich and cultured family - handsome and hardworking - graduated from Cambridge University and got master degree - six years private study and the most knowledgeable poet in Britain - writing pamphlets for the Commonwealth - blind in 1652 - arrested and fined after restoration - produced three great poems in plain life Most important works - three great poems: Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama) Besides three great poems in his late years, he also wrote some excellent sonnets including the one well learn today. 3. To Cyriack Skinner (Ask the questions of homework) (Answer: Sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd) (1) Form: Sonnet (2) Rhyme scheme: abba abba cdcdcd (different with William Shakespeares sonnets) (3) Explain the poem sentence by sentence (4) (Discussion) Theme: the authors positive attitude towards his blindness (another sonnet on blindness seems more discouraged.) 4. Paradise Lost (《失乐园》) (1) Miltons masterpiece; greatest epic written in the English language *epic(史诗): it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Notice the differences between traditional epics and literary epics. Paradise Lost is a literary epic. (2) Its a long epic including 12 books. The plot is taken from the Old Testament of Holy Bible. *Holy Bible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典,分为《旧约》(The Old Testament)和《新约》(The New Testament)两部分,这两部分写于不同的时期,而且使用的文字不同,《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成,《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文,然后是拉丁文,在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪,但各种版本都不算通行,直到Martin Luther宗教改革之后,1611年出现的.Authorized Version至今通行,对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版. Plot: (paragraph two on P24) revolt of Satan and some other angels 0 their defeat and throwing into the Hell 0 temptation of Adam and Eve 0 expulsion of Adam and Eve (3) Theme: to justify the ways of God to man (su

篇6：英美文学文化分析

关于英美文学文化分析

论文摘要：在世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势日益明显的新形势下，注重跨文化意识的培养显得尤为重要。本文从英美文学教学的角度出发，探讨了通过英美文学教学培养跨文化意识的重要性，培养跨文化意识应遵循的原则以及利用英美文学培养跨文化意识的教学思路。

随着国际经济、文化、政治等领域发展步伐的加快，交流日益频繁，世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势日益明显，国际交往合作更加频繁，国际交流也越来越广泛，多种文化相互交汇碰撞、交流融合，在这种环境下，如果不了解英美国家的风俗文化、行为习惯、思想观念和价值取向，不同文化间就会产生误解甚至冲突，影响交际的顺利进行。由此，外语教学中，关注目标语文化，提高跨文化意识，注重跨文化交际能力的培养就显得尤为的重要。“跨文化意识”是指外语学习者对于其所学习的目的语文化具有较好的知识掌握和较强的适应能力与交际能力，能像目的语本族人的思维一样来思考问题并作出反映，以及进行各种交往活动。具有“跨文化意识”的外语学习者能自觉地消除在与目的语本族人进行交往时可能碰到的各种障碍，以保证整个交往过程的有效性。外语教学不仅仅是语言知识的学习，语言是文化的载体，又是文化的一部分，外语教学的目的是提高学生的跨文化交际能力，包括文化知识和文化意识。文学又是文化的一种特殊表现形式，始终与文化相伴相生。因此，通过英美文学认识英美文化、培养跨文化意识是一种有效的教学途径。

一、英美文学教学是培养跨文化意识的有效途径

首先，文学是文化的重要载体和民族个性的重要表现形式。文学作品所包含的文化知识、文学知识及其具有的哲学、人文、美学等价值是某一民族社会文化的缩影，是学生了解英语民族的政治、经济、社会生活、思想观念、风土人情等文化因素最鲜活、最丰富、最直接的材料。通过英美文学认识英美文化和国民性格是一种基于文化认知和文化认可的跨文化交流层次，它的重心是拓宽学生的文化视野和思想疆域，提高综合人文素质，培养跨文化交际的意识和能力。文学是培养学生的文化意识、提高文化修养的重要源泉，涉猎古希腊、罗马神话，了解基督教《圣经》故事及人物典故，熟悉一些神话传说中的神抵，可以拓宽知识面，开阔视野，有利于语言学习中文化因素的积淀。

其次，文学是提高文化素养和学习语言的重要途径。语言同文化是密不可分的，文学是语言的艺术，又是艺术的语言，是学生学习和模仿最理想的.语言和文化材料。特定的文化常常在其语言中留下深刻的烙印，在学习语言的过程中，学生除了要对原文语言有精确的理解和把握之外，还要对两种文化，尤其是两种文化之间的差异有较全面的认识和了解。西方文学实质上就反映和代表着西方文化，优秀的文学作品既是宝贵的精神财富，又是用之不尽、取之不竭的语言源泉。新《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》清楚表明，文学课程担负着提高学生英语水平，培养学生审美情趣和跨文化意识的双重职责。

再次，文学的生动性和通俗性有利于激发学生的兴趣和求知欲。“文学是最优美的语言，如果我们要学习和获得最优美的语言，我们就必须学习文学。”(李赋宁语)语言文字的魅力在文学作品中体现得最为充分，因为文学是语言的艺术，它是以语言为载体的。学习英美文学，不但可以在接受作品内容情节的同时，掌握语言这个工具，文学作品中渗透的跨文化意识还可以激发学生的兴趣，刺激学生的求知欲。因此，在语言教学和学习中，我们应该充分重视文化因素的影响和作用，广泛阅读优秀的文学作品，了解有关西方的哲学、历史、人文地理、风土人情和社会风俗。

二、培养跨文化意识应遵循的原则

在外语教学过程中渗透培养学生的跨文化意识应遵循以下几个原则，即实用性原则、阶段性原则、交际性原则。

实用性原则要求教师所提供的语言材料，导人的文化内容与英语学生所学的语言内容密切相关，同时应突出语言的生动性，情景的真实性，材料的生活性，培养学生的情感，激发学生的求知欲，培养学生对自己民族的了解和热爱，对他民族文化的理解和尊重，从而使其形成合理的跨文化心态。

阶段性原则要求文化内容的导人应遵循循序渐进的原则，充分考虑学生的语言水平、认知能力和心理状态，根据学生语言的发展水平和接受能力，采用由浅人深、由表及里的渐进教育方式，让学生充分了解所学文化内容的本质。从介绍英语国家人民的日常生活开始，逐步更多地涉及他们的文化背景、历史传统、人文地理等，以至更深人地探讨人生态度、道德价值观等。

交际性原则认为培养跨文化意识的目的是提高学生的跨文化交际能力。既然语言是交际的手段，又是文化的载体，那么，教师就有责任提高学生的跨文化意识，让学生在学习语言基本知识的基础上，学会了解所学语言国家的文化、背景、风土人情和生活方式，使文化通过语言的交流得到传递沟通，语言通过文化的渗透得到合理的交流发展。

三、利用英美文学培养跨文化意识的教学思路

首先，教师可以充分利用课堂教学，挖掘教材所蕴含的丰富的文化内涵，培养和渗透跨文化意识。广泛阅读优秀的文学作品，了解和熟悉西方文化并从中汲取有益的东西，才能提高自身的文化修养和语言水平。教材中蕴含了丰富的文化内涵，因此，教师不能把课文仅仅当成单纯的语言教材，而要充分利用课堂教学培养学生的跨文化意识，让学生放眼世界，扩大视野。为了更好地培养学生对英美文化的敏感性和洞察力，教师还可以配合教材内容恰当地补充相关的文化背景以及中英文化差异的知识介绍，使学生在具备一定的语言交际能力的同时具备应有的文化交际能力。教师在授课时采取启发和引导的方式，让学生设身处地去感受体验，鼓励学生发表个人独到的见解和进行相互之间的讨论，使每个学生都积极参与到文学教学课堂中来。教师要培养学生独立开展研究工作的能力，不能一味地进行理性的抽象与概括，不能要求统一理解模式和死记硬背。这样，才能使学生切身感受语言大师们的语言艺术、学习巩固语言知识的同时，也让他们学会从文学作品中认识社会、体验人生，感受不同的文化内涵，进一步提高学生的文化意识。

其次，教师应尽量运用现代化教学手段辅助文学教学以提高学生的学习兴趣。多媒体技术具有信息容量大、内容丰富、效率高、覆盖面广等特点。在英美文学教学中，教师要充分利用计算机软件或课件、录像机、投影仪、光盘等直观有效的手段。除了课堂教学外，多媒体技术和网络技术在课外也应该充分发挥其作用，课外教师可以组织学生观看由名家名作改编的电影、欣赏精彩对白或学习英美国家文化背景知识，以学习小组为单位展开讨论，让思维突破原有的束缚，在宽松愉快的环境中培养想象力和创造力。另外，学生根据原著自编自演也是非常有效的学习途径。学生在编、导、演的过程中，能充分理解把握原著的历史背景，穿越了时空与文化的差异，与文学作品作直接的对话。

此外，教师还可以通过引导学生阅读大量的英语经典文学作品，积累有关的文化背景、社会习俗、社会文化关系等方面的材料。阅读能使学生了解英语在不同语境中的语言风格的知识，以提高自身的文化素养。教师在教学中，指导学生运用正确的方法将自己在文学作品鉴赏过程中获得的对作品的理解用文字表达出来，以深化对文学作品的理解，同时又培养了学生的鉴赏力和书面表达能力。文学作品的阅读可以从易到难，从简写本开始，逐步过渡到读原版作品。这里阅读文学作品不仅指小说，还包括阅读报纸杂志、时事等。因为现在的刊物集知识性、趣味性于一体，有助于学生了解当前社会动态、科学文化的最新成就和英语语言发展新趋向，获取丰富的跨文化知识。

一个优秀的外语学习者，不仅是一个语言工具的使用者，还应该是另一种文化的接受者，加强大学英语教学中的跨文化意识的培养，才能促进学生更好的学习目的语。文学作品隐含着对生活的思考、价值取向和特定的意识形态，因此，学习英美文学是了解西方文化的一条重要途径，可以接触到支撑表层文化的深层文化，即西方文化中带根本性的思想观点、价值评判，西方人经常使用的视角，以及对这些视角的批评。只有通过研读英美文学对西方文化有深层次的了解，国际化人才才能在国际合作和竞争中轻车熟路，立于不败之地。

篇7：利用英美文学选读促进英语语言学习论文

利用英美文学选读促进英语语言学习论文

利用英美文学选读促进英语语言学习论文【1】

内容摘要：英语是世界性语言，它具有极高的语言应用价值，也是现代高校学习中最为重要的课程。

在进行英语语言学习过程中，需要深入发掘英语语言的特点以及不同语言的差异性，并能融入到语言所在国的生活情境氛围中。

现在各高校英语专业均开设英美文学选读课程，这成为了解英语文化内涵、民族风情以及时代气息的理想媒介。

英语本身是工具性语言，借助于英美文学选读能够从生活以及实践应用范畴中更好的学习英语，显著提升英语学习的兴趣、效率和质量。

在此基础上将所学的英语技能反馈于日常生活、学习和工作的环节中，最终达到英语语言学以致用的效果。

关键词：英语语言学习英美文学选读文化内涵民族风情时代气息

英语是世界公认的国际语言，在全球范围内有着广泛的影响力，也为推动世界文化交流做出巨大贡献。

有鉴于此，研究英语语言学习是有着重要性和必要性体现，也是求学者需要掌握的外语学习能力。

其中英语文学选读课程会有效促进英语语言学习，但要了解和分析其在学习中存在的难点问题。

语言学习者的综合语言能力表现在语言沟通的环节，如果学习着不具备良好的英美文学思想，将会严重阻碍相关语言的有效学习。

本文研究英语语言学习和英美文学宣读之间的关系，并探讨有效学习的方法，以此解决英语语言学习中英美文学选读可能产生的问题，并对英美文学作品的相关理论进行知识性的总结，鼓励学生夺取了解英美语言文化。

一、英美文学和语言的关系

语言交流体现出智力的复杂沟通过程，在互动的环节中需要语言使用者搭建新的资源平台，并借助于自身所具备的综合语言知识和素养，进行语言的沟通。

在语言学习中，要不断的进行语言观察、揣摩和分析，并应用于实践才能取得具体的效果。

文学语言成为英语语言材料的重要构成，它提供很多具有开拓性的内容。

通过文学语言的运用，可以将人物内心世界和现实生活紧密的联系起来。

纵观分析英美文学，其中涵盖着丰富的语言成就，这也是可以借鉴为英语语言学习的环节中。

在具体的学习过程中，需要将英美文学的内容归纳为课堂教学领域中，在学生们选读文学作品时揣摩其中运用的语言技巧和风俗习惯，并要解英美文学语言中涵盖着精妙词汇以及复杂语法。

在学习过程中要能达到精度掌的程度，这也成为英美文学学习的重点内容。

我国著名翻译家朱光潜在其文章《谈翻译》中强调外国文学作品翻译中最难的内容是对语素展开丰富的联想。

语言翻译中要达到信、达、雅的境界。

但换一个层面进行分析，在准确反映作品原意的过程中，如何达到文学的欣赏性，这就是翻译工作者需要考量的重要事宜。

现在探讨的联想一方面忠实于原作品，另一方面也不要完全局限于字面内容的束缚，要在翻译时能够融入语言环境民族的文化以及交流信息。

所以，这就需要我们更加深入的了解英美世界，并对英美文学进行深入性的学习。

对此，美国语言研究者塞林格认为在学习非母语语言时，由于在学习母语产生先入为主的原因，所以在学习中会产生出介语石化现象。

根据介语石化理论研究表明，要采用“积极效率战略”的方法才可以在某种程度上有效的规避相关的问题。

所以，在进行英美语言学习时，教师要要求学生们不断的深化英美文学作品的理解，并要不断的进行语言的深化学习和研究，提升第二语言学习的效率质量。

二、英美文学选读对英语语言学习的促进作用

(一)有助于对所学词汇进行分类

现在各个高校在开展语言教学过程中，均增设英美文学宣读课程，它的教学目标是要短时间内有效强化学生外语的阅读能力。

当学生们能够精准的掌握文学作品的阅读能力，这会显著的提升学生们外国文学作品的欣赏水平，也是可以促进学生们张文龙英语语言语义和用词的选。

学习者在进行英美文学作品选读时，能在原有语言学习的基础上，更佳的扩大自身的外语词汇量。

在学习中很多学生能够提升自己的阅读语境、语感能力，可以融入到英美文学所营造的英美文化氛围中，为后续的语言学习打下更加坚实的基础。

上述所讲明的这些作用，均是在具体学习中可以有效的显现出来。

当然，在英美文学选读课程开展的过程中，这是需要关注相应的注意事项。

譬如安德鲁・马维尔在其作品《致他娇羞的女友》中采用的是四音步抑扬格式，通过此种方式能够改变原有诗歌中存在的枯燥感，可以促其变得更加的舒展和明快。

在作品中的第25行到第30行中这段内容里引入死亡主题，并融合大量多恩式玄理派诗的意象手法，显著的改变奔本诗的意境，使其氛围逐渐的变得阴暗庄重。

Thy beauty shall no more be found，

再无处寻觅你的玉容花貌，

Nor，in the marble vault， shall sound

在你的大理石家中也不会听到

My echoing song;

我回荡的歌声;

then worms shall tm

蛆虫将会搅动

That long-preserved' d virginity，

由你长期保持的处女的童贞，

And your quaint honor turn to dust

你的美誉芳名将化为尘埃，

And into ashes all my lust.

我的欲望也将变成一堆烟灰

在上一段的文章中，诗人使用很多的词汇用语烘托出生命死亡后的世界景象，譬如marble vault(大理石墓家)、dust(尘埃)、ashes(灰烬)、worms(蛆虫)等，这一系列词汇有的是死亡时存在的状态，有的是死亡时有的景象。

通过此种丰富意象的方法，既能够深化诗歌所描绘出的意境，同时也能够强化诗歌含具的深意。

客观上也会烘托出作者构思中的思想理念，使得本诗更加具备说服力。

在此基础上作者在全诗中设立出几个中心意象内容，分别是时间、空间、死亡、爱情等要素，通过超凡且独特的想象力，可以完善作品中所要描绘的内容。

学习者借助于作品的结构，有效的帮助学生对相关外语词汇进行分类分析，并促进学习语言词汇的效率和进度。

(二)辅助学习英美文化，完成英语语感的培养

从语言学的角度分析，英语和汉语有着很大的差异化。

汉语是属于汉文化文明，英语是属于拉丁语系，前者是有象形字和音近字构成，后者是字母类型文字。

无论是发音、用法、习惯均有着文化的差异性，同时这种状态也是具备着双向性特征。

学生们在国内是无法接触到外国的文化氛围和生活环境，所以很多学生在学习语言的过程中很难领略到英美人士日常的生活习惯、文化习俗以及思维方式。

为了提升英语语言学习的效果，在学校可以广泛组织英语角等学习活动，但是英语角也是在汉文化环境中，英语角的大多成员的母语是汉语，难以在英语角的沟通和学习环境中，了解外语语言学习的环境，这是有着现实性因素的作用。

故此，如果学生们想要进一步提升自己的英语学习能力，并掌握更加深入的英美文化，一个重要的环节正是体现在需要学习英美文化，这样才能够了解他们的语言运用方式，语言使用习惯以及语言思维方式。

实际上从上面的描述也是可以深刻的了解到，英美文学作品的阅读成为了解英美文化的重要方式和学习捷径。

现在分析一下原因，首先，英美文学作品中很多事反应英美人日常生活习惯，作者在创作的过程中也是借助于英美文化思维。

其次，被选编的英美文化作品均是英美文学原创精品，使学生们直接可以了解最正宗、最地道的英美文化。

最后是由于作品取材的广泛性，能够开拓学生们的学习视野，并将其不断的深化完善，尤其是体现在作品中的口语对白内容。

这也就意味着英美文学作品成为了解英美文化的一个窗口，学生们要想更好的了解作品中的内容，则先是需要知道作品的文化背景。

在平时，我们所需要阅读的英文文学作品主要包括以下几个内容，譬如美国作家玛格丽特・米切尔创作的《飘》，威廉・福克纳创作的《喧哗与骚动》等，英国作家狄更斯创作的《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》，简・奥斯汀创作的`《傲慢与偏见》，柯南道尔创作的《福尔摩斯探案集》等。

通过上面的分析可以了解得到，语言的发展离不开民族文化的演变，不同的语言已经成为各自民族文化的重要组成部分，语言也是生活交流的重要工具和媒介。

所以，语言不能脱离文化环境而单独生存和发展。

不同的历史时期，语言均是能够将其阶段性特有的民族文化吸纳进取，并通过语言的使用反映出民族的文化底蕴和丰富习惯。

根据这一思想，学生在学习英语语言的过程中，可以借助于英美文学选读课程的开展，培养学生具有良好的英美文化素养，以促进学生们的英语语言的学习和深造。

(三)有利于学习语法，避免某些习语偏误

探讨世界文学史发展时，其中英语类作品所占据的比例最大。

一方面是使用它作为母语或者官方语言的国家或地区最多，另一方面也是由于历史的因素使得英语的流行广度最高。

在分析英美文学作品时主要接触的文学类型是以小说为主体，现代西方小说风格的发展非常快速，也孕育出很多的创作手法以及不同的文学体裁。

所以，在大学生选读英美文学作品时，不仅要关注文学作品本身的内容，也要改变现有的传统语言翻译方式，其中涵盖着语法的改变，词汇意思的变迁以及在文学作品中出现的新词汇等因素。

要求学生们在阅读时，务必要根据作品中的内容，结合时代背景和文化要素，要尽可能的规避可能因为上述问题而导致在翻译过程中出现愿意缺失的问题。

在课堂教学中，教师要引导学生学会英语语法的变通理解，尤其是由英式英语转化的美式英语，了解这两大英语体系的共同点，并有效区分其中存在的差异化现象。

除此之外，在学习英美语言时，要了解习语的特性以及和汉语之间的语言类比，掌握其同质性的修辞方式，包括一些常用的文字创作技法，通过对比的方式，可以强化学习的内容。

譬如在汉语中有一句俗语为小菜一碟，在英语中对应的语句是a piece of cake，这也就意味着二者的物化描述方式非常类似，也是体现出其有趣的内容。

学生们在平时学习《简・爱》、《雾都孤儿》、《呼啸山庄》等时便可发现其中有着类似的内容，可以学习分析。

三、结语

文学对提升个人的文化素养起到积极的促进作用，这也是语言运用的更高层次，同时也是体现出学习语言的实际应用。

现代高校英语专业教学中，非常重视英语语言学习中的文化内容的教授，最具代表性的教学内容则体现在英美文学选读课程中。

学生们在学习英美文学选读时，在开展日常性英语语言学习进程中，更是需要了解相关课程中所含具的文化内涵、民族风情、地域特征以及语言发展规律等，同时也是需要了解具有倾向性的作品内容，深入分析英汉两种文学的语义以及文化的共同点以及差异性，培养学生们英语语言学习的素养，促进学生们提升自身的英语阅读能力。

参考文献

[1]董晓燕.论英语语言学习的僵化现象及其对策建议[J].科技资讯.(18)

[2]李恺.论英美文学对大学英语学习的重要性[J].大众科技.(07)

[3]张传宏.通过英美文学作品的学习提高英语语言技能[J].现代教育科学. (S1)

多媒体教学手段在英美文学课程中的运用【2】

关键词：多媒体英美文学教师学生

篇8：分析英美文学中的情感渗透

分析英美文学中的情感渗透

摘要：作为在世界上占据着相当重要地位的艺术瑰宝，英美文学不仅在其作品中塑造了一个个丰富生动的故事情节和人物形象，而且还渗透入了诸多的思想情感。本文结合英美文学的相关作品，对英美文学中的情感渗透进行研究，依次讨论了英美文学中的现代人文主义情感渗透、浪漫主义情感渗透、和谐化情感渗透以及骑士思想情感渗透四个方面，希望能够帮助英美文学研究者更好地在思想和情感的主线上对英美文学作品进行把握。

关键词：英美文学情感渗透文学作品

由于美国的文学发展史较短，我们当前所认为的英美文学大多指的是以英语为写作母语的一些文学作品。英美文学作品在发展故事情节、构造人物形象的过程中也很好地将其深层次的思想情感渗透进去，铸就了形式多样、内容丰富、情感真实的众多优秀文学作品。在这些浩如繁星的作品中也不乏具有代表性的文学著作，无数作家通过共同的努力，在文字间传达他们对于生活情感的追求，表达对世界真善美的歌颂，或者通过文字表达社会的黑暗，向往光明的未来。总而言之，数不清的英美文学作家通过自己独特的见解和追求，在属于自己的文学和艺术的天地勾画绚烂的图画，他们在作品中渗透的思想和情感，是一个时代的缩影，更是伟大人格的反映，所以我们有必要通过对英美文学情感的解读来品味文学大家的内心世界，以便更好地丰富自身的智慧，启迪自身的情感。

一、英美文学中的骑士思想情感渗透

骑士制度最先出现在中世纪的欧洲，骑士阶层通过基督教的根本思想和土地分封的制度基础来对其自身的封建统治制度进行维护，这是骑士制度存在的本质。而在骑士制度下发展起来的骑士思想情感则是封建贵族统治制度下的人们对于理想道德准则和理想生活的美好希冀与心愿。虽然在时代的发展下，骑士制度最终退出历史舞台，但是诸多文学作品却保留延续了骑士精神和情感，这种情感伴随着作品在时代和社会的发展与变化中保留下来，逐步成为英美文化作品中的一种占据重要地位的情感追求。

包含骑士思想情感的作品中大多存在有很浓厚的宗教色彩，因为那个时代人们往往认为上帝派基督教来拯救人类，基督教的差遣就是骑士。所以在宗教定义中，救世主就是骑士的真实角色扮演，所以骑士思想情感一般也带有帮助贫苦百姓和同情弱者的色彩。此外，骑士思想情感的另一个重要体现就是爱情观念，最初的骑士情感大都是对骑士精神、英雄主义的歌颂和赞扬，随着骑士情感的不断发展和丰富，爱情观念等浪漫主义色彩也被加入到抒发骑士思想情感的作品中，其一般崇尚典雅的爱情观念，这也是后来英美文学中浪漫主义情感发展的最初来源。而且骑士思想情感是英美文学中最先出现的精神情感渗透，是其他英美文学情感渗透的基础，为英美文学的情感发展做出了巨大的贡献。

二、英美文学中的浪漫主义情感渗透

英美文学中的浪漫主义情感不是凭空产生的，而是经过很长时间的准备和酝酿才诞生的，可以说浪漫主义情感是英美文学发展过程中的必然选择。浪漫主义情感是对于传统理性情感和理性想象的彻底改革，彻底突破了传统古典主义的僵化措施的压制，也是众多作家的启蒙主义的思想情感来源，一大批浪漫主义作家推动着英美文学的浪漫主义情感蓬勃发展。英美文学中的浪漫主义精神主要体现有以下几个特点：

1.注重追求真实情感

英美文学作家在作品中对于浪漫主义情感的渗透大都是为了追求其内心的真实情感，直接对内心的情感向往进行泄漏。无论小说家还是散文家亦或是诗人，其在铺陈辞藻的过程中也将自己的情感追求寄寓其中，虽然作品表面上看上去也许与作家当时的生活环境存在一定的差距，但是我们要对其内心的情感激荡进行深层次的挖掘就会发现，这才是作品的高贵之处，这才是作家浪漫主义情感最直接的宣泄!

2.崇尚自由

虽然浪漫主义情感的作家在作品中往往提供的是一种幻象，是对理想生活的追求，但这种幻象是与外在规则无关的，其直接关系作家的心灵世界，所以其作品丝毫不受真实环境的束缚。每位浪漫主义作家在其内心的气质和情感方面都是绝对自由的，因此，在体现浪漫主义情感特征的英美文学中也处处体现着对自由的无限崇尚。

3.注重发展个性

浪漫主义情感作家往往在其作品中对自身的主体性进行充分的发挥，创造一个自满自足的世界。无论是在作品的主旨、内容还是作家进行创作的推动力方面都能够体现浪漫主义作家的个性发展，表达浪漫主义情感的作品不需要依存于现实客观存在，也在很大程度上进一步促进了浪漫主义作家的个性发展。所以，英美文学对于浪漫主义情感的渗透和抒发过程也是对于浪漫主义作家个性和空间的真实反映与发展。

三、英美文学中的和谐化情感渗透

当前全世界各国人民都在追求和谐发展，一个国家和民族的进步和文明离不开民族文化发展过程中的和谐化，我们在对英美文学进行研究的过程中，要不断地通过作品对其深层次和谐化精神情感进行挖掘，体味英美文学作品中的人与自然以及人与人之间的和谐关系，由此可以帮助我们更好地推进和谐社会的建设，满足自身情感建设的需要。

1.英美文学文化传统中的和谐化情感

我们在英美文学的阅读过程中经常会产生意犹未尽的感觉，这种艺术效果得以造就的最主要原因就是作品的文化传统包含有很强烈的和谐化情感，比如希腊罗马故事、《圣经》等在英美文化的传承过程中赋予其文化传统更多的和谐化情感因素，英美文学的'和谐化情感是我们对于英美作品能够进行体味和欣赏的另一个重要情感原因。优秀的文学作品能够让人在英语乐感极强的语调中体会矛盾与统一的和谐化作品主题情感。

2.英美文学发展过程中的和谐化情感

英美文学是英语语言使用下的创造性产物，在英美文学的发展过程中，由于受到来自于文化、政治、历史以及现实等各方面因素的影响，造成英美文学的发展过程中经历了从写实到实验再到最后多元的众多阶段，也正是在英美文学这个宽松的发展环境下，本土文化与外来文化相互融合，共同立足，促成了多元文化的进一步形成。正是由于英美文化的发展过程综合了众多的因素，其作品也能够带给我们多元文化综合的和谐化的情感追求。四、英美文学中的现代人文主义情感渗透

在英语中，humanism即为人文主义情感的意思，同时还可以翻译为人本主义。英美文学中的人文主义情感作为文艺复兴运动的精髓，其主要就是在文艺复兴过程中兴起并且发展起来的。从广义的角度来讲，人文主义情感就是人类所进行的自我关怀，在作品中主要体现在对生活的追求以及对命运、尊严、价值的期盼等方面，人文主义情感是英美文学在其生存和发展过程中对于实现和发展理想人格的一种有备创新性和肯定性的期盼。对英美文学作品进行研读，我们会发现其中渗透着满满的人文主义情感。

1.英国文学中的人文主义情感

研读英国文学，莎士比亚不可避免要成为研读的首选，他就是以为人文主义情感非常浓厚的作家，他的作品处处体现对美德的赞扬，对忠诚、友谊以及爱情的歌颂。“世界是一个大舞台”是出现在莎士比亚的剧本里的一句话，这句话表明了其写作改剧本的主要目的，也就是要对人生进行切实的反映。莎士比亚以及众多的人文主义情感作家都具有独特的拥抱人生和热爱人生的艺术秉性，这也是众多伟大作家的宽广胸怀的体现，是英美文学人文主义情感的主要来源之一。

2.美国文学中的人文主义情感

对于精神解放与个性自由的歌颂与争取是美国文学人文主义情感的基本特点，华尔特・惠特曼作为美国的一位非常著名的民族诗人，他的主要作品《草叶集》是对美国人民心声的反映，表达了众多对于民主和自我创造的生活的追求，通过直率大胆的情感表达直接对普通人的价值观和生活观进行赞美，用充满热情、高亢有力的笔调抒发自己对于人文主义情感的追求。以华尔特・惠特曼为代表的一大批文学作家开创了美国文学史上的人文主义情感新篇章。

本文通过时间的主线对英美文学作品各个时期的情感渗透进行了深入的总结和分析，时代的发展进步不仅仅体现在物质生活层面，更多的则是在情感和精神的层面体现，而时代背景下的文学作品则是这个时代最好的反映，是作家通过文字所要表达的自己眼中的世界，其在作品中所灌注的情感值得我们进行深层次的挖掘和赏析。在这个过程中我们能够对英美文学的情感渗透进行全方位多角度的掌握，这无论是对我们的研究工作，还是对个人思想境界和追求层次的提高来说都是有很大促进作用的。

参考文献：

[1] 戴桂珍.论英美文学中的和谐主题[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版)，2006(1).

[2] 周晓敏.基于英美文学史上的人文精神透视[J].文学界(理论版)，2011(3).

[3] 王秋兰.浪漫主义・现实主义・多元化的美国文学[J].山东省青年管理干部学院学报，(1).

[4] 冯爱.浅谈英美文学中的骑士精神[J].黑河学刊，(11).

篇9：美国文学选读期末试卷

Part Ⅰ: Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.

(10 points in all, 2 point for each)

Group 1

Column A Column B

( )1. Benjamin Franklin a. Moby Dick

( )2.Edgar Allan Poe b. The Cast of Amontillado

( )3. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. The Scarlet letter

( )4. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Self-Reliance

( )5. Herman Melville e. The Autobiography

Part ⅠⅠ: Gap filling (10 points in all, 1 point for each).

4. ?The Old Man and the Sea? is written by _______ . Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name ______ _______ . ?the remains of my relations? means __________________ in Chinese. ?I must not only punish but punish with impunity? means ___________________________in Chinese.

5. _________ is regarded as the first person to write the detective novel in the west.

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the supporter of _________.

7. Herman Melville is the famous _________and poet of America.

8. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled _________ by Emerson.

9. The historical novel ?Scarlet Letter? describes the17th century?s life style of the___________________________ in North America.

10. In Herman Melville?s Moby Dick?, as the opposite of the human being, the whale stands for __________________.

Part ⅠⅠⅠ: Reading Comprehension (40 points in all, 2 points for each).

I travel a lot, and I find out different “styles” (风格) of directions every time 1 ask “How can I get to the post office?”

Foreign tourists are often confused (困惑) in Japan because most streets there don?t have names; in Japan, people use landmarks (地标) in their directions instead of street names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop.”

In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings within miles. Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for example, people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”

People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measure distance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post office?” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “it?s

about five minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it?” They don?t know. It?s true that a person doesn?t know the answer to your question sometimes. What happens in such a situation? A New Yorker might say, ?Sorry, I have no idea.” But in Yucatan, Mexico, no one answers “I don?t know.” People in Yucatan believe that “I don?t know” is impolite, they usually give an answer, often a wrong one. A tourist can get very, very lost in Yucatan!

1. When a tourist asks the Japanese the way to a certain place they usually _________

A. describe the place carefully

B. show him a map of the place

C. tell him the names of the streets

D. refer to recognizable buildings and places

2. What is the place where people measure distance in time? _________

A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. Kansas. D. Iowa.

3. People in Yucatan may give a tourist a wrong answer ________

A. in order to save time B. as a test C. so as to be polite D. for fun

4. What can we infer from the text? _________

A. It?s important for travelers to understand cultural differences.

B. It?s useful for travelers to know how to ask the way properly.

C. People have similar understandings of politeness.

D. New Yorkers are generally friendly to visitors.

Heroes of Our Time

A good heart

Dikembe Mutombo grew up in Africa among great poverty and disease. He came to Georgetown University on a scholarshipto study medicine ― but Coach John Thompson got a look at Dikembe and had a different idea. Dikembe became a star in the NBA, and a citizen of the United States. But he never forgot the land of his birth, or the duty to share his fortune with others. He built a new hospital in his old hometown in the Congo. A friend has said of this good-hearted man: “Mutombo believes that God has given him this chance to do great things.”

Success and kindness

After her daughter was born, Julie Aigner-Clark searched for ways to share her love of music and art with her child. So she borrowed some equipment, and began filming children?s videos in her own house. The Baby Einstein Company was born, and in just five years her business grew to more than $20 million in sales. And she is using her success to help others ― producing child safety videos with John Walsh of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Julie says of her new program: “I believe it?s the most important thing that I have ever done. I believe that children have the right to live in a world that is safe.”

Bravery and courage

A few weeks ago, Wesley Autrey was waiting at a Harlem subway station with his two little girls when he saw a man fall into the path of a train. With seconds to act, Wesley jumped onto the tracks, pulled the man into the space between the rails, and held him as the train passed right above their heads. He insists he?s not a hero. He says: “We have got to show each other some love.”

A. Being a star in the NBA. B. Being a student of medicine.

C. His work in the church. D. His willingness to help the needy.

A. helpful to his personal development

B. something he should do for his homeland

C. a chance for his friends to share his money

D. a way of showing his respect to the NBA

A. Produce safety equipment for children.

B. Make videos to help protect children.

C. Sell children?s music and artwork.

D. Look for missing and exploited children.

A. He helped a man get across the rails.

B. He stopped a man from destroying the rails.

C. He protected two little girls from getting hurt.

D. He saved a person without considering his own safety.

Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer group.

The lack of right male role models in many of their lives ― at home and particularly in the school environment ― means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.

They don?t see men succeeding in society so it doesn?t occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child?s peers. You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child.

It?s pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games. Instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems ― somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children.

A. He disliked his teachers.

B. His parents no longer supported him.

C. It?s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.

D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.

A. Peer groups. B. A special unit. C. The student judges. D. The home environment.

A. Wait for their change patiently. B. Train leaders of their peer groups.

C. Stop the development of street culture. D. Give them lessons in a separate area.

12. A teacher?s work is most effective with a schoolboy when heA. is with the boy alone B. teaches the boy a lesson

C. sends the boy home as punishment D. works together with another teacher

Far from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.

For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.

Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied the fish?s blood and measured its freezing point.

The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of-1.88°C and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to -2.05°C. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the ice-salt mixture.

The scientists? next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish?s blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein never before seen in put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.

Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules(分子)held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.

A. The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.

B. A special fish living in freezing waters.

C. The ice shelf around Antarctica.

D. Protection of the Antarctic cod.

A. The seawater has a temperature of -1.88°C.

B. it loves to live in the ice-salt mixture

C. A special protein keeps it from freezing.

D. Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05°C.

15. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A. A type of ice-salt mixture. B. A newly found protein.

C. Fish blood. D. Sugar molecule.

16. What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraph

A. sugar B. ice C. blood D. molecule

If your boss asks you to work in Moscow this year, he?d better offer you more money to do

so ― or even double that depending on where you live now. That?s because Moscow has just been found to be the world?s most expensive city for the second year in a row by Mercer Human Resources Consulting.

Using the cost of living in New York as a base, Mercer determined Moscow is 34.4 percent more expensive including the cost of housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment.

A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger is London takes the No. 2 place, up from No. 5 a year ago, thanks to higher cost of housing and a stronger British pound relative to the dollar. Mercer estimates London is 26 percent more expensive than New York these days. Following London closely are Seoul and Tokyo, both of which are 22 percent more expensive than New York, while No. 5 Hong Kong is 19 percent more costly.

Among North American cities, New York and Los Angeles are the most expensive and are the only two listed in the top 50 of the world?s most expensive cities. But both have fallen since last year?s study ― New York came in 15th, down from 10th place, while Los Angeles fell to 42nd from 29th place a year ago. San Francisco came in a distant third at No. 54, down 20 places from a year earlier.

Toronto, meanwhile, is Canada?s most expensive city but fell 35 places to take 82nd place worldwide. In Australia, Sydney is the priciest place to live in and No. 21 worldwide.

17. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean? _________

A. an act of stealing B. something delicious

C. something very cheap D. an act of buying

18. London has become the second most expensive city because of _________

A. the high cost of clothing B. the stronger pound against the dollar

C. its expensive transportation D. the high prices of fast food meals

19. Which city is the third most expensive on the list? _________

A. Tokyo. B. Hong Kong. C. Moscow. D. Sydney.

20. Which city has dropped most on the list in North America?

A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. San Francisco. D. Toronto.

Part IV: Translation (40 points in all, 20 points for each).

1. When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent me getting employment in any

other printing house of the town by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refused to give me work. I then thought of going to New York as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was the rather inclined to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party; and from the arbitrary proceeding of the Assembly in my brother?s case, it was likely I might if I stayed soon bring myself into scrapes, and further that my indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determined on the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that if I attempted to go openly means would be used to prevent me.

2. He had a weak point--this Fortunato--although in other regards he was a man to be