下面是小编精心整理的全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词，本文共8篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
篇1：全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词
全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词 提速要先搞懂它们
1. 表示结论/总结的信号词：
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
2. 显示相同信息的信号词：
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
3. 显示思路转折的信号词：
I’d like to go but I’m too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
4. 显示因果关系的信号词：
As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
5. 显示顺序的信号词：
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题
READING COMPREHENSION
Question 1-10
The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “In Europe, said Thomas Jefferson, ”the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.
1.What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population
(B) The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement
(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution
(D) New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution
2.The word “naturally” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) unsurprisingly
(B) gradually
(C) apparently
(D) safely
3. The expression “make the most of” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) get the best yield from
(B) raise the price of
(C) exaggerate the worth of
(D) earn a living on
4. Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said (line 3-5)?
(A) Europe was changing more quickly than the United States.
(B) Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United States did.
(C) The United States was finally running out of good farmland.
(D) There was a shortage of workers on United States farms.
5.The word “here” in line 4 refers to
(A) Europe
(B) United States
(C) New Jersey
(D) Indiana
6. What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on
their backs.
(A) Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.
(B) People in the United States were traditionally self-reliant.
(C) Life on the farm was extremely difficult.
(D) New tools were designed to be portable.
7. When was the iron plow invented?
(A)In 1790.
(B) In the early 1800 s.
(C) In 1869.
(D) In the early 1900 s.
8. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Charles Newbold is true?
(A) He was James Oliver s assistant.
(B) He was born in Europe.
(C) He was opposed to scientific agriculture.
(D) He spent his own money to promote his invention.
9. The word “it” in line 12 refers to
(A) scientific agriculture
(B) James Oliver s invention
(C) the cast-iron plow
(D) Charles Newbold s fortune
10. Why did farmers reject Newbold s plow?
(A) Their horses were frightened by it.
(B) They preferred lighter tools.
(C) It was too expensive.
(D) They thought it would ruin the land.
托福考试阅读长句练习
Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
= Though historically there is a discernible break/ between Jewish law/ of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora/ (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)/， the spirit of the legal matter/ in later parts of the Old Testament/ is very close to that of the Talmud/， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
#虽然历史上看/，有一个明显的断裂/在犹太法律之间/独立主权国家的古代以色列(时期)的/与Diaspora时期(的犹太法律)/，(即古代犹太人被流放以色列被征服后)/，但是法律内容的精神/《旧约全书》后半部分中的/与《犹太教法典》的很相近/，《犹太教法典》是指犹太法律的主要典籍之一/在Diaspora时期。
.个句子比较长,也比较复杂, 有的地方很有迷惑性, 如: between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 是指在不同时期的犹太法律之间, 如果改成 and that of Diaspora 就很容易理解了;此外，由于涉及到历史方面的内容，有些专有名词认识就反映不认识就过去。
篇2：托福综合口语中阅读部分5大类信号词介绍
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.'
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：
and， furthermore， more， than， that， also， likewise， moreover， in addition， what is more， for instance， for example
篇3：托福综合口语中阅读部分5大类信号词介绍
I’d like to go but I’m too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although， however， on the contrary， but， in spite of， otherwise， despite， nevertheless， yet
篇4：托福综合口语中阅读部分5大类信号词介绍
As a result of the pilots’ strike， all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：
for， thus， because， for this reason， so， therefore， as， since， consequently
篇5：托福综合口语中阅读部分5大类信号词介绍
Internet speeds communication between companies， among co-workers through video-conferences， and among other individuals. First， media companies use the Internet for online news， or to broadcast audio and video， including live radio and television programs， while individuals use the Internet for communication， entertainment， finding information， buying and selling goods and services. Second， the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time， with real-time video and sound. Finally， scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research， distribute lecture notes or course materials to students， they communicate with colleagues， and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first， second， third， and so on， then， after， before， next， last， afterward， finally
篇6：托福综合口语中阅读部分5大类信号词介绍
In conclusion， I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result， finally， therefore， accordingly， in short， thus， consequently， in conclusion， so， in brief， in a word
新托福口语考试中的阅读材料只是一个百十来字的段落，阅读时我们不应把每个句子都孤立开来，而是要把所有的句子连成一个整体，通过准确把握句子与句子之间的逻辑关系来挖掘段落的核心意义。
托福口语中地道表达购物场景的句子
1.Charge or debit? (Credit or debit?) 使用信用卡或是电子钱包?
Charge (Credit) 指的就是一般我们说的信用卡， 信用卡使用上很方便， 但若是没有收入又没有社会安全卡， 是很难申请到信用卡的.而我们的提款卡 (ATM 卡) 就是debit， 它会从你的支票户头直接扣钱. 一般而言， 只要去有刷卡的地方都会被问这一句， 刚来美国的人常常对这句话感到莫名奇妙， 不知道这句话到底在问什么， 其实只要了解什么是 charge 什么是 debit， 这句话就不难了解， 视你是使用信用卡还是 ATM 卡而回答. 使用信用卡就说charge， 使用 ATM 卡就答 debit。
2. Cash back? 是否要找回现金?
在美国跨行提款的手续费是$1.5，够吓人的吧? 可是偏偏美国那么大， 你要找到跟发卡银行同一家银行的提款机谈何容易? 那这是不是意谓着每次去提领现金都要负担高额的手续费?其实只要你善用cash back 这个功能，那情况就完全不一样了， cash back 就是说假设你买10块的东西， 但刷卡时你可以刷30元， 剩下的20元他会拿现金20 块找你， 如此出门就不必带着大笔的现金， 又不必负担高额的提款手续费.唯一缺点是有金额限制， 有些店最多可 cash back $50， 有些店只能 cash back $20.一般的情形是只有 ATM 卡才能 cash back 的， 一般的信用卡是不行的， 但是有些特别的信用卡， 如 Discover， 也有提供 cash back 的功能. 他的优点在于不受发卡银行提款机的限制， 我在亚特兰大拿的 ATM 卡到波士顿一样可以 cash back， 而且完全不收手续费， 请大家多加利用。
3. How are you going to pay? 你要怎么付款?
不住在美国的人， 或是刚来美国的人听到这句话一定觉得丈二金刚摸不着头脑.其实这句话跟 Charge ordebit这句话很像， 问的就是你要用什么方式付款如信用卡(credit card) 提款卡 (debit card) 或是现金 (cash) 来付帐.这句话在“电子情书”这部电影中曾出现过，在男主角去女主角的书店买东西时， 店员就问男主角这句， 汤姆汉克就答： cash. 就是付现的意思了。
4. Double coupon.双重折价卷.
我想只要在美国待过一阵子的人， 都知道利用coupon 来省钱的道理吧! 所谓的 coupon， 就是由制造商所发行的一种折价卷， 如 Save 50c 的 coupon (折价卷)可以让你在结帐时少付50c， 然后再由这些商店拿着这些 coupon 去跟制造商换钱.
那什么是 double coupon 呢? 就是在美国有一家很有名叫 Kroger的grocery store. 为了促销， 所推行的一种政策.他们宣称拿着50c的 coupon 去他们的店里买东西， 就可以折价 1 元， 折价的金额足足多了一倍. 多馀的这 50c 是 Kroger 给顾客的优惠. 但是也有一些限制， 例如，每张 coupon 的面额不得超过 75c， 而且对同样一个商品， double coupon 只能使用一次.
5. Bring your receipt to the customer service， and they will refund you. 把你的收据拿给顾客服务部， 他们就会退钱给你.
美国是个很重视消费者权益的国家， 所以几乎每个商家， 都一定会有一个专门的customer service 柜台. 有任何的问题去找他们， 他们多半会给你满意的答复.我是觉得去超市买东西， 他们算错钱的比例蛮高的， 只要发现收据上有任何问题， 就可以拿着收据去 customer service 要求退钱 (refund). 我觉得老美也蛮有人情味的， 有一次我结帐时忘了拿会员卡出来， 以致于多付了六七块钱， 虽然这是我自己的错， 但是当我拿着会员卡和收据去跟 customer service 说明后， 他们还是把钱退给我.，让我觉得十分感动。
6. I want to take the raincheck for the eggs. 我要拿一张鸡蛋的 raincheck.
有时候某样商品大特价， 该样商品很快地就被抢购一空了.这样的情形如果是在台湾， 商家一定会说， 卖完了就卖完了， 我也没办法. 可是美国的制度很有意思， 这样特价品卖完了没关系， 你可以去跟他们领一张raincheck。等到过一段时间后 (也许等到该样商品特价结束了) 你还是可以用特价时的价钱去购买该样商品. 这样的制度真的让人觉得很贴心.所谓的raincheck 指的是球赛若因雨而延赛， 则球迷可以把入场卷换成raincheck， 先保留这张票的权利， 以便日后可以补看球赛。
7. I am sorry you are on the Cash Only Lane 我很抱歉你现在是在只收现金的结帐道上。
Cash Only 故名思义就是只收现金， 其它的什么信用卡， 支票都一律不收. 通常是商家为了增快结帐的速度所以才会设 Cash Only Lane. 可是刚来美国时， 标示都没注意在看， 要是走到这一个 lane， 身上的现金又偏偏不够时， 那麻烦就大了， 你就必须花 $1.5 的提款手续费去领 $20 来给他， 真是气人.此外还有很多不同的lane， 例如 Express Lane， 可能是只受理少于十样商品的顾客， 总之， 要结帐前先看清标示就不会吃大亏。
8. The price will go down. 这价钱将会降低.
个人经验 go down 跟 go up 很好用， 当你不知道用什么动词， 如 increase 或 surge， 就用 goes up， 像是有一次我去买汽车保险， 我一直想问他如果我一年当中都没有理赔， 那明年的保费会不会降低? 这个降低我就一直想不起来要用decrease 好还是 lower 好， 结果后来我才听他说， “The price will go down.” 是不是听来很顺. 再说一个例子， 比如作实验时浓度上升， 这个上升你可以说 increase， 但也可以说， “Theconcentration goes up.” 听来是不是也不错?另外类似的口语讲法， 你可以用 rise 跟 drop 来代表 go up和 go down. 例如 “The price will drop.”。
9. We have a clearance sale today. 我们今天清仓大拍卖.
Clearance sale 算是固定的用法， 就是所谓的清仓大拍卖， 可惜我在美国还没听过 “跳楼大拍卖” 的讲法， 不然一定也很有趣. 另外， 我们去店里如果要找这些拍卖的商品， 我们可以问店员说， “Where can I find theclearance items?” 所谓的 clearance item 就是清仓货， 零码货的意思， 或是 odd sizes 也代表零码货的意思。
10. Can you give me the invoice? 能不能给我一张发票?
常听到有人在问发票这个字的英文怎么讲? 就是 invoice 这个字啦! 只可惜在美国买东西一般都只给收据receipt. 害我们少了很多对发票中大奖的乐趣 (人真的是为了希望而活!!) 只有在买大件的东西， 如汽车保险时， 他们才会给你所谓的发票 (invoice)。
托福口语的七个评分标准
新托福的评分标准包括答题中心是否切题、结构的严密性、发音和词汇的运用等，以下内容供大家参考了解。
托福口语评分标准一：中心是否切题：
解释：考察考生所表达的口语内容是否完整、准确地回答了题目的要求。考察重点在于考生是否能够准确理解题意和准确迎合题意两个层次。
托福口语评分标准二：意思是否明白：
解释：考察考生所表达的口语内容是否能够被明白地理解，还是表面上很流利，而实际上语义含糊、不知所云。
托福口语评分标准三： 结构是否严密：
解释：考察考生是否有能力将口语用严密的结构和逻辑表达出来，还是缺乏层次，信马由缰。
托福口语评分标准四：表达是否连贯：
解释：考察考生口语的语流是否有停顿，这包括思维停顿和表达停顿两方面的原因或表现。但此标准并未对考生的口语表达速度作硬性的要求
托福口语评分标准五：发音是否清楚：
解释：考察考生的发音是否能够做到纯正、清晰。起码理解起来并不因为口音的问题存在障碍。
托福口语评分标准六：语法是否正确：
解释：考察考生是否能够熟练的使用较复杂的句子结构表达思想，同时尽量避免错误。
托福口语评分标准七：词汇是否熟练：
解释：考察考生是否可以掌握足够的 英语 (论坛) 词汇进行表达，考察重点在熟练度和准确度两个方面。但此标准并未对考生的用词难度作硬性的要求。
托福口语26-30分考生的共同优点
1. 他们的语音语调比较标准，或者说非常标准。
2. 他们的语言表达非常的流利连贯。
3. 他们在考场上表现的自信和大方。
对于正在备考的朋友来说，这三大优点，是完全可以提前培养好的。我给大家推荐的一个方法——“语段朗读法”。
用这个方法练发音，要注意六点：
1. 段子的难度要适中!比如，你不要拿GRE阅读来练发音朗读。要想清楚，你要做的朗读段子练发音，而不是练阅读理解。
2. 这个阅读材料要有一个漂亮的音频跟它相匹配，这样你跟着音频去跟读，去朗读。
3. 了解语音语调知识。比如说哪些音和哪些音容易混淆。
4. 朗读时，声音要端坐挺胸、大声清晰、音调准确。
5. 你在读这个东西的时候，你可以把它录下音来，让你周围的朋友，英语发音比较或的朋友去帮你听一听，把你的错误给你挑出来。
6. 阅读的材料，不在于你读了多少段，而在于在读每一段，每一遍，你是不是有所改进。你把10-20个段子，每个段子都读得特别棒，就OK了。
篇7：托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词
【精选资料】托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览
1.显示相同信息的信号词
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
2.显示思路转折的信号词
I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
3.显示因果关系的信号词
As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
4.显示顺序的信号词
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
5.表示结论/总结的信号词
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
托福阅读：得到高分的三个原则
“直”的原则
所谓“直”，是指托福阅读出题思路直接，所有题目的答案几乎都可以在文章中找到非常明显的对应点。这一特点告诉考生，在解题时，考生一定要根据原文内容来解题，避免“小题大做”，人为地把题目想象得太复杂，否则就是自己给自己找麻烦。
就拿考生熟悉的细节题来说，托福阅读细节题的解题要点有两个要点：一是根据题干关键词回原文定位答案范围;二是将题目选项与原文语句相对照，正确选项往往是原文语句的同义替换。
因此，考生在解题时，一定要对照选项与原文语句之间的异同，找出与原文语句意思相似的选项，也就找到了正确答案。
“细”的原则
所谓“细”，是指考生在利用题干关键词回原文定位答案范围时一定要细心。我们知道，考生在解答托福阅读考试题时，常用到的解题方法就是利用题干中出现的关键词回原文定位答案范围，然后根据定位到的内容选出正确答案。
由于题干中有些关键词(尤其是专有名词)在原文中不止出现一次，因而考生一定要细心，找出原文中所有含该关键词的句子，然后再从中选择与题干要求接近的句子来定位答案范围，进而选出正确答案。很多考生由于没有注意到这一点，导致定位错误，进而与正确答案失之交臂，实在是非常可惜。
“巧”的原则
所谓“巧”，是指考生在回原文定位答案范围时应该选择恰当的题干关键词，并从托福阅读考试的特点出发，巧妙而又地定位答案范围。“巧”的原则具体体现在以下几个方面：
1、用于定位的题干关键词一般包括人名、地名、数字、关键名词或动词等，考生在回原文定位答案范围时，可同时利用多个关键词进行定位，原文中包含题干绝大多数关键词的部分有可能是答案所在;
2、在利用关键词回原文定位时，考生可根据原文中出现的特殊标点符号(如破折号、连字符、引号、括号等)、数字、专有名词等这些比较明显的提示进行跳读，题干的关键词以及题目的答案范围往往就出现在这些有明显提示信息的表达附近;
3、由于阅读部分的考查点经常与转折、比较、否定、因果等逻辑密切相关，因而考生在定位答案范围时可根据这些重要的考点来进行定位。结合这三点，考生便能又快又准地找到出题人设计答案所依据的句子，后再按照“直”的原则选择答案。
从上面的分析可以看出，在托福阅读考试中，这三个字的作用是相互关联促进的。我们也要灵活使用，帮助自己迅速解答问题，才能完成托福阅读备考的任务。
托福阅读：怎样探寻托福阅读的规律
如果你在新托福阅读考试之前知道了这个统计结果，即使在考试时你没有完全听懂对话的内容，你也能得出正确的答案。虽然我们不能证明这些“规律”，但是对于历年的考题却从不例外。当然，如果你对自己的听力水平评价很高的话，你可以不冒这个险。
但是，至少它是一个替代的方案。以下是根据历年考题统计得出的结论。当然，如果你自己发现了其它的某些规律，也应该把它总结出来。
(A)当两个人谈到吵或者安静时，后得出的结论总是：宿舍里读书很吵，应该去图书馆。而不会说搬到别的宿舍。
(B)当对话内容涉及演出(音乐会或者电影)或者展览时，后肯定说它非常好。即使他(她)不会欣赏这些展览或者演出，也会虚伪地说“It makes more sense next time”。
(C)当谈到住在校园里还是住在校外时，答案肯定是住在校园。
(D)当谈到某门课老师讲的如何时，回答肯定与“boring”相似;而当谈到课难不难时，肯定说难。
(E)对话谈到作业时，肯定都说作业很多，而且很难。
看到这些可以发现，只要在托福阅读考试中细心，什么困难都不怕。
篇8：全面解析托福阅读中动名词的5种用法
全面解析托福阅读中动名词的5种用法
1. 动名词的否定式 not+动名词
2. 动名词的完成式
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
He was praised for having done a good deed.
3. 动词+介词构成的短语，其后跟动名词做宾语
be/get used to
feel like
insist on
devote…to…
put off
look forward to
succeed in
get down to
set about
give up
4. 可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能
a waiting car
a waiting room
a sleeping boy
a sleeping bag
5. 动名词的复合结构
形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合结构
在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
I insisted on my husband/husband’s paying the bill.
1)在口语和非正式英语中，这种结构不用在句首，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用名词普通格代指所有格。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.
2)如果动名词的复合结构在句首，就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如：
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
3)there be的动名词的复合结构为there being如：
What’s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?
托福阅读材料：埃及艳后传记
After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son, Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers had produced no children). After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra followed suit. According to tradition, she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12, 30 BC. She was outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but soon killed on Octavian's orders. Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus.
在凯撒于公元前44年被谋杀之后，埃及艳后克里奥帕特拉与马克·安东尼(Mark Antony)联合起来对抗凯撒的法定继承人——盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒·屋大维(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus，他后来被称作奥古斯都，Augustus)。她与安东尼诞下了三个孩子：双胞胎姐弟—克里奥帕特拉·赛勒涅二世(Cleopatra Selene II )和亚历山大·赫利俄斯(Alexander Helios)，以及幼子托勒密·菲拉德尔福斯(Ptolemy Philadelphus)。在此之前，克里奥帕特拉与她的兄弟们的结合并没有留下子嗣。在亚克兴战役(Battle of Actium)中败给屋大维之后，安东尼选择了自杀，克里奥帕特拉也如此效仿。根据传统的记载，埃及艳后在公元前30年八月十二日引毒蛇将自己咬死。在她死后，其子凯撒里昂(Caesarion)被支持者拥戴为法老，但他也很快被屋大维下令处死。从此，埃及变为了罗马的埃及行省(拉丁文写作Aegyptus)。
Relationship with Julius Caesar
Eager to take advantage of Julius Caesar's anger toward Ptolemy, Cleopatra had herself secretly smuggled into his palace to meet with Caesar. Plutarch, in his Life of Julius Caesar gives a vivid description of how she entered past Ptolemy’s guards rolled up in a carpet that Apollodorus the Sicilian was carrying. She became Caesar’s mistress and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, which means “little Caesar.”
埃及艳后克里奥帕特拉想要利用凯撒对托勒密的愤怒，便设法秘密潜入凯撒的住处与他见面。普鲁塔克(Plutarch，罗马帝国时期的希腊历史学家)在他的凯撒传记中生动地描述了这一过程：她将自己裹在毯子里，由西西里的阿波罗多鲁斯(Apollodorus the Sicilian)扛进凯撒的住处，以此躲过托勒密的卫兵的眼睛。她成为了凯撒的情妇，并且在两人第一次见面的九个月之后，公元前47年，产下了他们的儿子—托勒密·凯撒(Ptolemy Caesar,)。他绰号凯撒里昂，意思是”小凯撒“。
At this point, Caesar abandoned his plans to annex Egypt, instead backing Cleopatra's claim to the throne. After Mithridates raised the siege of Alexandria, Caesar defeated Ptolemy's army at the Battle of the Nile; Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile and Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with another younger brother Ptolemy XIV as her new co-ruler. When Caesar left Egypt he stationed a Roman occupying army of three legions there under the command of Rufio.
凯撒放弃了兼并埃及的计划，转而支持克里奥帕特拉取得王位。在米特里达梯(Mithridates)开始围攻亚历山大之后，凯撒在尼罗河战役中击败了托勒密的军队。托勒密十三世溺死在尼罗河中，而凯撒帮助克里奥帕特拉重夺王位，并且立她的另一个弟弟托勒密十四世(Ptolemy XIV)为她的新共治者。凯撒离开埃及时留下了一支三个军团组成的罗马军队，交给鲁菲奥(Rufio)指挥。
Although Cleopatra was 21 years old when they met and Caesar was 52, they became lovers during Caesar’s stay in Egypt between 48 BC and 47 BC. Cleopatra claimed Caesar was the father of her son and wished him to name the boy his heir, but Caesar refused, choosing his grandnephew Octavian instead.
凯撒于公元前48年和47年在埃及逗留期间，尽管克里奥帕特拉当时仅有21岁而凯撒已经有52岁，他们还是成为了恋人。克里奥帕特拉声称凯撒是他儿子的生父，并且希望凯撒指定他们的孩子作为继承人。然而凯撒拒绝了她的要求，并将自己的甥孙屋大维(Octavian)立为继承人。
Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion visited Rome in the summer of 46 BC. The Egyptian queen resided in one of Caesar's country houses, which included the Horti Caesaris just outside Rome (as a foreign head of state she was not allowed inside Rome's pomerium). The relationship between Cleopatra and Caesar was obvious to the Roman people and caused a scandal because the Roman dictator was already married to Calpurnia Pisonis. But Caesar even erected a golden statue of Cleopatra represented as Isisin the temple of Venus Genetrix (the mythical ancestress of Caesar's family), which was situated at the Forum Julium. The Roman orator Cicero said in his preserved letters that he hated the foreign queen. Cleopatra and her entourage were still in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC., returning with her relatives to Egypt. When Ptolemy XIV died – allegedly poisoned by his older sister – Cleopatra made Caesarion her co-regent and successor and gave him the epithets Theos Philopator Philometor (= Father- and mother-loving God).
克里奥帕特拉、托勒密十四世和凯撒里昂于公元前46年夏天访问了罗马。埃及艳后下他在凯撒在乡下的庄园中，包括罗马近郊的凯撒庄园(拉丁文Horti Caesaris。作为外国元首，克里奥帕特拉不可以进入罗马的城市边界，拉丁文pomerium)。凯撒和克里奥帕特拉之间的关系，对于罗马人民来说是显而易见的事情。这成了一桩丑闻，因为罗马独裁者已经和卡普尼亚·皮索尼斯。凯撒甚至在位于尤利乌斯广场(Forum Julium)专门供奉自己的家族神话祖先母亲维纳斯(Venus Genetrix)的神庙中立起了一座克里奥帕特拉的黄金塑像。罗马著名演说家西塞罗(Cicero)甚至在自己的私人信件中直接表达了他对这位外国女王的怨恨。凯撒在公元前44年三月十五日被刺杀时，克里奥帕特拉和克里奥帕特拉和她的随行人员正准备从罗马返回埃及。在托勒密十四世死后(他有可能正是被自己的姐姐克里奥帕特拉毒杀的)，她将凯撒里昂立为自己的共治者和继承人，并赐予他爱父亲爱母亲的神这个称号(希腊语是Theos Philopator Philometor)。
托福阅读材料：如何成为人见人爱的同事
Leadership and dedication to your job might improve your favour in the eyes of your boss but won't win you friends among your peers.
有领导能力、尽心工作，这是老板眼中的加分项，却不会让你在同事当中多几个朋友。
Colleagues appreciate social sensitivities more than professional skills in their co-workers, a new study has found.
最新调查显示，与专业技能相比，同事更欣赏那些社交敏感度高的人。
Being effective – or the ability to deliver results and not let your teammates down – was voted the most crucial trait in a colleague, attracting 37pc of votes, according to a survey of around 2,000 UK adults.
根据一项针对近两千位英国成年人开展的调查，工作有成效，或者说是工作有成果，不让你的团队成员失望，是同事最看中的品质，支持率为37%。
Three in 10 respondents highlighted optimism and enthusiasm as the most important quality in a workmate, prioritising someone who would be able to keep team spirits high during stressful times.
三成受访者认为，同事具有乐观和热情的品质最重要，在工作紧张时，能让团队士气保持高涨的同事最受欢迎。
The next most popular feature was trustworthiness, which was deemed to be more relevant to the making of a good colleague than taking the initiative, being knowledgeable and having organisation skills.
第二大最受欢迎的品质是可靠性，与积极主动、知识渊博和有组织能力相比，受访者认为值得信赖的同事更是个好同事。
Lurking at the lower end of the hierarchy were traits that might be more commonly associated with the workplace, such as leadership and dedication.
排在末位的是一些与工作相关度更高的品质，比如领导能力和敬业精神。
“What is interesting from this research is that British workers really are quite focussed – they rated effectiveness the number-one most important trait in their ideal colleague,” said Declan Byrne, managing director at One4all Rewards.
“有趣的是，英国的员工对工作真的很用心，他们认为理想同事最重要的品质是工作有成效”，One4all Rewards公司总经理德克兰-伯恩说。
“But it’s not all results focussed. British workers also hugely value having colleagues who can act as a bit of a friend – keeping everyone’s spirits up, as well as sharing secrets and worries.”
“但也不全以工作结果为导向。英国员工也对那些有点儿像朋友的同事评价很高，能让所有人精神焕发，还能和同事分享秘密与担忧。”
How to be the most loved colleague at work：
如何成为人见人爱的同事：
Be effective and deliver results (37pc)
工作有成效，富有成果(37%)
Be optimistic and enthusiastic (31pc)
乐观、热情(31%)
Be trustworthy enough to keep secrets or listen to worries (30pc)
在保密方面足够守信，或能倾听别人的担忧(30)
Display initiative (27pc)
富有主动性(27%)
Be knowledgeable about what you do (25pc)
对于你在做什么很有见解(25%)
Meet deadlines and be organised (24pc)
能按时完成工作，井然有序(24%)
Be empathetic enough to offer a shoulder to cry on (18pc)
有同情心，能给别人慰藉(18%)
Show leadership (13pc)
有领导能力(13%)
Be dedicated – arrive early and stay late (11pc)
敬业—早到晚走(11%)
托福阅读背景资料之茶和咖啡
Countless arguments have been waged over the superiority of one beverage over the other. But what does the scientific evidence say?
关于这两种饮料孰优孰劣的问题已经引发了无数争论。但是科学证据是怎样的呢?
George Orwell may have written that “tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country” – but even we British have to acknowledge that our national drink is facing stiff competition from the espressos, cAPpuccinos, and lattes invading our shores.
乔治·奥威尔或许写过“茶是这个国家文明的一个支柱”这样的句子——但我们英国人也要承认，随着浓咖啡、卡布奇诺和拿铁侵入国门，我们的全民饮料正面临着激烈的竞争。
Despite the dangers of wading into such a charged argument, BBC Future decided to weigh up the relative merits of each drink. There’s no accounting for taste, of course, but we have combed the scientific literature for their real, measurable effects on our body and mind.
尽管探讨这个敏感话题充满风险，“BBC未来”栏目还是决定对每种饮品的相对优点进行评估。当然，百人百味，但通过精心梳理科学文献，我们找出了它们对人体和大脑真实的、可测量的影响。
The wake-up call
醒脑剂
For many, the caffeine kick is the primary reason we choose either beverage; it’s the oil to our engines when we’re still feeling a bit creaky in the morning. Based purely on its composition, coffee should win hands down: a cup of tea has about half the dose (40 milligrams) of the stimulant caffeine that you would find in a standard cup of brewed filter coffee (80 to 115 milligrams). Yet this doesn’t necessarily reflect the jolt of the wake-up call.
对许多人来说，咖啡因的兴奋作用是我们选择这两种饮料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨，咖啡因就像石油一样，给我们身体的引擎以能量。只考虑成分的话，咖啡可以轻松获胜：一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大约只有标准杯过滤咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而，这并非反映了它们的醒脑作用。
Dosing subjects with either tea or coffee, one study found that both beverages left subjects feeling similarly alert later in the morning.
通过让被试者饮用一定量的茶或咖啡，一项研究发现，这两种饮料都能让受试者在早晨晚些时候感到同样清醒。
Verdict: Against logic, tea seems to provide just as powerful a wake-up call as coffee. It’s a draw.
结论：虽然逻辑上讲不通，但茶跟咖啡的醒脑作用似乎不相上下。平局。
Sleep quality
睡眠质量
The biggest differences between coffee and tea may emerge once your head hits the pillow.
咖啡和茶之间最大的差异或许将集中体现在睡眠上。
Comparing people drinking the same volume of tea or coffee over a single day, researchers at the University of Surrey in the UK confirmed that although both drinks lend similar benefits to your attention during the day, coffee drinkers tend to find it harder to drop off at night – perhaps because the higher caffeine content finally catches up with you.
通过对比研究每天饮用等量的茶或咖啡的人，英国萨里大学的研咳嗽敝な担」芰街忠显诎滋於宰⒁饬械淖饔貌畈欢啵蛐硎且蛭Х壤锏目Х纫蚝扛撸瓤Х鹊娜送砩细讶胨
Tea drinkers, in contrast, had longer and more restful slumbers.
相比之下，喝茶的人睡得更久更香。
Verdict: Tea offers many of the benefits of coffee, without the sleepless nights – a clear win.
结论：茶不仅拥有咖啡的许多好处，还不会带来不眠之夜——完胜
Tooth staining
牙齿变黄
Along with red wine, coffee and tea are both known to turn our pearly whites a murky yellow and brown. But which is worse?
众所周知，红酒、咖啡和茶都会把洁白的牙齿慢慢染成暗黄色或棕褐色。但哪个最糟糕?
Most dentists seem to agree that tea’s natural pigments are more likely to adhere to dental enamel than coffee’s – particularly if you use a mouthwash containing the common antiseptic chlorhexidine, which seems to attract and bind to the microscopic particles.
大多数牙医似乎一致认为，茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附着于牙釉质之上——尤其当你使用常见的洗必泰漱口水时，其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引并聚合微观粒子。
Verdict: If you want a perfect smile, coffee may be the lesser of two evils.
结论：如果你想展现完美笑容，两害相权取其轻，咖啡也许还好一点。
A balm for troubled souls…
不安灵魂的慰藉……
In England, it’s common to give “tea and sympathy” to a distressed friend – the idea being that a cup of Earl Grey is medicine for troubled minds. In fact, there is some evidence that tea can soothe your nerves: regular tea drinkers do tend to show a calmer physiological response to unsettling situations (such as public speaking), compared to people drinking herbal infusions. Overall, people who drink three cups a day appear to have a 37% lower risk of depression than those who do not drink tea.
英国人喜欢给烦恼苦闷的朋友送去“茶与同情”——这是由于他们认为伯爵茶能够治愈不安的灵魂。事实上，有证据表明，茶可以舒缓神经：与喝中草药的人相比，经常饮茶者在处理一些令人不安的情况(如公开演讲)时确实表现得更为镇静。总的来说，每天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑郁症的风险要低37%。
Coffee doesn’t have the same reputation; indeed, some report that it makes them feel like their nerves are jangling. Yet there is some evidence that it too may protect against long-term mental health problems. A recent “meta-analysis” (summarising the results of studies involving more than 300,000 participants) found that each cup of coffee a day seems to reduce your risk of developing depression by around 8%. In contrast, other beverages (such as sweetened soft drinks) only increase your risk of developing mental health problems.
咖啡并没有这种功效;事实上，有些人觉得咖啡会让人有些神经错乱。但是也有证据表明，咖啡能预防长期精神问题。最近的一项“荟萃分析”(总结了超过30万名参与者的研究结果)发现，每天一杯咖啡的人患抑郁症的风险比常人要低大约8%。相比之下，其他饮料(如甜味软饮)只会增加患精神疾病的风险。
Verdict: Based on this limited evidence, it’s a draw.
结论：基于有限的证据，平局。
…and a balm for bodies……
身体的万金油
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Similarly tantalising, though preliminary, epidemiological studies have suggested that both coffee and tea offer many other health-giving benefits. A few cups of either beverage a day appears to reduce your risk of diabetes, for instance.
流行病学研究虽然才刚刚起步，但也很吸睛。该领域研究表明，咖啡和茶都对身体还有其它益处。例如，每天喝几杯会降低患糖尿病的风险。
Both drinks also seem to moderately protect the heart, although the evidence seems to be slightly stronger for coffee, while tea also appears to be slightly protective against developing a range of cancers – perhaps because of its antioxidants.
饮用这两种饮料能对心脏起到一定的保护作用，尽管证据显示似乎咖啡的功效更强，但许是因为茶中的抗氧化剂，茶对预防癌症也有些许功效。
Verdict: Another draw – both drinks are a surprising, health-giving elixir.
结论：还是平局——这两种饮料都是神奇的、有益健康的灵丹妙药。
Overall verdict: Much as we Brits would have liked tea to come out the clear victor, we have to admit there is little between the two drinks besides personal taste. Based solely on the fact that it allows you to get a better night’s sleep, we declare tea the winner.
总结：大部分英国人都会觉得茶很明显更胜一筹。但除了个人口味，必须承认的是两者的差异并不大。仅仅基于能让人好眠这一点，茶无疑是赢家。
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