下面是小编为大家收集的论《羊脂球》悲剧的必然性，本文共6篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读，一起分享。
篇1：论《羊脂球》悲剧的必然性
莫泊桑的短篇小说《羊脂球》虽然篇幅短，但一直是人们心目中的外国经典名著。不仅因为故事的情节让读者深入到羊脂球所在的环境当中，还因为当时社会的腐败造就了它悲剧的必然性。
“羊脂球”是本书的主人公。她身处社会的最底层，是个有着与流浪汉、乞丐同等境遇的妓女。在很多人眼中，妓女是不被人认可，不被人重视的。甚至很多人会觉得妓女很脏，让人嗤之以鼻。故事中与羊脂球一同逃亡的一行人也不例外。她们侮辱、讽刺，甚至咒骂羊脂球。但羊脂球始终一声不吭。她在想什么，是什么给了她坚持下去的力量?当一个人面对诋毁与侮辱，以直报怨成了最大的涵养，更何况羊脂球不但没有去报复同路人，而且还以德报怨，不计前嫌的将自己的食物分给她们。这让这些自命清高的贵妇、财主们对羊脂球有了改观。他们不再像之前那样辱骂羊脂球，反而因为羊脂球给她们的食物而对她感激涕零。一波未平一波又起，普鲁士士兵想要让羊脂球陪他过夜。羊脂球是个有原则的人，她不希望自己和欺占自己国家土地的敌人过夜。但同行的人却为了自己能够顺利通行，而不惜牺牲曾被她们视为“救命恩人”的羊脂球。在不得已的情况下，羊脂球始终选择了服从。而服从的结果就是，羊脂球背叛了自己的原则，同行者背叛了自己的良心。同行人没因羊脂球的再次付出而对她心怀感激，反而又一次的鄙视她、侮辱她。羊脂球的故事就在这样的聒噪声中落了幕。
故此，可以说，羊脂球的悲惨遭遇是必然的。为了逃离普鲁士欺压，她只得流窜逃亡。善良的她分享了食物，却依旧被人当作是社会的底层渣子。那些自视高贵的“贵族们”拿着鄙夷的眼光看待羊脂球，所以无论羊脂球多么努力，对他们而言，羊脂球不过是个靠下三滥手段讨生活的下等人罢了。所以在当时时代背景下，不论羊脂球再怎么努力，她的境遇也只会越来越糟。凡是知道她职业的人也都认为离她越远会越好。因为其他人的那些卑贱的求生欲、让这些本来开始稍有良心的“贵族”，再一次失去了“人之初”的善。从众心理在此又起到了作用，一个人的想法不足以为惧，一群人的逼迫才让人心寒。这样看来，是多数人的推动才是让羊脂球走向悲剧的主要原因，而这种原因却是必然的。羊脂球的悲惨故事结局也绝对是必然的。
当我读完这本书，深深同情着羊脂球，也深深的同情着在那个时代背景下所有的可怜人。
作者：何瑞奇
公众号：青春碎笔
篇2：阅读《羊脂球》的感悟：论羊脂球悲剧的必然性
首先，从羊脂球本身出发，其悲剧的一个原因在于自身太过自卑和畏怯。还记得在《羊脂球》这部著作中，羊脂球和十个人同坐在一辆马车上出逃，这十个人当中除了四个普通的修女，就是一些身份显赫的人，无疑羊脂球成了最低下的那一个。在马车行走的过程中，大家都饥肠辘辘，羊脂球身下是有食物的，但是她并没有拿出来吃，而是在进行一次又一次的思想斗争，她犹豫着又纠结。小说中对羊脂球有这么一段描写“羊脂球好几次弯下身子，好像在她的裙子底下寻找什么东西。她每次都犹豫了一下，看看身边的人，随后又若无其事地直起腰来”。不得不说，她的内心是极度卑微的，她想把食物分享给别人，但是又怕别人看不起自己，从而遭到拒绝，但同时又觉得自己一个人吃也不合适。最后，羊脂球还是拿出了食物，小说中用了“突然”这个词语来刻画她拿食物的决心，她终于吃上了食物，但是却加深了别人对他的厌恶，当她畏怯地问别人是否也需要时，没有一个人给她好脸色看。她的卑微是令人同情的，同时这也悲剧的一个原因。
其次，从外在环境出发，羊脂球的悲剧也与他人的丑恶与漠然离不开关系。作者刻意将六个身份地位极高的人与羊脂球放在一起，其他四个修女也只不过是用来过度他们身份间极大的悬殊罢了，我们不得不佩服作者的匠心独特，面对羊脂球的善心与好意，没有一个人是欣然接受的，更不会说有人会对这种善意表示感谢，他们所拥有的的即是一颗鄙夷和看不起他人的心，对于羊脂球这样“低下”的人他们更是不会直视。由此看来，羊脂球悲剧的产生也是必然的。
羊脂球是悲剧的，这种悲剧来自自己，也来自外在，作者也正是用这种悲剧的形象来讽刺当时资本主义的丑恶嘴脸。
作者：蓝若霖
公众号：青春碎笔
篇3：探讨《羊脂球》悲剧的必然性分析
在当时，人们只是一味的嘴里抗争普鲁士，因为虚伪的嘴脸，就像书里写的，人们在街上与军官相遇之是装作互相不认识，而到了家里则是一起坐在炉子旁聊天。《羊脂球》里的主要人物，便是坐在一辆马车里的那些人，在我看来，鸟先生夫妇、棉花厂夫妇、伯爵夫妇都是这样的人。他们爱慕虚荣，总是自认为身份高贵，比起羊脂球这个妓女。
起初在马车上，大家介绍完各自后，羊脂球最后介绍，当大家得知他是个妓女，几位女士便窃窃私语了一些十分不好的词汇例如“社会的败类”，虽然说得很轻，但依然刺耳，而又因为羊脂球的出现，三位女士便表现得十分相见恨晚，一用来凸显他们正经太太的威严。这显得十分可笑，只是因为羊脂球是个妓女，而自己和身边的人恰巧是社会的高层阶段，竟有了同仇敌忾，好像羊脂球很伤害他们一样。而车上还有另外像羊脂球一样让三位男士厌恶的人——高尼岱，而变得十分团结，互相讨论着对当前大局的看法，同样，只是因为一个下层男子，便变的如此团结。从这些人身上便普遍的表现出了当时社会上的人都是爱慕虚荣的。
而当一群人饿的受不了却只有羊脂球拿出吃的时，大家全变得支支吾吾，最后竟是一位夫人宁愿饿昏也不愿拉下面子管羊脂球要，当大家都吃上东西后，几位女士竟然和羊脂球交谈，并且互相的关系好像很好一样，这些女士就因为一些食物而改变了自己的看法，而可笑的尊严是她们所看重的东西。然而这一切又在他们到达旅馆时改变了。
原因就是德国军官要和羊脂球睡觉，不然不让所有人走。大家起初听到这个消息都十分愤怒，还有砸杯子的男士。结果冷静下来，大家第二天醒来竟感到失望，所有人都渐渐不理会羊脂球，当他们讨论对策时，那位棉花厂夫人竟然说如果是她她就愿意。而当大家尽心尽力想伟人的“例子”说服羊脂球，终于说动后，第二天大家在路途上，竟然纷纷嫌弃羊脂球，所有人都带了吃的除了羊脂球，结果竟然没一个人给她。之前一个人带吃的，可全车人都有的吃和一个人没带吃的，却一直没吃的，而羊脂球则哭泣了一路。
在我看来这篇小说，作者莫泊桑讽刺了社会上人们的虚荣，虚伪，贪财，自私这些令人厌恶的品格，就像书中最后，若是我必然会给羊脂球吃的，她是为了帮助大家而牺牲的，是光荣伟大而不是应该令人唾弃，当时社会上人们的思想都是扭曲阴暗的，所以我认为，羊脂球必然会遭受悲剧啊。
作者：蔡逸夫
公众号：青春碎笔
篇4：阅读《羊脂球》的感悟：悲剧的必然性
这个假期，有幸拜读了莫泊桑的短篇小说《羊脂球》。《羊脂球》虽篇幅短小，但它贵为外国名著的经典不是没有道理。看完之后发人深思，更觉得羊脂球的悲剧是会必然发生的。
首先，我想分析一下本书《羊脂球》的时代背景。作者把故事的主舞台放在**的大时代下，所以很多悲剧的产生都是由于社会的动荡。在那个战火纷飞、食不果腹的年代，生存变的岌岌可危。可能也就是这样的时代会造就很多时世英雄，也才会有莫泊桑笔下的这些让人悲痛却又无可奈何的小说。战争的纷扰是摧毁一切精神的毒药，它逼迫着人们不得不去面对现实，不得不去想要珍惜眼下的分分秒秒，不得不去考虑“是否有明天”这样一个悲怆又凄凉的话题。所以一切悲剧的诞生，都是被更多不偶然的惨痛堆叠起来的。羊脂球的悲剧是必然的，因为战争导致人心惶惶。战争导致的人心惶惶也是必然的，因为和平始终是人类赖以生存的法宝。
其次，我要评价一下主人公“羊脂球”本人。上文说到的时代背景与时代惨剧是发生于每个人身上的，羊脂球当然也不例外。但她更加悲剧的是，她不仅仅是悲剧的参与者，还是悲剧的牺牲品。她的职业促使她除了出卖自己别无选择。她是一名妓女，有着别人没遭受过的白眼和嘲笑，有着别人没经历过的故事和苦衷。但即便别人对她完全不理解，也不妨碍贵族们对她的嗤之以鼻和冷嘲热讽。所以，身为妓女的羊脂球本身就是悲剧的。身处一群即将逃亡的贵族之中的她更是悲剧的。而她作为最底层人民被欺压似乎成了永恒不变的主题。她活在屈辱下，所以她依旧悲剧着。即便她与周遭其他的妓女完全不同，她不卑不亢，她有自己独立的思想，她也是被迫从事妓女来求生计，但她依旧被社会的鄙视和不屑所吞没。
最后，我想总结的是，这种悲剧必然是必然的。它承载着整个时代的悲伤，它承载着整代人的伤痛。羊脂球不止一个，比羊脂球悲惨的也数不胜数，只是我想，作者在呼吁人性应该向善的同时，更加向往着世界和平与家国安定。所以，珍惜当下时光，同时居安思危，愿世界不再发生同样惨剧。
作者：鲁奕麟
公众号：青春碎笔
篇5：论盖茨比悲剧的必然性英语论文
论盖茨比悲剧的必然性英语论文
Abstract
The Great Gatsby is a novel written by the famous writer F. Scott. Fitzgerald in the 1920’s， which is about disillusionment of American Dream, and it is still a piece of language endowed with deep connotations and full of metaphors and mottoes. This paper analyzes Gatsby’s tragedy by examining the essence of Gatsby’s dream, the potential destructiveness in Gatsby’s characters and the social-historical backgrounds leading to Gatsby’s destruction. Fitzgerald once summarized people’s characters at that time as “all Gods have died, all the wars have been over, and all the faiths have faded away.”(Fitzgerald, 1991: 253) American people living in Jazz Age looked down on the traditional faiths and betrayed moralities and customs that their ancestors used to abide by. At the end of the novel, Gatsby’s lonely funeral ceremony and people’s indifference completely reflected humanities coolness and ugliness in the society of U.S.A in 1920’s. At the very beginning, Gatsby was destined to be isolated helpless and to fail in the end in this society.
Key Words
Gatsby; the American dream; tragedy; personification
摘 要
《了不起的盖茨比》是20 世纪20 年代美国著名作家菲茨杰拉德的一部反映美国梦破灭的小说,也是一则被赋予了深刻含义,充满譬喻和警句的语言。本文从盖茨比之梦的实质、盖茨比性格中的不足以及社会历史原因等多方面探讨了导致盖茨比梦毁人亡这一悲剧必然因素。 菲茨杰拉德曾这样总结那个时代的特点：一切神明都统统死光，所有战争都已经统统打完，所有信念都已经统统完蛋。爵士乐时代的人蔑视一切传统的价值观念，反叛老一辈人所遵从的道德风范。 小说结尾，作者更是以人们的冷漠和盖茨比葬礼的冷冷清清彻底反映了20 世纪20 年代美国社会人性的冷酷与丑恶。在这样的社会，盖茨比从一开始就注定是孤立无助，注定是要失败的。
关键词
盖茨比; 美国梦; 悲剧; 化身
Introduction
Scott. Fitzgerald is a prominent novelist in the American literature, owned the title of the spokesman of the Jazz Age and the laurel of poet. From the contents and thoughts, the creative traits, his book the Great Gatsby is a real masterpiece of Fitzgerald, which made him get success in writing. As soon as it was published publicly in 1925, the Great Gatsby gained many critics’ affirmation and praise, becoming as one of the most excellent works in the 20th century. “The famous poet and critic Aerate said that the Great Gatsby took a great progress in American novels since Henry James.”(Donaldson, 1984: 283) In this novel, with a brief and serious style, the author vividly described a tragedy caused by American Dream, and successfully molded a suffered figure Gatsby. He was the author’s favorite character, in that they had many things in common such as many experiences and spiritual virtues that are different from the comprehension and chase to American life of common people. Gatsby owned marvelous genius, incomparable resolute romantic volition to his dream as well as his loyalty to his ideal, which won high praise of the author. The essay, on one hand, gives deep sympathy to Gatsby about his tragedy, on the other hand, it indicates that it is vain and dangerous to seek American Dream at that time.
The paper is analyzing the inevitability of the hero Gatsby’s tragedy by examining the essence of Gatsby’s dream, the potential destructiveness in Gatsby’s characters and social-backgrounds that lead to Gatsby’s destruction.
I. Description of Gatsby’s Dream
A. Origin of Gatsby’s Dream
Gatsby’s dream originated from the American dream, and the so-called “American Dream”, in American society, especially in the period of exploiting the New Continent, formed and developed a rather commonly attracting ideal. It has long history dating from the period of European emigrants exploiting the New Continent, and this dream owns tremendous enough connotations of American desire and hope to spirits and materials. Consequently, many people defined it as the synthesis of Wealthy Dream, Transcendent Dream and Love Dream. Benjamin Franklin, the first and well-known embodiment and advocate of American Dream in the world, edified and encouraged people how to enrich their families and to fulfill American Dream by their struggle, especial in his Autobiography. From the birth of it to 1920s, American Dream of owing the success in materials to the individual virtues and struggles, was always publicized by the people as powerful as possible, and then without doubtness it became the ideal which average American people tried their best to struggle for day by day, and the fundental spiritual strength which prompted American Capitalism prosperity and maintained capitalism-social system generation by generation. Gatsby’s American Dream originated from his childhood:
“Then he returned the wallet and pulled from his pocket a ragged old copy of a book called Hopolong Cassidy “look here, this is a book he had when he was a boy. It just shows you.” He opened it at the back over and turned it around for me to see. On the last fly-leaf was printed the word SCHEDULE and the date September 12, 1906 and underneath:
Rise from be……………………………………… 6.00 A.M
Dumbbell exercise and wallscaling……….6.15-6.30A.M
Study electricity, etc……………………….7.15-8.15 A.M
Work …………………………………………8.30-4.30P.M
Baseball and sports…………………..4.30-5.00P.M
Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it 5.00-6.00P.M
Study needed inventions……………..7.00-9.00P.M” ( Fitzgerald, : 206)
Above-mentioned shows that on the last fly-leaf of Hopolong Cassidy Gatsby used to read were recorded his transcending decision and a piece of strict timetable for working. Over so many years, Gatsby always persisted in it and observed it.
From the Schedule, as everyone knows, Franklin and Addison, giving a good example, depended on the struggle by themselves and got a success at last and their stories, which made every one believe that each youth could become a millionaire or the president of U.S in the future. In their age, the novels describing American Dream were best-sellers, but they gave the preaching contents: As long as one person was honest, patient and independent, he would have the equality with every one to do everything, namely, it is possible for him coming from the poor family to become a rich and noble person, while Gatsby was one of the believersof it. The dream which seemed to happen in fairy tales was the endless infinite power that encouraged Gatsby struggle for it. The author contact Gatsby’s pursuit with European emigrants’ ancient desire to New Continent, and Franklin, representing American Dream and its invert forms later, defined Gatsby’s tragedy as huge historical background and deep typical senses. The traditional model of American Dream, as many critics and writers pointed out, were full of falsity, especially under the condition of capitalism developed rapidly, and polarization intensified increasingly. It made a point of evidence that Gatsby made a fortune, relying on personal virtues, diligence and frugality. Since his childhood, Gatsby used to abide by Franklin’s teaching, and try to practice the main inquire of the traditional model, following his own comprehension and the background of 20-century society in U.S. it is vagary for one person to come to the fore, who only depended on virtues, diligence and frugality, however, Gatsby‘s story of getting rich just certified it. When he was young, Gatsby could not gain any appropriate consequence that he wanted to get, so that he was surrendered by his beloved lover Daisy, for he was penniless and fameless at that time. And later he absurdly became a millionaire. Obviously, it ought to be tremendous irony for him to believe in American Dream. By all appearances, as were same with other magnates at that time, Gatsby still understood and practiced following principles. Theoretically, borderland, (here referred to the whole American) were equal paradise to every one, and the reward completely owed to diligence, frugality and good luckiness, but in fact, the rewarding often depended on trickiness, greed and mercilessness, as well as cruel ruthlessness and completely rotten means. It is the American dream, but it is the origin of Gatsby’s dream.
B. Essence of Gatsby’s Dream
Even if his dream originated from American dream, the essence of Gatsby’s dream is the essence of American dream. With his growing, Gatsby’s American Dream went by an evolution when he was young. He dreamed making a good fortune, transcending common people and getting rid of poorness as much as the heroes written by Ben Franklin and Horatio Alger. Later he met Daisy by chance and then lost his heart to her, thus Daisy became the personification of his perfect ideal and the embodiment of concentrating his entire ideal, and the he endeavored to do everything in the direction of them. Because in his mind, Daisy represented all beautiful creatures of the upper class society in America, and in his memory, the first love between Daisy and him seemed to be a human fairyland, whereas, the cruel reality was that he lacked rich family supporting him and his love. The great disparity of their status made him sense that he had no right to touch her hand. “Gatsby was overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth impressions and preserves, of the freshness ofmany clothes, and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above hot struggles of the poor.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 98)
So having lost Daisy, he desperately earned much more money, and fantasized about recapturing his beloved―Daisy with money when he was rich enough, afterwards, he really made a fortune. “Once I wrote down on the empty space of a timetable the names of those who came to Gatsby’s house that summer, including film stars, boarders, duke, prince, etc. (Fitzgerald, 2002: 13)” , while the narrator Nickel’s finn servant informed me that Gatsby dismissed every servant in his house a week ago and replaced them with half a dozen others. Gatsby became very rich beyond people’s imagination, nearly owned magical power, could gather all rich men and dismiss servants and employ any one, and even made West Egg become a constant magnificent feast. Surely, what have been finished was not to depend on the traditional teaching but illegal deals in gangdom or underworld, however, luxurious life could not bring Gatsby a little happiness, since in essence, he was different from those who sought for benefits and fames. In Jazz Age, wealth was not the most significant to Gatsby, while what he only recalled was to repeat the past with Daisy day and night and to get the lost pure love. After he got rich, he bought a luxurious mansion in front of Daisy’s house across the bay. “If it wasn’t for the mist we could see your house across the bay,” said Gatsby, you always have a green light that burns all nights at the end of your dock.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 110) Almost five years, Gatsby never stopped recalling his first lover Daisy. “He had thrown himself into it with a creative passion, adding to it all the time, decking it out with every bright feather that drifted his way. No amount of fine or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 113)
As a result, the more perfect his ideal became, the more far away reality was.
C. Symbol of Gatsby’s Dream
In the novel, the green light represented that innocent Gatsby looked forward to the future, and at the same time longed for the history, namely, the green light represents his dream.
“Gatsby believed the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter―tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther….And one fine morning. So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 188)
American Dream actually originated from the past, and made him sincerely persist in the traditional ideal foundation; however, when he was borne back ceaselessly into the past, he made efforts for exploring various possibility in the future. To some extent, Gatsby’s love to Daisy reflected his wonderful memory of the past. Four years before, he realized her and then loved her. It was deeply engraved on his mind of original love. In the long time, tothe love of missing Daisy, Gatsby memorized that Daisy fantastically became a beautiful miracle story in his mind, a historical event with wonderful experiences and a fairy maiden in a mysterious Vail. He desired to make the historical past transform to the future with same historical meaning through his own persistent efforts. And this green light representing his good ideal echoed with a fresh green breast of the world mutually at the end of this novel, which made Gatsby’s experiences indicate the whole America’s ones; nevertheless, after five years when Gatsby met Daisy again, the miracle Daisy had lost her original glory. The distinction between ideal and reality was huge.
““And she doesn’t understand,” he said: “she used to be able to understand. We’d sit for hours―”He broke off and began to walk up and down a desolate path of fruit rinds and discarded favors and crushed flowers.
“I wouldn’t ask too much for her,” I ventured, “you can’t repeat the past.”
“Can’t repeat the past?” He cried incredulously. “Why of course you can!” He looked around him wildly, as if the past were lurking here in the shadow of his house, just out reach of his hand. “I’m going to fix everything just the way it was before,” he said, “nodding determinedly she’ll see.””(Fitzgerald, 2002: 130-1)
Through these words, author gave highly emphasis to the figure of Gatsby, as if American Dream between golden past and golden future always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush―the realistic world appearing in front of people was bleakness and dejection that “it was full of fruits rinds and discarded favors and crushed flowers” here and there. Gatsby could not build his hope future on the basis of cruel reality. He uniquely recalled the past, only to make the past illusion take place of the reality and future. He could not face squarely the reality of uniting the past with the future in the realistic environment. These reflect the essence of Gatsby’s dream.
II. Ideal Personification: Unworthy of Name
Gatsby’ ideal personification in his mind is Daisy, because she was just a beautiful woman and the Gatsby’s first lover. Surely, he loved her very much; however, Daisy was rather earthly woman and bad virtue.
A. A Worldly Beauty
Woefully, Daisy was not as perfect as Gatsby always imagining in his mind, and his ideal personification that Gatsby desperately sought was only a badly worldly beauty with a good appearance and empty soul. In a cocktail party once held by Gatsby, when Daisy with her husband ―Tom came to Gatsby’s mansion together, Gatsby, being a host, of course serving them, especially serving Daisy, introduced all customers to them one by one. When they came to the front of a pair of outstanding ones, he gave them a special introduction and description:
““Perhaps you know that lady,” Gatsby indicated gorgeous, scarcely human orchid of a woman who sat under a white plum tree. Tom and Daisy stared, with that particularly unreal feeling that accompanies the recognition of hitherto ghostly celebrities of memories.
“She’s lovely,” said Daisy.
“The man bending over is her director.”” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 120)
Seen from the surface, it is a very elegant picture, as the famous drawing in the world was exciting, while observed from the essence, the picture was none of deep sense. The scene of the movie picture star and her director never appeared in reality but in a rehearsal. After the author finished introducing other scenes, he took readers’ attention to the pair of figures again, giving readers a static and wonderful image, as if readers went to the back of the white plum tree and saw another scene.
“It was like that. Almost the last thing I remember was standing with Daisy and watching the movie picture director and his star. They are still under the white plum tree and their faces were touching except for a pale, thin ray of moonlight between them. It occurred to me that he had been very slowly bending toward to her all night this proximity, and even while I watched I saw him stoop one ultimate degree and kiss at her cheek. “I like her”, said Daisy, “I think she’s lovely.”” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 127)
But the rest offended her―and inarguably, because it wasn’t a gesture but an emotion. Daisy liked the movie picture star, because the star had no any virtual thought and connotation. She, who was just a furnishing, a prop, except for the image on the screen, had no any practical sense, and as for her, beauty meant a concrete body. In effect, she completely separated from the realistic environment in which human beings lived, and became a solid gesture. The narration and speaking was actually Daisy’s profession of the life belief, so here she asserted the attitude to emotions and the principles of actions. In essence, her emptiness and superficiality inevitably led to his indifference in emotion and corruption in morality. Daisy was not the figure that Gatsby described and chased perfectly in his mind, but a scrumptious representative in Jazz Age (When he wrote to Parkinson, F. Scott. Fitzgerald said that Jazz Age referred to the period of ten years during May 1st, 1919 and Oct. 1929 when the stock-market prices went down), and typically essential personification in the worldly society. Of love and marriage, she was also a failure, for her voice was full of money.
““She’s got and indiscreet voice,” I remarked. “It’s full of -----” I hesitated.
“Her voice is full of money,” he said suddenly.
That was it. I’d never understood before. It was full of money―that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the symbols’ song of it……high in a white palace the king’s daughter, the golden girl……”(Fitzgerald, 2002: 143)
Without doubtness, Daisy was the concrete embodiment of epicurean: money first and material prominent.
B. Bad Virtue
Contrast with Gatsby’s hospitality, spoon and romantic, Daisy possessed neither romantic idealslike Gatsby nor the real sacrificial bravery of sacrificing for the ideal, only to desire for comfortable worldly life. It was true that she loved Gatsby, but later in order to enjoy magnificent and comfortable life, she married Tom against her wills.
As she found that Gatsby was richer than Tom Buchanan, she returned to Gatsby, the climax of the novel was arranged in a hotel, when Tom told the fact that Gatsby was a bootlegger and his wealth was illegal, Daisy shrank at once. “ ‘Even alone I can’t say I never loved Tom,’ she admitted in a pitiful voice, ‘It wouldn’t be true’. ” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 158) Impatiently, after Daisy cracked up Tom’s mistress by chance when she drove, she escaped away with her husband Tom together, and left the responsibility and guilty to Gatsby; what’s worse, she had little courage to admit the fact that she herself was the wrecker indeed. Gatsby loved a person who was a coward and lack of virtues and sincerity, but he still considered her as his best ideal, and voluntarily accepted all responsibilities and sacrificed his life, all of which caused Gatsby’s tragedy; whereas, owing to Daisy’s betrayal, his death was innocent, and it was Gatsby’s tragedy that he was surrendered by his own ideal Daisy and paid too high cost for his empty dream.
III. Potential Destructiveness in Gatsby’s Characters
The inevitability of Gatsby’s tragedy was related to the potential destructiveness in his character, namely, some factors in his character caused his life and ideals destroyed.
A. Obstinate Character
Gatsby was the believer and follower of American Dream who thought the opportunity was equal to everyone in the society and fantasized to prompt into upper class society like Daisy. Nevertheless, the upper class society which represented by Daisy and Tom never put up with Gatsby as well as his being. Tom was very proud selfish and cruel, lacking essential virtues and moralities. In his eyes, he could never abide by sharing the privilege which the noble people only owned and shared with Gatsby together. No matter who is he? If he dared to talk about the equality, he must die of it. Therefore, though Gatsby made a ladder to the fairyland in people’s mind by his illegal wealth, he could not take a place and space in the upper class society and equally share the magic and milk. However rich he was, however his name and luxurious cars he exchanged, he was still an unimportant person who came from the low class society, consequently, he was always attacked and squeezed out. Gatsby would not accept the fact he never did it but Gatsby still struggled for his dream repeating the past with Daisy and got rich by hook or crook, especially by illegal methods. So he was obstinate in his mind, actually, he was not stupid but foolish. Doubtlessly, it is inevitable that his American Dream was disillusioned.
B. Foolish Character
Actually, Gatsby is a real foolish gentleman, because he fantasized about getting a pure love, and thought of a worldly beauty as the symbol of perfect ideal. In order to get his ideal love, Gatsby struggled his feet from the low class society and devoted himself to Daisy. He innocently believed that as long as he got rich, he could repeat the past with Daisy. Different from other people in Jazz Age, Gatsby was a pure romantic gentleman. “Gatsby bought that mansion so that Daisy would bi just across the bay.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 93) Although Daisy once returned to his body, he could not satisfy it. What he wanted to get was not that he endowed with great charm, but that he wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: “I never love you. After she had obliterated four years with that sentence they could decide upon the more practical measures to go back to Louisville and be married from her house― just as if it were five years ago.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 130) However, the essence of Daisy decided that the dream of Gatsby’s pure love was inevitably disillusioned.
C. Ignorance
In fact, Gatsby was serious ignorance of the upper class society for he did not recognize the essence of the upper class society clearly: For Gatsby, the realistic background of Daisy’s family and her social intercourse actually became a kind of ideal symbol that is beyond reality and agreement with the myth circumstances. As an unknown and penniless man, Gatsby was just beyond reach, so he spent all his energy struggling for and weaving his ideal and dream, so that he could not see through the hypocrisy and the ugliness hidden in beauty and luxury. While he was alive, he constantly held tremendous feasts and had an endless stream of visitors. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and champagne and the stars, but after he was dead, no telephone message arrived, but the butler went without his sleep and waited for it until four o’clock―until ling after there was any one to give it to if it came. On Gatsby’s funeral ceremony,
“about five o’clock our procession of three cars reached the cemetery and stopped in a thick drizzle beside the gate―first a motor hearse, horribly black and wet, then Mr. Gatz and the postman from West Egg ,” what’s worse, “I could only remember, without resent, that Daisy hadn’t sent a message or a flower.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 208)
Daisy went far away with his husband Tom; Gatsby’s funeral ceremony was rather lonely. Perhaps, it was the essential face of upper class society. Gatsby was so lack of mind and discerning power that he was fatally destroyed. His destruction was not only in physic but in spirit or morality; unfortunately he did not realize it when he was died.
D. Innocence
The most obvious destructiveness in his characters is that Gatsby was very innocent. It is a poetic and romantic scene that hid serious facts. Under the wasted and luxurious surface hidden, Gatsby’s inner heart went by cruelty―he must think and build desire for reality of ideals in the fantasy and impractical scene, and finally find someplace beneficial for him to become practical possibility. It was the focus of the question that all his efforts were to attract a his original lover Daisy’s attention and to make her return to his body, but Gatsby made an ostentations show of one’s wealth with beyond words describing and the ostentation contained fatal factors, so luxurious party made the focus of the question ambiguous.
“There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights. In blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At night tide in the afternoon I watched guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor cars slit the waters of sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On weekends his Roll-Royce became an omnibus bearing parties to and from the city between mine in the morning and ling past night. While his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing-brushes and hammers and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 47)
The possibility of realistic life was based on materials, and the ideals fell to the second place, however, in the extremely luxurious world of materials―personal beach, mansion, Roll-Royce, etc.―Gatsby went into a marvelous state which was out of practice. His magnificent cocktail party attracted innumerable celebrities coming from upper class society. Some people were envious ones, others were visitors’ guests, but they had the same motive for showing off their noble status, sharing luxurious material life, hardly making them drop out of the day. They could be proud of attending the noble cocktail party. This kind of servile and worldly psychology made them spend weekends in a continuous, made Gatsby certainly exhaust lots of money to express his generosity and hospitality, with a result, on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing Cbrushes and hammers and garden-shears,, repairing the ravages of the night before.
These are key important words in this part. Though it could made people produce the association of fairy tale, yet it possesses deep sarcastic meaning and innuendo function, which buried a foreshadowing for Gatsby’s tragic consequence; in addition, it is more wonderful to casually add “extra gardeners, as if his guests had broken the harmony of original natural beautiful view,” and made the original poetic and drawing scene badly messy. In this novel, using a superb metaphor, the author shows to readers that the most suitable place to record these guests’ names was on the empty spaces of an old and broken timetable, because these guests the world their embodying were fantasizing as short as time, a flash in the pan, and they would never cameback with time passing at last, as a piece of overdue train timetable left people a little dim memory. What they represented was only some misshapen scraps crushed by reality of American Dream, and these guests came to visit Gatsby in a continuous stream, because he had motor-boats, personal beach, luxurious cars, as well as various cocktails and balls’ parties. More importantly, they all followed blindly impractical reality with their illusion and showed off themselves and their own values, while Gatsby was willing to invite them to take his party. Because of his incomplete American Dream, without seeing and touching the realistic hope, he used the form of material to create the ideal world and practice his life dream. It was a fact that Gatsby needed them to decorate mansion for his face and in turn they needed Gatsby’s hospitality to raise their status. So their mutual needs made them go together, nevertheless, their own goals were completely different, and their life experiences were also more different. No matter how dazzling and luxurious the parties were, no matter how hospitality Gatsby powered, the gat between Gatsby and them always existed for ever, in that fantasy and reality acted in direct contradiction as two trains in same direction could not merged together. Followings indicate it:
“The caterwauling horns had reached a crescendo and turned away and cut across the lawn toward home. I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby’s house, making the night fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand in a formal gesture of farewell.” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 66)
The phrase is a description with profound meaning. It makes people to come to realize the fickleness of human relationships and to feel the desolation and depression, and makes people feel his endurance of desire for ideals and inner pain. He lonely stood on the porch, his hand up in formal gesture of farewell, which made his figure outstanding protrusion and conspicuousness.
Therefore, the obstinate, foolish, ignorant and innocent characters are destructive characters, and they make Gatsby’s tragedy become more possible.
IV. The Decadent and Ruthless Social Reality
Superficially, Gatsby was only the sacrifice of a tri-angle love, nonetheless, the author did not only describe fate that a young and penniless man spent all his energy earning enough money and then won the lost real love, but what’s more important, deeply reacted to the social reality the author lived in, and revealed American complex modern experience and sharp social contradiction, namely, it was the struggle between the New Bourgeoisie and the old bourgeoisie whose statuses were stable. After the World War I, American value concepts changed greatly and were different from before. In people’s mind, they thought that money took God’s place, the whole traditional order was collapsed, and Fitzgerald once summarized people’s characters at that time as “all Gods have died, all the wars have been over, and all the faiths have faded away.”(Fitzgerald, 1991: 253) American people living in Jazz Age looked down on the traditional faiths and revealed against the moralities and customs that their ancestors used to abide by.
A. Cruel social Society of U.S.A
In the society of the lost ideals, Gatsby was a hot and romantic idealist, and his marvelous genius to the hope and romance made him turn a blind eye to American cruel social reality and desperately sought after impractical romantic love, even tried redeeming his lost pleasure together with Daisy in the past by a plenty of money; besides, he still obstinately believed that one person could fulfill the dream through his own ideal by hook or by crook, and even if he met huge trouble or problem, he would take his heart to fulfill his own dream with all his efforts, whereas, the power of opposing Gatsby was bourgeoisie groups represented by Tom and Daisy. The novel really responded to the struggle for statuses between the new noble men and the old groups. Tom and Daisy were extreme egoists and real materialist, Tom asserted in public “this fellow has worked out the whole thing. It’s up to us who are the dominant race, to watch out or these other races will have control of things,” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 15) while Daisy was same to echo others’ opinions. In Tom’s eyes, though Gatsby was only nobody whose life story no one knew, he who was a young magnate was aggressed by Tom who never took a casual attitude to Gatsby since he knew Gatsby. Gatsby wan the absolute victory when he competed with Tom to gain Daisy’s love, but Tom was not willing to give it up, furthermore, he took mean measures and decided to kill Gatsby to death. For this purpose, Tome rushed at Gatsby like a hungry beast, to kill Gatsby’s dream with continual dirty dust.
It was like this, because of Tom’s conspiracy and betrayal, Gatsby was tragic death. At last, the symbol meaning of Gatsby’s experiences and his broken dream is very clear:
“Most of the big shore places were close now and there were hardly and lights except the shadowy more glow of a ferryboat across the sound. And as the moon rose higher the inessential houses began to melt away until gradually I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors’ eyes-----a flesh, green breast of the new world. It’s vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby’s house had once pandered in whispers too the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment, compelled into an aesthetic contemplation he neither understood nor desired, face to face for the last time in history with something commensurate to his capacity for wonder. ” (Fitzgerald, 2002: 214)
Therefore, he could not see through the cruel society in America at that time.
B. Social Value Trend
At that time, people abandoned the traditional industriousness and thrift and began to enjoy life. Common people’s social value trend was the hedonism that money is first and materials are supreme; however, Gatsby, different from them, attached more importance to enjoy life in spirit than in material. What he always sought for is romantic and perfect ideal, i.e. repeat the past with Daisy and live a happy life with her. Owing to lack of self-comprehension, Gatsby innocently comprehended the social value and greatness, and desired for the future; Gatsby unconsciously fell into the tragic consequence that the social evil power trapped for him. At the end of the novel, Gatsby’s lonely funeral ceremony and people’s indifference completely reflected the American society’s coolness and ugliness in 1920’s. In this society, Gatsby was destined to be isolated helpless and to fail in all.
Gatsby was one of typical representatives of American Dream that all generations of American people pursued. He was really penniless before he had fulfilled his ideals, but at last he was overwhelmed by decadent ruthless society. No matter how did Gatsby struggle for it, he could not get into the upper class society; no matter how did he do hard, he could not get Daisy and her heart; even if he tried his best effort to fulfill his dream, he was destined to fail at last. People could learn something from the Gatsby’s tragedy that the upper class society in America was affected by American rotten life for pleasure, the world was the place where rich men could share life, and that was a daydream for any one who wanted to seek for the pure love and sincere happiness there. Because Gatsby held different social value from common American people, the tragedy of believer and follower ―Gatsby persistently seeking for American Dream asserted the bankruptcy of American Dream.
Conclusion
Gatsby’s final destructiveness was the consequence of Tom’s plotting and framing. It was superficial phenomenon that Tom, the real murderer of murdering Gatsby, represented the upper class society and committed the crime, but the deep connotation was that upper class society ruined Gatsby’s dream in spirit. Gatsby’s falsity was that he was too innocent to see through that his beloved Daisy was as dishonest and unconscientious as Tom, and they unique possessed selfish, cruelness, falsity, deceit as well as narrowness. In the cocktail party Gatsby held, Tom and Daisy smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or let other people clean up the mess they had made, so Daisy was not worthy for Gatsby to devote himself to her, and he lived in cruel environment.
“So we beat on, boats on against the current, born back ceaselessly into the past”(Fitzgerald, 2002: 215). To repeat the past, Gatsby devoted all to his dream, but at last his efforts were hopeless. Actually, this was an ode of personality separated in special time and space. Gatsby tried practicing his figure again, prompting into upper class society and regaining original ideal beloved Daisy, whose actions were magnificent and epic, but he was destined to fail because his various efforts were sarcastic. He made a lot of lies for getting Daisy, yet she was only a beautiful body with good appearance and bad virtues, so Daisy has no qualification to be the person who Gatsby devoted his life to.
Owing to his innocence, lacking of discerning power and self-comprehension, Gatsby fell into the trap that the social evil power set for him. Owing to his honestness, kindness, determined beliefs, tense desire and firm decision, he believed that he could build a real fairy-land. Doubtlessly, the description of American Dream was perfect, but the realistic world represented by Tom and Daisy was too absurd to withstand a single blow. Gatsby’s lack of mind and discerning power led to his final destructiveness――his destructiveness was not only in physic but also in spirit. It is human being’s tragedy.
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篇6：论人与自然的和谐必然性
论人与自然的和谐必然性
随着环境问题的日益凸显和人类生存危机的加剧,人与自然的'和谐问题也就成了人们关注的焦点.因此,探讨人与自然的和谐问题具有非常重要的理论和现实意义.人与自然的和谐从根本上讲是符合人类本性和社会发展规律的,随着人的自由全面发展和社会的不断进步,人与自然的和谐必将成为一种历史的必然.
作 者：吴永华 穆颜杰 WU Yong-hua MU Yan-jie 作者单位：吉林大学马克思主义学院,吉林长春,130012 刊 名：长春师范学院学报（人文社会科学版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF CHANGCHUN NORMAL UNTVERSITY(HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES) 年，卷(期)：2007 26(6) 分类号：B022 关键词：人 自然 和谐 必然性
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