【导语】这里小编给大家分享一些托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词（共6篇），方便大家学习。这里给大家分享一些托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词（共6篇），供大家参考。
篇1：托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词
托福阅读10类重要逻辑提示词汇总 快速看懂文章从此开始
1、Reason原因 ( because)
since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause
2、Example举例 (for example)
for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是
3、And 并列关系 (and)
in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that
4、Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards
5、Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。
as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly
6、Contrast转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点
however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //
though // although // but // on the contrary
otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast
7、Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly
8、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on
9、Time 时间 (when )
before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as
10、Summary 总结 (in a word)
作者的最后总结
in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word
托福阅读：句子简化题中的意群指代和逻辑
The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
O The resources needed by the growing hunting and gathering population increased rapidly once temperatures rose.
O Dramatic temperature increases andthe simultaneous growth of the hunting and gathering population led to the need for more resources.
O Higher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources, thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.
O The dramatic temperature increase occurred during the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow.
STEP 1: 先分析逻辑标识：allow for 表示允许，导致;due to 表示因为。
STEP 2: 意群简化 “The temperature…centuries”用A指代，”a growth …population”用B指代, ”the abundance of resources”用C指代。
STEP 3:原句简化为A allowing for B due to C (A 导致B且B因为C, 即A→B & C→B)
STEP 4: 归纳得出B为最后的结果，即 growth of population 为最后结果。
选项分析：
A. The resources (needed by the growing hunting and gatheringpopulation) increased rapidly once temperatures rose.
错误：括号内为后置定语可以忽略，主干表示一旦气温上升物资增加。并没有提到我们需要的结论(人口增加)。
B. Dramatic temperature increases and the simultaneous growth of the hunting and gathering population led to the need for more resources.
错误：led to 表示导致，B选项的结论为the need for more resources (对于物资需求增加)，与原句的结论(人口增加)不符。
C. Higher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources,thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.
正确：本句逻辑为A→C→B, 的确B为结果(人口增加为结果)，合理构造了A→C的关系。
D：The dramatic temperature increase occurredduring the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow.
错误：迷惑性非常强。我们看这句：Mysister was having a burger when I came home. When 表示主句和从句发生的同时性，主从句并没有直接因果关系。所以D选项逻辑为 A When C→B (A和C→B同时发生)，但原句明显有A→B的逻辑，选项D中忽视。
托福阅读：读懂句子，攻克托福阅读简化题
在托福阅读的框架中讨论读懂句子的方法，那么一定逃不开句子简化题。这个题型是对我们是否能读懂句子最直接的考察。我们先来看一下这个题型的提问方式：
Which of the sentences below best expressthe essential information in the highlighted sentences in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.
这个题型要求我们选出表达高亮句“核心信息”的选项，所以我们在做题时，第一步就是要读出原句的核心信息，第二步再将这个核心信息与选项一一比对，排除核心含义不符的选项。而对于任何一个句子来说，它内容上的核心一般与语法上的主干相对应。所以做题时，我们可以略读句子的次要信息，先抓住主干和核心进行排除。下面，我们将用两个一易一难的题目，来具体讲解这个思路，帮助大家掌握阅读句子的方法。大家在看分析之前，一定要自己先思考选出答案哦。
例题1：TPO9 Passage1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast (Paragraph 3)
Fladmark’s hypothesis received additionalsupport from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
A. Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.
B. Fladmark’s hypothesis states thatthe west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.
C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native Americas languages occurs along thewest coast of the Americas lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis.
D. According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along west coast of the Americas.
下面，大家来校对一下答案吧，这题的正确答案应该是C. 我们一起来看看该如何分析吧：
我们遵循以上的做题思路：
1. 读出原句的基本含义，既语法上的主谓宾。在原句中，主语是Fladmark’s hypothesis，谓语动词是receive，宾语是support.在support之后的from the fact是一个介词短语，属于次要信息。而在fact之后由that引导的同位语从句旨在阐述fact的具体内容，也属于次要信息。所以这句话最中心的意思就是Fladmark’s hypothesis received support(假设得到了支持).
2. 接下来，我们就需要将上面读出的句子的中心含义跟选项进行一一比对和排除啦。
? 我们先看A选项。A选项的前半句是一个原因状语从句，属于次要信息，该句的主干是itdisplays the greatest diversity(它展现了最大的多样性)，核心明显与原句不相符，直接排除。
? 然后，我们看B选项。B选项的主干是Fladmark’s hypothesis statethat…(假设表明…)，that之后引导宾语从句，阐述“表明”的具体内容，核心也没有提到“假设被支持”，直接排除。
? 接下来我们看C选项。C的主语是Thefact. 这个句子的谓语动词很多同学会找错。在fact之后是that引导的同位语从句，occur是从句中的动词，而这个句子主句的谓语动词是lends. 所以这句话的结构是Thefact that…lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis(事实借给假说力量)，与原句主要信息相同，作为备选答案。
? 最后，我们来看一下D选项。D选项的主语是NativeAmerican language，动词是survive, 所以D选项的主要含义是NativeAmerican languages have survived the longest(本土美国语言存活最久)，也与原句的核心含义不相符，排除。
3. 所以这个题，通过读懂句子的主要信息，我们就可以直接选出C答案了。
做完第一题呢，我来给大家总结一下。对于任何一个句子来说，不论是大家自己阅读，还是做简化题，亦或是做其他题型，我们都要抓住句子的重点、理解作者要表达的观点(readfor imformation and comprehension)，做到筛选出并读懂句子的核心，这样才能理解作者思想、做对题目。对于次要信息(状语、定语、介词短语等)，我们可以读，但是它们绝不是我们理解的重点。
那接下来，我们再做一道难度稍微大一些的简化题。大家仍然要自己先思考，再看解析哦。
例题2：TPO40 Passage2 Latitude and Biodiversity (Paragraph 2)
The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, sincethis tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and somebiogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of thiseffect.
A. Some biogeographers believethat the tropics have large surface areas than they actually do because of thedistortions produced by projections of Earth’s curved surface.
B. High levels of diversity inthe tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact that the tropics have moresurface area of land than the higher latitudes do, though distortions incommonly used projections may seem to suggest otherwise.
C. Because biogeographersdisagree on whether or not the tropics are correctly represented in projectionsof Earth’ssurface, it is difficult to determine the relationship their surface area hasto their diversity.
D. Most biogeographers agreethat the tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudesdo, but they disagree on whether or not the tropics’ level of diversity is areflection of that larger surface area.
这一题的正确答案选B，大家选对了吗?根据之前讲的步骤，我们来分析这个题的原句：
1. 读出原句的基本含义：这个题的原句非常长，但是我们可以略去两个省略号之间表示解释的内容。我们发现，该句话是一个and连接的并列句，有两套主谓结构。所以，我们在理清句子基本含义的时候，要注意这个句子是有两套主干，也就是有两层重要信息的，而这两层信息，是同等重要、缺一不可的。第一层是Thetropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes(热带包含比高纬度更大的表面积)，第二层是biogeographersregard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect(生物地理学家把多样性的不同看做面积不同的反映)。
2. 接下来，我们把这两层含义跟选项进行一一比对和排除。
? 首先我们来看一下A选项。A选项的主语是biogeographers，谓语动词是believe，宾语是一个that引导的从句thetropics have large surface areas than they actually do(热带的面积比它们实际上大)，这句话与原句的第一层重要意思不相符，而且选项A也没有写到第二层重要信息，所以直接排除。
? 接着，我们看B选项。B选项的主语干是High levels of diversity inthe tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact (热带高的多样性被归因于一个事实)，在“fact”的后面是一个同位语从句，表明这个事实的具体内容：thetropics have more surface area of land than the higher latitudes do(热带的表面局比高纬度大)，这样原句的两层重要含义都体现在该选项之中了，后半句的though引导让步状语从句，属于次要信息。所以B选项暂时保留。
? 然后我们来分析C选项。C选项的前半句是一个because引导的原因状语从句，属于次要信息，我们可以暂且忽略。然后往后看到句子的主干：itis difficult to determine the relationship their surface area has to theirdiversity(很难决定表面积与多样性的关系)，这里缺乏了原句中的第一层重要信息，第二层重要信息也说错了，直接排除。
? 我们最后看一下D选项。D选项也是一个并列句，由转折连接词But连接。在but之前的小分句对应了原句的第一层意思，然而在But之后，theydisagree on whether or not the tropics’ level of diversity is a reflection of thatlarger surface area的意思是“他们不同意热带的多样性是否是表面积的反应”与原句第二层重要意思不符合。
3. 那么复合原句两层重要信息的就只有B选项了。
通过以上两个题目，我们可以看到，在做简化题时，我们最重要的思路是抓住一个句子的重点，这样做题准确率高而且速度很快。在托福阅读的其他题型中，句子的理解也是必不可少的，但是我们的阅读句子方法仍然跟上面所写的一样：抓住核心信息，详略结合地阅读。这种阅读的方法不仅仅适用于各种考试，也是我们再自己阅读小说、课本以及各种读物时所应该做到的。
托福阅读：修辞目的题的解法
本质上讲：对作者意图的提问
形式上讲：
Why does the author mention/discuss …?
The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.
The author uses … as an example of_____.
等等
做这类题目时有些同学往往会出现黑人问号，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!
其实，这类题目和托福其他题目一样，都是有套路的。至少，托福阅读里的修辞目的题是不会要求考生们对锅里的鱼眼里“诡异的光”进行理解的。
言归正传，那么做这类题目的套路究竟是什么呢?
首先我们要知道托福文章结构有一个规律，就是claim(观点)+detail(s)，换句话说就是给出一个观点，然后用一个或者若干个细节或者例子来支撑前面的观点。
不论是从文章整体架构，段落结构，还是更微观的行文结构来看，一般来说这个规律都成立。而修辞目的题实质上就是出题人把一个detail拎出来问你，作者为什么要提到这个detail。到这里，问题的关键就变成了找到这个detail对应的claim究竟在哪里。
最简单的模型就是，claim后面就一个detail支撑，这种情况下，自然detail前面紧挨着的那句话就是作者的观点，即提到这个detail的目的是为了说明前面的这个观点。
然而有时候，作者会用不止一个detail来支撑最前面的claim，模型视图如下
Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3
这种时候，如果出题人把detail 3拎出来问你它的目的，显然答案就不是为了支持紧挨着它的前面那句话了，而应该是遥相支持前面的前面的前面的那个claim。
根据以上原理，我们总结出了一个做题步骤，帮助大家高效地找到这个claim。
简言之，
1. 找出题目中的关键词
2. 用关键词定位原文
3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的顺序找到claim
4. 根据原文claim找到对应选项
可以看出，步骤1和2是在文章中找到题目里提到的detail的位置，当然，如果文中已经给你highligh出来了的话这两个步骤就省掉了
而步骤3才是在找claim
下面，我们来进行一个实操应用：
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
很明显，这道题需要我们自己去找到detail的位置，所以我们要从第1个步骤开始做起：找出题目中的关键词
examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毁的例子)
第2步，我们要拿着关键词到段落里面去找detail对应的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毁的例子
Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.
我们看下来后会发现有且仅有红色部分是一些摧毁生物的具体例子，清道夫、细菌、化学侵蚀等等，至此我们完成了第2步，定位出了detail对应的原句。
第3步，到这句话的前面找它对应的claim，这道题里，它前面只有一句话，那让我们来验证一下这是不是这个detail所支撑的观点呢?
When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.
(当一个人知道生物死后会被如此多的方式所完全分解毁灭，那他就会感叹世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思议)
看起来逻辑上可以成为生物被摧毁的例子所支撑的对象吧
那我们现在来做第4步，根据找出来的claim去选出最接近的选项
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
选项1是不是就是我们找出来的claim的同义复述呀?答案就是它了!
All in all，只要把握好题型背后的原理，妈妈再也不用担心你做不好修辞目的题了!
：
篇2：托福阅读解题需学会看逻辑提示词
托福阅读解题需学会看“脸色” 这些逻辑提示词不可不知
托福阅读逻辑提示词是什么?
今天来聊聊托福阅读。不知大家是否细心留意过一些频繁出现在段落中的“提示词”。通过这些“提示词”，可以判断出句与句之间的关联，帮助洞悉段落的发展线索。不仅可以加快阅读的速度，更能提高阅读的效率。下面就来了解一下这五种提示词吧。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：信息相同
and, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, that, then, also, and also, else, likewise...
当大家看到这些提示词的时候，需要意识到句子前后的关系是并列、相近、或更进一步的，此时阅读速度无需减慢。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：因果关系
because, for, for this reason, so, as, since, by virtue of, due to, owing to, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, thus, hence...
当大家看到这些提示词的时候，需要正确认识到句子间的因果关系。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：叙述顺序
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, and so on, last, next, above all, last but not the least, after, before, afterward...
掌握好这些提示词，就能把握住作者的叙述顺序，理清每一个论据。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：思路转折
although, even though, however, but, on the contrary, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless, yet...
看到这些提示词，就表明出现了完全不同信息的迹象。在阅读时，要格外注意，一旦出现这些词，就需要放慢阅读的速度，从而透彻地理解作者的意图。
托福阅读逻辑提示词类型：总结归纳
as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion, in a nutshell, in brief, in a word, to summarize, on the whole...
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：The Independent Television..
托福阅读长难句实例
The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness” —creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.
句子分析
本句主干部分的谓语动词是...has criticized...，主语是The Independent Television Commission，而regulator of ...则作为同位语，是对主语的补充说明。破折号之间的creating a wrong impression...是现在分词作后置定语，修饰前面的misleadingness。最后that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的techniques。
单词回顾
regulator这里表示“监管机构”。
criticize sb. for sth. 指“为了某事批评某人”，比如：He criticized me for not finishing the work in time. 他因我未及时完成工作而批评我。
intentionally表示“有意地”，名词为intention。
in an effort to表示“努力想……”，类似effort的用法，还有make every effort 表示“尽一切努力”，spare no effort表示“不遗余力”。
句子翻译
监管英国电视广告的独立电视委员会批评广告商们的误导行为——有意或无意地给人创造了一种错误印象，委员会还努力控制广告商们利用技巧，因为通过技巧处理之后的广告会使得儿童很难判断玩具的真实尺寸、功能、 性能和构造。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：The explanation is that...
托福阅读长难句实例
The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.
句子分析
本句主要是在做解释，这个解释是通过is之后that引导的表语从句来展开。在这个从句中有多个谓语动词并列出现，分别是：excavated, modified, plugged up，这些动作的实施都是为了in order to后面表达的目的，即create reservoirs，最后which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词reservoirs。
这句话句简题的正确答案应该是选项A. Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions. (玛雅南部地区的居民通过堵住缝隙的低地来收集和储存雨水，以备旱季之用。)我们来看看其他几个错误答案的原因：选项B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. 其中的modifying natural rainwater是原句所没有提到的;选项C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season. 其中leaks in the karst这个问题在原句中已经通过涂上灰泥得到了解决，所以不存在困难;选项D. Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons. 其中more successful的比较在原句中没有提到。
单词回顾
depression本意是“沮丧;萧条”，在这里表示“低地”。
excavate depressions指的是“挖掘低地”。
modify本意是“修改”，在这里说的是“改造自然的低地”。
plug up leaks指的是“堵住漏水的地方”。
karst是大家所熟悉的一种地貌，叫“喀斯特地貌”，具有溶蚀力的水对可溶性岩石(大多为石灰岩)进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地貌。
catchment basins指的是“集水盆地”。
plaster作名词，表示“石膏“，作动词，表示”涂以灰泥” ，
比如：His broken leg was encased in plaster. 他骨折的腿被打上了石膏。
句子翻译
有一种解释是玛雅人挖掘或者改造自然的低地，然后通过在低地底部涂上灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌所造成的漏水地方，这样做可以建立水库，而这些水库可以收集来自抹了灰泥的大型集水盆地的雨水并储存起来，以备旱季所用。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练：Fladmark’s hypothesis received...
托福阅读长难句实例
Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
句子分析
本句的主句应该是Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support from the fact…，然后that引导的是同位语从句，进一步解释说明前面的the fact。最后suggesting that...是现在分词结构，也引导宾语从句，这里意思是“表明……”。
解题思路
本句句简题的答案应该是C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.(在西海岸美洲原住民语言的最大多样性强化了弗莱德马克的假设。)
句子翻译
美洲西海岸地区最多样的原住民语言的存在表明了这个地区是美洲定居时间最早的，这一事实给弗莱德马克的假设提供了进一步的证据支持。
篇3：托福写作承上启下10类逻辑词汇
托福写作承上启下10类逻辑词汇汇总分享
1.增补(Addition)
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.
2.比较(Comparison)
in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as
3.对照(contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....
7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.
8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise
10.时间和空间(Time and space)
afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
托福写作：Parents are the best teachers
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
范文
Throughout my life, I have been lucky enough to have a very good relationship with my parents. They have supported me, given me necessary criticism, and taught me a great deal about how to live my life. Parents can be very important teachers in our lives; however, they are not always the best teachers.
Parents may be too close to their children emotionally. Sometimes they can only see their children though the eyes of a protector. For example, they may limit a child's freedom in the name of safety. A teacher might see a trip to a big city as a valuable new experience. However, it might seem too dangerous to a parent.
Another problem is that parents may expect their hildren's interests to be similar to their own. They can't seem to separate from their children in their mind. If they love science, they may try to force their child to love science too. But what if their child's true love is art, or writing , or car repair?
Parents are usually eager to pass on their value to their children. But should children always believe what their parents do? Maybe different generations need different ways of thinking. When children are young, they believe that their parents are always rights. But when they get older, they realize there are other views. Sometimes parents, especially older ones, can't keep up with rapid social or technology changes. A student who has friends of all different races and backgrounds at school may find that her parents don't really understand or value the digital revolution. Sometimes kids have to find their own ways to what they believe in.
The most important thing to realize is that we all have many teachers in our lives. Our parents teach us, our teachers teach us, and our peers teach us. Books and newspapers and television also teach us. All of them are valuable.
托福写作范文背诵之Why do you think people attend college or university
People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
范文：
People attend colleges or universities for a lot of different reasons. I believe that the three most common reasons are to prepare for a career, to have new experiences, and to increase their knowledge of themselves and the world around them.
Career preparation is becoming more and more important to young people. For many, this is the primary reason to go to college, They know that the job market is competitive. At college, they can learn new skill for careers with a lot of opportunities. This means careers, such as information technology, that are expected to need a large workforce in the coming years.
Also, students go to colleges and universities to have new experiences. This often means having the opportunity to meet people different from those in their hometowns. For most students, going to college is the first time they've been away from home by themselves. In additions, this is the first time they've had to make decisions on their own. Making these decisions increases their knowledge of themselves.
Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also attend a university or college to expand their knowledge in subjects they find interesting. For many, this will be their last chance for a long time to learn about something that doesn't relate to their career.
I would recommend that people not be so focused on a career. They should go to college to have new experiences and learn about themselves and the world they live in.
篇4：托福阅读逻辑信号词总结
托福阅读当中，逻辑信号词好比旅途中的路标与灯塔，让你不致迷路，可以朝着发现解题题眼的正确方向迈进，所以，熟练掌握各类托福阅读信号词是托福高分的基本条件之一。
托福阅读逻辑信号词总结
1.显示相同信息的信号词
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
2.显示思路转折的信号词
I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
3.显示因果关系的信号词
As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
4.显示顺序的信号词
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
5.表示结论/总结的信号词
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
全面详细归纳托福阅读中的信号词
1.主题
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头，例如
●let's...
●Today, I will be talking about ...
●Today，we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息，例如：
●Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
●We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
●Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此时，today后面的内容才是关键，不能被today前面的内容误导了。
2.定义
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容，被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容，需要做笔记。
此类信号词有：
●what I mean is
●All that means is
●which is / that is
●in other words，...
●... is referred to as...
●... is named/known/called
3.举例
比起例子中的种.种细节，教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take之类的字眼后，考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。
TIP：有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结，如果考生记不起例子之前的内容，此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。
4.对比
讲座中，教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有：
●We should not confuse A and B
●A is different from B
●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
●compare to
●contrast
●Unlike
●similar to
●in contrast to
●...differently
●...differ
●alike
●resemble
●on the other hand，
●instead，
●likewise，
●in the same way等。
5.分类
阐述关键概念时，教授常讲解此概念的相关分类。
例如，阐述海豚发声方式时，会具体阐述是哪几种发声方式，即whistles，cliques和burst pulses。
通常教授会点明分类的数量，但也可能不给出具体数据，而是笼统地说有“很多种”。
例如，there are many types of ...，we gather data in a variety of ways ...。
6.因果
学术讲座中，因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有：because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。
表示结果的信号词有：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。
7.转折
转折是对前文的否定，转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调，此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有：but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact。
8.结论
讲座的最后也可能是出题点，而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息，遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有：conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up。
托福阅读题型讲义分类资料
托福阅读分类题型讲义内容节选：
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were
(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a handpowered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from
(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic.
The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
答案：C
托福阅读分数对照表
托福阅读评分标准是这样的：托福阅读三篇文章，每篇12-14道题，如果有加试的话，从所有考题中选3篇阅读题目计分。回答正确的总题目数量加起来就是你的总分。除托福阅读观点题和归类题以外，每道题分值1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。托福阅读分数范围为0-30分。在托福官方指南中，关于托福阅读评分标准的描述是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.
The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：
If you had： You received
1 correct answers 0 points
2 correct answers 1 point
3 correct answers 2 points
小编提醒考生注意：托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
篇5：托福阅读把握布局和提示词
托福阅读高分技巧：把握布局和提示词
1、阅读看布局
首先要粗看下文章的段数，了解以下文章框架，读文章的首句和尾句了解整体意思，看是否有转折句，如果有转折句可能文章意思不止一层。
粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。 也要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。
阅读的文章其实逻辑方面出不了花儿，都是观点、论据的大体结构，在阅读中每读一段整理一次逻辑，不要被细节迷惑，要以段落的内在逻辑为重点。
此外最好将每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。
此外在阅读后做题中，注意不要延伸思考，阅读题是看你有没有读懂文章，所以文章说了什么，你回答什么，不要有自己想当然的延伸。
2、提示词
(1)前后讲一回事儿的
and, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, that, then, also, and also, else, likewise...
当大家看到这些提示词的时候，需要意识到句子前后的关系是并列、相近、或更进一步的，此时阅读速度无需减慢。
(2)表示因果关系的
because, for, for this reason, so, as,since, by virtue of, due to, owing to, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, thus, hence...
(3)后面讲的跟前面不一样的
although, even though, however, but, on the contrary, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless, yet...
这些提示词就是明摆着的转折。在阅读时，要格外注意，一旦出现这些词，作者很可能就要变心了，可以放慢阅读速度来领会作者真正要说的是什么。
(4)总结归纳词汇
as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion, in a nutshell, in brief, in a word, to summarize, on the whole...
这些词的不仅仅是引出总结/归纳的内容的标志，也是提示核心信息的关键。
阅读理解力是可以训练和培养的，多读原文书籍培养语感还是十分的重要的。这就跟故宫博物院负责擦瓷器的擦了好几年出来能鉴定一样，他知道正经的都是什么样，看着别扭的肯定是错的。所以“书读百遍其义自见”。当然了，考场上没那工夫，所以在复习阶段和平时的课外阅读时增添一些原文内容的阅读，提升托福阅读速度和你的理解力，做题的时候自然而然的就选出了正确答案。
托福阅读备考：天文学习
Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.
Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.
解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。在真正考试中，把原文阅读完毕再去和选项比较会花费较多时间。因此，比较合理的做题顺序是，先读选项，然后拿选项和原文信息去比对。
A选项说的是outflow channel的形成时间和火山活动在北部平原的发生时间是相同的。快速浏览原文，只有在后一句提到了它们的形成时间，说大概在30亿年前，about引导的时间状语很重要，补充说明了这一时间和北部火山平原形成的时间相同。A正确。
B选项说的是火山形成的地点，只在火星表面的特定区域。看原文，第二句，说的是它们只在赤道区域出现。B也正确。
C选项说的是它们有时候会流到曾经的湿沙地上。原文在提到tidal beaches时，并没有提到这一信息，因此，C选项是不符合原文的。
D选项说的是河水从赤道(南)向北流动。和原文第三句话吻合：这些河流的走向是从南部高低到北部平原。
因此，本题的正确答案为C项。
第二道题目来自于 TPO 16 Planets in Our Solar System
Paragraph 4: Other dimensions along which the two groups differ markedly are density and composition. The densities of the terrestrial planets average about 5 times the density of water, whereas the Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water. One of the outer planets, Saturn, has a density of only 0.7 that of water, which means that Saturn would float in water. Variations in the composition of the planets are largely responsible for the density differences. The substances that make up both group of planets are divided into three groups-gases, rocks, and ices-based on their melting points. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. The Jovian planets, on the other hand, contain a large percentage of the gases hydrogen and helium, with varying amounts of ices: mostly water, ammonia, and methane ices.
Question: Paragraph 4 mentions which of the following as a reason why terrestrial planets are dense?
A. They are made up of three groups of substances.
B. They are composed mainly of rocky and metallic materials.
C. They contain more ice than Jovian planets.
D. They contain relatively small amounts of water.
解析：题干问的是类地行星密度较大的原因。那我们只需将做题重点锁定在原文描述“density”的信息上即可。原文中含有density的句子，句在说类地行星的密度和其他行星的密度比。第二句说的是土星密度。第三句说到行星结构的不同影响着密度的不同。后面进一步阐释组成行星的物质：气体，岩石以及冰。接着又提到类地行星主要由岩石组成。显然，这就是它密度大的原因。综合比较，应该选B。
托福阅读：句子简化
托福阅读句子简化题解题步骤：
1、找原句逻辑：
找逻辑连接词词，常见逻辑连接词：
转折：but, however, yet, nevertheless
让步：although，though，even though， despite，in spite of
比较对比：more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike
条件：if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as
因果： because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B
2、找原句主干：
谁做什么，谁是什么 (一般删掉修饰语:定语从句，介词短语结构，时间地点状语)。
注意：若两个句子有对比关系，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，这时候定语时关键。
3、对比选项选答案：
排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了，排除无中生有的逻辑。
除了以上提到的托福阅读句子简化题答题技巧外，解答托福阅读句子简化题一定要掌握好语法，希望大家在接下来的备考环节能够熟练应用以上技巧。
托福阅读
篇6：托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?
审题
首先通过审题，利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题，比如下面的题干：
1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?
4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?
通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语)，可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群)，通过分析逻辑承接对象，匹配选项找出正确答案。
实战练习
例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3
The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.
5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.
○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.
○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.
○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.
· 分析
通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处：
第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”
第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”
细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念，需要考生们仔细审题，题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因，显然不是我们要找的答案;
第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”，很明显答案在第二处，匹配选项答案是 D.
实战练习
例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6
Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.
11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.
○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.
○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.
○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.
· 分析
这道细节题本身不难，但是出错率很高，很多学生选择A，为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。
细节题选的是符合题干的选项，也即是问什么答什么。比如我问张三有多高?张三说我很帅，张三确实帅但是不是我要的答案。细节题中很具有迷惑性的选项叫“答非所问”，同学们一定要细心，回到本题，题干问“why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?”，题干给的是结果，让我们找原因，扫读原文发现“Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images，其中“that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images”表达的意思等于题干“the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered”，很明显“so much time has passed”就是我们找的答案，确定正确答案选C。
实战练习
例3.(tpo7p1q7) Paragraph 4:
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
○ the movements of earth's crust
○ the accumulation of sediment layers
○ changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○ changes in earth's temperature
· 分析
通过题干中 “responsible for”确定考察的是因果逻辑，定位到本段第三句话，但句子前后并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词，然后继续通读往下读，发现怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
在这里，给大家补充一个不常见的因果逻辑的另类表达，即and引导的两个句子也隐含因果逻辑关系。比如”He is too old and he can’t walk,”,仔细体会其中的意思“他太老了and不能行走”，蕴含的就是因果逻辑关系。
回到本题“Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. ”(因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。)如果大家能识别到这层关系，很明显A就是正确选项。
常见因果逻辑词
下面来总结一下托福阅读中常见的因果逻辑词，希望同学们能够熟记巧用。
显性：because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...
隐性：cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible for..
托福阅读因果逻辑题如何作答，掌握显性因果逻辑词
一、因果逻辑之句子简化题
一提到因果逻辑，可能大部分考生顿时想到的是句子简化题。因为有相当比例的句子简化题中是有逻辑关系的句子，的确可以先从原句逻辑关系出发，先排除明显逻辑错误的选项，剩下的再进行核对筛选。但我们在运用任何逻辑关系解题的时候可千万别忘了句子主干哦。下面我们看几个例题：
例题 1
The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
(A)The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
(B)Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.
(C)Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
(D)The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
天啊，这个句子那么长!但提取主干后，句子将变得非常简单：
The frequency had lead rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panramitee style.
我们发现这个句子的谓语动词是 lead to，是个隐性的因果逻辑词。也就是说，本句话最想表达的意思是，某个东西的频繁出现，是研究者们采用 P style 这个术语的原因。
这时我们来看四个选项，A 选项强调的是对比关系，一看就可以排除的炮灰选项。
D 选项的主干是 The motifs make up the oldest form. 跟原句的主干完全不符合，又可排除。
大部分同学都是纠结 B 和 C，而且还不少同学认为这两个选项读完根本就是一个意思, excuse me?!那么接下来我们就得分析下选项中的原因和结果与原句的原因和结构能否对应的上，会不会因果倒置。B 和 C 选项一个最大的区别，就在于 B 选项中 P style 是句子的结果，而 C 选项中 P style 出现在了原因部分。原句的 P style 是句子的结果，所以，正确答案就很明了了，选 B!
咱们再来看另一个例题：
例题 2
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
(A)The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
(B)Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
(C)After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
(D)The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
句首的 However 虽然是个转折逻辑词，但对于这道题而言是没有用的，因为这明显是跟上一句话进行转折，而句子简化题考查的是句内逻辑，而不是句间逻辑。这句话是由 and 连接起来的两个句子，所以不少同学觉得这两句话就是并列关系。
这两个句子的主干信息为 no group or species can maintain its dominance 和 mammals began to flourish. 那么最完美的正确选项应该是肯定要包含这两个主干信息的。
大部分同学是在 A 和 B 之间纠结，觉得 A 呢没毛病，B 也挺对的，但是多了个 because 不太敢选。A 相对于 B 而言，是属于信息残缺的选项，B 选项的信息和原句的信息匹配度更高。
但是 because 如何解释呢?举个简单的例子：
It’s raining outside and I decide to order take-out food.
我们可否理解成因为外面下雨了，所以我决定订外卖?这也是说得通的。所以在个别情况下，两个并列的句子也可以有隐含的因果逻辑关系，看句意而定。这题便是，两个句子的核心内容可理解成，因为没有任何物种可以一直维持统治地位，所以，后来哺乳动物 flourish 了。再通过阅读细节可发现 mammals began to flourish 正是恐龙灭绝之后。所以这时我们再对比一下 A 和 B，B 选项和原句的还原度是比 A 好的。
二、因果逻辑之细节题
因果逻辑其实无处不在，另一个经常考察此逻辑关系的题型是细节题。现在我们来看几个稍微有点没那么明显的因果逻辑的考题。
例题 3
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species…Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
Which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
(A)the movements of earth's crust
(B)the accumulation of sediment layers
(C)changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
(D)changes in earth's temperature
本题题干中看到 responsible for，马上反应到考查的是因果逻辑。不少同学可以快速定位到本段第三句话，但句子中并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词于是不敢判断答案，于是继续往下读，怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
其实这题考的因果逻辑这个考点跟我们上一个句子简化题的例题是很相似的。两个句子并列用 and 连接，但是也有隐含的因果逻辑关系。因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。如果能识别到这层关系，则应该可以秒选 A 了。
例题 4
Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.
Why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement ?
(A)The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
(B)The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
(C)The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
(D)One of the church’s daily rituals occurred during the night.
这是个细节题，通过题干可定位到本段第二句话。题目问的是 why，但在原文中不能直接找到 because 或 contribute to 等其他因果逻辑词。但我们在定位准确的前提下，仔细在读读第二句话，发现这个句子有现在分词做状语的成分，而 v-ing 是可以做结果状语的。那么 requiring an alarm arrangement 的前面信息的同义改写便是这道题的正确答案。此题正确答案为 D。
本文仅简单列举了因果逻辑关系在阅读中的几种考法，它还可以出现在推断题，句子插入题中，由于篇幅有限就不一一列举例题了。识别因果逻辑的不同表现形式是可以帮助提高我们的答题效率的一个突破点。回到本文提出的第一个问题，笔者罗列了一些给大家参考一下：
1、显性因果逻辑词：
since, because, because of, thus, hence, as a result, result from, responsible for, due to, so that, consequently, account for, explain, factor, outcome……
2、隐性因果逻辑词：
lead to, stimulate, enable, motivate, encourage, contribute to, trigger, give rise to, induce, affect, damage, impact, depend on, rely on......
学会掌握托福阅读中的逻辑词
关系词从逻辑功能的实现来分类的话，一般可以分为转折(but)、让步(although)、对比(unlike)、并列(and)、递进 (moreover)、举例(for example)、因果(because)、类比(like)和总结(in general)这九类。而从所连接信息的方向来分的话，其实只有两类，第一类是改变方向，包括转折、让步和对比;其余剩下的都是第二类，维持方向。比如，如果听到某人说：“I’d love to go with you，but…”这时我们心里一定都会感觉到这人十有八九去不了了。
而如果他说的是：“I’d love to go with you，and…”那么后面的话至少不会表达出不去的意愿。也就是说，维持方向的关系词连接的前后信息必须是同向的，而改变方向的关系词所连接的信息则应该是反向的。当我们在做题的时候，可能有些句子结构或单词不理解，如果句子中有关系词，那么至少可以帮助我们判断出句意的方向，而有些题目只需要判断出方向其实就能得出答案。下面举两个判断题的例子进行说明。
原文：IPhone is gaining popularity， despite its cost。
题目：IPhone is costly。
题目要我们判断iPhone 是否昂贵，但原文并没有直接给出其价格的高低。可是我们注意到原文句子中含有一个关系词despite，它是属于改变方向的词，也就是说despite前后连接的这两个句子方向得相反。前面说iPhone越来越受欢迎，应该算是件好事，那么后面说到它的价格，显然是不能令人满意的，也就是比较贵，这样才符合句意的逻辑。因此我们马上就可以判断出该题的答案是TRUE。
原文：Baekeland’s invention (Bakelite)， although treated with distain in its early years，went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of thetwentieth century。
题目：Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material。
这是Test2的12题，题目要我们判断Bakelite是不是马上受到欢迎，原文提到它treated with distain inits early years，但麻烦的是可能会有相当部分的同学不认识distain 这个词，这样似乎就没办法判断出Bakelite在早年被如何对待。但是千万要注意这个句子有一个关系词although，它表示让步，属于改变方向，那么由它连接的两个句子句意得是相反的，这样我们可以试图从已知推未知。后面这句话我们从enjoy，popularity可以得出一个信息，就是 Bakelite在20世纪的前半期一直是受欢迎的，方向是好的，那么前半句treated with distain in its early years必须就要表达出不好的信息，也就是在前几年受到不好的对待，这样才能符合句子逻辑。因此，我们马上就可以做出判断，既然在前几年受到不好的对待，那么Bakelite就不可能马上受到欢迎了，因此该题的答案是FALSE。这样，我们在考试时根本就不用具体去理解distain(指名誉受损)的真正含义，只用判断方向照样能够做对题目。
除了判断题之外，关系词对Summary题也十分有用。Summary是文章或部分段落的缩写，有时候某些词同义替换的形式变化比较大，如果只用关键词去查找，很多时候并不容易定位。但是不管词怎么变，逻辑关系一般不变。如果题目中表达出因果关系或转折关系，那么所找到的原文一般也会表达出同样的逻辑关系。这样，我们就可以利用上关系词来帮助一起定位。
比如Test2的30~31题：In Britain， moreover， scientists worried that English had neither the30________ nor the 31________ to express their ideas。这两道题用词去查找并不好定位。但我们也要注意到这两个空有一个关系词词组“neither…nor…”，它们表示并列，并且是否定的并列。通过这点在原文中很容易就注意到有一个信息是：“First， it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second， itlacked the grammatical resources…”其中，“First…， Second…”表达出了两样事物的并列，而lack(缺乏)这个单词则表达出了否定。这样就比较容易能够定位到这两句话并且得出答案是 technicalvocabulary和grammatical resources。
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