【导语】这次小编给大家整理了圣诞节的由来英文简介带翻译(共10篇),供大家阅读参考,也相信能帮助到您。

篇1:圣诞节的由来英文简介带翻译
christmaor christmadaia holidacelebrating the birth of jesus, the central figure of christianity. it itraditionallcelebrated on december 25 bmost western christian churches. although dating to probablaearlaa.d. 200, the feast of christmadid not become widespread until the middle ages. aspectof celebrati1304on mainclude gift-giving, christmatrees, displaof nativitsets, church attendance, the father christmas/santa claumyth, and familgatherings. the word christmaiderived from middle english christemasse. it ia contraction meaning “christmass”. the name of the holidaioften shortened to xmabecause roman letter “x” resemblethe greek letter x, an abbreviation for christ.
篇2:圣诞节由来英文简介
Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. No one knows the exact date of Christ's birth, but most Christians observe Christmas on December 25. On this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees. The word Christmas comes from Cristes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ. The story of Christmas comes chiefly from the Gospels of Saint Luke and Saint Matthew in the New Testament.
The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god-Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.
The Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to obey. The ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus and his Titans.
The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of “Jo Saturnalia!” the celebration would include masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits). The Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange places.
“Jo Saturnalia!” was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the Christians thought it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia.
Some legends claim that the Christian “Christmas” celebration was invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism was one of Christianity's main rivals at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of Christmas.
The exact day of the Christ child's birth has never been pinpointed. Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas.
The birth of Jesus had a story: In Nazareth, a city of Galilee. The virgin's name was Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Spirit. Joseph her husband was minded to put her away secretly. While he thought about these things, Gabriel, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take Mary as wife. And Mary will bring forth a Son, and he shall call his name, Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
Before Jesus births, Joseph and Mary came to Quirnius was governing Syria. So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went up out of Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and of the lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. So it was that while they were there, the days were completed for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.
And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th, December every year. But nobody knows the actual birthday of Jesus. And the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth Century.
The custom of giving gifts to relatives and friends on a special day in winter probably began in ancient Rome and northern Europe. In these regions, people gave each other small presents as part of their year-end celebrations.
In the 1800's, two more Christmas customs became popular--decorating Christmas trees and sending Christmas cards to relatives and friends. Many well-known Christmas carols, including Silent Night“ and Hark! The Herald Angels Sing,” were composed during this period. In the United States and other countries, Santa Claus replaced Saint Nicholas as the symbol of gift giving.
The word Xmas is sometimes used instead of Christmas. This tradition began in the early Christian church. In Greek, X is the first letter of Christ's name. It was frequently used as a holy symbol.
[圣诞节由来英文简介]
篇3:关于圣诞节由来简介
一、《天主教百科大全》上的关于圣诞节的条目 介绍了各地最早的圣诞节。圣诞节并没有出现在早期基督教的节期之中,如爱任纽和特土良都未提及。关于圣诞节期最早的记载来自公元2左右的亚历山太,其时亚历山太的革利免称,有些埃及神学家不仅对基督的生年,同时也对他的生日过分好奇,并把这个生日定在奥古斯都在朝的第二十八年 Pachon 月25日(即公历5月20日)。325年的第一次尼西亚公会议时亚历山大的教会确定了 dies Nativitatis et Epiphaniae(圣诞节和主显节的日期)。在12月庆祝的圣诞于五世纪时传入埃及。在耶路撒冷,来自波尔多的朝圣者 Egeria(亦称 Silvia)见证圣烛节(圣诞后四十日)是在1月6日后的四十日,而当地圣诞应为一月六日。在安提阿,公元386年前后金口约翰呼吁教会统一在12月25日庆祝基督诞辰,其中一部分人在其他日子庆祝这一节期至少已经十年。
二、圣诞节基于耶稣受难日。由于耶稣死亡的确切日期在四本福音书中没有明确记载,早期的基督徒试着去推测,得出大约在3月25日或者4月6日。根据圣经旧约预言救世主将死于整岁数或者他降临的某一个整年,基督徒以此来推算耶稣的生日:耶稣受难日加上9个月就是他的生日12月25日或者1月6日。但是这种说法从来没有被耶经学者们认可。只是某些基督教会欺骗非基督徒的幌子。实际上复活节的日期每年都不一样,死亡日也就不一样,而同时历法也是一片混乱。在假设新约没有说谎并无视四大福音书自相矛盾之处同时假设最后的晚餐是逾越节晚餐的前提下,西元罗马尼亚天文学家Liviu Mircea和Tiberiu Oproiu计算机计算的结果耶稣死亡日期是西元33年4月3日星期五下午3点。牛顿算的是西元34年4月23日。即使如此,不同的假设和前提得到的计算结果都是不同的。
篇4:关于圣诞节由来简介
圣诞节(Christmas Day)这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。中国除大陆地区外基本翻译为“耶诞节”,是比较准确的翻译。基督徒庆祝其信仰的耶稣基督诞生的庆祝日圣诞节”圣诞节的庆祝与基督教同时产生,被推测始于西元1世纪。很长时间以来圣诞节的日期都是没有确定的,因为耶稣确切的出生日期是存在争议的,除了《新约》以外,没有任何记载提到过耶稣;
在西元后的头三百年间,耶稣的生日是在不同的日子庆祝的。西元3世纪以前的作家们想把圣诞日定在春分日上下。直到西元3世纪中期,基督教在罗马合法化以后,西元354年罗马主教指定儒略历12月25日为耶稣诞生日。圣诞节日期跟西元纪年的创制是密不可分的。 西元纪年创制于西元5世[2]纪,后来圣诞节这一天就按格里高利历法,即西元纪年的“公历”来确定了,而日历按着假定日期把时间分为公元前(耶稣基督诞生前)和公元后(A. D. 是拉丁文缩写,意思是“有了我们主--耶稣的年代”)。后来,虽然普遍教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节,但又因各地教会使用的历书不同,具体日期不能统一,于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期(Christmas Tide),各地教会可根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节。
篇5:圣诞节的由来简介英文介绍
Christmas Day!
圣诞节的由来The Origin of Christmas
Christmas Day-December 25-which cele/pates the birth of Jesus Christ,the founder of the Christian religion,is the biggest and best-loved holiday in the United States.
According to the Bible,the holy book of Christians,God decided to allow his only son,Jesus Christ,to be born to a human mother and live on earth so that people could understand God better and learn to love God and each other more.“Christmas”- meaning“ of Christ ”- honors the time when Jesus was born to a young Jewish woman Mary.
Mary was engaged to be married to Joseph,a carpenter,but before they came together,she was found to be with child.Because Joseph,her husband,was a righteous man and did not want to expose her to public disgrace,he had in mind to divorce her quietly.But after he had considered this,an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said,“Do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife,because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.She will give birth to a son,and you are to give him the name Jesus,because he will save his people from their sins.”
Although the exact date of the birth of Jesus nearly years ago is not known,the calendar on the supposed date divides all time into B.C.(Before Christ)and A.D.( a Latin phrase,Anno Domini,“in the year of our Lord.”)For the first 300 years,Jesus‘ birthday was cele/pated on different dates.Finally,in the year 354,church leaders chose December 25 as his birthday.
圣诞节的习俗The customs of Christmas
Christmas is one of the most beautiful holidays of all time. It is the day when God's son was born on earth. Hence, this day is sacred for all Christians around the world. The Christmas season gives rise to a number of Christmas traditions that come along. Here are a few of them that are cele/pated with zest and enthusiasm worldwide for centuries.
圣诞节一直是个美好的节日。这是上帝之子诞生的日子,因此对世界各地的来说,这一天是非常神圣的。圣诞季节自然少不了各种圣诞传统。下面这些传统,可是几个世纪以来一直世界各地的人们一直热闹欢庆的习俗。
Preparation of the Christmas cake
圣诞节的忌讳<二>
穿衣方面
Don't
圣诞节期间,我们少不了要和朋友相聚,去KTV飙歌,去酒吧聊天,去夜店跳舞,平时工作很累了,趁着节日给自己一个放松的理由了。但是我们最好不要佩戴过多的零散配饰,让自己看起来很琐碎,这样的配饰要尽量避免。
DO
正确的配饰可以是这样的。简单的有造型的配件,不要太多,但是能够恰到好处,让你的颈线更加完美,女性的柔美曲线表现的淋漓尽致。
Don't
圣诞节里,我们总喜欢穿着一些靓丽颜色的服装,这是正确的,粉色的小礼服很应景。但是这套礼服的后背有超大的蝴蝶结,就不太合适,不要把自己打扮地跟一个包装好的圣诞礼物一样出现在朋友面前。
篇6:圣诞节英文祝福语(带翻译)
may the beauty and joy of christmas remain with you throughout the newyear!
愿圣诞美景与欢乐常伴随你!
christmas greetings and best wishes!
致圣诞贺忱与最美好的祝福!
wishing you every happiness when christmas is near, and expressingappreciation for your cares and concerns during the year.
圣诞即将来临,祝你快乐幸福,对你一年来的关心和照顾表示衷心的感谢。
thinking of you at christmas with a wish that is warm and sincere. have awonderful christmas and joyous new year!
以真挚热诚的祝福,在圣诞之际思念你。祝圣诞快乐,新年快乐!
forget, forgive, for who may say that christmas day may ever come to hostor guest again. touch hands!
愿知道圣诞节会不断来临的人们,忘却和宽恕以往的一切不快,让我们携手共进吧!
a wish for a truly merry christmas and may the joy of christmas linger inyour heart all the year!
圣诞快乐!愿圣诞的喜悦整年萦绕你心间。
wishing you a blessed christmas and a new year filled with happysurprises.
祝圣诞平安,新年中有意想不到的收获!
with the old wish that is ever new, may the greeting do its share towardmaking your christmas a pleasant one.
老的祝福,却又常新,原此祝福,使你的圣诞更加愉快圆满。
numerous loving wishes for my wife who will always be my valuable christmasgift and everything to me.
无尽的爱恋与祝福,献给我的爱妻,你永远是我珍贵的圣诞礼物和我的一切!
christmas is the most human and kindly of season, as the month of june withsunshine and the balmy peath of roses.
a merry christmas and a wonderful new year.
圣诞快乐,新年好!
may christmas and the new year be filled with happiness for you.
愿你圣诞和新年幸福无尽。
best wishes on this holiday season.
致以圣诞节最诚挚的祝福。
merry christmas and happy new year!
圣诞快乐,恭贺新禧!
wishing you a song in your heart at christmas and blessings all yearlong.
圣诞之际,祝你心中有首快乐的歌,新年快乐!
wishing you peace, joy and happiness through christmas and the comingyear.
在圣诞和新年来临之际,祝福你平安、快乐、幸福!
thi
nking of you and wishing you a beautiful christmas season.
美丽的圣诞节之际,谨致我的思念与祝福。
warm greetings and best wishes for christmas and the new year!
致以热烈的祝贺和良好的祝福,圣诞快乐,新年快乐。
it seems that christmas time is here once again, and it is time again toping in the new year. we wish the merriest of christmas to you and your lovedones, and we wish you happiness and prosperity in the year ahead.
圣诞节转眼又到,又该迎接新的一年了。我们向你及你的亲人们致以最美好的圣诞祝福,愿你在新的一年里事业兴旺,幸福美满!
a christmas greeting and good wishes to you who is thought about all theyear through. have a beautiful christmas and a happy new year.
始终思念你,捎来圣诞佳节最美好的祝福,祝圣诞吉祥,新年如意。
with all good wishes for a pilliant and happy christmas season. hopethings are going all right with you.
在这辉煌快乐的圣诞佳节,献上一切美好的祝福!祝一切顺心如意!
here is wishing you all a merry christmas and a new year pight with joyand success.
祝圣诞快乐,新年充满幸福和成功。
christmas comes but once a year. but when it comes it pings goodcheer.
圣诞节一年只有一次,但每次来临都带来喜悦。
a cheery christmas and the new year hold lots of happiness for you!
给你特别的祝福,愿圣诞和新年带给你无边的幸福、如意。
may you have the best christmas ever.
愿你度过最美好的圣诞节!
much joy to you in the up coming year. may the warmest wishes, happythoughts and friendly greetings come at christmas and stay with you all the yearthrough.
让温馨的祝愿、幸福的思念和友好的祝福,在圣诞佳节来到你身边,伴你左右。
a christmas greeting to cheer you from your daughters.
愿女儿的圣诞祝福带给你快乐。
at christmas and always, may peace and love fill your heart, beauty fillyour world, and contentment and joy fill your days.
圣诞的祝福,平日的希冀,愿你心境祥和、充满爱意,愿你的世界全是美满,愿你一切称心如意,快乐无比。
christmas time is here. i hope you have a wonderful new year. may every dayhold happy hours for you.
圣诞来临,祝新年快乐,愿你时时刻刻幸福欢乐!
篇7:圣诞节英文祝福语(带翻译)
Thinking of you at Christmas with a wish that is warm and sincere. Have a wonderful Christmas and joyous New Year!
以真挚热诚的祝福,在圣诞之际思念你。祝圣诞快乐,新年快乐!
Forget, forgive, for who may say that Christmas day may ever come to host or guest again. Touch hands!
愿知道圣诞节会不断来临的人们,忘却和宽恕以往的一切不快,让我们携手共进吧!
A wish for a truly merry Christmas and may the joy of Christmas linger in your heart all the year!
圣诞快乐!愿圣诞的喜悦整年萦绕你心间。
Wishing you a blessed Christmas and a New Year filled with happy surprises.
祝圣诞平安,新年中有意想不到的收获!
With the old wish that is ever new, may the greeting do its share toward making your Christmas a pleasant one.
老的祝福,却又常新,原此祝福,使你的圣诞更加愉快圆满。
Numerous loving wishes for my wife who will always be my valuable Christmas gift and everything to me.
无尽的爱恋与祝福,献给我的爱妻,你永远是我珍贵的圣诞礼物和我的一切!
Christmas is the most human and kindly of season, as the month of June with sunshine and the balmy breath of roses.
圣诞最有人情味,充满仁爱的时节,它如同阳光明媚、玫瑰吐露芬芳的六月。
Wishing you a Christmas of happy time and a New Year of happy days.
愿圣诞是你快乐的时节,愿新年是你幸福的日子
I give all my love to you this Christmas.
值此圣诞佳节,献上我对你所有的爱。
Even though we are apart, you are in my heart this Christmas.
千山万水,隔不断我在佳节对你的思念。
I want you stuffed in my stocking.
我只要你塞在我的袜子里。
I want to be in your arms this Christmas.
我要在你的怀抱里度过今年的圣诞节。
My heart is my Christmas present to you.
我的心就是我奉献给你的圣诞礼物。
You are the one for me this Christmas and for many Christmas to come.
在此圣诞节和未来的每个圣诞节里,你都是我唯一的爱!
I will be yours forever!
我永远属于你!
Let's never spend our Christmas apart.
让我们永不独享圣诞节。
My arms are wide open for you this Christmas.
我张开双臂,盼与你共度圣诞佳节。
Here's a tender Christmas kiss from you know who.
你的心上人献给你一个温柔的圣诞之吻。
I'm only thinking of you this Christmas.
在此圣诞佳节,唯有你在心中。
I hope all of our Christmases are this bright!
愿所有的圣诞节都如此欢快明亮!
We will be having Christmas at Wang Ping's this year. You are welcome to join us!
今年我们要在王平家过圣诞,欢迎你也来!
Take your passion and make it come true.
发挥你的热情,让理想变为现实。
I hope we can spend the holidays together.
希望我们能一起过圣诞节。
To Hong from your good friends at Peking U.
送给红——北大的一群好友。
Best of luck in the year to come.
愿你在未来的一年里,吉星高照。
A merry yuletide!
圣诞快乐!
Wish all the best wishes for you.
献上最美好的祝愿。
To wish you special joy at the holidays and all year.
祝你节日以及一年中开开心心。
篇8:圣诞节英文句子带翻译
1、用一颗诚挚的心,满怀绵绵的祝福,贴上思念的邮票,寄给远远的你,愿你生活美美满满,工作顺顺利利,身体健健康康,圣诞快乐!
With a sincere heart, full of the blessing, the affix of missing stamps, send it to you from far away, wish you beautiful and full of life, work the smooth, healthy body, merry Christmas!
2、温馨的夜,温馨的酒,温馨的圣诞使人留。甜蜜的风,甜蜜的雪,甜蜜的短信忘记愁。祝福的树,祝福的礼,祝福的短信送给你。圣诞快乐。
Sweet night, sweet wine, sweet Christmas left。 Sweet sweet wind, snow, sweet SMS to forget sorrow。 Wish tree, blessing ceremony, greeting message sent to you。 A merry Christmas。
3、平安夜,送你一个苹果两个橙,保你平平安安心想事成,再送你百事可乐一瓶,愿你快快乐乐乐无穷!祝你平安夜快乐,圣诞节快乐!
Christmas Eve, send you an apple, two orange, protect your horse safely and to send you a bottle of Pepsi wish you happy joy endless! Wish you a merry Christmas Eve and merry Christmas!
4、亲爱的,圣诞快乐!只想对你说:一句寒暖,一线相喧;一句叮咛,一笺相传;一份相思,一心相盼;一份爱意,一生相恋,那都是我思念你。
Dear, merry Christmas! Just want to say to you: a cold warm, a line phase cry; A one, a proverb; A acacia, a heart in hope; A love, love life, that is I miss you。
5、雪花的美丽,飘舞着心情的惦记,圣诞节最思念是你,给你我祝福的深意,把幸福累积,祈祷着祝愿的真挚,圣诞节祝你万事如意!
Playing snow beauty, the mood of thinking, Christmas is the most missing is you, I give you blessings of meaning, the accumulation of your happiness, praying sincere wish, wish you all the best Christmas!
6、铃儿响叮当,圣诞老人送礼忙,他将祝福打包好,飞奔到你家的烟囱旁。愿你圣诞享受福康,愿你的快乐犹如风筝线,能够拉伸到无限长!
Jingle bells, Santa Claus gift is busy, he will bless good packaging, dash away to your chimney。 Wishing you enjoy Christmas luck kang, happiness is like a kite line, can stretch to the infinite!
7、平安夜,送个苹果开心一夜;洁白雪,晶莹树,挂上礼物欢乐一刻;问候语,祝福话,圣诞短信涌向你。圣诞节,愿你快乐每一秒!
On Christmas Eve, an apple happy night; Snow White, glittering and translucent tree, hang gift happy moment; Greetings, god bless you, Christmas message to you。 Christmas, wish you happy every second!
8、收到你的祝福,我天天开开心心,白色的冬天,红色的圣诞,暖色的季节。在这宁静的时刻,我衷心祝福你圣诞快乐,拥有美好的幸福!
Received your blessing, I feel happy every day, the white winter, the red Christmas, warm color of the season。 In this quiet moment, I sincerely wish you a merry Christmas and have a nice happiness!
9、雪花飘飘,素裹银妆;炉火熊熊,美酒飘香;祝福殷殷,送你吉祥;情意浓浓,暖在心间。在这美丽迷人的平安之夜,让我真挚地向你报一声平安!
Snow or vegetable wrapped in silver makeup, , the wine fragrance; Wish talk, send you lucky; Cordiality thick, warm in heart。 Peace in this beautiful night, let me sincerely to offer a peace!
10、的圣诞节,我们结束了末日,所以要送自己一个愿望吧,让自己有点希望吧!最起码不要在疲劳守望了,因为幸福已经开始前往了!圣诞节快乐!
Christmas day , we have put an end to end, so give yourself a wish, let yourself a little hope! At the very least, don't watch in fatigue, because happiness to already! Merry Christmas!
11、圣诞祝福四方送:东方送你摇钱树,西方送你永安康,南方送你成功路,北方送你钱满仓!四面八方全送到,金银财宝当头照!圣诞快乐!
Christmas wish four sides send: send you cash cow, east west send you forever ankang, send you prosperity, south north to send you the money full! In all directions to all, treasure pledge according to! Merry Christmas!
12、我很同情你,在这寒冷的夜里,一个人四处奔波,承受着寂寞。别灰心,其实很多人都盼望着见你一面呢,只为对你说声:圣诞快乐,圣诞老人!
I sympathize with you, in the cold night, a person on the move, to bear the lonely。 Don't lose heart, in fact, a lot of people are looking forward to see you one side, just to say to you: merry Christmas, Santa Claus!
13、圣诞老人说:信息发一发,钞票任你花;信息看一看,幸福围你转;信息读一读,快乐你做主;信息转一转,好运永做伴。祝你圣诞快乐!
Santa Claus said information to send one, the money you spend; Take a look at the information, happiness around you; Information read, happy your family; Information turn a turn, good luck for company。 Wish you a merry Christmas!
14、古老的传说沿袭到今天,我没有缤纷的绮丽梦想,只想在这棵神奇的树下,虔诚的祈祷:愿我们的真情如松柏一样常青!愿圣诞树上挂满丰硕的果实,果实里溢满我的期盼!
The legend of ancient lineage to today, I have no colorful lai dream, just want to under the magic tree, devout pray: wish our true feelings such as pine tree evergreen! May Christmas tree hung with rich fruit, fruit fill my hope!
15、圣诞好!虽然说得有点早,不过考虑到你在江湖的人脉地位,怕你临时忘了我,所以我还是决定先提醒你。顺便告诉你,我的袜子已洗好,你懂得起的。
Christmas is good! Although a bit early, but considering the contacts you in this position, afraid you temporarily forget me, so I decided to try to remind you。 By the way, my socks have been ready, you know。
16、我问过烦恼,它根本不爱您,还让我转告您不要自做多情,还有健康让我带封情书给您,他暗恋您狠久,并一生不变。祝圣诞快乐!
I had asked trouble, it doesn't love you, also let I to tell you not done oneself amorous, let me bring your love letter and health, he has a crush on you long time, and a lifetime unchanged。 Wishing you all a merry Christmas!
17、穿着红棉袄的圣诞老人、青翠葱笼的圣诞树、金黄色的铃铛,早早地就映入了我们的眼帘,让我们期待着圣诞节,给自己一个放松、疯狂、娱乐的理由!
The Santa Claus that wearing red cotton-padded jacket, green green basket the Christmas tree, golden bell, greeted our eye early, let us look forward to Christmas, give yourself a relaxation, reason of mad, recreational!
18、贪睡的拉出去放牛,不想我的刑事拘留,忘了我的一律斩首,不给我电话的发配马戏团驯猴!善良的我提前祝圣诞快乐!有比我早发的,送出地球!
To sleep pull out cattle, don't want my criminal detention, forget I will be beheaded, don't call me sent the circus trainer monkey! Good I wish merry Christmas in advance! With earlier than I, to send out of the earth!
19、圣诞节,烟花艳,花开富贵永相伴;驯鹿跑,送心意,心想事成人顺利;钟声响,快乐到,乐在其中没烦恼;长思念,友情在,情深意浓祝康泰。圣诞快乐!
Christmas, fireworks colourful, blooming flowers is always; Reindeer run, send intention, horse smoothly; Bell sound, happy to enjoy no worries; Long thoughts, in friendship, work-day when wish KTS。 Merry Christmas!
20、柔弱的是软蛋,做恶的是坏蛋,愚蠢的是笨蛋,失败的完蛋,搞怪的捣蛋,快乐的是圣蛋。笨蛋,你完蛋了,今天是圣蛋,且看我捣蛋,祝你有个完美的软蛋。
Vulnerability is soft, to do evil is a bad egg, is stupid, stupid failure of die, do strange naughty, happy is the egg。 Fool, you are finished, today is the egg, and see my naughty, I wish you have a perfect soft。
21、有个老男人想要认识你,他虽然年龄大了点,但脾气好,还有私家车,我就把你的地址给了他,不要怪我啊,今晚他会来找你。记住啊,他叫圣诞老人!哈哈!
There is a old man wants to meet you, although he is a bit older, but good nature, and private cars, I gave him your address, don't blame me, he will come to you tonight。 Remember, he called Santa Claus! Ha ha!
22、最近电话很拥挤,祝福怕你想不起。今天提前送惊喜,免得你把我忘记。先祝你棒棒身体,天天happy!再祝你生活甜蜜,一切顺利!圣诞快乐!
Recent telephone is very crowded, afraid you can't remember。 Today send surprise in advance, lest you forget me。 First wish you stick the body, happy every day! I wish you a sweet life, everything goes well! Merry Christmas!
23、铃儿叮当响,圣诞祝福忙,祝你平平安安走四方,事业红火放光芒,爱情和美蜜如糖,身体健康更强壮,家庭和睦又吉祥,幸福生活万年长。预祝圣诞快乐!
Bells ringing and busy Christmas greeting, I wish you go in peace, cause red light, love and honey such as sugar, healthy body stronger, the family harmony and good fortune, happiness life than older。 Wish merry Christmas!
24、平安夜平平安安,白色圣诞浪浪漫漫,快快乐乐迎接元旦,喜喜洋洋新年期盼。天涯海角如同在一方,真心真意为你静静祈祷,许你的未来阳光灿烂。
Christmas Eve in peace, white Christmas waves waves long, be happy to welcome the New Year, happy New Year pleasant goat。 The ends of the earth like on one side, sincerely pray for you silently, xu you shining in the future。
25、圣诞老人迷路,乘着驯鹿四处求助,偶然路过我的窗户,顺手递我一个礼物,叫我小心呵护,在圣诞节的时候代他送给你,愿你圣诞快乐收获幸福。
Santa Claus, get lost, rode the reindeer around for help, accidentally pass by my window, kindly give me a gift, call me carefully to caress, generation he send to you at Christmas time, I wish you a merry Christmas harvest happiness。
26、圣诞节到了,快把烟囱通一通,把袜子洗一洗,平安夜手机放袜子里,别关机哦。我把你的号码告诉圣诞老人啦,你会收到最好的圣诞祝福:圣诞快乐!
Christmas was coming, and quick to unblock the chimney, wash the socks, the mobile phone put stocking on Christmas Eve, don't turn it off。 I put your number tell Santa, you will receive the best Christmas wish: merry Christmas!
27、送你一棵最大最美的圣诞树,为你挂满了祝福的彩灯,为你点缀着快乐的铃声,为你装饰上幸福的美梦,当圣诞钟声敲响的一刹那,你的生活将流光溢彩。
Send you a most beautiful Christmas tree, bless you are full of colorful lights, dotted with happy the bell for you, decorated with happiness for you dream, when the clock struck at the moment of the Christmas, your life will be colorful。
28、圣诞到了,聆听钟声,心情悠扬;静看飞雪,喜笑颜开;戴上帽子,鸿运当头;披上外套,福运无边;送上祝福,锦上添花:祝圣诞快乐,天天开心!
Christmas arrived, listening to the bells, the mood, elegant; Static see snow, smile; Wear a hat, a roll; Put on the coat, boundless good fortune; Congratulations, the icing on the cake: wishing you all a merry Christmas and a happy every day!
29、圣诞节到了,送你一棵圣诞树:树根是健康的体魄,树干是幸福的家庭,树枝是顺心的事业,树叶是美满的爱情,树梢是辉煌的成就,树荫是惬意的生活!
Christmas was coming, and send you a Christmas tree: the root is a healthy body, the trunk is a happy family, the branch is in almost every cause, the leaves is a good love, the tree is a brilliant achievement, the shade is pleasant life!
30、我让阳光温暖你,用星光装点你;用美酒陶醉你,用美食满足你;用烟花灿烂你,用幸福淹没你…可我不做上帝很久了,只能用短信祝福你:圣诞快乐!
I let the sun warm you, star decorated with you; Intoxicated with the wine, you meet your mouth; Use bright fireworks you, you with happiness…… For a long time, but I don't do god can only use SMS blessing you: merry Christmas!
篇9:圣诞节英文祝福语带翻译
圣诞节英文祝福语大全(带翻译)
Wishing you and your family a very merry Christmas.
祝福您及您的家人圣诞快乐。
May happiness follow you wherever you go!
愿您幸福快乐,直到永远永远。
A special card from your grandson
您的孙子,寄上一张特别的卡片。
A Christmas wish from your nephew
您的侄儿祝您圣诞快乐。
Wishing you and yours a happy happy new year
万事如意,合家平安。
From all of us in sales: Merry Christmas!
我们销售部全体人员祝您圣诞快乐!
Your entire staff wishes you and yours a most happy Christmas
全体职员祝您及家人圣诞快乐。
To Grandpa and Grandma Merry Christmas!
献给爷爷奶奶:圣诞快乐!
May the Christmas be a time of laughter and real enjoyment for you Best wishes
愿圣诞不仅是你欢笑的时刻,更是你欣喜的日子。祝福你。
May the glow of Christmas candle fill your heart with peace and pleasure and make your New Year bright
Have a love filled Christmas and New Year!
愿圣诞的烛光带给你祥和与喜悦,祝你的圣诞和新年充满爱。
May the bright and festive glow of Christmas candle warm the days all the year through Hoping you will
have a wonderful time enjoying Christmas Day and wishing you a New Year that is happy in every way
愿明亮喜庆的圣诞烛光温暖一年中的每个日日夜夜,祝你欢欢喜喜度圣诞,
高高兴兴过新年!
Christmas time is here I hope you have a wonderful New Year May every day hold happy hours for you
圣诞来临,祝新年快乐,愿你时时刻刻幸福欢乐!
May your Christmas be filled with special moment, warmth, peace and happiness, the joy of covered ones near,
and wishing you all the joys of Christmas and a year of happiness
愿你的圣诞充满温馨,祥和,与亲人团聚的快乐,祝圣诞乐陶陶,新年乐无限。
Warm greetings and best wishes for happiness and good luck in the coming year
衷心祝福来年快乐、幸运!
Christmas should be a time of banked-up fines, the scent of flowers and wine, good talk, good memories and
loyalties renewed But if all else is lacking - love will do
圣诞是这样美好的时光:炉火熊熊,花儿芬芳,醇酒飘香,殷殷祝福,美好回忆,
恩爱日新。即便没有一切,只要有爱便足矣。
May the beauty and joy of Christmas remain with you throughout the new year!
愿圣诞美景与欢乐常伴随你!
Christmas greetings and best wishes!
致圣诞贺忱与最美好的祝福!
Wishing you every happiness when Christmas is near, and expressing appreciation for your cares and
concerns during the year
圣诞即将来临,祝你快乐幸福,对你一年来的关心和照顾表示衷心的感谢。
Thinking of you at Christmas with a wish that is warm and sincere Have a wonderful Christmas and
joyous New Year!
以真挚热诚的祝福,在圣诞之际思念你。祝圣诞快乐,新年快乐!
Forget, forgive, for who may say that Christmas day may ever come to host or guest again Touch hands!
愿知道圣诞节会不断来临的人们,忘却和宽恕以往的一切不快,让我们携手共进吧!
A wish for a truly merry Christmas and may the joy of Christmas linger in your heart all the year!
圣诞快乐!愿圣诞的喜悦整年萦绕你心间。
Wishing you a blessed Christmas and a New Year filled with happy surprises
祝圣诞平安,新年中有意想不到的收获!
With the old wish that is ever new, may the greeting do its share toward making your Christmas a pleasant one
老的祝福,却又常新,原此祝福,使你的圣诞更加愉快圆满。
Numerous loving wishes for my wife who will always be my valuable Christmas gift and everything to me
无尽的爱恋与祝福,献给我的爱妻,你永远是我珍贵的圣诞礼物和我的一切!
Christmas is the most human and kindly of season, as the month of June with sunshine and the balmy breath of roses
圣诞最有人情味,充满仁爱的时节,它如同阳光明媚、玫瑰吐露芬芳的六月。
Wishing you a Christmas of happy time and a New Year of happy days
愿圣诞是你快乐的时节,愿新年是你幸福的日子
Wishing you all the blessings of a beautiful Christmas season
愿你拥有圣诞节所有美好的祝福。
Wishing you all the happiness of the holiday season
祝节日幸福如意。
Hope all your Christmas dreams come true!
愿你所有的圣诞梦想都成真!
Hope you enjoy the happiness of Christmas and all the trimmings
祝你享尽圣诞佳节的快乐和圣诞的礼品。
arm hearted wishes for an old fashioned Christmas and a happy New Year filled with all your favorite things
传统佳节之际,献上圣诞的殷殷祝福,祝新年万事如意!
I wish you a merry Christmas All affection and best wishes to you and yours
以我所有的爱心与真诚祝你及全家圣诞快乐。
Chritsmas time is for thinking of others.
圣诞佳节是思念大家的时刻。
A merry Chistmas from all of your students.
祝您圣诞快乐,您的'全体学生敬上。
Wishing you all the blessings of a beautiful Christmas season.
愿你拥有圣诞节所有美好的祝福。
Wishing you all the happiness of the holiday season.
祝节日幸福如意。
Hope all your Christmas dreams come true!
愿你所有的圣诞梦想都成真!
Hope you enjoy the happiness of Christmas and all the trimmings.
祝你享尽圣诞佳节的快乐和圣诞的礼品。
arm hearted wishes for an old fashioned Christmas and a happy New Year filled with all your favorite things.
传统佳节之际,献上圣诞的殷殷祝福,祝新年万事如意!
I wish you a merry Christmas. All affection and best wishes to you and yours.
以我所有的爱心与真诚祝你及全家圣诞快乐。
In the season of joy I present my sincere wishes and kind thoughts. May the kind of Christmas outshine all the rest.
在这欢乐的时节给你我最真的祝福和亲切的思念,愿你今年的圣诞比往年更璀璨。
May the Christmas be a time of laughter and real enjoyment for you. Best wishes.
愿圣诞不仅是你欢笑的时刻,更是你欣喜的日子。祝福你。
May the glow of Christmas candle fill your heart with peace and pleasure and make your New Year bright.
Have a love filled Christmas and New Year!
愿圣诞的烛光带给你祥和与喜悦,祝你的圣诞和新年充满爱。
May the bright and festive glow of Christmas candle warm the days all the year through. Hoping you will
have a wonderful time enjoying Christmas Day and wishing you a New Year that is happy in every way.
愿明亮喜庆的圣诞烛光温暖一年中的每个日日夜夜,祝你欢欢喜喜度圣诞,
高高兴兴过新年!
篇10:柳宗元的英文简介带翻译
柳宗元简介
Liu Zongyuan (AD 773 - November 28, AD 8), the word thick, Han, Hedong (now Shanxi Yuncheng Yongji area), one of the Tang and Song eight, Tang Dynasty writer, philosopher, essayist and Thinker world called “Liuhe East”, “Mr. Hedong”, because the official end Liuzhou provincial governor, also known as “willow state”. Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu and known as “Han Liu”, and Liu Yuxi and said “Liu Liu”, and Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Wei Yingwu and said “Wang Meng Wei Liu.”
Liu Zongyuan life of more than 600 works of poetry and writing, the text of the achievements than poetry. Parallel prose has nearly 100 articles, prose argument strong, sharp sharp, ironic spicy. Travel to write the scene, and more sustenance, “Mr. Hedong set”, representative of “Creek”, “Jiang Xue”, “Fisherman.”
Liu Zongyuan survivors built Liu's houses, is located in Shanxi Jincheng City Qinshui County Wenxing Village, for the national 4A level scenic spots.
柳宗元(公元773年—公元820xx年11月28日),字子厚,汉族,河东(现山西运城永济一带)人, 唐宋八大家之一,唐代文学家、哲学家、散文家和思想家世称“柳河东”、 “河东先生”,因官终柳州刺史,又称“柳柳州”。柳宗元与韩愈并称为“韩柳”,与刘禹锡并称“刘柳”,与王维、孟浩然、韦应物并称“王孟韦柳”。
柳宗元一生留诗文作品达600余篇,其文的成就大于诗。骈文有近百篇,散文论说性强,笔锋犀利,讽刺辛辣。游记写景状物,多所寄托,有《河东先生集》,代表作有《溪居》、《江雪》、《渔翁》。
柳宗元遗族所建柳氏民居,现位于山西晋城市沁水县文兴村,为国家4A级景区。
柳宗元人物生平
Early life
Liu Zongyuan's ancestral home is Hedong County (Hedong Liu and Hedong Xue's, Hedong Pei's and “Hedong three surname surname”), ancestors on behalf of the official (seven ancestors Liu Qing for the Northern Wei paternity, the closure of Yin Yin Gong. Gao Bozu Liu Shi was the prime minister, great-grandfather Liu Congyu, grandfather Liu Zha bow to have done magistrate). His father Liu Zhen served as Shi Yu Shi and other duties. Liu Zongyuan's mother Lushi Fan Yang Lu, ancestors on behalf of the official. Liu Zongyuan only two sisters.
773 years, Liu Zongyuan was born in the capital of Chang'an. At the age of four, the mother Lushi and his living in the Beijing West Manor, the mother of the initiation of education so that Liu Zongyuan had a strong interest in knowledge. Liu Zongyuan's childhood in Changan spent, so the corruption of the court incompetence, social crisis and turmoil have knowledge and feelings. (9 years old when encountered in the chaos, built four years, Liu Zongyuan to avoid the war came to his father's summer mouth. Only 12 years old Liu Zongyuan at this time also witnessed the separatist army of war) AD 785 years (Zhen Yuan first year), Liu Zhen to Jiangxi official. Liu Zongyuan with his father travel, direct contact with the community, an increase of knowledge. He is engaged in social, friendship and friends. Soon he returned to Chang'an. Father Liu Town, a long time in the government, the county, the real situation of the community to understand and develop a positive attitude and integrity of the character. The father of the poet and the mother of the Buddha laid the foundation for the later formation of the thought of “integrating Confucianism and Buddhism”.
Juvenile talent
In 792, Liu Zongyuan was elected to the township, to participate in the scholarship examination. 793 years, 21-year-old Liu Zongyuan Jinshi and the first, fame. Soon, Liu Zongyuan's father Liu Zhen died, Liu Zongyuan at home mourning funeral In 796, Liu Zongyuan was arranged to secretary of the province of school secretary Lang. 798 years, 26-year-old Liu Zongyuan participated in the study of macro science examinations, and in the list, granted Xianxian College orthography (official order from the nine goods). 801 years, Liu Zongyuan was appointed as the blue sky Wei (positive six goods). 803 years in October, Liu Zongyuan was transferred back to Chang'an, any monitor censor. Since then with the official field of the upper class travel more widely, the political darkness of the corruption have a more in-depth understanding, and gradually germinated the desire to reform, become an important figure of Wang Shouwen reform.
During the innovation period
805 years (Zhen Yuan twenty-one years) on January 26, Tang Dezong died, the prince of the prince recite the throne, change Yuan Yongzhen, that is Shun. Shun ascended the throne, the reuse of Wang, Wang Shuwen and others. Liu Zongyuan and Wang Shouwen and other political opinion as the same, but also promoted to ritual members outside the Lang, in charge of etiquette, enjoy sacrifice and tribute. (At this time, there are many political politicians around Wang Shuwen, including Han Tai, Han Ye, Liu Yuxi, Chen Jian, Ling Zhun, Cheng Yi, Lu, Lu Wen, Li Jingjian, Fang Qi, who formed A political group). Wang Shouwen in charge of the government, the active implementation of innovation, adopted a series of reform measures, known as Yongzhen innovation. (Known as the five square children); denounced the corrupt officials of the corrupt officials, the abolition of the government, ; To rectify the tax, the abolition of local officials and local salt and iron to make additional contributions, and trying to recover in the hands of the eunuchs and the military forces.) With the aggravation of the condition, to the full house of eunuchs, courtiers joint foreign couples against The reformers put pressure on the court to retreat.
805 years (the first year of Yong Zhen) In April, the eunuchs Wenzhen, Liu Guangqi, Xue Yingzhen Li Guangling County, such as Wang Li Chun Prince, renamed Li Chun. In May, Wang Shuwen was cut into the post of Bachelor of Forestry. In July, the eunuch, Minister asked the Prince of the country. The same month, Wang Shuwen maternal funeral home mourning funeral August 5, Shun was forced to mediate the throne to Prince Edward Li Chun, known as “Yongzhen Zen.” Li Chun ascended the throne, that is, Xianzong. Xianzong ascended the throne to combat the political group headed by Wang Shuwen and Wang. August 6, demoted Wang Shuwen for Yuzhou Secretary, Wang Qi for Sima Sima, Wang 伾 soon after the death, Wang Shuwen soon be given death. Yongzhen innovation failed, before and after a total of 180 days.
Left to move forever
Yongzhen innovation failed, in September, Liu Zongyuan was relegated to Shaozhou provincial governor, in November, in his way, Liu Zongyuan was relegated to Yongzhou Sima. (Wang Shuwen political group of other people have been relegated to the state of Sima, later known as “two king eight Sima.”) To the post Liu Zongyuan temporary residence in Longxing Temple. After six months, Liu Zongyuan's mother died of illness.
In 1815, Liu Zongyuan left Yongzhou, living in Yongzhou 10 years, Liu Zongyuan in philosophy, politics, history, literature and other aspects of study, and travel Yongzhou landscape, make local scholars and idlers, he wrote “Yongzhou eight mind” “Liuhe East Complete Works” of more than 540 poems in 317 created in Yongzhou).
815 years (yuan and ten years) in January, Liu Zongyuan received an edict, he immediately returned to Beijing. In February, after more than a month of trek, Liu Zongyuan returned to Chang'an. In Changan, Liu Zongyuan not been reused, due to Wu Yuanheng and others hatred, do not agree to re-enable. March 14, Liu Zongyuan was relegated to Liuzhou provincial governor. The end of March, Liu Zongyuan starting from Chang'an, went to Liuzhou, arrived on June 27. 819 years (yuan and fourteen years), Xianzong implementation of amnesty, Xianzong in the degree of persuasion, the emperor called Liu Zongyuan back to Beijing. On the eighth day of November, Liu Zongyuan died in Liuzhou due to illness. At the age of 47 years old.
早年生活
柳宗元的祖籍是河东郡(河东柳氏与河东薛氏、河东裴氏并称“河东三著姓”),祖上世代为官(七世祖柳庆为北魏侍中,封济阴公。柳宗元的堂高伯祖柳奭曾为宰相,曾祖父柳从裕、祖父柳察躬都做过县令)。其父柳镇曾任侍御史等职。柳宗元的母亲卢氏属范阳卢氏,祖上世代为官。柳宗元只有两个妹妹。
773年,柳宗元生出生于京城长安。四岁时,母亲卢氏和他住在京西庄园里,母亲的启蒙教育使柳宗元对知识产生了强烈的兴趣。柳宗元的幼年在长安度过,因此对朝廷的腐败无能、社会的危机与动荡有所见闻和感受。(九岁时遭遇建中之乱,建中四年,柳宗元为避战乱来到父亲的任所夏口。年仅12岁的柳宗元在这时也亲历了藩镇割据的战火)公元785年(贞元元年),柳镇到江西做官。柳宗元随父亲宦游,直接接触到社会,增长了见识。他参与社交,结友纳朋,并受到人们的重视。不久,他回到了长安。 父亲柳镇长期任职于府、县,对现实社会情况有所了解,并养成了积极用世的态度和刚直不阿的品德。能诗善文的父亲和信佛的母亲为他后来“统合儒佛”思想的形成奠定了基础。
少年成才
792年,柳宗元被选为乡贡,得以参加进士科考试。793年,21岁的柳宗元进士及第,名声大振。不久,柳宗元的父亲柳镇去世,柳宗元在家守丧。796年,柳宗元被安排到秘书省任校书郎。798年,26岁的柳宗元参加了博学宏词科考试,并中榜,授集贤殿书院正字(官阶从九品上)。820xx年,柳宗元被任命为蓝田尉(正六品)。820xx年十月,柳宗元被调回长安,任监察御史里行。从此与官场上层人物交游更广泛,对政治的黑暗腐败有了更深入的了解,逐渐萌发了要求改革的愿望,成为王叔文革新派的重要人物。
革新期间
820xx年(贞元二十一年)1月26日,唐德宗驾崩,皇太子李诵继位,改元永贞,即顺宗。顺宗即位后,重用王伾、王叔文等人。柳宗元由于与王叔文等政见相同,也被提拔为礼部员外郎,掌管礼仪、享祭和贡举。(此时,在王叔文周围还有许多相同政见的政治人物,包括韩泰、韩晔、刘禹锡、陈谏、凌准、程异、陆质、吕温、李景俭、房启等人,他们形成了一个政治集团)。 王叔文等掌管朝政后,积极推行革新,采取了一系列的改革措施,史称永贞革新。 (主要采取的革新措施有,抑制藩镇势力,加强中央的权力;废除宫市,罢黜雕坊、鹘坊、鹞坊、狗坊、鹰坊的宦官(称为五坊小儿);贬斥贪官污吏;整顿税收,废除地方官吏和地方盐铁使的额外进奉,并试图收回在宦官和藩镇手中的兵权。)随着顺宗的病情加重,以俱文珍为首的宦官集团,朝臣联合外藩联合反对改革派向朝廷施加压力,要其引退。
820xx年(永贞元年)4月,宦官俱文珍、刘光琦、薛盈珍等立广陵郡王李淳为太子,改名李纯。5月,王叔文被削翰林学士一职。7月,宦官,大臣请太子监国。同月,王叔文因母丧回家守丧。八月五日,顺宗被迫禅让帝位给太子李纯,史称“永贞内禅”。李纯即位,即宪宗。宪宗一即位就打击以王叔文和王伾为首的政治集团。8月6日,贬王叔文为渝州司户,王伾为开州司马,王伾到任不久后病死,王叔文不久也被赐死。永贞革新宣告失败,前后共180多天。
左迁永柳
永贞革新失败后,9月,柳宗元被贬为邵州刺史,11月,在赴任途中,柳宗元被加贬为永州司马。 (王叔文政治集团的其他人也被贬为远州的司马,后称“二王八司马”。)到职后的柳宗元暂居在龙兴寺。经过半年,柳宗元的母亲因病去世。
820xx年,柳宗元离开永州,生活在永州的20xx年中,柳宗元在哲学、政治、历史、文学等方面进行钻研,并游历永州山水,结交当地士子和闲人,他写下《永州八记》(《柳河东全集》的540多篇诗文中有317篇创作于永州)。
820xx年(元和十年)1月, 柳宗元接到诏书,要他立即回京。2月,经过一个多月的跋涉,柳宗元回到了长安。在长安,柳宗元没有受到重用,由于武元衡等人的仇视,不同意重新启用。3月14日,柳宗元被改贬为柳州刺史。 3月底,柳宗元从长安出发,赴柳州,六月二七日抵达。820xx年(元和十四年),宪宗实行大赦,宪宗在裴度的说服下,敕召柳宗元回京。十一月初八,柳宗元在柳州因病去世。享年47岁。
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