【导语】下面是小编给各位读者分享的托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题（共6篇），欢迎大家分享。
篇1：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题
重听题
重听题是托福听力题目中一种非常特殊的题型。在这种题目中，讲述人会把录音材料中的一小部分内容重新读一遍，然后让考生根据这段重新听到的内容找出符合要求的选项。在考试中，每道重听题中都会给出一个耳机的图标。其常见的提问方式为：
Listen again to part of the lecture, then answer the question.
What does the professor mean when she says this?
重听题的解题思路比较多样化。有些题目考查所重复段落的含义，有些题目考查段落中某个习惯用语的含义。考生要根据自己所听到的内容，辨别出题人想考查的到底是哪方面的内容。另外，有些重听题中虽然重复了一部分文章内容，但是必须结合重复的内容在录音材料中的上下文去推理才能得出答案。所以考试在做题时要保持清醒的头脑，如果发观从重复的内容中找不到答案，就要立刻回忆，从上下文中去寻找正确答案。
是非判断题
是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型，一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子，让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。以下例题是其常见的出题方式：
The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process.
YES/NO
The animal dies.
The hard tissues decompose.
The soft tissues decompose.
The hard tissues remain.
是非判断题多数情况下与细节题考查的内容有类似之处，需要考生多关注录音材料中的细节之处。是非判断题的YES和NO的答案个数并不是平均分配的，但一般不会出现所有答案全是YES或者NO的情况，考生可以利用这一点，在做题时判断自己的选项是否选得合适。
托福听力练习：能喷射甲烷的生物
The first life on Earth appeared about four billion years ago. One place these pioneering organisms may have emerged is at hydrothermal vents, deep underwater. Where unusual chemistry provided energy for primitive life-forms to survive. Life-forms like the methane-belching microbes found at the vents today.
Now, for the first time, researchers have found evidence of methane-producing life in similarly extreme conditions, but at the surface of the Earth — at a spring in northern California, called The Cedars. The water there is extremely basic — with a pH of 11.6. And it contains no oxygen. Not an easy place to survive.
Researchers tested water and sediment at the Cedars. Some samples got dosed with mercuric chloride to kill any life present. Those dosed samples produced no methane. But the samples in which microbes were allowed to survive did put out methane. Confirming that at least some of the methane at the springs is indeed biological in origin. The findings appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences.
The finding has implications for climate change alleviation. A geologically similar spring in Oman has been proposed as a site for carbon storage—pumping CO2 underground, where it gets incorporated in stone. But the extremophiles at The Cedars can use CO2 to make methane—an even more potent greenhouse gas. “So imagine pumping CO2 into the ground and having it come back up as methane.” Penny Morrill, a biogeochemist at Memorial University of Newfoundland. “This will not necessarily happen, but it is something to be tested for before fully implementing a carbon capture and storage technology at one of these types of sites.”
Morrill says the study's also a reminder that life is tenacious. “We should not let our biases prevent us from looking for evidence of life in what we would otherwise consider an unexpected place.” Including other planets and moons.
地球上的第一个生命出现在约40亿年以前。这些先驱生物出现的其中一个地方是深海热泉和深海。那里不寻常的化学物质为原始生命形态提供了生存下去的能量。现在深海热泉发现了能喷射甲烷的微生物。
研究人员首次发现了能产生甲烷的生物生活在类似极端环境的证据，而这个地方位于地球表面，那就是加利福尼亚州北部的雪松泉。这里的水很普通，酸碱值为11.6。但是水里没有氧气。这可不是一个容易生存的地方。
研究人员对雪松泉里的水和沉积物进行了检测。一些样本里含有氯化汞，可以致死任何生命。这类样本不能产生甲烷。而可以让微生物生存的样本会释放出甲烷。这表明，至少该泉水里的一些甲烷的确是生物起源。这一发现刊登在《地球物理学研究杂志：生物地球科学》上。
这一研究对减缓气候变化有启示意义。安曼一处具有类似地质的泉水被推荐作为碳储存地，输送被注入地下岩石储存的二氧化碳。但是雪松泉的极端微生物可以利用二氧化碳制造甲烷，甲烷是一种更强的温室气体。“想象一下，将二氧化碳输送至地下，然后再把它变成甲烷。”纽芬兰纪念大学的生物化学家佩妮·莫里尔表示，“这不一定会发生，但是这是在这类地方完全实现碳捕捉和储存技术之前要进行的测试。”
莫里尔表示，这项研究还提醒人们生命是顽强的。“我们不应该因为偏见而停止在意想不到的地方寻找生命证据的脚步”。这些地方包括其他星球和月球。
重点讲解：
1. for the first time 首次;第一次;
例句：For the first time luck hooked onto me.
运气第一次降临到我头上。
2. at least 至少，起码;
例句：At least this second meeting had helped to thaw the atmosphere.
这第二次会议至少起到了缓和气氛的作用。
3. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止;制止;阻碍;
例句：Cotton mittens will prevent the baby from scratching his own face.
棉的连指手套使婴儿不会抓伤自己的脸。
4. look for 寻找，寻求，谋求(解决方案或新的方法);
例句：The working group will be looking for practical solutions to the problems faced by doctors.
工作小组将寻求切实可行的方案，以解决医生们遇到的难题。
2020托福听力练习：肠道细菌之间存在互惠互利关系
It's one of the underwater world's classic partnerships:clownfish and Nemo hides out in the anemone, which helps keep predatory fish at bay.
“But at the same time there are other fish species that will kind of nibble on the sea anemones, and the clownfish will actually go out and scare them away.” Jeff Gore, a biophysicist at MIT.
“So in this case there's across-protection mutualism between these two species in which they help to avoid predation.”
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals.
But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes.
He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria:
one resistant to ampicillin, the other to chloramphenicol.
The researchers grew the bacteria together in a test tube, in the presence of both antibiotics.
And rather than succumbing to the drugs, each bacterial strain deactivated one of the two antibiotics—thus protecting the other strain.
That activity led to a stable coexistence over time.
Which Gore says could in theory give the bugs an opportunity to swap resistance genes, through what’s called horizontal gene transfer—one bacterium donates genetic material to another.
Any such transfer could make either or both strains individually resistant to both types of antibiotics.
The findings are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The same story might play out in our guts, too—but it's too early to translate it into medical guidance.
“It's always important to remember that just because we see a particular dynamic in the laboratory doesn't mean we should immediately go and change our clinical dosing practices.
But then those sorts of results are then used as a guide for the kinds of phenomena that clinicians may want to watch out for in their circumstances.”
Cause the more we know about this bacterial buddy system, the better we may be at breaking it up if they team up against us.
这是水下世界中存在的传统伙伴关系:小丑鱼尼莫藏身于海葵中躲避食肉鱼类。
“但与此同时其它鱼类也会一点一点啃食海葵，而这时小丑鱼就会蹿出来将它们吓走。”麻省理工学院的生物物理学家杰夫•格尔说道。
“因此在这种情况下这两个物种就形成了互惠共生关系。”
动物互惠互利关系.jpg
这种互相保护的关系经常可以在两种动物间看到。
但格尔研究了微生物中的这种互惠共生关系。
他和自己的团队对两种耐药性大肠杆菌进行了研究，通过首个试验例子展现出抗药性微生物之间的这种互惠共生关系:
一种菌株耐氨苄青霉素，而另一种则耐氯霉素。
研究人员在一个实验试管两种抗生素都存在的情况下将这两种菌株同时培养。
结果表明，这两种菌株非但没有向抗生素屈服，而是每种菌株各自抵抗其中的一种，从而保护对方。
这样的行为能使菌种稳定的共存。
而格尔表示，理论上讲这种行为使得细菌互相交换抗性基因，这就是我们所说的水平基因转移，期间一种细菌将自己的遗传物质奉献给另一个。
肠道中不同细菌之间或也存在互惠互利关系.jpg
任何这样的转移可以使两种菌株的其中一种或者两者对两种类型的抗生素产生抗性。
这项研究已在《国家科学研究进展》杂志上发表。
这种同样的事情可能也在我们的肠道中上演，但把它变成医学指导方针可能为时过早。
重要的一点是要牢记，因为我们只在实验室中见过的这种特别行为并不意味着我们就可以立即采用并改变医学指导方针。
但当临床医生想要在工作中进行观察时，这样的实验结果可以作为研究这种互惠共生的一种指导方针。
因为我们对细菌这样的体系了解的越多，在它们联合起来对付我们时，我们就越可能更好的消灭它们。
1.hide out 躲藏在外
例句:Can I hide out with you?
我可以隐藏了你?
2.translate into 翻译成…;把…转化成
例句:Today, it may translate into confusion and a daunting level of research and mentalinvestment.
今天，它可能转变为混乱和使人畏缩程度的研究和心智的投资。
3.lead to 导致
例句:A lack of prudence may lead to financial problems.
不够谨慎可能会导致财政上出现问题。
4.play out 逐渐发生;展开
例句:Her union reforms were played out against a background of rising unemployment.
她对工会的改革是在失业率不断上升的背景下展开的。
篇2：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解之重听题和判断题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题
重听题
重听题是托福听力题目中一种非常特殊的题型。在这种题目中，讲述人会把录音材料中的一小部分内容重新读一遍，然后让考生根据这段重新听到的内容找出符合要求的选项。在考试中，每道重听题中都会给出一个耳机的图标。其常见的提问方式为：
Listen again to part of the lecture, then answer the question.
What does the professor mean when she says this?
重听题的解题思路比较多样化。有些题目考查所重复段落的含义，有些题目考查段落中某个习惯用语的含义。考生要根据自己所听到的内容，辨别出题人想考查的到底是哪方面的内容。另外，有些重听题中虽然重复了一部分文章内容，但是必须结合重复的内容在录音材料中的上下文去推理才能得出答案。所以考试在做题时要保持清醒的头脑，如果发观从重复的内容中找不到答案，就要立刻回忆，从上下文中去寻找正确答案。
是非判断题
是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型，一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子，让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。以下例题是其常见的出题方式：
The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process.
YES/NO
The animal dies.
The hard tissues decompose.
The soft tissues decompose.
The hard tissues remain.
是非判断题多数情况下与细节题考查的内容有类似之处，需要考生多关注录音材料中的细节之处。是非判断题的YES和NO的答案个数并不是平均分配的，但一般不会出现所有答案全是YES或者NO的情况，考生可以利用这一点，在做题时判断自己的选项是否选得合适。
托福听力：听力低分7个原因
(1)仅做题。浪费了提高实力的好材料。
不可否认的，无论什么样的方法，托福听力水平提高的最后落脚点还是会放在“听”本身上，只有足够的题量用来把耳朵叫醒，才能在考试的时候事半功倍。但是仅仅做题是没有什么用处的，做题是方法不是解决问题的根本。在做题的同时大家可能要在听力的各种影响因素上面都花上些力气，比如背景知识，分类词汇等等。没有这些辅助的知识，做题就是浪费了好的材料。
(2)无解析。含糊着与好文章擦肩而过
托福听力训练的材料的好坏的最重要的判断标准就是听力材料后面有没有精辟的解析。只有有了准确精辟的听力材料解析，才能使考生们明白，何处对，和出错，该如何改进才能提高托福听力的实力，才能真正的应用这些好的材料。
(3)贪图量。囫囵吞枣、走马观花，无质量
托福听力训练是一个磨耳朵的过程，但是这个过程并不是只靠时间就能堆出来的。听力材料量的多少是衡量能否提高听力水平的一个标准，但是不是唯一的绝对标准。对听力材料囫囵吞枣式的听是没有任何用处的，不会对听力实力产生任何影响，甚至会产生些负面的影响。
(4)没分类。对于托福专业话题依旧没概念
托福听力训练的另外一个很普遍的问题就是，大家在听的时候都不分类。这样练习听力的话，大家的整体的听力实力会有所提高的，但是大家对托福考试的听力话题依旧云里雾里，没什么概念，等于做了无用功。
(5)做一遍。只检查自己而不提高自己
托福听力训练最重要的听的方法就是反复听重复听，只有将一篇材料听熟听透，才能在能力上有所提升。如果只听一遍或是两遍，甚至于听几遍但是没听懂就放弃了，都没有任何用处。
(6)缺精选。话题精、结构精的文章是什么
托福听力训练的目的是要大家答好托福听力考试。所以大家在进行训练的时候一定要针对托福的经典的话题进行，只有对这些熟悉了，了解了，才能考好脱兔听力。
(7)看不懂。没有参考翻译
这个问题在听力的初期尤为突出。因为词汇量的关系，大家在听的时候没有任何办法听得懂，但是这个时候如果还是没有参考译文，大家的练习的信心可能就会被打击到，而且对听力训练的效率的影响也是非常大的。
托福听力：场景解析之打工
1，It seems like only yesterday that I was sitting where you are, just finishing my first year of medical school and wondering if I'd ever get a chance to use all my new knowledge on a real live patient!
Well, I have good news for you! You don't have to wait until your third or fourth year of Medical school to get some hands-on experience! The dean has invited me here to tell you about the university's rural opportunity program. If you enroll in this program, you can have the opportunity this summer, after your first year of medical school, to spend from four to six weeks observing and assisting a real physician like me in a small rural community. You won't have to compete with other students for time and attention, and you can see what life as a country doctor is really like.
The program was designed to encourage medical students like yourselves to consider careers in rural communities that are still understaffed. It seems that medical students are afraid to go into rural family practice for two reasons. First, they don't know much about it. And second, specialists in the cities usually make more money. But, on the up-side, in rural practice, doctors can really get to know their patients and be respected members of the community.
I participated in the program when it first started and spent six weeks in a small rural town. Let me tell you, it was really great! I got to work with real patients. I watched the birth of a child, assisted an accident victim, and had lots of really practical hands-on experience --- all in one summer. And to my surprise, I found that country life has a lot to offer that city life doesn't --- no pollution or traffic jams, for instance!
,2，Good afternoon. I'm here today to talk to you about a career with our airline. We're especially interested in recruiting people to fill openings for flight attendants.
First of all, to work as a flight attendant with us, you must be accepted into our training program --- and with so many people applying, it's not easy to be selected. From the thousands of applications that we receive annually, we choose fewer than a thousand people for training. So, we require experience serving the public; and it also helps if you've earned some college credits.
Also, not everybody who gets accepted into the training program makes it through.
The course meets six days a week for five weeks. The training includes extensive classroom work
in such subjects as first aid and passenger psychology as well as practical training in flight procedures and meal service. A lot of our graduates say that our fight attendants develop the skills of a nurse, a headwaiter, and a public relations executive!
But, as a flight attendant myself, I can say that all of the hard work is worth it. Of course, I get to travel throughout the country, and the airline pays all of my expenses while I'm away from my base station. And, what I like best of all is that I've made friends with people from all over the country!
My experience made me want to work where I'm needed and appreciated. I don't miss the city at all!
篇3：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题
推理题
托福听力推理题是让考生根据所听内容进行推理从而选出答案的题型。常见的提问方式包括：
What does the woman imply about the new medical research?
What can we infer from the professor’s comment on the New England system?
在做题时，考生首先需要仔细读清楚选项。因为推理题的答案一般不会在录音材料中给出，而是需要考生对材料内容进行进一步引申，得出更深层次的内容。所以，考生往往只有在读完选项之后才能知道答案对应的内容。同时，推理题虽然考查的是录音材料的细节之处，但是其考查内容还是围绕着全文主题展开的。因此在做题时，考生如果实在不知道选哪一个，那么就可以去选和全文主题最接近的选项，这样的选项大多数都是正确的。
预测题
预测题是对长对话或讲座结束后将会发生何种事情的猜测的考查。这种目有一个鲜明特征，就是在题干中经常会出现will这个表示将来时态的助动词。预测题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What will the man do after the conversation?
What will the student include in his assignment?
What kind of assignment will the professor give?
考生在解答预测题时首先要注意，预测题有一个十分常见的情况，就是它的答案一般都出现在一篇录音材料的结尾。同时，预测题的答案在出现时一般都是由讲话人使用一个提出建议的句子来给出。因此，考生只要在文章结尾听到提出建议的句子，一定要将其中所提出的建议记下来，这往往就是预测题的答案。表示建议的常见句型：How about…/What about…/Why not…/Why don’t you…/Would you mind…/Would you please…/I have a suggestion for you./You need to…/You should…/You’d better…
托福听力练习：膝关节响声或为患者康复提供帮助
The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant.
But it gets worse when you listen up close.
“It does for most people. But for me, it just makes me excited.”
Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech.
“I actually feel like there's some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of helping people with rehab.”
Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus.
“If I had a really hard workout, then the next day of course I'd be sore, but I'd also sometimes feel this catching or popping or creaking every now and then in my knee.”
A few years later, he found himself building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company.
So when he got to Georgia Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted better tech for knee injuries, he thought:
Why not strap tiny microphones to people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? “
What we think it is, is the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing against each other, during the movements.”
He and a team of physiologists and engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny Mics and skin sensors.
And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one.
Which Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery.
Details appear in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.
“The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular activities.”
A useful thing to take a crack at.
膝盖裂开的声音肯定不是令人特别愉悦。
但是你靠近听时，声音就会更刺耳。
“很多人都是这样的感觉，但对我而言，这种声音只会让我更为兴奋。”
佐治亚州理工学院的一名电气工程师奥默尔•伊恩楠说道。
“实际上我认为这些声音中包含的一些的信息可以为患者所用并且有助于他们康复。”
伊恩楠的膝盖创伤经历要追溯到他在斯坦福大学的学生时代，他就是在那里开始讨论这项实验。
“我要是刻苦进行训练，第二天膝盖就会非常痛，但有时我也会感觉膝盖发出咯吱咯吱的声响。
而几年后他在一家高端音频公司制造了微型麦克风。
因此当伊恩楠来到佐治亚州理工学院并听说到DARPA，即美国国防部高级研究计划局的这项工程后，他希望能研发更先进的技术来治疗膝伤，于是他想:
“为什么不把微型麦克风植入人体膝盖记录下膝盖弯曲发出的声音呢?”
我们认为发出声音是因为软骨和骨头相互摩擦所致，而运动的过程中，膝盖内部这两者的表面会相互摩擦。
他和他的生物学家及工程师小组用弹性透气胶带、一些微型麦克风及皮肤传感器建立了一个原型。
而对运动员的初步测试表明，同健康膝盖相比，受伤膝盖中所侦测到的声音更加不稳定，也更无规律可循。
伊恩楠表示这项技术可能会让病人及医生手在术后进行追踪治疗。
这项研究已在《IEEE生物医学工程》杂志上发表。
“我们进行这个项目的主要目标人群是患者的膝盖受到严重创伤后，首先要让他们知道，在康复期间何时可以进行特殊活动及何时可以增加强度。
这种追踪会非常有用。
1.listen up 听好了
例句:All right! I need everybody to listen up!
好了!大家都听好了!
2.each other 互相，彼此
例句:They support each other in their work.
他们在工作中互相支持。
3.move to 移动到
例句:It may also be a good move to suggest she talks things over.
建议她把事情谈开了也许是不错的做法。
4.appear in 出现在
例句:New programmes will appear in the fall on television.
秋季将有新节目在电视上出现。
2020托福听力练习：改善室内空气质量的绿色方案
Air pollution outside is easy to spot, hanging over the city, or sputtering from a tailpipe. But there's lot of indoor air pollution, too, even if it's not as obvious. It's caused by volatile organic compounds, or VOCs.
“They can come from building materials like paints, carpet, adhesives, vinyl floors, varnishes, solvents, etc.” Vadoud Niri, an analytical chemist at the State University of New York, Oswego. “And also they can come from home and personal care products, cleaning chemicals, air freshener, cosmetics.”
And that cosmetics part... is what caught Niri's attention. “One day when I went to a nail salon with my wife, I noticed the smell of, specifically, acetone in there. And since I was doing air analysis at that time, I thought maybe we can do something about this.” Acetone can irritate your eyes, skin, nose and throat and at high concentrations can cause nausea, headaches and other nervous system problems.
Niri figured one way to get rid of acetone might be with houseplants. So he reviewed decades of literature in the field of plants as environmental cleanup agents—which is called biofiltration or phytoremediation. He then ran his own experiment, using an airtight chamber, eight VOCs, in concentrations similar to those found in nail salons, and five common houseplants: a jade plant, a spider plant, a bromeliad, a Caribbean tree cactus, and what's known as a Dracaena plant.
Turns out, after a twelve-hour test, it was the bromeliad that scrubbed the most chemicals from the air. But as for his original quest, removing acetone from nail salons? The Dracaena beat out the others, sucking up 94 percent of the offensive compound. He presented the results at a meeting of the American Chemical Society, in Philadelphia.
Niri hasn't worked out all the details on the nail salon solution yet—that's next. But for a house or apartment, he says, “use a variety of plants to make sure you take all types of VOCs from your indoor air.” Plus, they're an energy-free alternative to other air cleaning devices. In other words, a truly green solution.
室外空气污染很容易看出来，污染物悬浮在城市上方，或者从排气管溅射出来。但是，虽然并不明显，但是室内也存在大量的空气污染。室内空气污染的源头是挥发性有机化合物(简称为VOCs)。
“它们可能来自油漆、地毯、粘合剂、地板革、清漆、溶剂等等建筑材料。”瓦杜德·尼里是纽约州立大学奥斯威戈分校的分析化学师。“它们也可能来自家居和个人保健产品、清洁剂、空气清新剂、化妆品。”
这其中，化妆品中的挥发物质吸引了尼里的注意力。“有一天，我和妻子一起去美甲沙龙，在那里我闻到了丙酮的味道。因为当时我正在进行空气分析，所以我想或许我们可以做这方面的研究。”丙酮可以刺激人的眼睛、皮肤、鼻子还有咽喉，高浓度的丙酮可以引发恶心、头痛以及其他神经系统问题。
尼里发现室内盆栽植物可以去除丙酮。所以，他浏览了数十年来有关植物净化空气的相关文献，这种方法被称为生物过滤或植物修复。然后，尼里自己进行了实验测试，他在一个密封的房间里放了8种挥发性有机化合物，其浓度与指甲沙龙内的浓度相似，另外他还放了5种常见的室内盆栽植物：一盆玉植物、一盆吊兰、一盆凤梨、一盆加勒比仙人掌和一盆龙血树属植物。
十二个小时的测试结果表明，凤梨最能吸收空气中的有毒气体。但是，至于最初的疑问，去除美甲沙龙里的丙酮?在这个问题上，龙血树是最厉害的，它吸收了94%的有害物质。尼里在费城举行的美国化学学会上发表了自己的研究结果。
尼里并没有完全解决美甲沙龙的问题。但是尼里表示，对于房屋或者公寓来说，“可以用多种植物来吸收室内空气中的各种挥发性有机化合物。”而且，这种方法是可以替代其他空气清洁设备的零能源方法。换言之，这是真正的绿色解决方案。
重点讲解：
1. get rid of 摆脱;甩掉;赶走;
例句：We have to get rid of the mud and dirt on the road.
我们必须把路上的烂泥和脏物除去。
2. beat out 打败;击败;战胜;
例句：Indianapolis beat out nearly 100 other cities as the site for a huge United Airlines maintenance center.
印第安纳波利斯从近百座城市中胜出，成为美国联合航空公司大型维护中心所在地。
3. work out 想出，得到(解决方法);解(谜);
例句：She finds it difficult to work out the problem.
她发现解决这问题有困难。
4. in other words 换言之;换句话说;也就是说;
例句：In other words, our forces, although small at present, will grow very rapidly.
这就是说，现在虽只有一点小小的力量，但是它的发展会是很快的。
篇4：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
主旨题
主旨题是以录音材料的主旨大意作为考查内容的一种题型。主旨题的考查频率非常高，几乎每篇托福听力的录音材料都会考一道主旨题，有的录音材料甚至会考两道。主旨题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What is the main idea of this lecture?
What are the two speakers talking about?
Why does the student go to see his professor?
主旨题虽然考查频率高，但是相对来说解题难度并不大。大多数托福听力录音材料的主题都会出现在开头的1-2分钟内，有时主题的关键词或是关键词组在录音中还会被反复提及。考生只要抓住录音开头的内容，就能够解决大多数的托福听力主旨题。除此之外，解答某些主旨题必须将录音材料各段的主题加以归纳，才能够得出全文的主旨。只要考生听懂了每段话的开头几句，这些题目一般解题难度也不会很大。
细节题
细节题，顾名思义，就是考查录音材料中细节信息的题型。这是在托福听力所有题型中考查频率最高的一种题型，每篇录音材料平均都会考查3-4道题。这种题目考查的具体内容非常琐碎，时间、数字、回答的内容、列举的内容都能成为细节题的考查对象。要想做好细节题，考生需要对说话人提到的时间、地点、物品名称等多加留意。细节题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
When will the woman go to the lab?
What does the word “anthropologist“ mean? According to the passage, what is the most significant event in 2.000 B.C.?
Why does the critic dislike the ancient style of sculpture?
2020托福听力练习：大容量酒杯诱使人喝更多酒
Ever order a drink, and feel stiffed on the pour? Well, before you bother the bartender, take a closer look at the size of your glass. ”So people will generally perceive there to be less in larger containers, than in smaller ones.“ Theresa Marteau, a behavioral scientist at the University of Cambridge, in England.
She and her colleagues had analyzed how larger portions — and larger plates — lure us into eating more food. And they wondered: could the same be true for alcohol?
So the researchers convinced the staff at a local bar to run an experiment: every two weeks, for four months, they'd rotate the bar's wine glasses from the standard 300 milliliter size, to either slightly larger — 370 milliliters, or slightly smaller — 250 milliliters. And see how the size of the glass affected patrons' drinking habits, even though the pour, the volume of alcoholic beverage, was unchanged.
Turns out, serving wine in smaller glasses had no measurable effect. But the large glasses boosted wine sales 10 percent — even after controlling for day of the week, temperature, holidays and so on. The reason? ”When the wine, the same volume, is being served in a larger glass, then people are probably perceiving they've got less in there.“ Which, she says, means they might drink more, assuming they haven't hit their nightly limit. Or, they might just feel less satisfied with the pour, and buy another round. The study appears in the journal BMC Public Health.
Aside from altering her own habits — ”I do use smaller glasses, yes“—Marteau says that, if subsequent studies confirm this effect, public health officials might consider mandating a certain average glass size. ”Specifying the size, the maximum size in which wine can be sold could be a measure that's introduced to reduce the overconsumption of alcohol that seems to be cued by the glass size.“ Until that happens, the bar in the study now always serves its wine in the larger glasses.
在点的酒上来以后，你在倒酒时有没有觉得很不方便?在麻烦服务员以前，请你仔细观察一下酒杯的大小。“一般来说，人们认为大容器里面的酒比小容器里的少。”英国剑桥大学行为科学家特丽萨·马尔托说。
她和同事就大份量和大盘子如何诱使我们吃更多食物进行了分析。他们想知道：这对酒类是否同样适用?
研究人员说服当地一家酒吧的工作人员进行了一项实验：在四个月的时间里，每隔两周轮流将酒吧里酒杯300毫升的标准容量调至370毫升的大容量和250毫升的小容量。然后观察酒杯的容量如何影响顾客的饮酒习惯，在这一过程中，酒精饮料的倾倒和分量保持不变。
结果发现，用小容量酒杯供应酒没有产生明显的影响。但是使用大容量酒杯使酒的销售量上涨了10%，这是在控制供应天数，计算温度和假日等影响后得出的结果。原因是什么?“同样分量的酒以大容量酒杯供应时，人们可能会认为酒杯里的酒少了。”她说，这表明顾客在还能喝的情况下，可能会喝更多的酒。或者，他们可能会在倒酒时感到不太满意，然后会再买一杯。这一研究结果发表在《英国医学委员会公共健康》期刊上。
除了改变自己的习惯以外，马尔托表示她本人用小容量酒杯饮酒，她说，如果后续研究能确认这一影响，那公共建康官员可能会考虑对酒杯的平均容量进行规定。“对各类酒在出售时可以供应的酒杯容量进行规定，明确最大容量，这一措施可以减少因酒杯容量而引发的酒精过度消费情况。”在规定出台前，进行实验的酒吧仍在用大容量酒杯供应酒。
重点讲解：
1. convince sb. to do sth. 说服;
例句：I am seeking to convince Karen to go out with me.
我正试着劝说凯伦和我一起出去。
2. even though 即使;
例句：Even though he's old he's game for anything.
尽管他年岁已大,但他对什么都敢作敢为。
3. and so on 如此等等;
例句：These cars vary in size, price, colour and so on.
这些汽车在大小、价格、颜色等方面各不相同。
4. aside from 除了…外;
例句：Aside from canceling a few dates, I kept working.
除了取消了几个约会外，我一直在工作。
2020托福听力练习：研究或揭示狗的祖先是欧亚大陆的狼
In Jack London's The Call of the Wild, a pet dog named Buck winds up in the Yukon…where he succumbs to his desire to return to his wild cousins…the wolves.
”It's hard to say no to that call, isn't it Buck? It's all right boy.
Go ahead.“
Of course, Buck himself was the descendant of wolves.
Wolves that lived more than 10,000 years ago.
”At this time people would have been hunting and gathering.“
Laurent Frantz, a geneticist at the University of Oxford in the U.K.
Humans roamed across Eurasia.
They would eat, and throw scraps around their settlement.
Which attracts wildlife. Wildlife like wolves.
Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says:
those wolves that feared humans, and those that didn't.
”So this would have facilitated, I think, the domestication process.“
At which point humans deliberately took wolves as pets.
But that domestication process, Frantz says, may have happened more than once: first in the west, in Europe.
And again in the far east, in Asia.
Frantz and his colleagues analyzed the DNA from a 4,800-year-old Irish dog's ear bone, along with the genomes of hundreds of other modern and ancient dogs.
After building a family tree, they determined that dogs could have been first domesticated in Europe, at least 15,000 years ago.
But the data also point to another domestication in East Asia, more than 13,000 years ago.
Sometime after that, they say, humans from East Asia wandered to Europe… and brought their dogs with them.
Leading to a mixing of the two populations.
The study appears in the journal Science.
Frantz says most purebred dog breeds trace their origins to the 1800s.
But as this study reminds us—if you go back far enough, all dogs are mutts.
杰克·伦敦的小说《野性的呼唤》中，一只名为巴克的狗狗最终从人类文明社会返回狼群。
那样的呼唤很难拒绝，对吧，巴克!好了伙计。
走吧!
当然，巴克是狼的后代。
驯化过程.jpg
狼在10,000多年前就开始生活。
“那时候的人们一直过着群居及打猎的生活。”
洛伦特·弗朗茨是英国牛津大学的一位遗传学家。
人类横跨了欧亚大陆。
他们曾经在进食后将吃剩下的东西扔在定居点周围。
这就招来了野生动物，狼就包括在内。
而他表示随着时间的推移狼群会产生两派。
“那就是害怕人类的狼群及毫无惧意的狼群。
我认为这就促成了狼的驯化过程。
人类曾故意将狼当作宠物。
弗朗茨表示这种驯化过程曾经发生过不只一次，第一次是在西方的欧洲;
其次是在遥远的东方亚洲。
弗朗茨和他的同事们对48前爱尔兰狗的耳骨及数千只现代及古代狗的基因组进行了对比分析。
在建立家谱后，他们认为至少在15,000年前，狗就第一次在欧洲被人类驯服。
但数据也显示在13,000多年前，东亚也曾经有过驯服动物的行为。
而后的时间，研究人员认为东亚人带着驯服过的狗前往欧洲。
这导致两个种群的混合。
这项研究已在《科学》杂志上发表。
弗朗茨表示最纯种狗的起源能够追溯到18世纪。
但这项研究提醒我们，如果你追溯的足够久远，就会发现所有的狗都不是纯种。
1.wind up 收尾;煞尾
例句:The President is about to wind up his visit to Somalia.
总统即将结束对索马里的访问。
2.domestication process 驯化过程
例句:In their studies, the researchers also found that farmers have tried to develop ricevarieties expressing the GIF1 gene during the domestication process.
在研究过程中，科研人员也发现了在水稻驯化过程中，农民选择培育了GIF1高表达的水稻变种。
3.along with 随着
例句:I'll go along with you.
我将随同你一起去。
4.family tree 族谱;系谱
例句:A family tree shows our family members and relatives.
家谱表明我们的家庭成员和亲戚。
篇5：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：结构题和态度题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：结构题和态度题
结构题
结构题是以录音材料的行文结构、展开顺序作为考查内容的题型，常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What is the organization of this passage?
How is the lecture organized?
What method does the professor use to develop his idea?
在实际考试中，结构题考得并不多，但是解答起来却令很多考生感觉头疼。因为任何一篇录音材料都不会主动讲出“本文是一种怎样的结构”，因此想从讲述人所说的内容中直接找到答案是很困难的。那么想解答这种题目，考生就需要在复习时熟练掌握托福听力的录音材料有哪几种常见结构，每种结构有什么特征。只有这样，在做题的时候才能够做到有针对性地听题。
态度题
态度题是考查说话人对某话题所持的态度的题型。这种题型考查的范围比较广泛，有些题目考查说话人对某人的态度，有些则考查说话人对某事件的态度，还有的题目会考查说话人对某观点的态度。态度题常见的提问方式如下：
What is the professor’s attitude toward the expert on the television programme?
在解态度题时，讲话人的语气和语调是一个非常重要的解题因素。在录音中，如果说话人突然出现声音变大、语调降低或者说话重复、结巴等现象，往往都从侧面表明了其对某一事物所持的态度。考生在听到这样的句子时一定要加以辨识。
托福听力练习：害羞的鱼类更喜欢追随同样胆小的鱼
When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid.
Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different.
What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from under cover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed.
Of course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The findings are in the journal Biology Letters.
The researchers write that ”when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort.“ We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.
你可能认为领导者通常都是非常大胆的个体。但是一项有关刺鱼的新研究表示，害羞的鱼类更喜欢追随同样胆小的鱼。
研究人员将已知性格的三只刺鱼分为一组，观察它们追随领导者的情况。刺鱼被放在一个水箱里，水箱的一头有一些塑料植物，另一头藏有一些食物。在有些组中，一只大胆的鱼和一只害羞的鱼充当领导者，而另一只害羞的鱼则跟随它们。而在其他组中，跟随的却是一只大胆的鱼。研究人员记录了跟随者采取行动的频率，看它们是跟随行为相似的鱼出现的次数更多，还是跟随性格相反的鱼出来的次数更多。
研究人员得出的结论是，当同样谨慎的鱼出现时，害羞的鱼更可能从遮蔽物中出来。大胆的跟随者似乎并不在乎它们跟随的领导者是谁。
当然了，在实验过程中，无论一只刺鱼选择跟随哪只鱼，大胆的鱼领导的探险多于腼腆的鱼。这是因为无论是谁在跟随，大胆的鱼发起的探险更多。实验结果发表在《生物学通讯》上。
研究人员写道：“在可以选择领导者时，刺鱼更喜欢跟随在个性上同自己相符的个体，但是即使在害羞的鱼中间，较大胆的个体也能通过加倍努力来施加它们的领导力。”我们很快就会看到这种趋向性是否同样适用于人类，因为美国人将于今年11月决定他们要追随的人选。除非发生可疑的事情。
1. sally forth 勇敢投入;
例句：With these desperate speeches he sallied forth upon the desiegers.
说完这些绝望的话，他就朝围攻的人冲去。
2. be likely to do sth. 可能(做…)的;有(…)倾向的;
例句：The fires are likely to permanently deforest the land.
这些火灾很可能会彻底毁掉这片土地上的森林。
3. stick with 紧跟;紧随;和…呆在一起;
例句：Tugging the woman's arm, she pulled her to her side saying: 'You just stick with me, dear.'
她拽着那个女人的胳膊，将她拉到自己身边说：“亲爱的，你就跟我呆在一起。”
4. regardless of 不顾;不管;不论;
例句：We will do it regardless of what might happen.
不管情况怎样，我们决意这样做。
5. hold true 同样适用;
例句：This law is known to hold true for galaxies at a distance of at least several billion light years.
这个定律被普遍认为同样适用于至少数十亿光年之远的星系。
2020托福听力练习：美国总统候选人或因逃避问题受到指责
This campaign season, there's been plenty of name calling and lots of accusations.
David Clementson, a PhD candidate at The Ohio State University, has been keeping tabs.
”I mean there was one debate where Rubio and Cruz were just all over Trump, accusing him of dodging questions.“
”But that doesn't answer the question.“
”He didn't answer…“
”You have yet to answer a single serious question about any of this.“
Clementson wanted to see if claims of question dodging actually held up, historically—not necessarily in the unique case of Trump.
So Clementson analyzed the transcripts of 14 presidential debates, from to .
Overall, he found 51 accusations of question dodging—26 by Dems, 25 by Republicans.
A third of the time, the accused candidate did in fact go off-topic.
But in every single case, the accused candidate still mentioned the question topic.
Meaning that most of the time, he says, candidates are unfairly accused of question-dodging.
The results are in the Journal of Language and Social Psychology.
Clementson's advice for the next debate?
”Just because a politician of your partisan affiliation or your party ID is telling you that the other guy can't be believed, doesn't necessarily mean that that politician is accurately detecting deception.“
In other words, don't trust'em.
Because the politician doing the accusing may be the one telling lies.
”Lying Ted…he's a liar.“
美国总统大选正展开激烈争夺，而其中却充斥着诸多谩骂及指责。
美国俄亥俄州立大学的博士生大卫·克莱门森，一直在从事这方面的研究。
“我指的是卢比奥和克鲁兹曾一度指责特朗普的逃避问题。”
“但那并不是回答问题。”
“他没回应…”
美国总统大选.jpg
“你还没有回答这个非常严肃的问题”。
克莱门森想要看看逃避问题的主张是否真的会变成对手发难的软肋，过往历史显示在特朗普的这种特例情况并不一定。
因此，克莱门森分析了从到14位总统候选人之间的辩论记录。
他发现，总体上共有51次回避问题受到指责—民主党26次，共和党25次。
而三分之一的时间里，受指责一方的确偏离话题。
但大多数时间内，被指责的候选人仍然在提及相关的问题。
他表示，这表明大部分的时间里，候选人被指责回避问题是不公平的。
这项研究已在《语言和社会心理学》杂志上发表。
而下一轮的辩论克莱门森有什么建议呢?
仅仅是因为你的党派关系中有一位政治家或你的政党身份告诉自己，不能信任对方，这并不一定意味着那位政治家就真的存在欺骗行为。
换言之，不要轻信于人。
因为这位指责于人的政治家也有可能在撒谎。
说谎的泰德，他就是个骗子。
1.plenty of 很多
例句:I had plenty of space to write and sew.
我有足够的空间进行写作和缝纫。
2.want to 想要
例句:I don't want to leave, but I can't go on.
我不想离开，但我继续不下去了。
3.hold up 举起;支撑
例句:She held up her hand stiffly.
她直挺挺地举着手。
篇6：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解之主旨题和细节题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
主旨题
主旨题是以录音材料的主旨大意作为考查内容的一种题型。主旨题的考查频率非常高，几乎每篇托福听力的录音材料都会考一道主旨题，有的录音材料甚至会考两道。主旨题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What is the main idea of this lecture?
What are the two speakers talking about?
Why does the student go to see his professor?
主旨题虽然考查频率高，但是相对来说解题难度并不大。大多数托福听力录音材料的主题都会出现在开头的1-2分钟内，有时主题的关键词或是关键词组在录音中还会被反复提及。考生只要抓住录音开头的内容，就能够解决大多数的托福听力主旨题。除此之外，解答某些主旨题必须将录音材料各段的主题加以归纳，才能够得出全文的主旨。只要考生听懂了每段话的开头几句，这些题目一般解题难度也不会很大。
细节题
细节题，顾名思义，就是考查录音材料中细节信息的题型。这是在托福听力所有题型中考查频率最高的一种题型，每篇录音材料平均都会考查3-4道题。这种题目考查的具体内容非常琐碎，时间、数字、回答的内容、列举的内容都能成为细节题的考查对象。要想做好细节题，考生需要对说话人提到的时间、地点、物品名称等多加留意。细节题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
When will the woman go to the lab?
What does the word “anthropologist” mean? According to the passage, what is the most significant event in 2.000 B.C.?
Why does the critic dislike the ancient style of sculpture?
托福听力：词组内容的积累
a rainy day 不如意的日子
all thumbs 笨手笨脚的;一窍不通的
ants in one's pants (skirt) 坐立不安
as mod as sb
at one's finger's tips 了如指掌
at sixes and sevens 混乱的
backseat driver 指手划脚的人
bite one's head off 大发脾气
black sheep 不孝子女
blow one's top 怒发冲冠
break one's neck 痛打一顿;拼命做某事
break the ice 打破僵局;打破沉默
bring down the house 掌声雷动
burn a hole in one's pocket 花钱如流水
buy your story 相信你的话
call it a day 今天到此为止
Capital idea 好主意
cold fish 冷酷无情的人
dark horse 黑马;冷门
daylight robbery 价钱贵到离谱
dear Jones letter 绝交信
dirty dog 卑鄙小人
eat one's words 承认错误
every Tom, Dick and Harry 张三李四
flat tire 没精打采
from A to Z 从头到尾
go on the horse 快一点吧
God knows 天晓得
gone with the wind 随风而逝
good for nothing 毫无用处的
Great minds think alike! 英雄所见略同。
happy go lucky 乐天派
have a big mouth 话多的人
have it both ways 权衡两方面
have time off 休假
have words with sb
hit of the show 表演中最精彩的一幕
hit the high spots 达到高水准
托福听力：简单粗暴有效果的笔记法
1. 三个原则，写出一眼看到答案的听力笔记
2. 又快又准的做艺术类讲座听力题
01.一眼看到答案的听力笔记
优秀的=漂亮的=你以后的托福听力笔记，应该是长这样的：
这样的：
整齐划一、视觉清晰、详略得当......总之，有框架，有逻辑。
为了写好一眼看到答案的笔记，记住下面这张图，图里的三个原则：词性、格式、化简。
小编解释一下这三个词，我们应该如何来记笔记。
1. 词性上，先记名词，再形容词，最后动词。
01.记下句子哪个部位的名词?主要是宾语部分的名词;如果主语是新出现的信息，也要记下来。
02.为何记下形容词?有出题点?形容词对应的题型是态度题居多。态度题，刚好是25分以上同学的主要错题。比如，听力讲座的最后，教授总结态度，相关的态度词、表示肯定的符号就得记下，可很多同学的注意力不能坚持到最后，所以无相关笔记，无法选出正确答案。
03.动词，记下句子中重要的动词。记哪类动词?a.出现不及物动词，需要把不及物动词记下，或者写个符号代替。b.如果遇到及物动词，及物动词后带宾语，那就记下宾语(这就是第一点提到的名词)，不记及物动词。
2. 格式上，记笔记要体现并列和从属原则。
在说同一个人/事的时候，是一个要点;但在说另外的人/事的时候，是第二个要点，就需要另起一行，这就是并列。(下图红色两个部分)
从属，则是说同一个人/事的时候，提到了这个人/事的几个要点。只需在同一个人/事的要点下，再分别列出其他要点，不需要并列。(下图绿色部分)
3. 化简，缩短记笔记的时间，又要自己看懂。
可以写下：
a.首字母、音节
b.汉字(psychologist写成心)
c.符号(记笔记有专业的符号，多积累;也可自成一派)
这一记笔记的架构，我想已清晰地映在你脑子里了。接着，我们再深入扩展一下艺术类讲座的笔记结构。
02.又快又准的做艺术类讲座听力题
艺术类讲座，大都以人物为中心。运用前面讲的笔记三原则，Angela老师总结出的人物传记类讲座结构，就是以下这样了：
因此，小伙伴们在记笔记的时候，套上这个模式就可以了。
出题顺序和讲座的结构，也是有关联性的。
第1题，人物+成就。人物出现，不一定是人名，有可能是身份，比如painter.
第2、3、3、4题，细节题，容易错但并不难，因为它可能出现在最开头。那会儿也许你还没进入状态，或以为不重要，所以和正确答案擦肩而过。
第5题，在前文已提到，态度题。教授讲完一个人物故事，一般都是赞同/正面的评价，不可能费劲讲了一通，最后是批评的吧~
第6题，延伸。我们在听的时候，一直都在讲一个人，可是转头出现了另一个人(出现时的位置不固定)。原因是这三种：analogy/comparison/influence.
这下，艺术类讲座的架构和出题类型都在你的囊中了，就有了做题预判，当然你就能把题做得又快又准。
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