下面是小编整理的如何去把握托福听力的得分题，本文共4篇，欢迎您阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
篇1：如何去把握托福听力的得分题
托福听力题型之重听题旨在考察托福考生能否明白题中说话人说这句话的原因，态度及目的，能否明白字面以外的意思。主要可以分为两类,分别是推断类，问法一般都是：what does the professor mean when he says this-另一类是态度类，一般的问法是：why does the professor say this-。
重听题在很多情况下都可以只听题目来解答，这类题目主要考察考生对说话者语气的掌握，重听题选取情况可能会分布在以下几处：1、说话者语气语调加强的时候2、有人提问的时候3、文章结构转接处。考生在听整篇听力文章的时候，在听到说话者的语气有明显的加强的时候要特别注意，你可以不记下这句被加强了的话具体是什么，但是需要在脑海里留下个印象，能听出来说话者说话时候的态度是什么，然后回过头来做重听题又刚好问到这句话的时候就可以有很大的把握答对这道题目了。
接下来我们来举几个例子：
在TPO12-c1中有这么一道题目
(语音)Student: Yeah, I never know how much to include. You know…where to draw the line-
Professor: Tell me about it!
What does the professor mean when she says this-
A. She understands the student's problem.
B. She wants the student to explain his comment.
C. She did not hear what the student said.
D. She does not accept the student's excuse.
解释：这道重听题很明显是属于推断题，在英语中，tell me about it是一种非常常见的口语表达，表示赞同，并不是字面上的“跟我讲讲”的意思。如果考生非常熟悉这个英语的固定表达方式就能非常轻松的解答这道题!答案选A
接下来是一道关于态度题(TPO7-L3)的例子
(语音)Student: I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of tree bark-
why does the student say this -
A. To share what he knows about birch wood
B. To point out a misprint in the textbook
C. To bring up a point from a previous lecture
D. To request more explanation from the professor
解释：首先，能够听出来学生对“utensils”提出了自己的想法，然后再引出了疑问，很明显他是在请求professor 的解释。B和C很明显是无关选项，我们可以排除。然后看A选项，学生这句话是围绕着“utensils”来展开的并不是wood，也可以排除。答案选D
最后请大家注意下面例题里的说话人的语气(TPO1-L4)
(语音)Student: Oh, I see. At first I wasn't sure what growing season meant, just from the reading. But now I get it. It's the amount of time it takes for them to grow, right- So it would be five months-
Professor: Umm- Oh, uh… I'm sorry but no. It has nothing to do with that.
Why does the professor say this -
A. To inform the student that his definition is incorrect
B. To suggest that the student did not do the reading
C. To encourage the student to try again
D. To change the topic of discussion
解释：考生一定要注意professor 的语气“Umm-Oh…I'm sorry but no.”这个问题的考点虽然是后面那句话“It has nothing to do with that”但是如果你听出了professor的语气的话，你甚至可以在还没听到后面那个话的时候，就可以从她之前的语气中明白她对学生讲的那番话的态度了，显然，她是在就在学生的错误，所以答案选A
篇2：托福听力高频主旨题如何保证得分
托福听力高频主旨题如何保证得分?实用解题技巧精讲
做好托福听力主旨题无关词汇量从开头找线索
关于托福听力主旨题的解题技巧，考生应该首先注意的是这两种题型与大家词汇量的多少无关。也就是说，词汇量即使很少也不会给这两种题型的解题造成障碍。考生真正要做的是首先听准开头;特别是开头句型，之后找出对话目的;如果开头没有把握准，那么要注意全文重复词汇;最后要听准关键词并对实义词(名词、动词、形容词)足够敏感。
托福听力对话和讲座如何听准开头段?
那么，考生应该如何听准托福听力的开头段呢?大家要注意的是，在conversation和lecture的开头中，有的文章会出现寒暄部分。
比如，在conversation中两个说话者的在开头部分都会出现互相问好的寒暄语：
e.g.1 A : Hey, how is everything going?
B: Well, everything is going fine.
e.g.2 A: Hi, are you Paula?
B: Oh, hi, Jim. Nice to see you!
在这些寒暄之后说话人A说Do you need some tutoring in English? 说话人B说：yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 这才是文章的真正内容，也就是文章的主旨。所以选项的相应部分选择的是：She needs a tutoring appointment!
在lecture中，有时教授上来不会直接切入正题，而是先会寒暄几句。
例1： 有个教授上来先说I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance. 所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class.” 这句话都是在说与文章主旨无关紧要的话。而真正与文章主旨有关的是以today开头的这句话!所以，显而易见，这篇文章的主要内容就是文艺复兴Renaissance。
例2： In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么很显然，In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history.这是上节课讲的内容。在强转折but之后，老师紧接着说I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么，文章的主旨也就很明确了。
托福听力练习：疟蚊喜欢牛而不是人类
As you've probably experienced firsthand, some mosquito species have a real taste for warm, human blood. So much so that if you raise them on in the lab, they'll accept no substitute.
“Fortunately, I don't get major reactions at all.” Brad Main is a mosquito geneticist at U.C. Davis... and part-time mosquito meal provider. “So it's not too bad for me. But some people in the lab are itching pretty bad when they have hundreds of mosquito bites on their arms.”
Out in the wild, some species are less picky. Take Anopheles arabiensis, common in East Africa. They'll feed on cattle, dogs, goats, pigs, people—wherever they can find a warm meal. But what Main and his colleagues wanted to know was whether the bloodsuckers' choice of victim might be genetically determined. So they sequenced the genomes of 48 arabiensis mosquitoes from Tanzania which had fed on either humans or cows.
And they found that bugs with cow blood in their bellies had one partially rearranged chromosome, compared to those who'd snacked on human blood... which could explain the preferences in meal choices. The study is in the journal PLoS Genetics.
If that genetic switch really does make cows more attractive than we are to mosquitoes, in theory we could genetically engineer them to steer clear of people. And their cow victims don't get human malaria. “It's a case of knowing your enemy. And so the better we know these mosquitoes, I think the more equipped we're going to be able to control them.”
正如大家可能亲身经历过的那样，一些蚊子喜欢温暖的人类血液。以至于如果你把它们养在实验室里，它们会拒绝替代品。
“幸运的是，我完全没有感到明显的反应。” 布拉德·曼恩是加州大学戴维斯分校的蚊子遗传学家和兼职蚊子食物供应商。“所以它对我来说不是太坏。但当实验室里有数百只蚊子在叮咬他们的胳膊时，一些人会感觉非常痒。”
在野外，一些物种没那么挑剔。以东非常见的阿拉伯按蚊为例。它们以牛、狗、山羊、猪以及人类的血为食，它们在任何地方都能找到温暖的一餐。但曼恩和他的同事们想知道的是，这些吸血动物选择的受害者是否是由基因决定的。所以他们在坦桑尼亚收集了48只以人或牛血液为食的阿拉伯按蚊，并对它们进行了基因组排序检测。
他们发现，与吸食人类血液的蚊子相比，那些吸食牛血的蚊子的腹部有一部分细菌染色体重排，这可以解释膳食的选择偏好。这一研究结果发表在《公共科学图书馆遗传学》期刊上。
如果说这种基因转变真能使牛比我们对蚊子更具吸引力，那在理论上我们可以通过基因工程来使蚊子远离人类。而牛也不会感染人疟。“这是一个了解敌人的例子。我们越是了解这些蚊子，我们就越能更好地控制它们。”
重点讲解：
1. have a taste for 喜欢;偏好;
例句：She has a taste for classic music.
她喜欢古典音乐。
2. compared to 与…相比;和…比起来;
例句：Compared to the noisy cities, he preferred the quiet country life.
比起喧闹的大城市，他更喜欢宁静的乡村生活。
3. in theory 从理论上说;照理说;
例句：Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I don't know if it'll work in practice.
你的计划理论上不错,但我不知道实际上是否行得通。
4. steer clear of 避开;躲避;绕开;
例句：I think a lot of people, women in particular, steer clear of these sensitive issues.
我认为很多人，特别是女性，都会回避这些敏感问题。
2020托福听力练习：醉酒者在酒鬼身边会感觉清醒
Volunteers in scientific studies sometimes get compensated. The payment can be cash, a gift card or something almost worthless: “It's amazing what people will do for a lollipop, when they've had a few drinks.”
Simon Moore is a professor of public health research at Cardiff University in the U.K. And the lollipops were for people who agreed to blow into a breathalyzer, while out on a Friday or Saturday night in Wales—more than 1,800 people agreed to the exchange. The scores covered a wide range of alcohol intake. “So that would go from zero upwards. I think one of the largest scores we had was 120, which is a near death experience.”
The researchers also gave a subset of volunteers a short survey about drinking habits and health risks. Questions like: “How drunk are you right now?” and “How extreme has your drinking been tonight?” And they found that even very drunk respondents felt relatively more sober, if they were surrounded by even drunker people. In other words: our perception of intoxication—and its risks—is relative.
“So this is the point, as you change context, perceptions will change, although the absolute level of alcohol in their system doesn't change.” The study is in the journal BMC Public Health.
Moore says one way to use this finding is for better city zoning. “In the United Kingdom for example there's been a big push to put more premises that sell alcohol in the same district, in the same area. And what this does is create a concentration of drinkers. So what we might argue from this is, well let's try to break that up a little bit.” Have a mix of bars, restaurants, cafes and cinemas, so drinkers will be around relatively sober people, too, instead of fellow inebriates. Which might encourage drinkers to nurse their drinks…and thus avoid the ER.
参加科学研究的志愿者们有时会得到报酬。这些报酬可能是现金、礼物卡、或是没有什么价值的东西：令人惊奇的是人们在喝了几杯酒为了一根棒棒糖所做的事。
西蒙·穆尔是英国卡迪夫大学公共健康研究教授。这些棒棒糖是为同意对酒精含量测试器吹气的人准备的，这些人是会于周五、周六晚上在威尔士享受夜生活的人，最后有超过1800人同意参加这种交易。测试结果是这些人的酒精摄入量分布较广。“所以，那会从零开始向上增长。我想我们得到的最高分值是120，这是一次濒死体验。”
研究人员还对小部分志愿者进行了饮酒习惯以及健康风险的简短调查。问题如下：“你现在喝醉了吗?你今天晚上喝到极限了吗?”结果发现，即使喝得烂醉的受访者也感觉比较清醒，当然前提是他们周围还有更醉的人。换言之，我们的醉酒知觉和醉酒的风险是相关的。
所以，这就是关键了，当环境改变时，我们的知觉也会改变，但其实体内酒精的真实含量并没有变化。该研究结果发表在《英国医学委员会公共健康》期刊上。
穆尔表示，可以将此研究结果用于改善城市区域的划分。“比如，英国已经在大力推行让更多售酒店铺集中在同一个街区和同一个地区。这样做是为了让饮酒者集中起来。我们也许会对此提出质疑，我们应尽量对这种情况作出一点抵制。”如果有更多的酒吧、饭店、咖啡店以及电影院这样的混合商区，那么饮酒的人周围也会有相对清醒的人，而不是同样烂醉的人。这也许能鼓励饮酒的人关注自己的饮酒习惯，这样就可以避免被送到急诊室。
重点讲解：
1. in other words 换言之;换句话说;也就是说;
例句：In other words, we had better take sufficient recreation to relax after work.
换句话说，我们最好工作后，消遣消遣来轻松一下。
2. break up (使)分裂;(被)拆分;(使)破碎;
例句：Police tried to break up the gang.
警察试图瓦解黑帮。
3. instead of 代替…;而不是…;
例句：He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.
他选择当兵而不是上大学。
4. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励;激励;
例句：If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.
万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一次。
篇3：托福听力重听题得分难度低
1.语气重听
语气重听常见的考点位置有：
①有人提问时
②出现Really?/Wow!/Oh, my God! 等特殊语气时
③重读
下面我们来看几道例题：
E.G. 官方真题Official 8 conversation 2
Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question. Why does the student say this:
A).To introduce a personal story about exercising.
B).To point out a flaw in the health-club model.
C).To give an example that supports the professor’s point.
D).To explain why he disagrees with the professor.
听力原文：
Professor:
I mean with a health club you might think they would have trouble attracting customers, right?
Student:
Well, I know when I pass by a health club and I see all those people working out, they are exercising. I just soon walk on by.
教授说了一个理论，健身房在吸引顾客方面有困难，句末加了一个right?表示询问，在这个问句的后面，学生举了自己实际的例子来支持教授的观点，说自己经过健身房的时候就算看见里面有人在健身，也不会停留，直接就走掉了。
所以教授一句right?疑问引出了学生的话，因此考生需要关注听力中有人提问时这个考点。因此，答案为C。
E.G. 官方真题Official 1 Conversation 1
Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question. Why does the woman say this:
A).She had forgotten about the information.
B).She is surprised she was not aware of the information.
C).She is annoyed that the information was published only recently.
D).She is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect information.
听力原文：
Librarian:
All of the library’s databases and electronic sources can be accessed through any computer connected to the university network.
Student:
Really?! I can’t believe I didn’t know that.
当学生得知所有的资料都可以从校园网络上获得时，说了一句Really?, 这是很明显的语气重听，表达了说话人的惊讶，并且后面还说了一句I can’t believe I didn’t know that.
因此选择表示惊讶surprise的选项B。说话人的语气非常直观，因此考生需要用心去捕捉。
2.语意重听
语意重听常见的考点位置有：
①强调句
②老师回答学生问题时
③老师的态度和评价
④文章转折(but/however/in fact/actually/although/though)
托福听力重听题注意事项题型
最后，想提醒考生们的是，重听题的两种类型以及对应的考点大家一定要熟练掌握，语气重听比较明显直观，通过说话人的语气起伏基本就可以选出正确的选项。
语意重听则需要考生具有一定的推断能力和理解能力。考生在平时做题时，就要对应不同题型的不同考点记笔记，养成良好的笔记习惯和敏感度，才能在考试中脱颖而出。
2020托福听力练习：人类和鸟类合作共享蜂巢
This is a story about the birds and the bees. When the Yao people of Mozambique want to find beehives full of honey they make this noise [brrrr-hm]. That sound attracts the attention of what are appropriately called honeyguide birds.
“If you ask Yao honey-hunters why they go brrrr-hm when they're looking for a honeyguide, they'll tell you, well, it's the best way to attract a honeyguide and to maintain its attention while you're following it to a bees' nest.”
Claire Spottiswoode, of the University of Cambridge in England and the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
The Yao have long known that they could attract honeyguides vocally, as part of a rare example of a mutualistic relationship between people and wild animals. The humans get honey and the birds then get what they want—the previously unattainable wax of the beehive, which they consider a delicacy. Spottiswoode's study provides evidence that the humans are actually communicating with the birds.
“We wanted to specifically test whether honeyguides responded to the exact information content of the brrrr-hm call, which signals, if you wish, 'I'm looking for bees' nests,' so we wanted to distinguish that from the alternative that the call simply alerts honeyguides to the presence of humans.”
Which the research team did—birds were much more likely to respond to brrrr-hm than to other sounds. The study is in the journal Science.
Honeyguides may help people, but to other birds they can be monsters.
“Honeyguides are the real Jekyll and Hyde of the bird world...like cowbirds or cuckoos, honeyguides are brood parasites—they lay their eggs in other birds' nests and exploit the care of other species to raise their young. And their chicks hatch with these very sharp hooks at the tips of their beak, which they use to stab the host young to death as soon as they hatch.”
You can watch some of this horror-movie-worthy footage that Spottiswoode captured several years ago by googling the phrase “honeyguide murder.”
As Africa becomes more urbanized, fewer people are engaging the birds to help them find honey. And the relationship between honeyguides and honey-hunters may be fraying.
“A young honeyguide hatches in the nest of another species knowing how to be a honeyguide. Because it doesn't have the opportunity to learn from its own parents. But then if that's not reinforced by experience, it's lost.”
In the not-too-distant future then, honeyguides may still know where the beehives are—but they'll be keeping that information to themselves.
这是一个有关鸟类和蜜蜂的故事。当莫桑比克的尧族人民想要找到装满蜂蜜的蜂巢时，他们就会发出这样的声音。这种声音可以吸引被称作响蜜鴷的鸟类。
“如果你问尧族猎蜜人为什么在寻找响蜜鴷时发出这种声音，他们会告诉你，这是吸引响蜜鴷的最好方法，而且可以在找到蜂巢之前留住响蜜鴷的注意力。”
克莱尔·斯波蒂斯伍德来自英国剑桥大学和南非开普敦大学。
尧族人早就知道能用声音来吸引响蜜鴷，这是人类和野生动物之间互惠关系的罕见例子。人类获得蜂蜜，而响蜜鴷也会得到它们想要的——之前无法获得的蜂窝中的腊，这种鸟类将其视为珍宝。斯波蒂斯伍德的研究为人类和这种鸟类之间的交流提供了证据。
“具体来说，我们想测试的是响蜜鴷是否会对人类发出声音中含有的特定信息做出回应，这种信息传递的信号是‘我在找蜂巢'，我们想将这种声音和单纯警示人类存在的声音区分开来。”
研究团队发现，与其他的声音相比，鸟类对第一种声音的回应较多。该研究结果发表在《科学》杂志上。
响蜜鴷可能对人类有帮助，但是对于其他鸟类来说，响蜜鴷则如猛兽一般。
响蜜鴷是鸟类中双重性格的代表，如燕八哥或杜鹃一样，响蜜鴷是巢内寄生体——它们在其他鸟类的鸟巢中产蛋，然后利用其他物种抚育自己的孩子。同时响蜜鴷幼崽的喙部尖端呈钩状，一旦寄主的幼鸟孵化，这些响蜜鴷的幼崽就会用尖尖的嘴将其啄死。
斯波蒂斯伍德数年前捕捉到了这样的恐怖镜头，大家可以通过网络检索“响蜜鴷谋杀”进行观看。
由于非洲城市化的程度越来越高，依赖响蜜鴷来寻找蜂蜜的人越来越少。因此，响蜜鴷和猎蜜人之间的关系可能会受到损害。
“在其他鸟巢中孵化的响蜜鴷幼鸟知道如何寻找蜂蜜。可是它们没有从父母那里学习这种本领的机会。如果这种技能没有经验的强化，也会失传。”
在不远的将来，响蜜鴷可能仍然知道哪里有蜂巢——但是它们会保守秘密。
重点讲解：
1. respond to 回复;回答;回应;
例句：He responded to my suggestion with a nod.
他点头回应我的建议。
2. distinguish from 区分;辨别;分清;
例句：It's important to distinguish fact from fiction.
把现实与虚构区分开来是很重要的。
3. to death (用于动词后)以致死亡;
例句：He was beaten to death by thugs.
他被..殴打致死。
4. as soon as 一…就…;
例句：He will be set free as soon as the fine is paid.
只要交了罚款，他就会被释放。
5. keep sth. to oneself 把…秘而不宣;不将…说出去;
例句：I keep things to myself because I don't want shoulder anybody else with my problems.
我把事情藏在心底只是因为不想拿自己的问题去麻烦别人。
2020托福听力练习：火星卫星形成于火星大碰撞
Mars is a planet of outsized splendor. Despite being only half as big and a tenth as heavy as Earth, it bears the solar system’s tallest mountain, longest canyon and largest crater. At 22 and 12 kilometers wide, however, its inner moon Phobos and outer moon Deimos are figurative small potatoes. Scientists suspect both formed much as Earth’s single large moon did, from a massive debris disk ejected into orbit by a giant impact eons ago. But if Mars’s moons formed like Earth’s, why are they so very much smaller?
The answer may be that they did not form alone. New simulations from Pascal Rosenblatt of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and colleagues show how the debris disk from a giant impact on Mars could have generated additional moons a few hundreds of kilometers in size. After forming in the dense inner regions of the disk, those larger moons would have stirred the disk’s sparser outer reaches, allowing smaller companions like Phobos and Deimos to coalesce from the ripples. The study appears in the journal Nature Geoscience.
火卫一(Phobos).jpg
In this scenario, the reason we only see Phobos and Deimos today is that the bigger moons were destroyed a few million years after their formation. Their low, fast orbits outpaced Mars’s rotation, creating a tidal pull that sent them spiraling down to crash into the planet (Earth’s moon, by contrast, orbited slower than our planet’s rotation, allowing it to spiral outward and survive). Future investigations could test the new hypothesis by looking for clusters of Martian craters produced by the infalling moons, but in the meantime, proof that Mars can kill its companions is right before our eyes: The orbit of Deimos is stable, but Phobos is in a death spiral, losing two centimeters of altitude per year to Mars’s tidal pull. It will plunge into the planet in 20 million to 40 million years, leaving lonely, far-out Deimos as the last vestige of what may have been a once-mighty system of Martian moons.
For Scientific American — 60-Second Science Science. I'm Lee Billings.
火星是一个拥有惊人光辉的行星。虽然火星的体积只有地球的一半，重量只有地球的十分之一，但是它拥有太阳系中最高的山峰、最长的峡谷以及最大的火山口。在22公里和12公里宽处，火星内部卫星火卫一和外部卫星火卫二像生动形象的两颗小土豆。科学家认为，这两颗卫星的形成与地球上形成唯一的月球类似，是亿万年前发生大碰撞时大量碎片被送入轨道而形成。但是如果火星卫星的形成与月球的形成过程类似，那为什么它们的体积会小这么多?
答案或许是它们并不是单独形成的。比利时皇家天文台的帕斯卡尔·罗森布拉特和他的同事进行了模拟试验，目的是说明火星大碰撞产生的碎片盘如何形成几百公里大小的卫星。在碎片盘密集的内区形成以后，较大的卫星会搅动碎片盘的稀松外延，允许火卫一和火卫二这样的小型卫星凝结而成。这项研究发表在《自然地球科学》期刊上。
在这种情况下，我们现在之所以只能看到火卫一和火卫二的原因是，那些较大的卫星在它们形成几百万年后被摧毁。它们在又低又快的轨道运行，速度超过了火星自转，因此而形成的潮汐推动它们盘旋而下，最终撞向火星。(相比之下，月球运行轨道的速度慢于地球自传，使其螺旋向外延展并生存下来。)未来的调查可以通过寻找由陨落卫星形成的火星陨石坑集群，来测试这一新假设，但与此同时，证明火星可以杀死其同伴的证据就展现在我们眼前：火卫二的运行轨道很稳定，但是火卫一处在“死亡螺旋”中，由于火星的潮汐力，火卫一的运行高度每年下降2厘米。在未来二千万至四千万年，火卫一将撞向火星，只留下非常遥远的火卫二，成为曾经辉煌的火星卫星系统的最后遗迹。
重点讲解：
1. by contrast 相比之下;与…相反;
例句：The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.
相比之下，私营部门就有很多钱可供开销。
2. look for 寻找，寻求;
例句：You can look for the book in the library catalogue.
你可以在图书馆的图书目录上查找这本书。
3. in the meantime 在此期间;其间;
例句：In the meantime the sky is turning clear.
与此同时，天空开始晴朗起来。
篇4：托福听力历史类话题如何把握
托福听力历史类话题如何把握?这些重点关键不要忘
历史类话题关键要素一：主题关键词
主题关键词总是会出现和发展、起源或者历史相关的词汇(e.g develpoment, change, origin, historical)，举例来说：
Professor: And what instrument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n' roll?
Student: The electric Guitar?
Professor: Exactly. I think it's fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre,which became popular in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. But long before that even,people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars.
注意到文章开头做了两件事情：一. 提出话题“ Electrical Guitar”; 二. 提出了历史类文章要素, 教授说到电吉他是一个“the result of a continuing development” 而且人们很早之前就开始“ modify acoustic guitar”，自然而然我们就能推测文章是要讲电吉他是如何发展起来的。
历史类话题关键要素二：影响
所谓影响，其中包括话题的发展;发展过程中所受到的影响;其所产生的影响;具体的影响是什么，怎么影响的。来看下例：
The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?
But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.
很明显的，教授接下来就开始讲到吉他的发展过程，第一种吉他，wooden aka spanish guitar;接着steel guitar;lap guitar;然后有了electric guitar。而且重点说到“ 很多的发明者和音乐家对这种乐器的设计做出了贡献，而且每次的修改的目的就是为了改变电吉他的声音，也就是要素中提到的对话题的影响。
历史类话题关键要素三：时间
历史类话题的第三个关键要素是时间。当然，大家可能会注意到，下面例子提到的具体的时间点貌似只有两个1890s 和1920s。但是总的来讲，历史类的文章，时间顺序是一件非常关键的事情，因为在讲到某个事物的发展总是会从前往后说，提醒一点的是，时间本身不重要，只要搞明白谁前谁后即可。
So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.
Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.
历史类话题关键要素四：话题特点&要素五：任务
在时间要素之后出现的就是要素四：话题的特点以及时有时无的要素五：人物，一般这两点都是融合在一起的。
Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.
此处教授讲到Les Paul此人对于电吉他的修改，使得电吉他有了一个”solid body” ， 减少了声音失真的状况。
尤其要注意，如果一篇文章出现了好几个人和一个事物的好几个特点的时候，一定要警觉起来，区分清楚哪个特点，属于哪个人物，这通常都是要出难题的前兆。
2020托福听力练习：已婚人士更易发福
Bridget Jones, in print and on screen, called them the “Smug Marrieds”—the happy couples that seemed to have it all.
But maybe the fictional Jones should have called them the “Plump Marrieds.”
Because along with offering couples unbridled bliss, marriage can cause them to pack on some extra pounds.
That's according to a study in The Journal of Family Issues.
Sociologist Jay Teachman, at Western Washington University, examined data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.
The data included info about more than 3,000 African Americans over a 20-year period.
Teachman tracked body-mass-index, BMI, a measure of obesity, from adolescence to middle age.
And he analyzed the relationship between BMI, marital status and changes in marital status.
It turned out that living without a partner usually equated to being thinner and having a lower BMI compared with married people and couples living together.
The single folks included the never-marrieds and divorced.
Both men and women gained weight but when it came to race, black women had the most rapid weight gain, followed by white women and then black and white men.
The weight gain was just a few pounds—but even a slightly higher BMI is associated with weight-related health issues.
Several reasons exist for the weight discrepancy between the single and married people.
For example, married men and women may be less concerned about their body weight because they're no longer actively seeking a mate.
Plus, married people have a regular dining partner, possibly leading to more meals.
On the single side, those who are widowed or have gone through a divorce may lose weight due to stress.
So while this news may not be good for the smug marrieds, it may be welcomed by Bridget Jones.
The single, and very weight-conscious, Jones may actually have had the easier path to staying thin than her married friends.
无论是小说还是大荧幕，《BJ单身日记》中的琼斯夫妇可算得上“令人羡慕的一对”了—这对幸福小夫妻看起来拥有了一切。
但虚构出来的琼斯夫妇应该也能被称为“丰满的一对”。
因为婚姻除了带给这对新人无尽的幸福之外，也增加了两人的体重。
这是根据《家庭问题》期刊上登载的一项研究得出的结论。
西华盛顿大学的社会学家杰伊•特克曼对全国青年纵向研究的数据进行了详细检查。
这一数据涵盖20多年来超过3000名非裔美国人的数据信息。
特克曼对这些人从青春期到中年时的BMI，即身高体重指数进行了跟踪调查，这一指数可反映出人体的肥胖程度。
而且他还对BMI同婚姻状态及婚姻中产生变化之间的关系进行了分析。
而结果表明相比已婚人士及同居人士，单身者会更瘦，而且BMI指数更低。
而单身者则包含未婚者及离异人士。
无论种族，婚后的男女体重都会增加，其中增幅速度最高是黑人女性，接下来是白人女性，黑人男性及白人男性。
体重的增加只是几磅—但即使BMI指数略微增加也可能引发健康问题。
而单身及已婚人士存在体重差异存在下面几个原因。
比如，已婚男女可能不会过度关心自己的体重问题，因为彼此已经不用再积极寻找各自的另一半。
此外已婚人士在饮食方面有了规律性的伴侣，可能会导致其食量加大。
而单身，丧偶或离异者可能会由于面临压力而减轻体重。
因此这项研究对那些自鸣得意的已婚者可能不是利好消息，但《BJ单身日记》中的琼斯却接受这样的事实。
同已经步入婚姻殿堂的朋友相比，单身、注重保持身材的琼斯已经有了保持纤细身材的妙招。
1.along with 连同;以及
例句:I'll go along with you.
我将随同你一起去。
2.according to 根据
例句:Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.
价格随订购数量不同而有所变化。
3.associate with 与…交往，联系
例句:I associate with you through choice.
我是通过自主选择和你联系在一起。
4.turn out 关掉;结果是
例句:It's turned out nice again.
天气又突然转好了。
2020托福听力练习：新月和满月时更易发生大地震
Every two weeks, on the full and new moons, the sun, moon and Earth fall along a nearly straight line. The combination of gravitational forces in this arrangement creates large swings in the tides. But the celestial alignment affects more than the oceans—it also tugs on Earth's crust, adding to the stress on faults. This makes it more likely that major earthquakes will strike at these times, according to a new study.
The idea isn't new, but scientists have had a hard time testing the earthquake-tide relationship. For instance, three of the largest earthquakes in recent years happened when tidal stress was high. But those big ones are rare and the link seems to break down for smaller events.
So the researchers crunched a bunch of numbers: by looking at more than 10,000 medium and large earthquakes, they found that the proportion of large events increased when tidal stress was high.
The results do not imply that every full or new moon will bring an earthquake—obviously. What the findings mean is that high tidal stress during new or full moons may up the chances that an earthquake will grow bigger than it otherwise might have been.
“Even magnitude 9 earthquakes start like magnitudes 1 or 2.” Satoshi Ide, the University of Tokyo seismologist who led the study. “So, at the initial stage, it's very difficult to distinguish small or large earthquakes. It starts similarly, but it grows at some probability to large scale. That probability is controlled by some other effect.”
And one of those effects might be the tides. Ide points out that tides in the Earth's crust are known to cause tiny tremors along deep faults. “Earthquake faults are locked everywhere, but that kind of slow deformation unlocks very small part of the fault...so it doesn't make large failure there, but once earthquake rupture starts...it can propagate very far and become very large earthquake.”
The study was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Ide is now doing a similar analysis on earthquakes that all happened in the same geologic setting, like subduction zones. Perhaps that research will confirm whether heavenly bodies can take smaller shakes and supersize them.
每两周，在出现满月和新月时，太阳、月亮和地球几乎就会排成一条直线。这种引力组合会产生巨大的潮汐波动。但是，这种天象影响的不仅仅是海洋，同时还会拖动地壳，增加地壳对断层的压力。一项新研究表明，这使大地震更可能在这种时期发生。
这种想法并不新鲜，但是科学家很难测试地震与潮汐之间的关系。比如，近几年最大的三起地震发生时，潮汐应力都很高。但是，大型地震发生次数较少，所以地震和潮汐之间的联系似乎被小型地震破坏了。
所以，研究人员分析了大量的数据：通过对1万多次大中型地震的观察，他们发现当潮汐应力增高时，大型地震发生的比例也会增加。
当然，这个结果并不能表明，每一次满月或新月都会引发地震。研究结果表明的是，在出现满月或新月时，潮汐应力会增高，这会使地震级别增强的可能性增加。
“即使是9级地震，开始时也只像1、2级地震。井出哲是东京大学的地震学家，也是本次研究的负责人。他还表示：“所以，一开始很难辨别是大型地震还是小型地震。因为开始时很类似，但是，之后就可能演变成大型地震。这种可能性会受到其他因素的影响。”
其中一个影响因素可能就是潮汐。井出哲指出，地壳上发生的潮汐能引起深断裂层的微小震动。“地震的断裂层是固定的，但是这种缓慢的变形解锁了一小部分的断裂，所以，不会带来巨大的影响，但是一旦地震发生，潮汐的微小震动可能会传播很远，从而演变成大型地震。”
该研究结果发表在《自然地球科学》期刊上。
井出哲现在正在对所有同一地质环境下发生的地震进行相似性分析，比如说消减带。也许那项研究可以确定天体是否可以引发小型地震并使其增强。
重点讲解：
1. for instance 例如;譬如;
例句：For instance, oranges, bananas and pineapples, are all fruits from the south.
例如橘子、香蕉、菠萝等，都是南方的水果。
2. break down 破坏;消除;
例句：We should break down old conventions and think big.
我们应该打破旧框框，敢于幻想。
3. a bunch of 大量;大批;
例句：I scanned a bunch of pictures from our trip to Hawaii last summer.
我把去年夏天到夏威夷旅游的一堆照片扫了进去。
4. point out 指出，说出(事实或错误);
例句：Let me point out some of its special features.
让我指出它的一些独特的特点。
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