5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算

以下是小编为大家准备的5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算，本文共4篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

篇1：5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算

对于大家的托福备考来说，知道了托福的计分方式，我们就能更好地设计我们的答题策略，获得更高的分数。而从托福官网上的一些信息我们都可以了解到，新托福听、说、读、写每部分满分30分，共计120分。新托福80相当于老托福550分，新托福100相当于老托福600分。那么，在以下内容中我们就为大家介绍一下新托福各部分评分标准。

5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算

新托福听力评分标准

在托福听力考试中一共会6篇文章，34道题目，在6篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的托福听力参考总分。在托福听力表格题中，所有的项目都要回答正确，你才算是拿到了总分。在双项选择题中，只有把两个正确答案都选出来才算拿到了总分，少选、多选或者误选都不能拿到你的“point”。

新托福口语评分标准

托福口语考生的原始录音答案由互联网传递至ETS进行打分和评判。一个考生的六道口语题，会被至少两位，最多三位考官评分。每道口语题会被一位考官给一个原始分(0-4 之间的整数分)。而具体评分标准则可以参加以下的表格。

新托福写作评分标准

综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。

六分：文章切题，阐说充分，文章有说服力;段落组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活，娴熟;用词确切，得体。文章中有个别语法拼写错误，但不影响内容表达。

五分：文章切题，阐说基本充分，在某些细节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误。

四分：文章切题，阐说尚可，展开不够。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般，有时不得体。词性区分和拼写等有若干错误。

三分：文章切题，段落组织基本合理，有逻辑性，但只存在于语义层次上，语言表达上未能体现;句子框架结构基本成立，但有许多语法错误，句间联系不顺畅，往往是不善于使用逻辑连词，显得幼稚，生硬。词汇方面拼写错误多，常有用词不得体现象。

二分：文章切题。阐说没有展开，只限于三言两语地回答问题;没有段落组织，很乱，长度很短，只有一段;句子排列有一定的逻辑关系，能看出各句基本框架，但结构或语法错误较多;用词不得体，拼写错误多。

一分：文章各方面都有严重错误，句子不像句子。总体印象是根本没有写作能力，英语水平太低，够不上二分标准，只能打最低分。

新托福阅读评分标准

托福阅读总共有3篇文章如遇到加试，则随机3篇文章算分，另1篇文章不算分。每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。托福阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分45分。将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。托福阅读满分为42至45分不等，转换为标准分后满分为30分。对于托福阅读评分标准我们展现给大家一个表格进行详细的了解下吧。

托福阅读TPO30第2篇:The Pace of Evolutionary Change

【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.

【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.

【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of years—a situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin's model of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.

【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic textbook example of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium. A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close examination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for example, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might expect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.

【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.

【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does it always occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.

【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined.

【8】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.

1.The word “innumerable” in the passage is closest in the meaning to

A.countless.

B.occasional.

C.large.

D.repeated.

2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true EXCEPT

A.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.

B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to explain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.

C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.

D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism explained evolutionary change.

3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.

B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.

D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed about

A.Whether the fossil record is complete.

B.Whether all species undergo change.

C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.

D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.

5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some species

A.has been extensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.

B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.

C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.

D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.

6.The word “compelling” in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning to

A.surprising.

B.persuasive.

C.controversial.

D.detailed.

7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways EXCEPT in

A.the number of toes they have.

B.the length of their face.

C.their overall size.

D.the number of years they live.

8.The word “alteration” in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to

A.imperfection.

B.replacement.

C.change.

D.duplication.

9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthe following about trilobites?

A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.

B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.

C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.

D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.

10.The word “occasionally” in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

A.undoubtedly.

B.basically.

C.once in a while.

D.to some extent.

11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is to

A.Describe one test of the competing theories.

B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.

C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.

D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.

■【A】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.

13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.

B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.

C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.

D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.

E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.

F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.

G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.

1 )

Gradualism

A B C D E F G

2 )

punctuated equilibrium

A B C D E F G

托福阅读答案

1.innumerable是不可计数的，A是无数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。这个单词是numerable加否定前缀，很容易就能推出意思来。

2.A答案对应第一段第二句， B对应第一段第三句，D对应一段最后一句。C与原文冲突，原文一直在说darwin理论被人们广泛接受。

3.高亮句子的主干部分是断点平衡论挑战了原来的渐进论，然后解释了断点平衡论的内容。A选项which修饰不明，容易产生误解;B选项与原文矛盾，C与原文不符，原文S和N的观点是change的发生是without lengthy transition的。D和原文意思相符，并且也包含了所有的主干部分。

4.根据原文，渐进论是说物种演变是通过长时间的缓慢改变发生的;断点平衡论是说物种演变是短期爆发的。所以选择C，进化是否是匀速发生的。

5.根据lack of intermediate fossils定位到第三段倒数第二句，在往前看一句说，这一情况对于达尔文学说是不和的，而达尔文学说正是渐进论，这一段的最后也说原来的物种突然被替换，而不是渐渐进化改变的。所以C符合原文意思。 A与原文第一句破折号后矛盾，原文说这一现象一直被Ignored，B选项原文矛盾，该现象应该是反对了达尔文学说，支持了物种有长期不改变的论点。D虽然正确但是只是本段的细节，不能表达主题，所以不选。

6.Compel本身是强迫，此处作为evidence的形容词可以延伸为说服力强的。因此答案选B 有说服力的。A是惊奇的，C是有争议的，D是细节的。都不沾边。另外通过句义可以判断，前文说马的进化was once 是经典的渐进论的证明，is now(轻微转折)提了“equally”怎么样的证据证明了点断平衡论，前文既然说对gradual evolution很支持，那么后文出现equally，那应该对点断论也是有力证据。因此选B。

7.对应部分在第四段的第二句和第五句，只有D选项没有出现。

8.这一句话说一个怎么样的单一基因就足以变一个普通飞禽的一对的正常翅为两对翅膀，所以有推理应该是要改变这个基因。所以选C，Alteration是修改，变更，A选项是不完美，B是替换，D是复制 带入后都改变了原文的意思。

9.根据Peter Sheldon定位到原文第二句。后面对trilobites进行了描述，A选项对应了原文第三句，后文又继续说没有明显的断点。所以A正确。 B与原文第四句冲突。C与第三句冲突，D原文没有这种说法。而且上文也表明它符合gradual evolvement。

10.occasionally，是偶然偶尔的意思。A是毫无疑问的，B是基本上，C是偶尔有一次。D是在一定程度上。因此应该选C。并且上文提出问题说是否有过逐渐进化?那么下文给的是一个逐渐进化的例子，所以应该是在表达偶尔有一两个的意思。

11.上文说实地勘测会给competing theories提供test，第七段就给了试验例子，那么就证明是A正确。B与原文冲突，这个例子是支持渐进论的。C也不对，理由同上。D与原文目的不符。

12.首先句子开头出现了They，那么我们应该能在前文找到一个提到人物的地方，句子又提出environmental condition的作用，那么后文应该会出现对这一理论的解释，那么C是符合的，也可以进行代入验证。

13.A断点平衡论论点为物种变化发生突然，快速，符合。B对应文章第一段第一句话，符合渐进论。C与原文第四段第二句矛盾，原文说马进化会变大。不选。D原文第一段第一句，符合渐进论。E对应原文第三段。符合点断平衡论。F原文没提到，不选。G原文最后一段，说渐进论应该会是环境比较稳定的情况下的进化规则。符合渐进论。

托福阅读译文

【1】最近的一个关于进化的研究引发了激烈的争论。达尔文的原始论点和进化渐进主义者支持的观点是物种会持续地改变，但非常缓慢，增量也很小。这种改变是普遍的，但是现在短时间的观察是不能察觉的，并且，这个观点声称，它们通常被掩盖于不完美的化石记录的不可计数的缺失中。渐进主义及其对物种缓慢变化的引力让人欣然接受，并在世代的教科书中重复出现。在20世纪早前之前，令大部分的生物学家满足于利用渐进主义来回答关于进化速率的问题。

【2】有时，已经有了结论的问题必须由在已有证据基础上出现的新的证据和新的论点使其重新展开讨论。在1972年，古生物学者Stephen Jay Gould和 Niles Eldredge用相反的论点挑战了世俗的结论，即断点平衡说，它假设了物种演变为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，并非通过长时间的过渡时期。迅速的进化期被时间相对更长的静态期分开，而在静态时期，物种是几乎完全不变的。

【3】断点平衡论试着去解释化石记录的一个古怪的特点----在超过一个世纪的时间里它已经为古生物学者所熟悉，但一直被忽视。许多物种似乎在上百万年的化石记录中一直没有改变，这个情况与达尔文的模型所支持的物种的持续变化相悖。进化渐进论的支持者所预测的中间状态的化石一直没有出现。在大部分蛤和珊瑚的聚集地，其化石在很厚的岩石中都实际上没有变化，只是突然被另一新的并且不同的物种而取代。

【4】北美马的进化曾经被用作经典的教科书案例来证明渐变进化论，现在却为断点平衡学提供了同样有说服力的证据。一个有说服力的5千万年的马祖先的进化模型----每一代都稍稍大一点，有更复杂的牙齿，更长的脸，和中间更突出的脚趾----这一切都看似强有力的支持了达尔文的论点，物种是逐步地进化的。但是，对这些化石更严谨的验证现在揭示了一个不太一样的故事。马是在不连续的步骤中进化的，其中每个进化步骤中间都有上百万年时间保持不变，在最后被一个不同的更新的模型取代。比如四只脚趾的Eohippus 在三只脚趾的moihippus之前，但北美化石证据表明在这之间有一个不平稳的，不均衡的转换过程。如果进化一直都是连续，渐进的过程，人们应该预期到的是每年的化石样本都会存在细微的差别。

【5】如果很难设想大的改变会迅速发生，想想这些：一个单一基因的改变就足以将有一对翅膀的苍蝇变成两对翅膀。

【6】关于进化速度的问题现在发生了转变：进化过程是逐渐发生的么，还是总是突然短时间的爆发?对含有化石的厚岩层的细致的现场调查可以检验这两个备受争论的理论。

【7】偶尔，有一个系列的化石丰富的岩石可以允许人们综合性的观察一种生物在很长一段时间中的变化。比如，Peter Sheldon对于三叶虫，一种已灭绝的身体分节的海洋生物，的研究提供了其对三百万年来在同一海洋环境下进化的一些细节。研究中，八种三叶虫都观察到了其身体节数数量逐渐改变的过程，在整个时间段中，一般身体都增加了一到两节。没有明显的不连贯，这使sheldon得出结论：海洋环境在那段时间是比较稳定的。

【8】很多来自不同时期的不同的生物都需要开展相似的相近研究。大多数研究者希望发现物种进化的这两种模式都存在。缓慢的，连续的变化可能是在环境稳定的时间段下的规律，而快速进化的新物种则发生在环境变化时期的压力下。但是，我们需要更多的想Sheldon所做的研究以证明这个观点。

篇2：新托福阅读分数如何算分

新托福阅读分数如何算分

The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.

The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：

If you had： You received

1 correct answers 0 points

2 correct answers 1 point

3 correct answers 2 points

1. 这里所说的转换(convert)，不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。

2. 所以，计算新托福阅读的分数，不要计算对多少题，而是算拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，然后再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。

【托福阅读】长难句解析——全球温度变化差异

原句案例：

While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences,which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climatescan also differ significantly from each other.

词汇讲解：

consistent /k?n's?st?nt/ adj. 一贯的, 前後一致的

intriguing /?n?tri:g??/ adj. 有趣的，激起好奇心的

结构划分：

(While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale), there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, (which suggest) (that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other).

深度分析：

修饰一：(While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale)，从句，注意里面还有一个同位语从句 (that temperature variations can occur on a global scale)表示indication的内容

中文：虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象表明温度变化能在全球范围内发生

修饰二：(which suggest) ，从句，修饰前面的differences

中文：这些差异表明

修饰三：(that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other) ，从句，注意这个从句里还有很多介词结构，the pattern (of temperature variations )(in regional climates) can also differ significantly (from each other).

(of temperature variations ) (in regional climates) ，在区域气候的温度变化

中文：在区域气候温度变化的模式彼此之间差异很大

主干：there arenonetheless some intriguing differences

参考翻译：

虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象表明温度变化能在全球范围内发生，但是会有一些有趣的差异，这些差异表明在区域气候温度变化的模式彼此之间差异很大。

【托福阅读】长难句解析——荷兰农业危机

托福阅读长难句实例

However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture.

句子分析

本句的主语是what is astonishing about this的主语从句。第一个that引导的从句在be动词后，叫作表语从句，第二个that引导的从句是同位语从句，解释说明the fact。本句还有一个重要阅读结构是A is not B，but C，这个结构的阅读重点靠后，也就是针对A的重点是C后面的内容，即the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture。

单词回顾

astonishing作形容词，表示“令人吃惊的”，比如：an astonishing achievement 惊人的成就。

be affected by表示“受到……的影响”，可以借鉴到写作中，通常表示受到不太好事情的影响，比如：How will the tax affect people on low income? 这项税收会如何影响低收入人士?

critical作形容词，表示“批评的;爱挑剔的”，比如：Pat is always very critical of her son’s appearance. 帕特对儿子的外表总是很挑剔。critical还可以表示“重要的”，比如：Parental attention is critical to the child’s socialization. 父母的关注对孩子适应社会是很重要的。在本句中critical表示“危险的”，critical phenomena说的是“危险的现象”。

relatively这个副词是托福阅读词汇题所考查过的单词，表示“相对而言地”，与“comparatively”和“correspondingly”意思相近。

句子翻译

然而，令人吃惊的并不是荷兰受到销量和产量下降等危险现象的影响，而是这样的事实：这些危机在荷兰农业中出现地相对比较晚。

【托福阅读】长难句解析——物理化学性质的沉淀

原句案例：

Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.

词汇讲解：

property /'pr?p?t?/ n. 财产，资产;特质，性质;

ambient /'?mb??nt/ adj. (指空气等)环绕四周的, 周围的

结构划分：

(Over long periods of time), substances (whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time) can be deposited(in a systematic way)(to provide a continuous record)(of changes in those properties overtime), (sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years).

深度分析：

修饰一：(Over long periods of time)，介词短语

中文：经过很长一段时间

修饰二：(whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time) ，从句，修饰substances，大家一定要注意这里的substances和can be别从句隔开了，一定要注意主谓被从句或其它修饰隔开的情况

中文：物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化

修饰三：(in a systematic way) ，介词短语

中文：以一种系统的方式

修饰四：(to provide a continuous record) ，非谓语动词

中文：提供了连续记录

修饰五：(of changes in those properties overtime)，介词短语

中文：这段时间的这些特征变化

修饰六：(sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years) ，介词短语

中文：这有时会是几百年或几千年

主干：substancescan be deposited

参考翻译：

经过很长一段时间，物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化的物质会以一种系统的方式沉淀，这提供了这些(物理和化学)性质在此段时间内变化的连续记录，这有时会是几百年或几千年。

篇3：托福阅读评分标准:托福阅读分数到底咋算

托福阅读评分标准:托福阅读分数到底咋算

托福阅读评分标准不知道大家了不了解，弄清楚托福阅读是怎么算分的也有助于大家在答题时有清晰的认识，比如要舍弃一些题时，选择哪一个才划算。

新托福阅读文章共有三篇,每篇有12-14道题,如果遇到加试，会从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的阅读总分。除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分，重要观点题的分值可能是2分，归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围:0-30分。

托福阅读解答方案：表格题型

格题分为两大类：总结表格题和对比表格题。

总结表格题

相对而言， 总结表格题的出现频率要高于对比表格题，这是由它们自身特点，出题方式和原文是否具备对比对照关系这三方面的因素决定的。

1、题的出题模式有两种：

一种是针对全文内容出题，答案由全文的主题，细节和重点支持段落的概述三部分组成。另外一种是针对文章中的重点支持性段落出题，答案由这些重点支持性段落主题，段落结论，以及重点支持性例子的概述三部分组成。这里我们重点看第一种出题模式。

我们来看一个例子，

The Atlantic Cod Fishery

Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.

Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.

By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.

Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the 1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers.

However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work.

Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks. ]

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points

The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.

1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.

2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.

3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s

Answer Choices

(1)Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks.

(2)The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill.

(3)Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell.

(4)The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s.

(5)Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery.

(6)Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year.

解题基本思路：首先确定这个题目属于总结表格题，其主题为The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.(鳕鱼渔业带动了纽芬兰经济发展已经有好几个世纪。)后面三个分论点的内容都是围绕这个论点展开：因为渔业的发达人们忽略了过度捕杀来的问题;尽管采取各种限制捕杀政策，鳕鱼的库存还是不断减少而其数量也没有回升的迹象;加拿大政府从20世纪80年代开始想办法来繁荣纽芬兰的经济。通过对上面这些句子和主题的分析，我们已经可以猜出文章的主要内容，人们的过度捕杀导致自己的经济来源-鳕鱼数量不断减少。根据这个理解然后看答案。根据文章内容，我们知道选项 A ，C， E与文章的内容和题目表格内容相符合。其中B内容在文章中有，但是不符合，D的内容也是正确的，但是与E相比，E更合适，而F 直接排除掉。

2、总结表格题做题三大步骤：

判断题目类型(全文型还是段落型)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案。

对比表格题

对比表格题都会有明确的对比项，也就是在文章中几个不同事物之间相对比。

这类型的题目相对于总结表格题来说简单。只要按照文章题目的要求，返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具体解题方法和总结表格题相同，所以这里就不赘述了。

总之，判断题目类型(总结表格题和对比表格题)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案是解决这类问题的最佳策略。

托福阅读解答方案：修饰目的题型

新托福阅读考试中还有一种题型是修饰目的题，在一定程度上也叫例证题，主要考查考生透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力，一般来说，问题会要求考生理解为什么作者在文章中用某些词，词组和句子。在IBT阅读考试中往往会有3-4个修饰目的题。

1、托福阅读修辞目的题的两种考察形式：

在阅读考试中，这类题目有两种不同的考察形式：一种是给出修辞手段问目的，另一种是给出修辞目的问手段。

其常见的题目形式如下：

The author uses X as an example of…

Why does the author mention X?

Why does the author compare … to …?

Why does the author use the word … in discussing…?

The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…

The author uses X as an example of…

2、托福阅读修辞目的题解题技巧

找出这些修辞方法所用的关键词，例如定义中所用的同位语;描述事物大小、形状的形容词和名词;举例用的词，如，for instance，for example， in other words;用来解释的词语，如because，this is why，due to等。

我们来看一个例子：

One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings，for example， those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain， however， are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.

Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?

To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks

To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux

To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces

To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations

首先分析问题题目，找出其中的关键词：Bushmen in South Africa.之后回到原文看其前后的句子，找到原文的关键词for example，通过分析知道，这一例子的目的是为了说明它前面的那句话，即这些绘画的位置令人费解。作者以对比的手法来说明这一点：Bushmen in South Africa的绘画常位于洞口或洞外，而法国和西班牙的洞穴绘画(本文所说的绘画)却位于远离最初洞口的深处。由此可见，Bushmen in South Africa的例子是为了说明Lascaux绘画位置的怪异。第二个选项符合此意，为正确答案。

总之，解决这类问题的步骤可以总结为：分析问题题目找出关键词，返回原文找原文中的关键词，理解上下文得出答案。

篇4：托福分数详细解读托福多少分算高分

托福分数详细解读 托福多少分算高分?

托福考试成绩想要取得高分是不容易的，为什么呢?因为总分要高，就意味着单项成绩必需要均衡的高。托福成绩的满分是120分，能考到一百分以上的都不多。而且，托福还要均衡评估。即使总体成绩很高，但有一项成绩偏低，也不算是高分。美国许多名校对托福考试的高分都有要求，比如，总分不能低于105分，但是每个单项成绩也不能低于25分。所以托福高分的评估四个版块都很重要，哪一个都不能忽略了。

一. 高分对比之SAT和托福

SAT和托福考试是有明显的相关性的，两个都由美国考试中心命题。但是，SAT要比托福考试难的多。SAT阅读涵盖托福阅读、SAT词汇涵盖托福词汇、SAT写作涵盖托福写作，因此在备考SAT过程中兼顾好托福的听力，就能实现两项考试双优的结果。即SAT考试能够带动托福，但是托福考试却带不动SAT。用SAT带动托福的备考策略效率高、省时有效，反之，效率低下。另外，美国前11名的顶尖大学，只要SAT成绩，不要托福成绩。

二. 托福考试拿高分的重点是听力

托福考试由阅读、听力、口语、写作四部分组成，每部分30分，总分120分。托福考试的次数每年很多，大家可以选择适合自己的时间参加考试。听力是托福考试的灵魂，它涉及到90分。托福口语是对听到的600字的信息内容，做出要点概括;写作是对听到的600字的信息内容，做出文字化的要点概括。听力是核心基础，听不懂就是胡说、就是胡写。

三.托福高分需要每天坚持学习

由于托福听力是考试的重点，所以每天都要坚持练习听力。可以选择报培训班，快速提高。

另外托福阅读难度增加，更难的托福阅读文章需要更广的词汇量，想要做好阅读需要有效快速阅读能力。阅读是唯一不涉及听力的一个科目，也是相对比较容易得分的一个版块。

所以大家已经了解了，托福的高分为100+以上的分数，而且要均衡得分，尽量每科都不少于25分。另外，听力是拿高分的关键，阅读是最容易得分的项目。大家在备考的时候也要有所侧重，注意提高听力能力，不要再阅读上失分过多。

托福写作中有哪些常用的强调句型

1、用助动词“do/ does/ did+动词原形”表强调

翻译：动词前加上助动词“do”，译成汉语时可以使用“的确”，“务必”，“确实”，“真的”,”一定等词突出强调语气。

如: “I do want to support my point of view from my personal experience.”

2、用very, just, the only, at all 等词表强调

翻译：译成汉语时可以使用“的确”，“正是”，“只有”，“到底”等词突出强调语气。

(1). This is the just book that I’m looking for.

(2). Have you read any of the report at all?

3、in the world, on earth, ever等用于疑问词后表强调

翻译：加在 what, where, who, why, how,等疑问词以及某些否定词和形容词最高级后面的 the devil ,the hell, on earth , in heaven, the dickens等词组，可译成汉语“究竟”“到底”“全然”“一点也”“极”等词。

(1). What on earth are you doing?

(2). When ever did you lost it?

4、用倒装句表强调

(1). Only in this way can you work out the problem.

(2). Hardly had he left when it began to rain.

托福写作素材：开放的人更成功

For some, being open-minded is as easy as breathing. For most others, it's a challenge-something they have to think about constantly and make a continual effort to keep and obtain. The majority of people struggle with this concept. But making the effort to think openly and embrace new ideas-if you approach it truly-will produce untold benefits for your business and career (your personal life as well) in the seasons to come.

Since we're all facing this challenge together, what can we do? The following are the things successful people do differently in this regard. They are simple tactics you can use and adopt as well to become more open minded in 2013 and beyond. Follow them carefully, and you will achieve unprecedented success. Here they are:

“ Letting go of control. When you open your mind, you free yourself from having to be in complete control of your thoughts. You allow yourself to experience new ideas and thoughts and you challenge the beliefs you currently have.

” Experiencing changes. Opening up your mind to new ideas allows you to the opportunity to change what you think and how you view the world. Now, this doesn't mean you necessarily will change your beliefs-in fact, the process may actually reinforce your current beliefs more strongly-but thinking with an open mind gives you the option of creating positive change and stronger results.

“ Making yourself vulnerable. One of the scariest (and greatest) things about seeing the world through an open mind is that you make yourself vulnerable. In agreeing to have an open-minded view of the world, you're also admitting you don't ”know it all.“ This vulnerability can be both terrifying and exhilarating.

” Making mistakes. Making mistakes doesn't seem like it would be much of a benefit, but I (and other Forbes contributors) have continually made the case that it is. When you allow yourself to see things from others' perspectives, you gain the opportunity to “fail up”.

“ Strengthening yourself. Open-mindedness provides a platform to build upon, piling one idea on top of another. Everything you experience collectively ”adds up,“ strengthening the person you are and what you believe in. It's very hard to build on experiences without an open mind.

” Gaining confidence. When you live with an open mind, you have a strong sense of self. You are not confined by your own beliefs, nor the beliefs of others.

重点搭配和句子摘抄：

as easy as breathing： 跟呼吸一样简单

struggle with _x ：跟_斗争

making the effort to _x ：为 _x 做出努力

embrace new ideas：拥抱新点子

produce untold benefits for s/b ：产生无数的好处

use and adopt ：使用、采取

follow them carefully and achieve unprecedented success：仔细的执行并得到前所未有的成功

open your mind: 打开心扉

be in complete control of _x：对_x完全的掌控

experience new ideas and thoughts ：体验新点子和思想

challenge the beliefs ：挑战信条

allows you to the opportunity to：给你机会去_x

reinforce your current beliefs：加强你现有的信条

creating positive change ：创造正向的改变

You're also admitting you don't “know it all.”

同时你也承认你不是通晓所有。

allow yourself to see things from others' perspectives：

让你从其他人的角度看问题

gain the opportunity to ：获得机会去_x

provides a platform to ：提供平台去_x

It's very hard to build on experiences without an open mind.

如果没有一个开放的心态就无法积累经验。

a strong sense of ：强烈的_x感 (比如achievement-成就感，belonging-归属感，self/identity-自己的认同感)

适用的题目：

People should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful.

Some people think that the most important quality in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is honesty.

A leader should have strong opinions and not change his or her mind about those opinions.

That is a good advice for any leader in a senior position: remain open to ideas from anywhere. I recall a CEO I worked for who regularly called front line staff in his company. He wanted to keep tabs on the pulse of the organization but also to glean suggestions that may have.

When a leader demonstrates he is open to new ideas, he makes it known that he values others. One executive I know in health care makes it a practice to keep her door open to anyone in the company. That sets the tone for other executives in the organization. Such a practice goes more than gleaning for the “next big thing,” it communicates that the leader values the contributions of others.

....(省略)

Time, as anyone in charge knows, is a leader's chief resource. He or she must spend it wisely. And when a leader chooses to spend that time listening to others, or even rejecting their idea with reasons why, they demonstrate a keen understanding of people.

Rejecting ideas with reasons is an acknowledgement of personal dignity. It connotes that you care about something about the other person - not in a touchy-feely way - but in a manner that is professional. It shows that a leader respects other people. Respect is an all too often neglected aspect of leadership.

We all want to be respected by others but how often do we show respect to others, in particular those who report to us? The more we can answer that question in the affirmative the more respect we will get in return. And when that happens people will be happy to share their ideas because they know they have a willing listener.

重点搭配摘抄：

front line staff ：一线员工

keep tabs on the pulse of the organization ：密切关注组织的脉动

glean suggestions ：收集建议

makes it a practice to _x：把_当成一种习惯

demonstrate a keen understanding of _x：表达对_x的敏锐理解

an acknowledgement of personal dignity：对于个人尊严的认同

it communicates that ：表达 _x

It connotes that ：意味着

makes it known that：表明 _x

set the tone for ：为_定了调子

in a touchy-feely way：过于卿卿我我的、感情化的(no reason)

a willing listener: 一个心甘情愿的倾听者

重点句子摘抄：

The more we can answer that question in the affirmative the more respect we will get in return.

我们越是能肯定的回答这个问题就越能得到尊重。

适用的题目：

People should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful.

Some people think that the most important quality in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is honesty.

A leader should have strong opinions and not change his or her mind about those opinions.

www.forbes.com/sites/johnbaldoni/2015/02/19/david-remnick-be-open-to-new-ideas-even-when-you-must-say-no/#28a464e26cb2?

David Remnick has not forgotten the first note he received from The New Yorker magazine. It was a rejection note from legendary editor, William Shawn.

Now that Remnick is at the helm of the magazine - editor since 1998 and only the fifth in its 90-year history - he follows Shawn's example and attempts to answer the many queries he receives. As Remnick told Terry Gross on NPR's Fresh Air, he admits he falls short at times but to me he makes up for it with an outreach effort. At a recent gathering at the Columbia School of Journalism, Remnick gave out his email and invited people to send him ideas and manuscripts. While the door to admission to The New Yorker is high, Remnick admits that you never know from where the next great article, idea or writer will come.

That is a good advice for any leader in a senior position: remain open to ideas from anywhere. I recall a CEO I worked for who regularly called front line staff in his company. He wanted to keep tabs on the pulse of the organization but also to glean suggestions that may have.

When a leader demonstrates he is open to new ideas, he makes it known that he values others. One executive I know in health care makes it a practice to keep her door open to anyone in the company. That sets the tone for other executives in the organization. Such a practice goes more than gleaning for the “next big thing,” it communicates that the leader values the contributions of others.

Not all ideas are acceptable, nor are they ready to be implemented. William Shawn's rejection note to Remnick contained more than a simple no. As Remnick says, “I never forgot the time that was taken to write a cogent, short note about why not.”

All of us want to be accepted, to be liked and loved. We want our ideas accepted, too. And when they are rejected the tendency is to personalize the defeat. Of course that is a comfortable delusion from which many of us suffer. Savvy leaders know that if they want to connect with others they must do more than say no. They must explain the reason behind the no. In doing so they are recognizing the effort and the gumption the individual put into developing an idea and presenting it.

Time, as anyone in charge knows, is a leader's chief resource. He or she must spend it wisely. And when a leader chooses to spend that time listening to others, or even rejecting their idea with reasons why, they demonstrate a keen understanding of people.

Rejecting ideas with reasons is an acknowledgement of personal dignity. It connotes that you care about something about the other person - not in a touchy-feely way - but in a manner that is professional. It shows that a leader respects other people. Respect is an all too often neglected aspect of leadership.

We all want to be respected by others but how often do we show respect to others, in particular those who report to us? The more we can answer that question in the affirmative the more respect we will get in return. And when that happens people will be happy to share their ideas because they know they have a willing listener.

适用的题目：

People should be open to new ideas and change his or her mind to be successful.

托福分数详细解读 托福多少分算高分

★是你教会我坚强

★这时候你才算真正长大

★你到底算“老几”作文700字

★是你教会我坚强作文

★三招教会你约会用餐礼仪

★是你教会我成长作文

★是你教会我坚强作文

★3-5分钟自我介绍

★《故事会》二十分钟

★1-2分钟自我介绍

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