下面小编给大家整理了托福听力因果转折两大类逻辑关系词盘点，本文共8篇，供大家阅读参考。
篇1：托福听力因果转折两大类逻辑关系词盘点
听托福听力段子时，考生要特别注意那些“含有因果含义的词或结构”。因果类标志词又可细分为原因类和结果类。历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的因果类结构：
原因类：
1. because …
2.because of …
3.due to …
4.since …
5.as …
6. for…
7.The reason is …
8.That’s why …
9.By reason of …
10.Owing to …
结果类:
1.so …
2.sothat …
3.therefore…
4.thereby…
5.hereby…
6.thus…
7.As aresult
8.consequently…
9.hence…
10.accordingly…
托福听力转折关系常见逻辑词汇总
听托福听力的段子时，考生还要特别注意那些“含有转折含义的词或结构”。因为无论段子还是对话，转折的地方永远是重点。历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的转折类结构：
1. but…
2.however …
3.nevertheless …
4.while …
5.yet…
6.unless …
7.except for …
8.actually …
9.infact …
10.To tell you the truth …
11.practically …
12.virtually …
13.as a matter of fact …
托福听力：怎么才能拿高分
“泛听”的时候，大家不需要单独一个时间来听，在任何时候都可以听，主要是训练一种听的语感和手感。这个大家最好以自己的兴趣为主。而且在准备托福的过程中，这个听力形式应该是贯穿始终的。看似是没什么用，但是其实 这种潜移默化的方法对大家的影响最深。
在“精听”这种形式上，想要尽快提高托福听力水平，有专门的材料和专门的时间还是比较好的。大家可以把中国国际广播电台(CRI)或美国之音(VOA)或英国广播公司(BBC)每个小时开始的英语新闻中的新闻复制下来。这种新闻大约有20条，每条的时间不超过1分钟，词汇量不超过200个单词，可以是某一天某一小时的某一条新闻都没关系。复制下来的东西反反复复收听这条新闻，一遍不成听两遍，一天不成听两天，直到这条新闻中的每个单词(请注意是每个单词)，都能准确听出来为止。
在进行这种“精听”训练时，需要特别注意四点。
第一点是：某些英语单词的弱读。比如介词of，它的音标是[ov](o=hot中间的那个元音)，但它通常被弱化成[ev](e=maker的第二个元音)，有时甚至被弱化成[v]或[f]，您在“精听”一条新闻时，一定要把所有的弱读单词听出来。
第二点是：某些英语单词的连读。比如您在“精听”一条新闻时，听到一个生词，发音好象是notatal，不像是外国的人名、地名，而且《英汉词典》中也查不到，这时，您就应当想到，它很可能是两个(或两个以上)单词的连读，按照这个思路，您应当猜出它是not at all。
第三点是：某些单音节的英语单词。多音节的单词，比如foreign、minister、immigration等，由于音节多，很容易听出来，比较麻烦的是那些单音节单词，比如did、was、him等，只有一个音节，发音时间短促，很容易被忽略，因此您在“精听”一条新闻时，一定要重点识别这些单音节单词。
第四点是：单词与头脑的同步。弱读、连读、单音节单词这三个问题解决之后，最后的问题就是“单词与头脑的同步”，也就是您每听到一个单词，头脑中必须马上想到这个单词的中文意思，比如听到Russia，马上想到“俄国”，听到president，马上想到“总统”，听到visit，马上想到“访问”，等等。
这种“精听”的训练过程每个人的具体情况不同，也许第一条新闻，全部听懂，可能需要三天，第二条新闻可能缩短到一天，第三条新闻可能缩短到半天。也许，第一条新闻，可能一下全部听懂，第二条新闻却需要三天。这都是正常情况。大家要做的就是坚持。
托福听力：难度词句的解析
1.take a rain check 改天吧
—— Can you come over for dinner tonight? (今天晚上来吃饭好吗?)
—— I’m up to my ears in work, so I’ll have to take a raincheck。(我工作很忙，改天吧。)
2. lost count 弄不清楚
—— Ever since your girlfriend moved to Bridgeport, you are alwaysdriving there. How many trips a week do you makeanyway?(自从你的女友搬到Bridgeport，你老是开车去看她。一周去几次啊?)
——I have lost count, but I can do it with my eyesclosed。(搞不清楚了，但我闭着眼也能摸过去。)
3. be in another world 精神恍惚;魂不守舍
—— Pete’s really out of it these days。(Pete 这几天有点心不在焉。)
—— Yeah, I know. Ever since he met Ann, he’s been in anotherworld。(我同意。自从他遇见Ann, 他就魂不守舍了。)
4. make yourself at home 随意，随便
—— Do you mind if I take off my jacket?(你介意我脱下夹克吗?)
—— Of course not, make yourself at home。(当然不介意，随意一点!)
5. save your breath 省口气吧;别白费口舌了
—— Hey? John! John!(嘿，John! John!)
—— Save your breath. He“s out of earshot。(省口气吧。他已经听不到了。)
6. make sense 有意义，理解
—— The plot of that movie is hard to follow。(那部电影的情节很难跟得上。)
—— It makes more sense the second time。(再看一遍就理解了。)
7. cost sb. an arm and a leg 非常昂贵
——Did you see the diamond ring Bill gave toLinda?(你看到Bill送给Linda的钻戒了吗?)
——I sure did. It must have cost him an arm and aleg。(当然了。那一定很昂贵。)
8.burn a hole in one’s pocket 很快地被花光
——Have you saved enough to buy that new printer for your computeryet? (你攒足钱给你的电脑买一台新打印机了吗?)
——You know money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately .Maybe next month. (这几个月我花钱如流水。也许下个月吧。)
9.fill one’s shoes 很好地顶替;令人满意地替代
——Have you heard that Professor Jones is retiring?(你听说Jones教授要退休了吗?)
——Yes. The faculty won’t find anyone to fill her shoes。(是的。学校将很难找到合适的人来代替她。)
10.is ice cold 表示理所当然
——Does Prof. Ford always come to class? (Ford教授总是来上课吗?)
——Is ice cold? (当然了。)
11.like apples and oranges 用来表示无法相比的事物
——Which game do you think is more difficult to learn, chess orbridge? (你认为桥牌和象棋哪个更难学?)
——They are like apples and oranges. (它俩没法比较。)
12.look for a needle in a hay stack 大海捞针
——We are supposed to meet John here at the train station。(我们要在火车站接John。)
——That’s like looking for a needle in a hay stack . (那可真是大海捞针。)
13.lose one’s train of 忘记
——When you interrupted me, you made me lose my train of thought。(你打断了我的思考，我忘记我在想什么了。)
14.meet each other half way 相互妥协，让步
——My chemistry project is in trouble because my partner and I hadtotally different ideas about how to proceed。(我的化学课题出问题了。在进展问题上，我与我的合作者意见完全不同。)
——You should try to meet each other half way. (你们应该相互妥协。)
15.on the dot 准时;正点
——Did you and Amanda really meet exactly five minutes to two infront of the theatre? (你和Amanda确实在差5分两点的时候到达剧院门口了吗?)
——Yes, we were both there on the dot. (是的，我俩都准点到达。)
16.once and for all 最后一次;干脆
——I am going to tell that neighbor of mine to turn down that musiconce and for all。(我要最后一次告诉我那个邻居把音乐声关小。)
——I see why you are angry. But I’ve always found that the politeroute is the most effective. (我明白你为什么恼火。但我总觉得礼貌的方式是最有效的。)
17.out of earshot 不在听力所及范围
——Hey? John! John! (嗨! John! John! )
——Save your breath. He’s out of earshot. (省口气吧，他听不见。)
18.out of this world 非常好
——Have you tried Susan’s apple pie? (你试过Susan的苹果派吗?)
——I got the last piece. And it was out of this world。(我拿到最后一块。好吃极了。)
19.play by ear 随机应变，视情形而定
——Marty, are you doing anything special for your presentation inpolitical science tomorrow? (Marty，你在为明天的政治学演讲准备与众不同的材料吗?)
——Not really, because the class so often turns into a discussion,I’ve decided to play it by ear. (不。那门课常常最后变成讨论。我决定视情形而定。)
20. ring a bell 令人想起某件事;听起来耳熟
篇2：托福听力逻辑关系词盘点
听托福听力段子时，考生要特别注意那些“含有因果含义的词或结构”。因果类标志词又可细分为原因类和结果类。历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的因果类结构：
原因类：
1. because …
2.because of …
3.due to …
4.since …
5.as …
6. for…
7.The reason is …
8.That’s why …
9.By reason of …
10.Owing to …
结果类:
1.so …
2.sothat …
3.therefore…
4.thereby…
5.hereby…
6.thus…
7.As aresult
8.consequently…
9.hence…
10.accordingly…
托福听力转折关系常见逻辑词汇总
听托福听力的段子时，考生还要特别注意那些“含有转折含义的词或结构”。因为无论段子还是对话，转折的地方永远是重点。历年TOEFL听力段子中最常考的转折类结构：
1. but…
2.however …
3.nevertheless …
4.while …
5.yet…
6.unless …
7.except for …
8.actually …
9.infact …
10.To tell you the truth …
11.practically …
12.virtually …
13.as a matter of fact …
托福听力：听力练习的三个步骤
托福听力第一步:首先，托福听力备考中磨耳朵很重要。 意思很简单，就是要多听。抓住一切可能的机会听英语。比如看美剧，看电影，听歌，听广播。给自己创造一个英语的环境，慢慢去适应它，喜欢上它。我们听英语可以不仅是在学习的时候，即便是休息也可以听，不用给自己规定太苛刻的计划。目的是在一种无意的状态下训练的是对英语语音的感觉和注意力，培养出英语的语感以及句子的段落感。这不仅是对于听力，对于口语也是很有帮助的。
托福听力第二步:其次，培养了一定的语感以后，可以采取用精听与泛听相结合的方法。
精听的选材很重要。比如托福历年的真题，就是很好的精听素材。在进行精听训练时，尽量可以保持一段时间。如果做一套真题，最好严格按照考试的时间进行训练，避免中间停顿，或是直接放弃。开始训练时，无论正确率如何，都应养成按时间完成一套题的好习惯。这样一来，一方面增加了集中注意力的时间;另一方面，也可以在真正考试时适应考试节奏。做完真题后，要认真的对照答案。将自己的错误标记出来，并总结原因。看看是因为审题的问题还是应为没有捕捉到听力材料中的关键信息。通过对出现的问题做针对性的练习来迅速提高正确率。
泛听与精听所不同的是，泛听可以广泛灵活的选择听力素材。每天可以抽出半个小时，新概念英语、托福听力练习，BBC、CNN等都可以拿来听。还可以通过收看一些英语的节目，这样不但练习了听力，也可以了解西方国家的文化和生活习惯。主要是培养兴趣，增加语感。
托福听力第三步:再次，在练习的过程中有意识的培养自己快速进入考试状态。精听的练习就可以放在早晨来做。通过一段时间的训练，可以帮助自己在固定的时间段保持注意力高度集中，这样对托福的听力考试是很有帮助的。在平时的听力训练中要注意根据自己的听力情况及时的调整重心。比如一开始听时可以选择稍微简单一点的材料，循序渐进。刚开始坐托福听力时，同一套题可以做多遍，直到完全听懂。坚持这样精听与泛听相结合的方法则可以迅速的提高托福听力。
托福听力重点知识：真题和词汇
1、坚决以真题为材料，不要把战线拉得过长
没有完全了解和熟悉真题前，不要去听friends，voa，空中美语，等，特别是不要听疯狂英语。也许我得能力不够，依照我看疯狂英语要是你能听懂2/3，那么你听力已经不是一般水平了，何况疯狂英语里词汇杂乱，习语众多，试问你手头是否有一本习语字典?如果没有，说明你连这个概念都没有，又如何要求自己去听懂呢，类似字典我buy过，便宜，小小的，基本有三万个，如果你打算成为英语学家，你可以去看(起码看三次以上)，所以你能够熟悉所有真题，耳熟能详，就已经算是功力高深了，千万不要好高骛远。
2、听完4次足够，再听不懂就看文字
全部听完真题，你可以试着背里面一些句子，有些人主张听不出就死听，直到听懂，我不是很理解，其实很多听不懂是由于1，连读 2。词汇不认识 3。习语不懂。试问听力也是一个积累口语词汇的过程，如果你听多次不懂，也不肯翻文字出来背，那么这些就是不懂的东西，甚至你查字典才能明白的东西，又如何指望自己在一遍遍听中搞懂呢?其实你认真背一下，再结合磁带读几次，这个东西就是你自己的，何必反复听，听到最后还是不懂，费时费力。
3、多背单词，特别是名词
我建议大家把红宝书上的所有名词背一下，不多但是很管用，我听了几次，有提到维生素，钙质，羊皮纸，胶水，这些词汇都是长对话里的重要特征，其实听懂这些往往对你猜测答案有意想不到的效果，其实长对话一般不会说和我们常识相反的事物，你能够听明白在说个什么东西，即使后来很多不懂，连蒙带猜也可以做对3-4个。
4.一定要扫描简短答案
对于四个选项都很简短的长对话答案，要先扫描，这些答案往往是时间，比值，问题顺序和文章顺序基本一致，如果出在第二题，则答案基本在对话开头，你就眼睛盯住选项，听到哪个选哪个，尽管放心保真不会错，否则一旦你漏听，神仙也救不了你，因为答案短，则对话提及的时间也短，你一个不注意就错过，而且当你沾沾自喜，觉得我的确把握了全文基本在说什么，谁知道问题问的根本就是一些细节，比如时间，地点，悔之晚矣。
5.听对话必须要同时做题
可能一些t友以为只要能听懂，或者傻傻的听脑子什么也不想，长久肯定出成果，我想问你打算准备几年?
理由有三：
(1)容易造成听后不反应文章意思的恶习，的确大部分你能够听懂，基本都可以做对题，那么你是否想过有些你似乎理解意思，其实根本是错误的，只有做过题目对过答案才能够纠正，就算不存在以上问题，虽然听力选项答案简单，但是个体浏览和理解速度有差异，长期只听不作题必定导致你扫描答案速度降低 。
(2)听力答案偶有陷阱，D比A好，可是一上来就选A，所以这种细心和灵感是需要平时养成的。
(3)在你万一听不懂的情况下，你看着选项必须猜题，这个猜其实包含了你使用一些听到的词汇来推测答案，这也是能力，试问你平时不猜，考试的时候怎么会猜对?
6.重复听和背，无须朗读
邱政政说，人听自己说话的速度比听别人说话快，所以要求大家跟读，我觉得除了一些连读需要跟读几次，一些词汇习语背一下以外，听一次的效果远比读一次好，首先，这是听力不是朗诵会，第二很多新东方老师包括出国过的王海波(不过他的语法的确讲的很好)很多单词读音不标准，还有红宝书上deluge这个词配套mp3读音不标准，我也是听discovery偶尔发现，但是我依然听动。我这样说是为表明听一次效率比读一次好，比较实战，而且你想学的和外国人一样很难，大山中文再好，我一听也知道是外国人说中文，但是大山本身听中文并没有障碍。
7.多点激情，不要没有目的傻听
我主张精听，少泛听，特别是傻坐着，以为带着耳机听到耳朵疼就出效果了，你如果没有激情，不去想想对话的场景，我在什么时候可以使用，那么还不如去做语法和阅读，毕竟时间有限，你指望24小时融入一个全英文的环境，消磨母语影响，那是不可能的，因为你出在的不是一个视觉的英语环境，我认为视觉英语环境很重要，比方一篇讲浮游生物的对话，你能指望着听1000次就明白是讲什么么?如果有人拿着瓶子和显微镜给你看，恐怕他说一次你就可以知道是什么意思，视觉对于语言是很重要的。所以你不要希望听磁带和MP3次数多了就可以达到融会贯通的境界-不可能。
8.请研究真题的文字和选项规律
不研究文字和选项答案的关系%A
听力逻辑
篇3：托福写作词汇：常用逻辑关系词
在托福的写作过程中，除了词汇和句型能力的不断累积之外。其实，对于托福写作对于每个学生的逻辑能力还是有着很高的要求。下面，我们就为大家介绍一下在托福写作中常用的逻辑词汇有下面几类，希望各位同学能熟练掌握.
托福写作必备词汇：常用逻辑关系词
1. 并列关系
and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example
2. 转折关系
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite
3. 顺序关系
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next
4. 因果关系
as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of
5. 归纳关系
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
几个用得比较多的逻辑句子：
1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweighits disadvantages.
2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.
3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that … bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But we can try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.
4. Obviously, in every aspect, …
5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…
6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeed remarkable and impressive.
托福写作范文：A Rare Fossil Record
The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.
The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.
Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
托福写作范文：Skyscrapers and Environment
In the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.
Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.
Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.
托福写作范文：Museums
From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.
In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.
The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.
Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.
Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.
Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however,” the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,“ according to Philadelphia Museum of Art’s president.
篇4：托福写作中的逻辑关系词
托福写作中的逻辑关系词
作文中的逻辑联系词一直都是帮助考生提高自己成绩的至宝。我们在写英文复杂句的时候其实就是将两个或两个以上的句子用连接词连接起来的。前面没有连接词的主+谓+宾的结构叫做主句，而前面加了连接词的主+谓+宾叫做从句。而如果是多个句子的叠加，则结构如下。
主句+连词+从句+连词+从句
英文复杂句的本质其实就是这么简单，当然我们还能写出更加困难的复杂句，但从ets给出的满分范文可以看出，真正确保了核心结构才能写出满分的句子。相反的，我们在写托福作文的时候一定要避免为了写难句而写难句(being difficult just for difficulty’s sake).很多同学一相情愿的写出很多的“难句”，却忽视了ets对托福作文实用加准确的要求，从而拿了出乎本人意料的低分。
所以考生们在平时练习作文的时候提高自己的联系词实用的熟练度和准确度就是提高考试作文质量的最佳途径。
转折关系词
1， While; whereas; whilst：用在句首或是句中都是可以的，表示主句和从句的对比，也就是说这三个词均用来表示句中对比，是不能当成句首副词来用的。
Eg
This is based on the belief that identical twins share all the same genes whereas all the fraternal twins share only half the same genes.
While environmentalists are quick to blame the increased carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, the truth is that nobody knows whether a similar warming-and the later cooling-occurred before the advent of temperature-related technology in the 1900s.
2， by/in contrast:用在句首，表示它之前的一个句子和它后面引导的句子之间的对比，也就是表示句间对比。
3， on the contrary：这个词考生们都很喜欢用，但是错误率很高。需要注意的是这个词和in contrast弄混了，但其实这个此更接近instead，…的意思。它后面的内容是否定前面的陈述的。
Eg：
It should be noted that not all school kids love to study. On the contrary, they love to explore the world around them, paying little attention to their academic work.
Contrary to all the experts’ expectation, the American economy took a nosedive.
4， rather than/instead of: 而不是，这两词是高分范文中的常见词汇，虽然也很为我们所熟悉，但是我们可以在不产生审美疲劳的情况下多使用几次。
At work, we should try to be ourselves rather than to be someone who we think others expect us to be.
Instead of making further requests, pessimistic customers tend to lodge complaints.
5， Conversely:这货十分难写，跟在它后面的内容一般是把它前面的一句话的意思完全镜像。虽然它在美式议论文还算比较常见的一个单词，但是因为其用法确实让人头痛。具体请看例句：
Studies have shown, for example, that reading aloud to children helps them become better readers. Conversely, children who do not have others reading aloud to them generally find it difficult to learn how to read.
让步关系词
1. Despite; In spite of; Notwithstanding: 后面跟名词或者代词。
Eg：
Despite considerable public popularity, many of JFK’s social and civil rights programs had made little progress in a Democrat-controlled but conservative Congress.
2. Nonetheless; Nevertheless: 后面直接跟完整的句子。
Eg：
Nevertheless, people have been harmed, hurt or even killed by them.
3. Even though:很多时候可以代替although，后面跟从句，表示对已经存在的状况进行让步。
4. Even if：后面跟从句，表示对没有发生的情况进行让步。
5. Albeit：一般用在句子中间，后面跟形容词。
6. As long as：只要，用在句子中间，不仅写作很常用，口语也很常用，比如那句有名的歌词:I don’t care who you are, where you from , what you did as long as you love me.
7. ….,however +adj.+n.,…: 这个句型也可以表示让步，它的有趣的之处就是名词后面可以省略动词。
Eg：
Most couples, however fossilized their relationship, they always share some interests in common.
8. Admittedly: 他后面的句子一般都会加个“however”“but”之类的转折词汇。
限定关系词
1. In terms of: 从。。。意义上来讲;后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首或者句中都可以。
Eg：
We all differ in terms of what we find funny, but we’re all the same in terms our interests to listen to amusing things.
These children are often spoiled, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have time for this, but in more material ways.
2. As for：后面可跟名词或者名词短语都可以，用在句首
3. When it comes to:后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首，有时候根据上下意思不同还可以再前面加上一个but
4. Regarding; concerning; with regard to; with respect to：关于。。。后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首或者句中都可以
类比关系词
1. Similarly:“类似地”一般情况下用在句首
Eg:
Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.
2. Likewise:同上
Eg
Some people have little power to do good, and to have little strength to resist evil.-------Samuel Johnson.
3. By the same token:：“同理”
Eg:
The pressure didn’t present any fresh ideas, bun y the same token(=similarly), we didn’t expect any from him.
4. The same is true of:“这对于。。。也适用”，句首，后面跟名词或者名词短语
因果关系词
原因：
1. As; Since:后面跟从句而不能只跟一个名词
Eg：
Since we cannot experience everything all by ourselves, we also acquire knowledge by reading books, magazines and newspapers.
2. Due to ：后面只能跟从句而不能跟从句。
3. Owing to：同上
4. For the sake of，相当于英文中的for the purpose of helping/improving
Eg
My father kept saving his money for the sake of building a house for me.
5. By virtue of:意识是“通过。。。来。。。”
Eg:
She succeed by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.
6. Given that; In view of, in light of“考虑到，鉴于。。。”
Eg:
Given the mounting pressure at work, he would sacrifice his high-paying job in exchange for the leisure time.
所以：
1. Hence; Thus; Therefore:因此; 用在句中或者句首都可以，如果用在句中的话，则句中用分号，后面跟他们引导的从句。
2. As a consequence; Consequently;as a result: 作为结果，用在句首比较多，后面用逗号。
3. So that：因此，用在句中。
托福写作词语运用两大原则
一。“言简朴实原则”
“言简朴实原则”意思是行文主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy)，句子应该越短越好，一句能用两个字，绝不多加一个。例如：
At this point in time， we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)这句话中“At this point in time”表示“现在”，我们完全可以用now来代替。
Despite the fact that my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。(虽然我的英语不好，但我不灰心。) 这句话中despite the fact tha t= although = though，因此我们完全可以改成Although my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。
In the majority of cases， he likes to ride bike to the office. (他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室)。很简单的一句话，完全可以写成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。
平时我们所说的用词多样化和地道并不是体现在这些时间副词或者是完全可以简化的啰嗦句型上，而是指实用性极强的词如动词和形容词，比如：
Original： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be kind。
Revised： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be considerate。
add，kind表达的含义都比较宽泛。add可以指数量上的增加，也可以指程度的加强，对于“丰富经验、增加知识”这个意思，用enrich会使表达更准确。kind从字面意义上讲是“好的、善良的”，用kind来形容人无法具体地表现出一个人的性格特征到底怎样，原句中是想表达“考虑周到、体贴入微”的特点，要准确表达这个含义应选择considerate。
另外，我们常见的一些累赘用词表现在句意的理解上，比如：
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business. (他有多年经商的经验) actual是多余的，因为experience已经有actual的意味了。
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio. (我们装好收音机的零件)assemble本身就有together的意思，因此together是多余的。
此外还有，in reference to=about; draw to close=end; at an early date=soon等。
二。“平等相处原则”
“平等相处原则”的意思是行文不出现明显的带歧视或偏见的字眼，包括男女性别，也要避免区别，以示“平等”。例如：
Many businessmen(businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful. (许多商人觉得工作压力很大)这句话写businessmen或是businesswomen都是不妥当的，可以改为business people或business executives或business managers就可以包括男女了。
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy。(警察对人民应该有礼貌)假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes。(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant，就能包括男女空中服务员。
其他的如把salesman或saleswoman改为salesperson;把mailman改为mail carrier或postal worker;把foreman改为supervisor等等。
当然，一些带有种族偏见的字眼，甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur)，也要尽量避免使用，以免闹出麻烦。例如：
对黑人不要用 Negro，更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以)，礼貌的说法是Afro-American 或 African-American;
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字)，正确用法是 Caucasian，或 white people;
对犹太人不要用 Hymies，应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
对越南人不要用 Gook，要用 Vietnamese;
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人，包括 Puerto Rico，正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins，不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化，倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。
还有黑白结婚的孩子，也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼干外面是巧克力，里面是白奶油)。
当然对于一些很不礼貌的老外叫我们中国人Chink 或 Chinaman，而不是Chinese的时候，话说“君子不与小人斗”，我们可以不理(ignore)或是走开(walk away)，尽量避免冲突。
总之，新托福写作要地道，了解他国的文化也是必不可少的“功课”之一。当然，在考试复习时间不充裕的情况下，尽量避免提及非常敏感的话题及用词，清楚简要地表达意思即可。
托福写作范文：The Nobel Academy
The Nobel Academy
For the last 82years, Sweden’s Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country’s two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent ”what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes."
The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy’s inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.
Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author’s books.
托福写作范文：The war between Britain and France
The war between Britain and France
In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Caldaria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.
French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.
篇5：托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理
托福非常着重对考生语言逻辑性的考察，这一点在托福阅读和托福写作中都有所体现，对于托福阅读来说，掌握必要的逻辑关系词有助于我们更好更迅速地判断文章行文结构与语篇逻辑，下面我们就来关注一下托福阅读常见十类逻辑关系词。
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理
1、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on
2、Time 时间 (when )
before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as
3、Summary 总结 (in a word)
作者的最后总结
in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word
4、Example举例 (for example)
for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是
5、Reason原因 ( because)
since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause
6、And 并列关系 (and)
in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that
7、Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards
8、Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。
as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly
9、Contrast转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点
however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //
though // although // but // on the contrary
otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast
10、Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly
托福阅读技巧：托福阅读需要了解哪些背景知识
一、印第安题材
1.白令海峡移民理论
2.印第安文化
3.印第安宗教观
4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。
5.印第安手工业：好。
6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。
7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize， squash， bean， pea。
二、动植物题材(必考)
1.植物学题材(不多见)
a. 地衣、苔 、真菌、蘑菇最常见。
b. 树冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。
2.动物学题材(90%以上)
a. 考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。
b. 考动物进化(evolution)。
c. 考动物的分类(classification)。
phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物
d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。
群居(social animal)动物的习性
a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。
b) 蜜蜂：群居个性; “8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。
c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系
k) 迁徙 (migration )
野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。
伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )
三、考古学(archaeology)题材
1.文化(cultural ) 考古学
形态(physical)考古学(多见)
2.化石(fossil )
j 化石构成。化石比原物更沉重 (矿物质环境)
k 化石形成原因。 坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。
l 化石与动物的进化关系。
3.人的左右手
j 使用工具。 证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。
k 牙齿上的划痕。
l 大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。
m 作画时人像的方向
4.古代陶瓷的考古。
Clay， model， wheel (转盘 )， glaze， kiln
5.古代文字的考古。
四、美国历史题材
1.美国发展线索
j 发现美洲阶段
哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料
West/East Indian
影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒 )
k 英国定居阶段(English settlement )
1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒
1620五月花号
l 殖民时期(colonial era )
m 独立战争(American Revolution )
n 新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡
o 南北战争(Civil War )
p 战后重建。 持续近1。
q 西进运动 (Westward movement )
r 工业化大增长
s world war I &; II
End ：1960
2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。
3.邮政。j 小马快递;k 铁路邮政。
五、地理学题材
1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。
2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险
3.地球构成：地心构成
M计划、DSDP(deep sea drill project )计划、地震波探测à 超高温高压
地壳 (crust)
地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle
地核 (core)
4.板块构成学说
converge 碰撞; spread 张裂
mantle plume 地粒 、热点; a dive into b ; slide past each other
六、天文学题材
多考木星、太阳，近期多考彗星、小行星。
1.宇宙 (universe、cosmos) à 星系(galaxy )，星云(nebulae) à 恒星 (star、sun ) à 行星 (planet)à卫星 (satellite、moon )à 小行星(asteroid à 彗星(comet ) à陨星 (meteorite)
2.八大行星
Mercury —水星，Venus—金星，earth—地球， Mars—火星，Jupiter —木星，Saturn —土星，Uranus —天王星，Neptune — 海王星(第九大行星Pluto —-冥王星已被天文学界逐出行星之列)
3.物质粒子
molecule —分子，particle —粒子，proton—质子，electron —电子， neutron —中子，photon —光子，ion —离子
7.文学、艺术题材
1.文学
j 文学流派;k 作家、作品; l 文学体裁; m 作家生平。
2.艺术
j 流派， 主考画派、雕塑
k 发展：19世界以前美国落后，之后改善原因：经济发达。
l 改善方法：向欧洲， 尤其是英法学习。
m 艺术品向英法进口：当地没有; 生产技术水平落后。
托福阅读技巧：提高托福阅读能力之多读文献
之所以把阅读放在第一部分，是因为在国外大家需要阅读大量的文献，这样在国内提前适应大规模的原版文章的阅读能力只会让你变得更加适应国外的学习。
1、《英语文摘》，报刊亭和新华书店都有售。它最大的优点就在于所有的文章都是节选自欧美的原版文章，而且配有中国人的翻译，恰当地解决了很多人想看原版文章看不懂的问题。在读此杂志的时候请注意一方面需要认真研读，明白每篇文章的意思，同时也可以在看完之后，用自己的方式把这个文章写一个summary出来，这样既锻炼了自己的归纳总结能力，同时也可以锻炼自己的写作文笔，起到一箭双雕的作用。
2、在精读《英语文摘》的同时，必须要去做大量的泛读练习，同时据自己的专业方向挑选必要的专业类杂志，如《TheEconomist》汉语译为《经济学人》，或者《ScientificAmerican》之类的专业杂志，同时有空可以看看美国各大报纸的网站版本，如《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》等美国比较普遍的报纸。
篇6：托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理
1、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )
后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on
2、Time 时间 (when )
before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as
3、Summary 总结 (in a word)
作者的最后总结
in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word
4、Example举例 (for example)
for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是
5、Reason原因 ( because)
since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause
6、And 并列关系 (and)
in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that
7、Sequence 顺序 (then)
出现的时候表示列举
first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards
8、Consequence 结果 (so)
前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。
as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly
9、Contrast转折 (but )
表对前面论述的转折 // 一般后面才是作者观点
however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //
though // although // but // on the contrary
otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast
10、Certainty 确定 (of course)
强烈的确定 // 后面是作者的坚定论点
obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly
托福阅读备考：100个必懂短语
1. a couple of 两三个，几个
Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.
2. account for 解释
Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.
3. adapt to 使适应于
They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
4, adorn with sth 用…装饰
Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.
5.appeal to 吸引
Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults
6.apply to 适用于
Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.
7.at best 充其量，多
Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.
8.at intervals 相隔一定距离
However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.
9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下
A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.
10.at the height of sth 在…鼎盛时期
The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
11.back and forth 来回地
They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.
12.be absent from 缺席，不在
Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.
13.be capable of 能…的
Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.
14. be characterized by 以…为特征
The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.
15.be composed of 由…组成
Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
16.be concerned with 与某事物有关
Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.
17.be distinct from 与…不同
Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets
18.be essential to 对…不可缺少
Public performance is essential to verbal art.
19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受
Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.
20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是
But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.
21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的
Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
22.be regarded as 被认为是
Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.
23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的
Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?
24. be responsible for 对…负责
In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.
25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的
Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.
26.be subjected to 经历，遭受
Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.
27. be superior to 优越于
Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
28 .be traced to 找出根源
The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到
People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.
30. be/become/get accustomed to习惯于
In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.
31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的
Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
32.benefit from 从…中受益
Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.
33.break down 分解
All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
34.by far 到目前为止
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.
35.by means of 通过，凭借
The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.
36.by virtue of 由于
Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics
37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内
The delivery service was at first confined to cities.
38.conform to 符合
Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
39.contribute to 有贡献，有助于
Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.
40.cope with 对付
Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.
41.date back to 始于
In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
42. depend on 依靠
The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.
43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物
Plant stems die when deprived of water.
44.derive from 获得，起源于
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.
45.due to 由于，因为
Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.
46. evolve from/out of 从...进化来，从…发展来
The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
47.extract from 提取
It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.
48.feed on 以…为食物
Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.
49.focus on 集中(注意力)于
They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.
50. get rid of 处理掉
Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.
51.give access to 向…开放
To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.
52.give birth to 使诞生，引起
Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
53.give off 发散，发出
If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.
54.give rise to 引起，导致
The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.
55.go beyond 超过，越过
An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.
56.go out of business 停业，关门
The shop went out of business.
57.have nothing to do with 与…无关
A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.
58.impart to 传授给
They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.
59.impose on 强加于
New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education.
60.in common 共同
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.
61.in favor of 赞同，支持
The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.
62.in quantity 大量，大批
There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.
63.in season 当季
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.
64.in spite of 尽管，任凭
In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.
65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情况下
The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.
66.in view of 由于
In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.
67.instead of 代替
Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.
68.invest in 投资
He started to invest in the town’s cultural development.
69.lead to 导致，引起
In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.
70.leave out 排除
Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.
71.off the mark 不正确
This analogy is not far off the mark.
72.on behalf of 代表
Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.
73. on the basis of 在…的基础上
Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning
74.owing to 由于，因为
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.
75.perceive sth as sth 认为
Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.
76.pick up 学会
Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.
77.put off 推迟
Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.
78.regardless of 不顾
Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.
79.result from 因..而产生
Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.
80.result in 结果，导致
The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.
81.set about 开始，动手
African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.
82. set aside 留下将来用
Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
83.so far 到目前为止
The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.
84.sort out 把…分类
Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.
85.spring up 涌现
In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.
86.stem from 起源于
It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.
87.stretch out 伸展，伸出
The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.
88.strive for 为…而奋斗
As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.
89.take account of sth./take sth into account 考虑到
Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
90.take advantage of 利用
Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
91.thanks to 由于
kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.
92.to some extent 某种程度上
Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.
93.turn out 结果是，证明是
Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.
94.usher in 宣告…的来临
Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.
95. wear away 磨损
Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust
96.wipe out 消灭，肃清
Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.
97.with respect to 在…方面
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.
98. with the advent of 随着…的出现
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear.
99.with the aid of 借助于
It is now taught with the aid of computers.
100.with the exception of 除..以外
With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.
篇7：雅思听力需谨记的6种逻辑关系词
拒绝在听力录音中迷路 雅思听力需谨记的6种逻辑关系词
(1)表因果关系的词句预示着因果关系的出现，这有助于对语篇的重要事实和细节进行理解。这类词有：since，as，so等。
(2)表归纳、结论性的词句，预示着说话人将要对前面已叙述的内容做一个归纳和总结，或者根据前面已叙述的内容推断出一个结论。
这类词主要 有：in conclusion，in summary，lastly，finally，to sum up，in short等，它们一般出现在段落或语篇的结尾部分。
(3)表示解释或强调关系的词句有：refer to，mean，and等这类词句预示着说话人要对前面已叙述的内容进行解释、澄清或进一步强调，以便听话人理解得更清楚。
(4)表示顺序或序列关系的词句如：“first”，“second’’等很明显将说话人的观点按序排列了，使之成为一个有序的整体。
(5)表示转折或对比关系的词句有however，but，yet等。这些词句表示说话人要将话题转化为新的信息，因此考生应特别注意后面的内容。
(6)表示列举、增补关系的信号词句有“and’’，“besides”，“moreover”等。
雅思听力小范围预测：Section Three
Section Three
场次 0816 2011109 0415
题型 填空 7，配对 3
内容概述 观察鲸鱼 observation of whales
填空 7
1.Watch Time (观察的次数，原文说 the time of watch)
2.问题是 State of sea eg.: calm(风平浪静),or choppy(波涛汹涌) etc.
3.visibility 能见度：nearest 100 metres 能见度 visibility 女的先说 50 米，男的
说一百米比较好
4.the presence of fishing boats 他们说还要看看有没有船 接着是要记录的内容，有：
5.appearance
6.behavior 给出了 appearance 然后女的说还有 behavior
7.size 是 group size
配对 3
给出四副鲸鱼的图像选出相对应名称的鲸鱼是哪个
A.体形只是 a quarter of that of blue whale, and with wavy fins on the back
B.是 with hump back fins which are wavy;
C.是 without fins;
D.是 with wavy fins on the back, and the largest one in the ocean
8.minke whale 小须鲸 对应 B
9.northen right whale 对应 C
sperm whale 抹香鲸 对应 A
雅思听力小范围预测：Section Four
Section Four
场次 1210 20100916
学科 科技
题型 填空 10
内容概述 机器人的种类和存在问题
填空 10
Industrial Robots:
1.present use: explore the ocean
2.explore other planets
3.future use: control traffic
Domestic Robots:
4.there are advances like software and computing power
5.interest grows in robots that are like animals
6.Highest sales is in toys
Medical Robots:
7.they can carry tiny cameras
8.surgeries can be faster and cheaper
Problems:
9.Robot motors are not strong and small enough.
10.Solution lies in more competitions to be organized.
雅思听力小范围预测：Section One
Section One
场次 2011094 2008
场景 场馆预订
题型 填空 10
内容概述 为父亲过生日的酒店选址
1. 75 英镑
2.食物的三种标准和价钱 standard
3. traditional
4.具体钱数 9.50
5. drinks are extra
6.酒店可以帮助联系 band
7.可以提供 flowers
8.还可以帮助制作 name cards
9.如果提前一个月预订，住宿可以享受 45%的折扣
10. 预订请联系：Corgen
雅思听力小范围预测：Section Two
Section Two
场次 NEW
场景 公司介绍
题型 单选 2 配对 8
内容概述 介绍一家叫“global travelling”的公司
1-2 。信息点很明确，关键词也和题干前后相似。一开始是对这个项目的介绍，提到是
make，在听力文中有提及，后面紧接的答案是money，后面另一题的答案是school。
1.money
2.school
3-6 配对题。根据选项中的国家名字选择对应的列表中的带薪实习阶段的情况。
3.USA: specific date
4.Au: two location
5.South Africa: work in agriculture
6.India: stay with local family
7-10 选择题
7.问怎么能得到这个机会(What you should do to get the Global Travelling
答案：定期纪录,通过对daily report 的评定来换取证书 A。
8.选 must be paid 1 month before the trip
9.问什么时候把最后一部分的经费交掉?
B. final installment should be paid one month before leaving
10. 问走之前必须做什么?选：需要体检 health check
篇8：托福阅读利用因果逻辑词解题
托福阅读如何利用因果逻辑词快速定位解题?
审题
首先通过审题，利用因果逻辑词能确定是因果类事实信息题，比如下面的题干：
1. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
2. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
3. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?
4. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments?
通过why, because, reasons, response for这些词(短语)，可以确定原文中会有相应的因果逻辑句(群)的表述。接下来我们只需要从原文中找出因句果逻辑表述的句(群)，通过分析逻辑承接对象，匹配选项找出正确答案。
实战练习
例1.(tpo23p1q5)Paragraph 3
The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.
5. According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
○ The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat.
○ Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.
○ In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.
○ Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.
· 分析
通过原文找出因果逻辑词我们发现有两处：
第一处“Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.”
第二处“But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground.”
细节题陷阱中有一种叫做偷换概念，需要考生们仔细审题，题干问的是“why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?
第一处表达的是“the higher overall temperature in cities”的原因，显然不是我们要找的答案;
第二处说的是“in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity”，很明显答案在第二处，匹配选项答案是 D.
实战练习
例2.(OG: Lascaux Cave Painting)Paragraph 6
Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.
11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?
○ Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.
○ The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.
○ Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.
○ Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.
· 分析
这道细节题本身不难，但是出错率很高，很多学生选择A，为什么?因为C选项和原文“but their mystique only adds to their importance.”表达的意思一样。
细节题选的是符合题干的选项，也即是问什么答什么。比如我问张三有多高?张三说我很帅，张三确实帅但是不是我要的答案。细节题中很具有迷惑性的选项叫“答非所问”，同学们一定要细心，回到本题，题干问“why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?”，题干给的是结果，让我们找原因，扫读原文发现“Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images，其中“that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images”表达的意思等于题干“the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered”，很明显“so much time has passed”就是我们找的答案，确定正确答案选C。
实战练习
例3.(tpo7p1q7) Paragraph 4:
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
○ the movements of earth's crust
○ the accumulation of sediment layers
○ changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○ changes in earth's temperature
· 分析
通过题干中 “responsible for”确定考察的是因果逻辑，定位到本段第三句话，但句子前后并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词，然后继续通读往下读，发现怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
在这里，给大家补充一个不常见的因果逻辑的另类表达，即and引导的两个句子也隐含因果逻辑关系。比如”He is too old and he can’t walk,”,仔细体会其中的意思“他太老了and不能行走”，蕴含的就是因果逻辑关系。
回到本题“Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. ”(因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。)如果大家能识别到这层关系，很明显A就是正确选项。
常见因果逻辑词
下面来总结一下托福阅读中常见的因果逻辑词，希望同学们能够熟记巧用。
显性：because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently...
隐性：cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible for..
托福阅读因果逻辑题如何作答，掌握显性因果逻辑词
一、因果逻辑之句子简化题
一提到因果逻辑，可能大部分考生顿时想到的是句子简化题。因为有相当比例的句子简化题中是有逻辑关系的句子，的确可以先从原句逻辑关系出发，先排除明显逻辑错误的选项，剩下的再进行核对筛选。但我们在运用任何逻辑关系解题的时候可千万别忘了句子主干哦。下面我们看几个例题：
例题 1
The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
(A)The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
(B)Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.
(C)Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
(D)The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
天啊，这个句子那么长!但提取主干后，句子将变得非常简单：
The frequency had lead rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panramitee style.
我们发现这个句子的谓语动词是 lead to，是个隐性的因果逻辑词。也就是说，本句话最想表达的意思是，某个东西的频繁出现，是研究者们采用 P style 这个术语的原因。
这时我们来看四个选项，A 选项强调的是对比关系，一看就可以排除的炮灰选项。
D 选项的主干是 The motifs make up the oldest form. 跟原句的主干完全不符合，又可排除。
大部分同学都是纠结 B 和 C，而且还不少同学认为这两个选项读完根本就是一个意思, excuse me?!那么接下来我们就得分析下选项中的原因和结果与原句的原因和结构能否对应的上，会不会因果倒置。B 和 C 选项一个最大的区别，就在于 B 选项中 P style 是句子的结果，而 C 选项中 P style 出现在了原因部分。原句的 P style 是句子的结果，所以，正确答案就很明了了，选 B!
咱们再来看另一个例题：
例题 2
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
(A)The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
(B)Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
(C)After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
(D)The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
句首的 However 虽然是个转折逻辑词，但对于这道题而言是没有用的，因为这明显是跟上一句话进行转折，而句子简化题考查的是句内逻辑，而不是句间逻辑。这句话是由 and 连接起来的两个句子，所以不少同学觉得这两句话就是并列关系。
这两个句子的主干信息为 no group or species can maintain its dominance 和 mammals began to flourish. 那么最完美的正确选项应该是肯定要包含这两个主干信息的。
大部分同学是在 A 和 B 之间纠结，觉得 A 呢没毛病，B 也挺对的，但是多了个 because 不太敢选。A 相对于 B 而言，是属于信息残缺的选项，B 选项的信息和原句的信息匹配度更高。
但是 because 如何解释呢?举个简单的例子：
It’s raining outside and I decide to order take-out food.
我们可否理解成因为外面下雨了，所以我决定订外卖?这也是说得通的。所以在个别情况下，两个并列的句子也可以有隐含的因果逻辑关系，看句意而定。这题便是，两个句子的核心内容可理解成，因为没有任何物种可以一直维持统治地位，所以，后来哺乳动物 flourish 了。再通过阅读细节可发现 mammals began to flourish 正是恐龙灭绝之后。所以这时我们再对比一下 A 和 B，B 选项和原句的还原度是比 A 好的。
二、因果逻辑之细节题
因果逻辑其实无处不在，另一个经常考察此逻辑关系的题型是细节题。现在我们来看几个稍微有点没那么明显的因果逻辑的考题。
例题 3
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species…Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
Which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
(A)the movements of earth's crust
(B)the accumulation of sediment layers
(C)changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
(D)changes in earth's temperature
本题题干中看到 responsible for，马上反应到考查的是因果逻辑。不少同学可以快速定位到本段第三句话，但句子中并没有找到明显的因果逻辑词于是不敢判断答案，于是继续往下读，怎么读都觉得没有正确答案同时又浪费了很多时间。
其实这题考的因果逻辑这个考点跟我们上一个句子简化题的例题是很相似的。两个句子并列用 and 连接，但是也有隐含的因果逻辑关系。因为地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。如果能识别到这层关系，则应该可以秒选 A 了。
例题 4
Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.
Why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement ?
(A)The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
(B)The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
(C)The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
(D)One of the church’s daily rituals occurred during the night.
这是个细节题，通过题干可定位到本段第二句话。题目问的是 why，但在原文中不能直接找到 because 或 contribute to 等其他因果逻辑词。但我们在定位准确的前提下，仔细在读读第二句话，发现这个句子有现在分词做状语的成分，而 v-ing 是可以做结果状语的。那么 requiring an alarm arrangement 的前面信息的同义改写便是这道题的正确答案。此题正确答案为 D。
本文仅简单列举了因果逻辑关系在阅读中的几种考法，它还可以出现在推断题，句子插入题中，由于篇幅有限就不一一列举例题了。识别因果逻辑的不同表现形式是可以帮助提高我们的答题效率的一个突破点。回到本文提出的第一个问题，笔者罗列了一些给大家参考一下：
1、显性因果逻辑词：
since, because, because of, thus, hence, as a result, result from, responsible for, due to, so that, consequently, account for, explain, factor, outcome……
2、隐性因果逻辑词：
lead to, stimulate, enable, motivate, encourage, contribute to, trigger, give rise to, induce, affect, damage, impact, depend on, rely on......
学会掌握托福阅读中的逻辑词
关系词从逻辑功能的实现来分类的话，一般可以分为转折(but)、让步(although)、对比(unlike)、并列(and)、递进 (moreover)、举例(for example)、因果(because)、类比(like)和总结(in general)这九类。而从所连接信息的方向来分的话，其实只有两类，第一类是改变方向，包括转折、让步和对比;其余剩下的都是第二类，维持方向。比如，如果听到某人说：“I’d love to go with you，but…”这时我们心里一定都会感觉到这人十有八九去不了了。
而如果他说的是：“I’d love to go with you，and…”那么后面的话至少不会表达出不去的意愿。也就是说，维持方向的关系词连接的前后信息必须是同向的，而改变方向的关系词所连接的信息则应该是反向的。当我们在做题的时候，可能有些句子结构或单词不理解，如果句子中有关系词，那么至少可以帮助我们判断出句意的方向，而有些题目只需要判断出方向其实就能得出答案。下面举两个判断题的例子进行说明。
原文：IPhone is gaining popularity， despite its cost。
题目：IPhone is costly。
题目要我们判断iPhone 是否昂贵，但原文并没有直接给出其价格的高低。可是我们注意到原文句子中含有一个关系词despite，它是属于改变方向的词，也就是说despite前后连接的这两个句子方向得相反。前面说iPhone越来越受欢迎，应该算是件好事，那么后面说到它的价格，显然是不能令人满意的，也就是比较贵，这样才符合句意的逻辑。因此我们马上就可以判断出该题的答案是TRUE。
原文：Baekeland’s invention (Bakelite)， although treated with distain in its early years，went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of thetwentieth century。
题目：Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material。
这是Test2的12题，题目要我们判断Bakelite是不是马上受到欢迎，原文提到它treated with distain inits early years，但麻烦的是可能会有相当部分的同学不认识distain 这个词，这样似乎就没办法判断出Bakelite在早年被如何对待。但是千万要注意这个句子有一个关系词although，它表示让步，属于改变方向，那么由它连接的两个句子句意得是相反的，这样我们可以试图从已知推未知。后面这句话我们从enjoy，popularity可以得出一个信息，就是 Bakelite在20世纪的前半期一直是受欢迎的，方向是好的，那么前半句treated with distain in its early years必须就要表达出不好的信息，也就是在前几年受到不好的对待，这样才能符合句子逻辑。因此，我们马上就可以做出判断，既然在前几年受到不好的对待，那么Bakelite就不可能马上受到欢迎了，因此该题的答案是FALSE。这样，我们在考试时根本就不用具体去理解distain(指名誉受损)的真正含义，只用判断方向照样能够做对题目。
除了判断题之外，关系词对Summary题也十分有用。Summary是文章或部分段落的缩写，有时候某些词同义替换的形式变化比较大，如果只用关键词去查找，很多时候并不容易定位。但是不管词怎么变，逻辑关系一般不变。如果题目中表达出因果关系或转折关系，那么所找到的原文一般也会表达出同样的逻辑关系。这样，我们就可以利用上关系词来帮助一起定位。
比如Test2的30~31题：In Britain， moreover， scientists worried that English had neither the30________ nor the 31________ to express their ideas。这两道题用词去查找并不好定位。但我们也要注意到这两个空有一个关系词词组“neither…nor…”，它们表示并列，并且是否定的并列。通过这点在原文中很容易就注意到有一个信息是：“First， it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second， itlacked the grammatical resources…”其中，“First…， Second…”表达出了两样事物的并列，而lack(缺乏)这个单词则表达出了否定。这样就比较容易能够定位到这两句话并且得出答案是 technicalvocabulary和grammatical resources。
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