TOEFL真题

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以下是小编为大家收集的TOEFL真题，本文共10篇，希望能够帮助到大家。

TOEFL真题

篇1：TOEFL真题

托福阅读文本：

Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of

social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. “The cities predicted the future,” wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, “even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China.”

Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores.

This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775.

The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in these cities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbaskets of North America, sending grain not only to other colonies but also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.

托福阅读题目：

1. Which of the following aspects of North America in the eighteenth century does the passage

mainly discuss?

(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities

(B) The growth and influence of cities

(D) The causes of immigration to cities

2. Why does the author say that “the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of

NorthAmerica” (lines 1-2)?

(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative

(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.

(D) Most people pretended to live in cities

3. The phrase “in place of ” in lines 4-5 is closest in meaning to

(A) connected to

(B) in addition to

(D) instead of

4. The word “attendant” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) avoidable

(B) accompanying

(D) unexpected

5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?

(A) Open competition

(B) Social deference

(D) Independent craftspeople

6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle

East, and China had

(A) large populations

(B) little independence

(D) few power sources

7. The phrase “exponential leaps” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) long wars

(B) new laws

(D) exciting changes

8. The word “it” in line 15 refers to

(A) population

(B) size

(D)Year

9. How many immigrants arrived in NorthAmerica between 1760 and 1775?

(A)About 16,000

(B)About 25,000

(C)About 30,000

(D) More than 200,000

10. The word “dictated” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) spoiled

(B) reduced

(D) divided

11. The word “virtually” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) usually

(B) hardly

(D) almost completely

12. The region surrounding New York and Philadelphia is contrasted with the region surrounding

Boston in terms of

(A) quality of farmland

(B) origin of immigrants

(D) type of grain grown

13. Why does the author describe the regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as

“breadbaskets”?

(A) They produced grain especially for making bread.

(B) They stored large quantities of grain during periods of drought

(D) They consumed more grain than all the other regions of NorthAmerica.

托福阅读答案：

BBDBAACADC DAC

篇2：TOEFL真题

托福阅读文本：

Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part,by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.

One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.

While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century

(B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal

(D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century

2. The word “bias” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) diagonal

(B) slope

(D) prejudice

3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas

(A) were suspicious of their neighbors

(B) were very proud of their lifestyle

(D) wanted to move to the cities

4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to

(A) participate in the urban reform movement

(B) seek financial security

(D) avoid crime and corruption

5. The word “embraced” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) suggested

(B) overestimated

(D) welcomed

6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?

(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.

(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth

(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.

7. The word “exorbitant” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) additional

(B) expensive

(D) modified

8.All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT

(A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies

(B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments

(D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments

9. The word “Proponents” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) Experts

(B) Pioneers

(D) Supporters

10. Why does the author mention “industrialization” (line 24)?

(A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities

(B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas

(D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factories

托福阅读答案：

CDBBDABDDA

篇3：TOEFL真题

托福阅读文本：

The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as “sculptors” in today's use of the word.

On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later.A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.

The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed.

Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.

托福阅读题目：

1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.

(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.

(D)American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.

2. The word “motifs” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tools

(B) prints

(D) designs

3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?

(A) European sculptors

(B) Carpenters

(D) Cabinetmakers

4. The word “others” in line 6 refers to

(A) craftspeople

(B) decorations

(D) shop signs

5. The word “distinct” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) separate

(B) assembled

(D) inferior

6. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) festive

(B) infrequent

(D) unexpected

7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?

(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.

(B) He was well known for his wood carvings

(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.

8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?

(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import

(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.

(D) The materials found abroad were superior.

9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?

(A) It was less time-consuming

(B) It was more dangerous.

(D) It was less refined.

托福阅读答案：

BDCAABABD

篇4：TOEFL真题

托福阅读文本：

In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.

Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a “lug pole” from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.

Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of “oven wood,” consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.

Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron “bake kettle,” which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.

托福阅读题目：

1. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the passage

mainly discuss?

(A) methods of baking bread

(B) fireplace cooking

(D) the types of wood used in preparing meals

2. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate

(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces

(B) that they served diverse functions

(D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces

3. The word “scorched” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) burned

(B) cut

(D) bent

4. The word “it” in line 6 refers to

(A) the stonework

(B) the fireplace opening

(D) the rising column of heat

5.According to the passage , how was food usually cooked in a pot in the seventeenth century?

(A) By placing the pot directly into the fire

(B) By putting the pot in the oven

(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire

6. The word “obtain” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) maintain

(B) reinforce

(D) acquire

7. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug

pole?

(A) It was made of wood not readily available.

(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.

(D) It became too hot to touch.

8. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, “oven wood” produced

(A) less smoke

(B) more heat

(D) lower flames

9.According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT:

(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day.

(B) It was built as part of the main fireplace.

(D) It was heated with maple sticks.

10.According to the passage , which of the following was an advantage of a “bake kettle”?

(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.

(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.

(D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.

托福阅读答案：

BCACD DCBAAB

篇5：TOEFL阅读真题精选

托福阅读真题1

There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic eon. Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard. However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably a global ice age.

The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake Huron (dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large pebbles or dropstones, a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India, and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.

Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the next 1.5 billion years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the Proterozoic eon.

1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of the

Proterozoic age

(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age

(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age

2. According to the passage , the fossil record of the Proterozoic eon is

(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kinds of organisms

(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods

(D) more useful to researchers than otheraspects of the rock record

3. The word scarce in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) ancient

(B) tiny

(D) rare

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates

(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations

(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time

(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers

5. The word resemble in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) result from

(B) penetrate

(D) replace have similar origins

6. According to the passage , the layers in varves are primarily formed by

(A) fossilized bacteria

(B) pieces of ancient dropstones

(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition

7. The phrase the other in line 17 refers to another

(A) annual cycle

(B) glacial lake

(D) season

8. According to the passage , the presence of dropstones indicates that

(A) the glacial environment has been unusually servere

(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly

(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances

9. Why does the author mention Canada, North America, Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?

(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones

(B) To explain the principles of varve formation

(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic eon in different parts of the globe

10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) fossil record (line 3)

(B) laminae (line 13)

(D) glacial episodes (line 28)

PASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC

托福阅读真题2

In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents — New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.

The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.

Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900's

(B) The development of the Southern California oil fields

(D) Industry and city planning in Los Angeles

2. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as

resulting primarily from

(A) new economic conditions

(B) images of cities shown in movies

(D) a large migrant population

3. The word meteoric in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) rapid

(B) famous

(D) methodical

(A) aqueduct

(B) vision

(D) agricultural potential

5. According to the passage , the most important factor in the development of agriculture around

Los Angeles was the

(A) influx of new residents to agricultural areas near the city

(B) construction of an aqueduct

(D) development of new connections to the city's natural harbor

6. According to the passage , the initial success of Hollywood' s motion picture industry was due

largely to the

(A) availability of many skilled workers

(B) beauty of the countryside

(D) region's climate and good weather

7. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los

Angeles area were employed in

(A) farming

(B) oil refining

(D) the motion picture industry

8. According to the passage , the Southern California oil fields were initially exploited due to

(A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles' rail system

(B) an increase in the use of gasoline engines in North America

(D) innovative planning on the part of the city founders

9. The phrase apace with in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) anew with

(B) apart from

(D) at the middle of

10. It can be inferred from the passage that the spatial organization of Los Angeles contributed to

the relative decline there of

(A) public transportation

(B) industrial areas

(D) oil fields

11. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles

(A) was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images

(B) lacked good suburban areas in which to live

(D) was not really a single city

PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D

托福阅读真题3

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America

(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers

(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

2. The word boosted in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) ensured

(B) raised

(D) discouraged

3. The word scope in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) value

(B) popularity

(D) diversity

4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how

(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system

(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output

(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's

and 1830's EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs

(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers

(D) a decrease in the price of shoes

6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT

(A) It involved stages of production.

(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.

(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.

7. The word prolific in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) efficient

(B) productive

(D) progressive

8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by

Oliver Evans?

(A) They were located away from large cities.

(B) They used new technology to produce power.

(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.

9. The word it in line 25 refers to

(A) water power

(B) machinery

(D) mill

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory

machinery?

(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.

(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.

(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.

11. The word eager in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) knowledgeable

(D) enthusiastic

PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D

篇6：TOEFL写作真题

With the increasingly diverse means of acquiring information, it has become a common phenonmen that we are exposed to conflicting ideas about a single event, which has aroused deep social concern. A growing boday of average people are wondering whether it is more important to read and watch news presented by people whose opinion is different from your own view than by people whose opinion are similar to yours. From my pesepective, it is advisable to be a good listener to the different viewpoints.

Firstlly, receiving news presented by people with dissenting perspective can help people have access to the comprehensive information and get closer to the truth of the events. As is common sense, every single event or piece of news is not as simple as we expect. So it is an indisputable fact that nobody can have a panoramic view of the truth of the incidents due to the limited experience and knowledge span. In this case, gaining news from our opponents will definitely deliver a brandnew perspective and make us have a second thought of our own viewpoint. In other words, the clashes of different views will temper and refine our opinion about the events, with the result that a whole picture is formed. On the contrary, just selectively listening to the similar ideas, people will become narrow-minded.

Besides that, another potential benefit of obtaining news from those with opposite view is the higher likelihood to make acquaitance with more people. As is known to all, the way person responds to someone whose opinion differs drastically from theirs reveals their true character. To be specific, being tolerant of different voices about one thing reflects that a person is endowed with the quality of inclusiveness and humbility, which can make him/her leave a good impression on others. Consequently, no one, including those from opposing party, will refuse to become friends with humble and inclusive ones. Instead, those solely accepting same opinion are usually self-centered and arrogant so that they not consider others’ thought or feeling but impose their own opinion. Thus it is unlikely that they will build friendship with those with different ideas. Even worse, the alreadly established friendship may also end, once the disagreements occur.

In a nutshell, it is sensible for people to read or watch news from people with dissenting perspective, in order to gain the whole picture of the news and enlarge the social network

TOEFL真题3

7月3日托福独立写作题目：

People who develop different skills are more successful than people who develop one skill only.

托福写作模板及参考答案：

托福写作范文参考:

篇7：TOEFL写作真题

When it comes to the qualities of successful people, people varying in education background and experience tend to give distinctive answers. Some would argue that those who are successful should be versatile and excel in lots of skills like communication skills, leadership skills and even organizational skills while others believe that one who is exceptional in one area is more likely to be successful. I personally believe that a versatile person with various skill sets can be more successful.

Admittedly, as the saying goes Jack of all trades and master of none and there are rare cases where some people who are expert in only one field stand out. However, it is more common for versatile people with multiple skills to be successful because of the following reasons.

First off, people who are talented and versatile are more competitive and competent in their career, and they enjoy a better change to be promoted in a professional setting. Actually, a lot of positions require a combination of skill sets, such as paying attention to details, knowledge in a specific field and communication skills, etc. Indeed, more skills will give someone more chance to get promoted. For instance, if a computer programmer just knows how to write program and focuses only on the technical side of the job, chances are that he would never get promoted. On the other hand, if not only does the computer programmer have programming skills but also he is a genius people-wise, he might get a better shot to be promoted as a manager in charge of a team of computer programmers. Thus, he can enjoy more opportunities in his career.

Additionally, it is much easier for a versatile person with various skill sets to build rapport with people and make friends. It is self-evident that people with all kinds of skills will be very attractive and charismatic. A person who not only has professional knowledge in one specific field but also has people skills and leadership skills will be very popular and standing out among his or her peers. For instance, my friend Alex, a bright young professional working in the financial industrial. He was awarded the most valuable banker in his company because of his professionalism and dedication to serving the customers and clients. Not only is he successful in his professional life, but also he is an amateur violinist. Actually, he plays for a city choir to represent the community and go against other cities' choir. Such skills can be very useful when building up connections with people and thus he can expand his social network easily. Furthermore, he can use these skills to entertain his clients and customers on certain occasions and have their trust on him.

In conclusion, a versatile person with various skill sets can be more competitive and outstrip others in the workplace, eventually they enjoy better chance to be promoted. Another advantage of having multiples skills is that it can be much easier and readily for them to network and expand their social connections.

TOEFL真题4

下面为大家介绍一篇托福独立写作范文，希望为大家带来一些启发。11月9日托福考试独立写作考试题目为：Parents learn more from children than children learn from parents，针对于这样的托福写作考题，考生该如何作答呢?

范文 1：

While children open the eyes of their parents to many things, it is a specious claim to say that they are the greater teachers. Children learn more from parents than their parents could ever learn from them.

First of all, children’s brains are undeveloped sponges and more receptive to learning than their adult parents’. Physiologically, the adult brain is less able to learn new things and more set in its ways; you cannot teach an old dog new tricks. On the other hand, children can learn new languages, do better at chess and the Game of Go, because their brains are open to learning new concepts. They can think outside the box, because “the box” has not even been built yet.

Second of all, children who have educated parents speaking with wide vocabularies are more likely to be successful and to master their native tongue. A study showing that smart children help their parents be more successful would be preposterous. For example, infants and even older children cannot teach their parents’ vocabulary at the same rate as their parents can teach them, despite being able to pepper their speech with the like, totally awesome slang of the day.

At last, we must admit that experience counts for something. There is knowledge and then there is wisdom that comes from having seen and done things. Children do not have the years of accumulated experience that their parents inevitably have. These “life lessons” are the sort of thing parents want to pass on to their children. In contrast, children are not teaching their parents not to touch the hot pan or to look both ways before crossing the road—essential bits of knowledge that most of us learn from our parents.

The nascent brains of youth are more susceptible to learning from parents and we know that early childhood education has a lasting impact on children, just as we know that essential lessons are passed from parents to children not vice versa. In summation, parents are the superior teachers in this relationship.

范文 2

It seems intuitive that parents mainly teach and children mainly learn, but some believe that parents actually learn more from their kids than their kids learn from them. I agree with this counterintuitive idea.

First of all, some studies have shown that children's personalities and beliefs are determined more by their peer groups than by their parents, so parents might not be as influential on children as we think. This was certainly true for me growing up. The things I thought and did as a kid were more in line with my friends than with my mom and dad. That's not to say I didn't learn anything from my parents—my mother's sense of planning, for example, has finally rubbed off on me some ten years later—but to this day I'm still more like my free-spirited friends than my conservative parents.

Second of all, raising a kid is a life-changing experience, and kids can shape parents more strongly than we tend to imagine. My parents, for instance, loosened up considerably over the years while raising me—their far more relaxed approach to bringing up my little sister is proof of that. Whereas with me they were strict and disciplinarian, with her they were lenient and hardly resorted to things like spanking or grounding at all. They also started giving me more freedom, too. Now when I laugh with my parents about those days, they will often say things like, “Well, we tried that approach, but after a while we realized it wasn't working,” or “we really grew up a lot while raising you two.”

Admittedly, parents can strongly shape a child's early worldview. However, I do not think they remain the strongest force in a child's life for all that long. Once friends and teachers start coming into the equation, a child's future is molded more strongly by forces other than parents. Also, we have to remember that we remain young children for a comparatively short period of our lives. My life up to my teenage years may have been determined largely by my parents, but after that, their influence has steadily waned. This is not necessarily because I began to value their input less, but because other influences—friends, teachers, significant others, etc.—started taking up more and more of the pie. But after a certain age, number of influential people in our lives tends to grow smaller, so for parents, children become increasingly influential.

In the end, both parents and children shape each other. However, as kids grow up, they quickly develop other stronger influences in their lives like friends. Raising a child is a life-changing experience like no other, and as we get past a certain age, the important people in our lives tend to diminish. So a child's role in a parent's life only grows, while a parent's role in a child's life only lessens. Thus, our parents will likely be less educational for us than we are for them.

以上就是托福独立写作范文的介绍，希望上述的范文能够帮助大家总结自己的托福独立写作规律以及流程，为大家带来启发。也希望同学们在托福写作考试中取得理想的成绩。

TOEFL真题5

10月12日北美托福独立写作题目为：The rules that the whole societies today expect to young people to follow and obey are too strict.(这个社会要求年轻人遵守的规则太严格吗?)针对这样的写作题目考生该如何撰写文章呢?以下是范文参考。

.10.12NA The rules that the whole societies today expect to young people to follow and obey are too strict.

When it comes to various rules that young people have to follow, some people claim that those rules are too stringent[A1] , therefore stifling individuality[A2] . But others argue that rules are vital[A3] for theyoungsters[A4] , and I am one of them.

In the family, young people must follow some rules made by parents. For example, many children are required to go back home immediately after school.Despite[A5] the strictness of the rule, it is not unnecessary considering the fact that children may encounter[A6] various unexpected dangers wandering in the street. Besides, I heard some of my friend complain that their parents ask them to save money. This complaint is even more unreasonable because all too often[A7] young people are impulsive buyers[A8] and family rules about saving money cannot be ignored[A9] . Family rules do not end up here. Probably some of us are askedto respect the old and cherish the young.[A10] This rule is also of vital importance for a harmonious[A11] family.

Schools and companies are also places where rules are miscellaneous[A12] . Take my school rules as an example. The first rule, and probably the most controversial rule, is that students must wear school uniforms. Some students hate this rule, for they believe the rule stifles their individuality. Nevertheless, there are good reasons for the rule: students in our school coming from different family backgrounds, which means we have students who are well-off[A13] and students who have to rely on school loans[A14] to finish schooling. Under this circumstance, it is not unreasonable that students are forced to wear school uniform. The abolition [A15] of the rule will lead to comparison among students, which may cause declining test scores [A16] and degradation of morality[A17] .

Last but not least, there are laws that young people have to obey for the sake of [A18] their well-being[A19] . Laws about legal drinking age are advantageous to young adults’ physical health. It is a common knowledge that drinking at an early age is detrimental: it may cause mental incapacity and excessive reliance on alcohol. Worse, some crimes are triggered[A20] by drinking excessively, for drunken people always lack rational thinking and are easily irritated.

From the above discussion I firmly believe that rules, no matter in family, schools or society, are necessary and should be obeyed by young people. Onlyrule-abiding[A21] citizens are capable of living a secure and prosperous life.

篇8：TOEFL真题练习

托福阅读文本：

The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders. The most abundant particles — sand, silt, and clay — are the focus of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.

To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight. In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of soil and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provide the basis for a general textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.

Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves,screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water. Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of high quality soil

(B) Particles typically found in most soils

(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil

2. The author mentions “several representative handfuls” in line 4 in order to show

(A) the range of soil samples

(B) the process by which soil is weighed

(D) how small soil particles are weighted

3. The phrase “sorted out” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) mixed

(B) replaced

(D) separated

4. It can be inferred that the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect

(A) the way the soil is extracted

(B) the results of squeezing the soil

(D) the difficulty of forming different shapes

5. The word “dampened” in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) damaged

(B) stretched

(D) examined

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no

clay in it?

(A) It is not very heavy.

(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.

(D) Its texture cannot be classified

7. The word “they” in line 21 refers to

(A) categories

(B) sieves

(D) clay particles

8. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test

in determining soil texture because

(A) using the sieve takes less time

(B) the sieve can measure clay

(D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure

9. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they

(A) stick to the sides of the water container

(B) take some time to sink to the bottom

(D) dissolve quickly

10. The word “fine” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) tiny

(B) many

(D) various

11.All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) texture (line 3)

(B) ribbon (line 10)

(D) evaporated (line 25)

托福阅读答案：

DADBC BBDBA D

篇9：TOEFL真题练习

In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched as,every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.

Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.

托福阅读题目：

1. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet

Shoemaker-Levy 9?

(A) They were once combine in a larger body.

(B) Some of them burned up before entering the atmosphere of Jupiter.

(D) They have an unusual orbit.

2. The word “collectively” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) respectively

(B) popularly

(D) together

3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following

EXCEPT

(A) a dismembered body

(B) a train

(D) a giant planet

4. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists

(A) had been unaware of its existence

(B) had been tracking it for only a few months

(D) had decided it would not collide with the planet

5. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely

(A) invisible

(B) black

(D) exploding

6. Superheated fireballs were produced as soon as the fragments of comet Shoemaker- Levy 9

(A) hit the surface of Jupiter

(B) were pulled into Jupiter's orbit

(D) entered the atmosphere of Jupiter

7. The phrase “incinerated itself” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) burned up

(B) broke into smaller pieces

(D) grew in size

8. Which of the following is mentioned as evidence of the explosions that is still visible on

Jupiter?

(A) fireballs

(B) ice masses

(D) tunnels

9. Paragraph 2 discusses the impact of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 primarily in terms of

(A) its importance as an event of great scientific significance

(B) its effect on public awareness of the possibility of damage to Earth

(D) the effect it had on television broadcasting

10. The “target” in line 20 most probably referred to

(A) Earth

(B) Jupiter

(D) a comet

托福阅读答案：

ADDBC DACBA

篇10：TOEFL真题练习

The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.

The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called “the vitamin period.” Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.

In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.

Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body

(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present

(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century

2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the

first era in the history of nutrition?

(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.

(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.

(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.

3. The word “tempting” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) necessary