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口译中翻译复杂中文句子的方法

时间:2023-02-11 08:36:07 其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文

下面给大家分享口译中翻译复杂中文句子的方法,本文共11篇,欢迎阅读!

口译中翻译复杂中文句子的方法

篇1:口译中翻译复杂中文句子的方法

我曾写过一个帖子,介绍如何将一个复杂的英文句子翻译成中文。昨天我收到网友“CQ美眉”的邮件,她请我再写一个帖子,介绍如何将一个复杂的中文句子翻译成英文,也就是再写一个相反的帖子。这位网友还特意给我提供了一个例句,请看下面:

每一个人,作为社会的一个成员,有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利,这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。

对于这种比较复杂的中文句子,在正式翻译成英文句子之前,应当按照它的含义,将它划分成不同的部分,以便我们确定英文句子的结构。我首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分,请特别注意,第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。

①每一个人,②作为社会的一个成员,③有权享受 [④其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的] 社会、经济、文化权利,⑤这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,⑥并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。

这样划分之后,我初步决定,将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句,用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights,请看:

①Everyone

②as a member of society

③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights

④which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity

⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation

⑥which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country.

不过,在英语中,通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词,很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词,因此我临时决定,将第4部分改写成一个短语,将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子,请看:

①Everyone

②as a member of society

③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights

④necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity

⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant withthe organization, resources and situation of each country.

最后,将这5个部分组合起来,就是这个中文句子的英文译文。

Everyone, as a member of society, is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rightsnecessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity, which arerealized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with theorganization, resources and situation of each country.

另外,LT论坛的ptbptb网友另提供的一个版本如下:

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled torealization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with theorganization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rightsindispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

篇2:闲聊英语:怎样翻译复杂的中文句子

闲聊英语:怎样翻译复杂的中文句子

我曾写过一个帖子,介绍如何将一个复杂的英文句子翻译成中文。昨天我收到网友“CQ美眉”的邮件,她请我再写一个帖子,介绍如何将一个复杂的中文句子翻译成英文,也就是再写一个相反的帖子。这位网友还特意给我提供了一个例句,请看下面: ▲每一个人,作为社会的`一个成员,有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利,这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。 对于这种比较复杂的中文句子,在正式翻译成英文句子之前,应当按照它的含义,将它划分成不同的部分,以便我们确定英文句子的结构。我首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分,请特别注意,第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。 ▲①每一个人,②作为社会的一个成员,③有权享受 [④其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的] 社会、经济、文化权利,⑤这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,⑥并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。 这样划分之后,我初步决定,将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句,用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights,请看: ①Everyone ②as a member of society ③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights ④which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity ⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation ⑥which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country. 不过,在英语中,通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词,很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词,因此我临时决定,将第4部分改写成一个短语,将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子,请看: ①Everyone ②as a member of society ③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights ④necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity ⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country. 最后,将这5个部分组合起来,就是这个中文句子的英文译文。不知道您是否看懂了。 Everyone, as a member of society, is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity, which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country. 作者:张宏(info@italian.org.cn)

篇3:口译经验翻译方法和技巧

一、词汇方面

㈠.词义选择

大多数英语词汇是多义的,翻译时必须选择正确的词义,词义选择的方法有三:根据上下文和词的搭配选择、根据词类选择、根据专业选择。

㈡.词义转换

在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上,翻译时可根据汉语的习惯按引伸义译出;或用反义词语译出,即所谓的正文反译、反文正译。

㈢.词类转换

英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、以及动名词、非谓语动词等,汉译时可将它们转换成动词。

㈣.补词

是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达,译文中需将这些含义补充进去,这样才更通顺易读,如:英语中数词与名词之间没有量词,而译成汉语时可酌情增加。

㈤.省略

是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译,只要并不影响意义的完整。如:上面讲的汉语“量词”,译成英语时则可以省略;又如:英语中大量使用物主代词而汉语中往往省略不用。

㈥.并列与重复

英语在表达重复含义的并列结构中常采用共享、替代、转换等形式来避免重复,而汉语却常常有意重复表达以加强文字的力度,如:英语的物主代词替代前面的名词,短语动词只重复介词而省略主动词,汉译时可考虑重复表达。

二、句子结构方面

句子结构方面的翻译技巧,主要有三种类型:语序类、组合类和转换类。

㈠.语序类

1. 顺译法与逆译法

第三书中讲句子顺序时谈到,英语时间状语可前可后。不仅如此英语在表达结果、条件、说明等定语从句、状语从句也很灵活,既可以先述也可以后述。而汉语表达往往是按时间或逻辑的顺序进行的,因此,顺译法也罢逆译法也罢,其实都是为了与汉语的习惯相一致。英语表达与汉语一致的就顺译,相反的则逆译。

有时候顺译法与逆译法的差别,就象前面谈的正译与反译,依译者的爱好而定,

备考资料

2. 前置法

英语中较短的限定性定语从句、表身份特征等的同位语在译成汉语时,往往可以提到先行词(中心词)的前面。

3. 分起总叙与总起分叙

长句子和句子嵌 象在英语中比较普遍,这是因为英语的连词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词比较活跃、生成能力强,可构成并列句、复合句以及它们的组合形式。

嵌套罗列而成的英语长句确实给理解和翻译都带来了一定困难。但联想到第三书中介绍的逻辑语法分析方法却又令人思路豁然明亮。

英语长句虽然长,但它既称为“句”,毕竟可以提炼成一个主干和由若干个定语从句、状语从句等构成的说明部分。用“三秋树法则”可简化出这个主干。

根据句子阐述的内容和汉语的思维习惯,采用分起总叙或总起分叙翻译法翻译即可。

总起分叙,就是先把句子的主干译出,然后分别译出其它说明部分,即先归纳后叙述;分起总叙,就是先叙述后总结。

4. 归纳法(综合法)

对于个别英语语言呈跳跃性的长句、蒙太奇性的长句,译者需要进行“综合治理”,重新组合,体会“翻译是再创造”这句话的含义,归纳而成明明白白的佳译。

㈡.组合类

1. 分句法

有些句子由于“联系词”的联系,虽在形式上是一个句子,但句子许多成分的意义是独立的。将它们断开分成短句是完全可以的。断开的位置一般可选在这些联系词处。联系词通常由关系代词、关系副词、独立副词、伴随动词等担任。

2. 合句法

形式上为两个句子或多个句子,但意思紧密相关,只要译文不显得冗长,是可以合译成一个句子的。如:同主语的简单句、并列句可合成一个句子的并列成分,较短的定语从句、状语从句可由从句缩成主句的修饰成分。

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篇4:口译中称谓的翻译

在外事接待中,译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的翻译。称谓代表了一个人的职位、职衔或学衔,体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重,而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达式否有一个正确的理解,尤其是对称谓词语指义的认识。一个称谓词很可能表示多种身份,例如,英语的头衔词president,译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统、国家主席、大学的校长、学院的院长、学会或协会的会长或主席、公司的总裁或董事长等等。同样,当介绍中国各类机构或组织的首长时,不可千篇 一律的将他们的头衔译作head,而应该使用相应的、规范的称谓语。

一般说来,首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓则常带有chief, general, head, managing这类词,因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时,须遵循英语头衔的表达习惯,例如:

总工程师 chief engineer

总经理 general manager; managing director

总教练 head coach

总干事 secretary-general

有些部分或机构的首长或主管的英译,可以一些通用的头衔次表示,例如下列机构的负责人可以用director, head或chief来表示:

局长 director of the bureau, head of the bureau, bureau chief

汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字,英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况,可选择vice, associate, assistant, deputy等词。相对而言,vice使用面较广,例如:

副总统 vice president

副省长 vice governor

副市长 vice mayor

学术头衔的“副”之称谓往往用不同的词表达,最为常用的英语词是associate,例如:

副教授 associate professor

副研究员 associate research fellow

副主任医师 associate senior doctor

以director表示的职位的副职常以deputy director表示。此外,secretary, mayor, dean等头衔的副职也可冠以deputy,例如:

副秘书长 deputy secretary-general

副院长 deputy dean

学术头衔系列出了含“正”或“副”表示,而直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示,我们可以用senior来称呼,例如:

高级编辑 senior editor

高级工程师 senior engineer

资深翻译 senior translator

有一些行业的职称或职务系列中,最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词,英语常用chief来表示,例如:

首席执行官 chief executive officer (ceo)

首席法官 chief judge

首席记者 chief correspondent

有些头衔会含诸如“代理”、“常务”、“执行”、“名誉”这类称谓语,例如:

代理市长 acting mayor

常务理事 managing director

执行主席 executive chairman/chair (或presiding chairman)

名誉校长 honorary president

有些职称或职务带有“主任”、“主治”、“特级”、“特派”、“特约”等头衔,英译不尽相同,例如:

主任秘书 chief secretary

主治医师 attending/chief doctor; physician; consultant

特级教师 special-grade senior teacher

特派记者 accredited correspondent

特约编辑 contributing editor

篇5:翻译资格技巧和经验:怎样翻译复杂的中文句子

翻译资格技巧和经验:怎样翻译复杂的中文句子

我曾写过一个帖子,介绍如何将一个复杂的英文句子翻译成中文。昨天我收到网友“CQ美眉”的邮件,她请我再写一个帖子,介绍如何将一个复杂的中文句子翻译成英文,也就是再写一个相反的帖子。这位网友还特意给我提供了一个例句,请看下面:

每一个人,作为社会的一个成员,有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利,这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。

对于这种比较复杂的中文句子,在正式翻译成英文句子之前,应当按照它的含义,将它划分成不同的部分,以便我们确定英文句子的结构。我首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分,请特别注意,第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。

①每一个人,②作为社会的一个成员,③有权享受 [④其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的] 社会、经济、文化权利,⑤这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,⑥并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。

这样划分之后,我初步决定,将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句,用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights,请看:

①Everyone

②as a member of society

③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights

④which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity

⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation

⑥which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country.

不过,在英语中,通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词,很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词,因此我临时决定,将第4部分改写成一个短语,将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子,请看:

①Everyone

②as a member of society

③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights

④necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity

⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant withthe organization, resources and situation of each country.

最后,将这5个部分组合起来,就是这个中文句子的英文译文。

Everyone, as a member of society, is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rightsnecessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity, which arerealized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with theorganization, resources and situation of each country.

另外,LT论坛的ptbptb网友另提供的一个版本如下:

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled torealization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with theorganization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rightsindispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

翻译资格考试catti三级笔译词汇

社会集团购买力 the purchasing power of a social group

社会力量办学 running of schools by non-governmental sectors

社会名流 celebrity

社会热点问题 hot spots of society

社会事业 social undertakings

社会投资 nongovernmental investment

社会效益 social effect /results /benefit

社会舆论 public opinion

社会治安情况 public security situation

社会主义价值观 socialist value outlook

社会主义精神文明建设 socialist ideological and ethical progress

社会主义市场经济 socialist market economy

社会主义先进文化 an advanced socialist culture

社会主义政治文明建设 socialist political civilization

社会总产值 total social output value

社会总供给 total social supply

社会总需求 total social demand

社交 social intercourse

舍近求远 reject what is near at hand and seek what is far away

舍利子 Buddha's relics 社论 editorial

社区服务 community services

蛇头 snakehead

蛇 头 human smuggler (Beijing police said Sunday they detained an alleged human smuggler surnamed X iong from Taiwan. 北京警方拘留了一名中国台湾女“蛇头”熊某。)

涉外经济 foreign-related business

热线电话 telephone hotline

翻译资格考试catti三级笔译词汇

圣战(伊斯兰教徒对异教徒的战争) jihad

生殖健康 reproductive health (Youths in China are becoming more open about premarital sex, but their awareness of reproductive health and safe sex remains relatively low, the first-ever extensive nat ionwide survey on the subject suggests. 首次全国范围的(青少年生殖健康)调查显 示,中国青少年对婚前性行为的态度变得更开放,但是他们对生殖健康和安全性行为的知识却相对缺乏。)

生命探测仪 life detect ion instrument

生 物 降 解 的 biodegradable (The biodegradable plastic garbage bags used at Beijing Olympics venues will be available on the Chinese market next year. 曾在奥运场馆广为使用的生物降解塑料袋有望在明年进入市场。)

生效 come into force; take effect

升学率 enrolment rate

生鱼片 sashimi

审美疲劳 aesthetic fatigue

申请破产保护 file for bankruptcy protection

申请专利 apply for a patent

神舟飞船 the Shenzhou spaceship

涉嫌犯罪案件 suspected criminal case

实报实销 complete reimbursement

世 博 园 expo garden (At the 5.28-sq-km expo garden, upwards of 800,000 visitors are expected to punch their tickets at the gate every day - equivalent to dropping a different European city into the middle of Shanghai seven days a week. 世博园面积达 5.28平方公里,届时每天将接待游客超过 80 万人次,这相当于每周将一个欧洲城市的人口输送至上海市中心。)

时不我待 Time and tide wait for no man.

市场饱和 market saturation; saturated market

市场波动 market fluctuation

市场导向的就业机制 market-oriented employment mechanisms

市场供求关系 relation between market supply and demand

市场化 marketization

市场疲软 sluggish market

市场调节 market regulat ion; regulat ion market

翻译资格考试catti三级笔译词汇

摄政王 acting king; prince regent

社会保险机构 social security institutions

社会公敌 a threat to society

社会公平social equity

社会公益性技术研究 technological research for public welfare

社会信用体系 the social credit system

社会主义初级阶段 the primary stage of socialism

申办奥运会 bid for the Olympic Games

申办城市 the bidding cit ies

申办 年奥运会 bid for 2008 Olympics

深层文化 deep culture

深化改革 deepen the reform

深加工 deep processing; further processing

深加工、高附加值矿产品 deep-processed mineral products with high added value

审时度势 size up the situation

申诉权 right of petition

身体素质 physique; physical constitution

神童 child prodigy

渗透、颠覆和分裂活动 infiltrat ive, subversive and splittist activities

身外之物 worldly possessions

审议会议 review conference

神州行电话卡 Shenzhou pre-paid card

申报财产 declare one’s assets

生产线 production line

生产性投资 productive investment

省会 provincial capital

翻译资格考试catti三级笔译词汇

圣火 sacred fire (such as the Olympic torch)

生活补助 living subsidies

圣火采集仪式 sun-ray ceremony (The Guangzhou Asian Games flame was ignited in a traditional sun-ray ceremony at the Juyongguan pass of the Great Wall Saturday morning. 上周六上午,2010 年广州亚运会的圣火在居庸关长城举行的传统采集仪式中点燃。)

生活津贴 living allowance or subsistence allowance

升级换代 updating and upgrading (of products)

生计问题 bread-and-butter issue

生命银行 bank for keeping the donated organs and remains of dead persons for medical use

生态活动 eco-activity

生态建筑 ecological construction

生态林 ecological forest

生态旅游 ecotourism

生态农业 environmentally friendly agriculture

生态危机 eco-crisis

生态效益 ecological benefit

生态系统 ecological system(ecosystem)

生物工程 biological engineering

生物恐怖主义 bioterrorism

生物圈 biosphere

生 物 燃 料 biofuel (An Air New Zealand passenger jet powered in part by vegetable oil successfully completed a flight Tuesday to test a biofuel that could lower airplane emissions. 新西兰航空公司一架客机 30 日完成了使用植物油作为部分动力燃料的飞行实验,用于实验的生物燃料可能降低飞机的废气排放。)

生物钟 biological clock; living clock; biochronometer

声讯台 informat ion service center

生意兴隆 Business flourishes

生育率 fertility rate (China will stick to its family-planning policy in the co ming decades to maintain a low fertility rate, a top population official said on Saturday at an event to mark the 30th anniversary of the country's unique policy. 上周六 ,人口计生委高级官员在纪念计划生育政策出台 30 周年的活动中表示,中国将在未来几十年内坚持计划生育政策,保持低生育率。)

篇6:定语从句翻译复杂句子

同学们,如果给你复杂的定语从句你是否会翻译呢?怎么翻译呢?

翻译练习(定语从句)

1.李昂就是那个决心清除社会上所有坏蛋的职业杀手。

Leonwas a professional killerwhowas determined to get rid of all the bad guys in the society.

2.玛蒂尔德就是那个父母都已离世的可怜的小女孩。

Mathilda was a poor little girlwhoseparents both died.

3.足球是一项培养孩子跟别人合作的团队活动。

Football is a team workthattrains children to work with others.

4.你想见的那个人住进了这家宾馆。

The manwhomyou want to seechecked in this hotel.

5.这是我们昨天参观的那家工厂。

This is the factory(which/that )we visited yesterday.

6.我昨天收到的那封信是我的一个朋友寄来的。

The letter(which/that)I received yesterdaywas from a friend of mine.

7.他常常回忆起童年在乡下跟爷爷去河边钓鱼的日子。

He often recalls the days of his childhoodwhenhe and his grandfather went fishing by the river.

8.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。

This is the housewhereLu Xun once lived.

This is the housein whichLu Xun once lived.

This is the housewhichLu Xun once livedin.

9.我们不知道他没有来的原因。

We don’t know the reasonwhyhe didn’t show up.

We don’t know the reasonthathe didn’t show up.(×)

10.中国政府正在大力发展农业,农业的重要性现在已是人人皆知。

Chinese government is trying to develop agriculture with great efforts, the importanceof whichis now known to everybody.

11.会议延期了,而这正是我们所希望的。

The meeting was put off,which/aswas exactly what we wanted.

12.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。

This is the best film(that)I have ever seen.

This is the best film (which)I have ever seen.(×)

篇7:定语从句翻译复杂句子

英语句子中某个需要修饰的词语后面可以接无数的定语从句,而汉语句子中需要修饰的词语前不能放过多的修饰语(定语)。另外,英语定语从句的结构还具有一些特点,即蔓生式(The rates at which the molecules move depend upon the energy they have.),并列式(The house (that) he bought in 1968,and which he sold two years later,is again on the market.),连环套式(There was one thing (that) he told me which I don’t believe at all.)。基于这些结构上的差异,在翻译定语从句的时候,可以选择以下几种方法:

1. 前置法

比较简短的英语定语从句,可以译成作定语的短语,置于所修饰词语之前。

例如:

·You must make full use of the money there is left to you and think of a plan to make more.

你必须充分利用所剩的`钱,而且要想法赚更多的钱。

·The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。

·This is the cat that killed the rat.

这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。

·For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold.

例如, 友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象, 并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。

·Behaviorists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有条件而造成的。

2. 后置法

当定语从句较长时, 如果翻译成前置的定语, 就会不符合汉语的表达习惯, 在这种情况下, 往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句, 放置于原来它所修词的后面。另外在处理此类定语从句时, 一般遵循的原则是:若保留先行词, 则在第二个分句中加以重复, 若省略, 则两个并列分句中均不再保留。当然, 在实际的翻译过程中也有例外。

·All the water that flows through the wide pipe in a second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster.

在一秒钟内流过粗管子的全部水量, 一定会以某种方式通过细管子,这只有靠加快流速才能做到。(后置)

·Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand.

也许,光是某种电波,其性质我们尚不清楚。(后置)

·This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了, 而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。(后置)

·“In short”, a leader of the new school attends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简而言之, 我们所称谓的科学革命,主要指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。” (后置)

·The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

食品的供应将赶不上人口的增长, 这就意味著我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。(后置)

·You consulted the man who had no idea about that subject at all?

那个家伙对这一主题一无所知,你却去咨询他?(前置)

·They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.

他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。 (后置)

·Nearly everyone knows the story of “the dog that worried the cat that caught the rat that ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built.”

几乎人人都知道这个故事:“杰克盖了房,房里堆了粮,耗子把粮吃光,猫把耗子抓着,狗又把猫逼上房。”(后置)

3. 溶合法

所谓溶合就是把原句中的主语和定语从句合并在一起,译成一个独立的句子。

例如:

·There are more and more foreign investors who have the intention to do business and live in Dalian.

越来越多的外国投资者有意向在大连经商和生活。

·They are a nation that must beg to stay alive.

他们那个国家不讨饭就活不下去。

·Objects that do not transmit light cause shadows.

不透光的物体造成阴影。

4.分离法

有些定语从句较长,结构较复杂,或意思上独立性较强,在逻辑意义上有追述、分层叙述、转折等作用。这时可将英语的定语从句从主句中分离出来,译成独立的成分。

例如:

·Nowhere is the clash between development and environment more visible than in China, where the world’s largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.

在中国,发展与环境的矛盾表现得尤为明显。这个世界上人口最多的国家正面临着环境污染、森林减少以及大范围酸雨侵袭。

·There are 107 elements found in nature, most of which ( =and most of them)are metals.

自然界发现的元素有107种,其中大部分是金属。

5. 译成有状语功能的分句

·We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays

of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.

我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以猫黑夜也能看得很清楚。

(原因)

·Chaplin, whose mother was ill for many years, had to dance in streets to earn money .

由于母亲病了好多年,卓别林不得不到街头表演去挣钱。

(原因)

·I invited that friend, who came on time.

我邀请了那位朋友,他就按时来了。

(结果)

·He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.他做了一架望远镜,使他能够研究天空。

(结果)

·Anyone who wants to can go for a walk.

谁想去散步就可以去。

(条件)

·Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the height.

世上无难事,只要肯登攀。

(条件)

·The young man needed a visa that would enable him to study in the United States.

这位青年需要得到签证,以便前往美国学习。

(目的)

·But the Southern States wanted to set up a country of their

own, where they would be free to keep black slaves.

但是南方各州却想建立他们自己的国家,以便在那里他们可以随心所欲地继续把黑人当作奴隶。

(目的)

·The scientist, who was dog-tired, went on with the experiment.

那位科学家虽已筋疲力尽,但还是继续进行实验。

(让步)

·He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for.

他坚持再买一幢房子,尽管他并无此需要。

(让步)

6. 其他译法

把翻译简单定语从句的方法贯通其中,如译成定语 + 句子成分(即把一个从句译成定语,另一个从句译成句子成分);或译成并列句(或句子成分)+ 状语从句(即把一个从句译成并列句或句子成分,另一个从句译成状语从句)等。例如:

·At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil,where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.

处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西,在那里种族混合十分普遍,而且正在继续,因此,种族歧视较少。

(并列句+状语从句)

EXERCISES

I. SENTENCE TRANSLATION

1. Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.

2. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.

3. Not surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.

4. This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis khan’s grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.

5. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.

6. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

7. A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.

8.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared,if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.

9. Kissinger and his small group of aids toured the Forbidden City,where the Chinese emperors once lived in lofty splendor.

10.The time will surely come when the Chinese people will realize the four modernizations.

篇8:上海基础口译长句的翻译方法

对于每一个英语句子的翻译, 并不只是使用一种翻译方法, 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时, 首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。

一、英语长句的分析

一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:

(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。

(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:

例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。

(2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.

在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为:

行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. (85年考题)

分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else. 是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。

(2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。

(3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.

综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:

譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

二、长句的翻译

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。

(1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:

例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考题)

分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A. 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:

即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考题)

分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A. 可是现在人们意识到; B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:

可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

下面我们再列举几个实例:

例3. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.

在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种.种束缚。

例4. This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”

这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”

例5. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man’s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.

我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。

例6. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:

例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A. ……变的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:

因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

下面我们再举几个实例:

例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。

例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。

例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。

例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。

(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:

例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.

上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:

没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。

这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:

大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。

例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)

分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:

人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

下面我们再举一个例子:

例3. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (85年考题)

他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。

例4. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

(4) 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:

例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:

尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

下面我们再举几个例子:

例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.

对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。

例3. Taking his cue from Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.

易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。

例4. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.

到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。

篇9:口译绝招:译中数字的翻译

(1)等值翻译

a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟

within a stone's throw 一步之遥

kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕

(2)不等值翻译

at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟

on second thoughts 再三考虑

by ones and twos 两两地,零零落落地

Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。

--Can you come down a little?

--Sorry, its one price for all.

你能便宜一点卖吗?

对不起,不二价。

(3)不必译出

One mans meat is another mans poison.人各有所好。

I'll love you three score and ten.我会一辈子爱你的。

Ten to one he has forgotten it.很可能他已经忘了。

His mark in math is second to none in the class. 他的数学分数在班上是名列前茅的。

She is a second Lei Feng. 她是雷锋式的人物。

I always believe my sixth sense. 我总相信我的直觉。

The parson official1y pronounced that they became one.牧师正式宣告他们成婚。

I used to study in France in the year one. 我早年曾在法国学习。

篇10:浅谈翻译资格口译中如何弥补中英文化差异

经验分享:浅谈翻译资格口译中如何弥补中英文化差异

文化是一种上层建筑,它是建立在一定的经济基础之上的,而且与一个国家、民族的传密不可分。而“跨文化交际”,英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”,它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际, 也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同, 因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等等诸语境因素。不同文化背景造成人们说话方式或习惯不尽相同。因此, 在交流中, 人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语,这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论, 从而产生冲突和故障①。英国有他自己的社会风俗与礼仪:

一般风俗

跟中国相比,车辆在马路的左边行驶。驾车者会给行人让路,但并不总是这样。大部分人都自觉遵守公共秩序。在火车站或地铁站、公共汽车站、银行、邮局等地方等待服务时要排队。在自动提款机旁,人们会有意识地与正在使用机器的人保持合理的距离。在自动扶梯上,靠右站好让别人通过。提出请求时要说“please”,接受了帮助或服务后要说“thank you”,无论事情多么微不足道。 拜访朋友前要提前通知对方。不速之客会让人讨厌。避免在晚上10点后打电话到别人家。晚上11点后打电话很可能被英国人当作有紧急事件。使用主人家的电话前要征得许可,并且要商量怎样付电话费。在室内吸烟可能不被主人接受。如果你确实想吸烟,先询问主人会被视为礼貌的行为。 在中国的宴会上,客人在最后一道菜吃完后会迅速离开。而在英国文化中,留下来进行社交谈话被视为礼貌的行为。聚会因此可能多延续几个小时。特别要注意的是,如果被邀请去主人家吃饭,一吃完就离开是非常不礼貌的。

餐桌礼仪

安静地吃东西并且吃完自己碟子里的所有事物是礼貌的行为。剩下食物可能意味着客人不喜欢这些食物。把叉放在盘子上,把刀放在它旁边表明你已经吃完了。如果你还在吃,就把刀和叉分开放在碟子上。 英国人喜欢在吃饭的时候聊天。但要同时说话和吃东西是很难的。而在吃东西的时候张大嘴,哪怕是说话,是不礼貌的行为。诀窍是:吃东西和说话交替进行;只往嘴里放少量食物。如果你必须张大嘴,用一只手遮住它。

食物

人们不吃动物的所有部分,如头、足和某些器官。他们如果看到中国人食用每一部分,可能会感到震惊。在英国人的食物中马铃薯替代米饭作为主要的碳水化合物。如果不习惯用餐时吃马铃薯,不要不好意思要米饭。

习惯和爱好

卫生的标准似乎不同。人们不喜欢化学品,却不把碟子上的洗洁精冲干净就用它。“Do It Yourself”(D.I.Y.自己动手)和园艺是许多英国人的爱好,因为在英国人工非常昂贵。如果主人在自己的花园上化了很多工夫,他们很可能会为它感到骄傲。因此,恭维他们的花园是进行进一步谈话的很好的开始。

交友

通常,英国人不喜欢过于亲热,觉得这样肤浅而且不真诚。太多的热情和关注会让他们感到奇怪和不自在。所以和他们建立友谊确实要花些时间。隐私对于英国人来说十分重要。个人问题,或例如婚姻、恋爱关系、财政、健康等话题应当避免,除非对方是很好的朋友。酒吧是英国人喜欢与朋友相聚的社交中心

②这些差异是译员在翻译当中要注意的,如果翻译不当会一些不必要的误会。译员在这当中要担当好桥梁的作用了。下面我们看一些礼宾用语的中英文化差异以及他们的译法:

一、问候

每个国家的问候语都是不同的,比如: 有的中方主人在飞机场迎接外方的客人会说:“欢迎欢迎,一路辛苦了。”我们不能直译为:Welcome. You must be tired all the way? 在英语思维习惯上,是对满脸倦容的人表示关切的话而不是打招呼的问候。按英语习惯可以这样说:You’ve had a long trip. 或Did you have a long flight?

中文还有这样的恭维:“您年纪这么大,身体还是这么健康。”说英语国家没有类似的表达习惯。在他们的文化里,人们忌讳直接说对方年纪大。 不能译成:You are old but still look so healthy.”这样不但没有丝毫关心问候之意,却使别人以为你嫌他老不死。这下可把别人给得罪了。可以这样译:You look great.或You look wonderful.在较熟的朋友之间可以说:Your health is good.

二、称呼

在书面语称呼上,对“Dear Governor……”或“Dear Minister…..”这类身份较高的称呼上,通常不译为“亲爱的省长”、“亲爱的部长”这个Dear习惯用“尊敬的”。

“女士们、先生们、朋友们。”中文听起来很自然,但在英语习惯里,“朋友们”通常方在女士们先生们之前:

Dear friends,

Ladies and gentlemen

三、交际套语

交际套语应该符合习惯用法,才显的自然,得体, 有礼,否则听起来就显得生硬,粗鲁,甚至误解。下面就举一些典型套语的译法:

1,参观或者会谈等场合,常听见中方的人说“请多提宝贵意见。”若直译为:“Please give us your valuable comments。”问题就来了:你的意见应该是valuable 的,不宝贵的意见请免开尊口。正确的译法是:“Please give us your comments。”或“We welcome your comments。

2,“怎么样,今天就谈到这里吧?”生硬、突然的说法:Well,shall we stop here for today?地道的习惯用语:Thank you for….。Shall we call it a day?

3,“今天的菜不好,请多多包涵。” 在英语国家的人看来,这种自谦客套的说法反而显得太牵强附会,况且请客总希望客人吃的好,否则,既然菜不好,为什么还拿来请客?故不宜直译为:Pardon me for the poor foods today。若用餐开始讲这句话,英语应说:Bon appetite,或者Enjoy yourself。若用餐完毕讲这句话,应该说:Hope you’ve enjoyed yourself。

这样才与此情景相吻合。

4,“这是区区薄礼,不成敬意”。这是我们中国人为了表示礼貌客气的一句客套话,有时礼品并非“薄礼”也这么说;而英美人的思维习惯却是:这是专门为你准备的礼品,希望你喜欢。所以这句不妨这样说:This is a gift for your memory。Hope you like it。

5,“你每月挣多少钱?”这恐怕是令人最忌讳的私人问题了,太敏感了。 若非要表打这个意思,应该把问题变为间接问题,不针对个人。若对方是销售经理,可以说:About how much dose a sale manager make a year?

在做口译当中,除了要注意这些差异以外,英语作为一种语言它有着丰富的口语习惯词汇我们不能单凭字面意思去理解。比如:“This evening,if you have time , we can go to the movie together .” “Well, I will play it by ear!” play it by ear—-“用耳朵来弹奏”? 不是!这里的play it by ear 英文原意是: to decide sth. at the moment you need to and not before 因而这里意思可理解为:“今晚如果有空,你可以和我们一块去看电影。”“到时候再说吧!”

有些词不能停留在望文生义上,要挖掘深层意思。例如:英文中就有child wife/husband一说,这个词就不能望文生义理解为“孩子妻子/丈夫”了,它的确切意思应该是“老夫少妻/老妻少夫”。还有这句话:This machine is the last word in technical skill.其中the last word 就不好理解,原意为:最后一句话,最后决定权…但在这里应该是:(同类事物中) 最新形式,最先进品种。因而这句可译成:这台机器是技术方面的新成就。

我们在理解习惯语时,不仅要理解它的字面意思,还要理解它的习惯表达意思。例如:A: “What are we going to have for the lunch? Fish, pork meat, beef steak, or bread?”

B: “You name it!”

这里name字用作动词:命名,指定。中文我们可以整句理解为:“你尽管说吧!”或“你说一个吧!”而不要译成:“你起个名吧!”虽然英文里有这个意思,但中文这样就有一点别扭了。③

丰富的文化背景和相关专业知识会有助于口译员的临场发挥。但是扎实的语言基础才是关键。所以,我们要在平时的学习中不断积累相关的专业知识,加强口译的训练,才能在现场口译中做到游刃有余。

翻译资格考试中级口译考试模拟训练

We are all intimately familiar with at least one language, yet few of us ever stop to consider what we know about it. The words of a language can be listed in a dictionary, but not all the sentences.

Speakers use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences. These rules comprise the grammar of a language. It includes the sound system and the way in which sounds and meanings are related.

This linguistic knowledge is, however, different from linguistic behavior. If you woke up one morning and decided to stop talking, you would still have the knowledge of your language.

Language is a tool of communication. But if language is defined merely as a system of communication, then language is not unique to humans. A basic property of human language is its creative aspect.

参考答案

虽然我们人人至少通晓一门语言,但很少有人会静心思考一下对语言了解什么。语言的词汇可以在词典中列出,但并非所有句子都能为词典所收入。

说话者可以运用一组数量有限的规则来表达与理解数量无限的句子。这些规则组成了语言的语法体系。语法包括音系以及语音和语义之间联系的规则。

然而,语言知识有别于语言行为。某天早晨你醒来后决定不说话,你仍然具有你所操语言的知识。

语言是交际的工具。但如果语言的定义仅仅是一种交际系统,那语言便不是人类的专有品。人类语言的一个基本属性是创造性。

翻译资格考试中级口译考试模拟训练

今天,我很高兴能有机会同青年朋友见面,讲几句话。青年是国家和民族的未来,也是维护世界和平与发展的主力军。

青年富于朝气和活力。他们积极向上,对新鲜事物充满了好奇,强力的求知欲促使他们了解世界。

各国青年如能有足够的交流途径来促进互相理解,那么世界的和平与发展就有了充分的保证。

我希望在座来自世界各地的青年朋友,能畅所俗言,传递经验,把世界青年团结友爱的事业推向前进。

参考答案

Today, I’m glad to have the opportunity to meet our young friends and say a few words. Youth are the future of a country and nation, and the major force in promoting world peace and development as well.

Youth are full of vigor and vitality. They are active, aspirant and curious about the new things. Their strong desire for knowledge pushes them to learn what is going on in the world / about the world.

If the youth of all countries have enough exchange channels to promote mutual understanding, world peace and development will be ensured.

I hope that all the young friends from different parts of the world presents (today) can share /exchange their views freely, pass on their pass on their experience so as to promote the cause of unity and friendship among youth in the world.

翻译资格考试中级口译考试模拟训练

我们必须尊重劳力、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造,这是党和国家的一项重大方针。

一切为社会主义现代化建设作出贡献的劳动,都是光荣的,都应该得到承认和尊重。

海内外投资者在我国建设中的创业活动都应该受到鼓励。一切合法的劳动收入和非劳动收入,都应该得到保护。

我们要保护发达地区的发展活力,更要高度重视和关心欠发达地区以及比较困难的行业和群众,积极帮助他们解决各类问题。

参考答案

We must respect work, knowledge, competent people and creation. This is an important policy of the Party and state.

All work that contributes to the construction / promotion / development of socialists modernization is glorious and should be acknowledged and respected.

All investors at home and from overseas should be encouraged to carry out business activities in China’s development. All legitimate income, from work or not (from work), should be protected.

We should protect the vitality for further growth / development of the developed regions. More importantly, we must pay great(er) attention to and show concern for less developed areas and industries and people in (comparatively) straitened circumstance . We must (take effective measures to) help them solve their problems.

篇11:高级翻译资格口译指导:数字记录方法

和一个国家一样,任何国际组织都需要与时俱进,WTO也不例外。多哈回合久拖不决,十多年来,发达成员数千亿美元的农业补贴没有一丝一毫的削减;电子商务等新兴业态在全球市场上风生水起,WTO却未能提供任何国际规范;更严重的是,面对今天甚嚣尘上的单边主义、保护主义狂潮,WTO难以进行有效地制约。

A country needs to keep up with the new developments, and so are the international organizations. WTO is no exception. The Doha Round has been dragging on for years. Over the past decade, the hundreds of millions of dollars in agricultural subsidies in the developed members have remained largely unchanged. But at the same time, new forms of business, such as e-commerce, have flourished across the world. WTO is not providing international norms to address any of these issues. What is even more alarming is that the organization seems to be losing effectiveness to rein in the rampage of unilateralism and protectionism.

因此,WTO需要改革、必须改革。同时,改革必须坚持正确的方向,采取恰当的方式。

For all these reasons, WTO needs a reform. But the reform should be in the right direction and taking the right approach.

第一,改革必须坚持反对保护主义、单边主义的方向,必须有助于推进世界范围的贸易自由化、投资便利化进程,必须坚持非歧视的原则,必须充分发扬民主。改革不是另起炉灶,对已经制定的规则,大家都要遵守;如有人破坏,应群起反对之。

First, the reform needs to be firmly set in the course of fighting against unilateralism and protectionism. It has to push for worldwide trade liberalization and investment facilitation. It has to stick to the principle of non-discrimination and adopt a democratic approach. Reform is not to reinvent the wheel. The existing rules must be fully respected and faithfully implemented. Reform is not an excuse for not implementing the rules, and any such attempt should be met with resistance from the members.

新的商业领域需要新规则,也应允许部分成员,也许可从志同道合的成员开始进行探索,但要充分听取和考虑广大发展中国家的意见和需求,最终形成多边规则。

With respect to making new rules for new forms of business activities, we should allow members, maybe starting with groups of like-minded ones, to explore these issues, but we also need to duly consider the views and needs of the developing members and fully consult with them. Only through an inclusive process, can we maybe eventually reach multilateral outcomes.

第二,改革需要有优先顺序,循序渐进,不能好高骛远。通过成员间的协商和谈判,如果能够尽快恢复WTO争端解决机制的正常运转,如果能够在2019年如期达成渔业补贴协议,如果能在电子商务、投资便利化、中小微企业等议题的讨论上有所进展,如果能够在透明度等问题上也做出一些改善,对于将于2020年举行的第12届WTO贸易部长会议来说,已是功莫大焉。在上述领域的改革中,中国愿意发挥积极的、建设性的作用,并做出与自身能力相称的贡献。

Second, we need to prioritize and take a step-by-step approach, and stay away from moonshot targets. If, through consultations and negotiations among the members, we could expeditiously restore the proper functioning of the dispute settlement mechanism, achieve an agreement on fishery subsidies in 2019 as we planned, make progress on the new topics such as e-commerce, investment facilitation and MSMEs, make improvements in terms of transparency. If we can achieve these targets at the MC12 in 2020, I think we can already call it a success. China is willing to play a proactive and constructive role, and to make contributions within its capacities.

有人把WTO比喻成为一个患了严重疾病的人,如果是这样的话,做出正确诊断比匆忙开出药方更重要。今天的讨论可以算是一次医生的集体会诊,类似的会诊也许会以不同的方式进行多次,直到我们确认真正的病源是什么,然后再对症下药。

People sometimes say that the WTO is a patient in a critical state with multiple failing organs. If that is the case, urgently resorting the functioning of the organs and making the right diagnostics of the illness is more important that rushing to give prescriptions. Today’s discussion might be a group consultation of doctors to identify what is the cause of the illness and work on a plan for proper treatment. We might have many such group consultations in different formats so that we can have the right understanding of the issues and provide the right solutions.

我们每个人都知道WTO的危机来自何方。任何一个国家或者个人对WTO的态度,都只是WTO改革的背景,而不是改革的原因。当然我们必须要做最坏的打算,但我不想针对假设性的问题花费过多的时间。我只想说,我们会在自己的能力和职责范围内,努力推动正确的WTO改革。

We all know where the crisis of WTO comes from, but whatever a particular country or a particular individual thinks about the WTO, it can only serve as the context rather than the reason for the reform of the WTO. Of course, we have to prepare for the worst, but I don’t want to spend too much time on hypothetical scenarios. I just want to say that we will, within our capacities and responsibilities, work hard to push for the right reform of the WTO.

题目来源: 中国常驻世界贸易组织代表团张向晨大使在法国经济财政部、外交部组织的研讨会午餐时的发言

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