【导语】以下是小编帮大家整理的托福听力这6个常见题型如何迅速解题（共10篇），供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到您。
篇1：托福听力这6个常见题型如何迅速解题
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and esamples to support your answer.
Some people like to eat out at food stands and restaurants, while others like to prepare food at home. Often it depends on the kind of lifestyle people have. Those with very busy jobs outside the house don’t always have time to cook. They like the convenience of eating out. Overall, though, it is cheaper and healthier to eat at home.
While eating in restaurants is fast, the money you spend can add up. When I have dinner at a restaurant with a friend, the bill is usually over twenty dollars. I can buy a lot of groceries with that much money. Even lunch at a fast-food stand usually costs five or six dollars for one person. That’s enough to feed the whole family at home. Eating at home is better for you, too. Meals at restaurants are often high in fat and calories, and they serve big plates of food-much more food-than you need to eat at one meal. If you cook food at home, you have more control over the ingredients. You can use margarine instead of butter on your potatoes, or not put so much cheese on top of your pizza. At home, you can control your portion size. You can serve yourself as little as you want. In a restaurant, you may eat a full plate of food “because you paid for it.”
It’s true that eating out is convenient. You don’t have to shop, or cook, or clean up. But real home cooking doesn’t have to take up a lot of time. There are lots of simple meals that don’t take long to make. In fact, they’re faster than eating out, especially if you think of the time you spend driving to a restaurant, parking, waiting for a table,, waiting for service, and driving home.
Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying. Both can taste good and be enjoyed with family and friends. I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues, but people will make the choice that fits their lifestyle best.
篇2：托福听力这6个常见题型如何迅速解题
task：It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
托福备考之独立写作满分范文：
A New Movie Theater
Entertainment is an important part of everyone’s life. We all need to take time to relax insgroupsto live healthy lives and do our work efficiently. It is easier to relax when an appropriate form of entertainment is convenient and close by. Therefore, I would support a proposal to build a new movie theater in my neighborhood.
Entertainment places can bring some disadvantages to a community such as increased traffic and noise, but I believe the advantages of a new movie theater would outweigh these concerns. For one thing, the people in my neighborhood would save time. When they wanted to see a movie they could simply walk to the new theater rather than spend time traveling by bus or car. In addition, it would be safer for children to visit a nearby movie theater rather than one in some other part of the city. And finally, a new theater might attract other businesses, such as restaurants and coffee shops, where the people of my neighborhood could go to relax.
In short, a new movie theater in the neighborhood would increase the number of entertainment options for the residents. They could enjoy themselves more easily without spending a lot of time traveling to another part of the city. For these reasons I would support the building of a movie theater in my neighborhood.
篇3：托福听力高频题型解题思路分析
托福听力修辞题题数和出现位置介绍
IBT听力中的修辞题通常出现在课堂演讲(lectures)部分，在2个长对话，4个课堂演讲中，一般占5至6题。
托福听力修辞题常见提问形式一览
修辞题通常都是以特殊疑问词开头的特殊疑问句，例如：
Why does the professor say this?(询问使用了何种修辞手段)
A: To encourage the students to think about the issue under a bigger context.
B: To elicit an answer from the students.
C: To compare two different things figuratively to engage his students.
D: To describe an imaginative situation.
How dies the professor illustrate his point about ___? (询问谈话人是如何创造了某种修辞手段的)
A: by comparing X to Y
B: by giving an example of X
Why does the professor say so? (节选了演讲中某一带有修辞用法的部分，让考生回答为什么谈话人用此修辞)
A: To point out a flaw
B: To repeat a point
C: To define an important term
D: To exemplify a key point?
篇4：托福听力高频题型解题思路分析
1. 熟悉常用修辞手段，如比喻(又分明喻，暗喻等)，夸张，比拟，例证，借代，反问，反复，设问等等。
2. 听原文时即可适时判断谈话人的真实意图，谈话人某句讲话修辞手法运用明显之时，往往就是考点出现之处。
3. 注意根据上线问和谈话气氛来综合回答问题，不要脱离主题凭空猜测谈话人的修辞意图。
托福阅读修辞题解题技巧实例讲解
Professor: Through much of the last century, America’s faith in freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations.
Narrator:Listen again to a part of the lecture. Then answer the question.
Professor: …Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations.
Why does the professor say this?
A: To encourage the students to think about the issue under a bigger context.
B: To elicit an answer from the students.
C: To compare two different things figuratively to engage his students.
D: To describe an imaginative situation.
解析：
该题是询问为何使用某种修辞手法。
从谈话节选段落中我们很容易看出，教授使用的是暗喻的方法。
该段落大概的意思是：在上个世纪的大部分时间里，美国式民主和自由的信仰如石沉大海，波澜不惊;而今，却如清风拂絮，撒落人间。
暗喻的方式是为了形成对比，从而激起听者的想象力，活跃课堂谈话的气氛。
综上所述正确答案为C。
托福听力考试的六个注意重点
托福听力六大重点1.High-quality extensive listening
我认为泛听的最佳材料有两个：一个是National Geographic(国家地理频道)，另一个是Discovery(探索)。看的时候一定要有英文字幕。每天看，养成习惯，会有很大收获。虽然有些考生认为泛听没有效果，关键开始因人而异，找到适合考生自己的听力训练方法，自然事半功倍。
托福听力六大重点2.Dictation
是指听写。将一篇听力录音中的原文全部听录下来，它是提高听力最有效的方法。对于准备新托福考试的考生而言，最好的听写材料是老托福的lecture。基础比较薄弱的学生，可以先花一个月的时间将新概念第二和第三册的美英版听写完，然后再来听写老托福的lecture。
托福听力六大重点3.Subconscious listening practice
是指“下意识的听力练习”。它是指为自己创造一个英文的环境，比如早晨一起床，我们就打开音箱播放英语，可以是托福的听力材料，可以是英文广播，也可以是一部英文电影等，这样做的好处是随时都可以听到英语，在潜移默化中不知不觉地加深对英语的敏感度。其实这点和泛听有点类似。
托福听力六大重点4.Summary
是“概述，大意”的意思。具体指学生在听到一篇听力材料后所进行的概括。考生不需要听懂材料的每一个细节，但要抓住说话人的思路和框架。这个训练对于托福听力至关重要。练习summary的方法很简单，可以托福听力讲座为材料，一边听一边记笔记，录音结束后，根据大脑记忆和笔记，对全文重点内容进行英文复述，反复练习，直到可以将一篇讲座顺畅复述出来为止。
托福听力六大重点5.intensive listening
是指精听。我们这里所说的“精听”步骤如下：一边听一边看原文，划出自己不认识或似曾相识但反应不过来的词;录音结束，开始查生词，写在原文的旁边，只要写出这个单词在这篇文章中的意思即可;将这篇材料当阅读文章快速精读一遍，彻底看懂;再一边看原文，一边放录音，嘴上要跟读，反复几遍，一直听到可以不看原文彻底听懂为止。
盘点托福听力中的高频失分点
首先第一个失分点就是因为我们在托福听力考试中的紧张情绪，遇到一个单词听不懂就会变得很紧张。
这样就会恶性循环，越听越不好。考生会很难进入考试状态，所以开始的那几篇听力往往做的都不是很好。考生在考试当天，就可以先听力题，这样有助于稳定情绪和保持状态。
人一紧张就很难集中精力，所以在听力的时候就会忽视很多细节温柔，但是在托福听力考试中，有 80%细节题，这对忽视了细节的考生是很不利的。在做听力考试的时候，你可以先把握主题还有结构，同时记下一些比较重要的信息，重复多词的信息往往非常重要。
还有一个失分点是因为考生在考试的时候，无法清楚方应出一个单词的意思。总觉得这个单词有印象，但是就是不知道意思。很多考生会出现这种问题，原因就是考生的单词系统不能和听到的信息形成直接的反射。我们可以再背单词的时候就通过听来背单词，这样有助于形成自然的条件反射。汇或者词组多加记忆。
另一大失分点就是考生纠结于某个听不懂的一道题目上，竟而忽略了后面的题目。如果你在考试的时候碰到这样的情况，你应该应该先放一遍，先听下面的内容。如果有多余的时间的话再回过来考虑这个题目。这种情况凭着自己的第一感觉做就好了，过多纠结就是浪费时间。要是你发现你没跟上听力的节凑，试着跳掉一两题，这样就是舍小头赚大头了，你还是很合算的。
怎样应对托福听力中的专有名词
一.记缩写
在托福听力专有名词的记录过程中，我们要尽量记下自己对听到音的缩写，那么由于考生普遍对元音判断并不很准确，我建议大家尽量多记辅音;与此同时，可以用大写或者记完后画圈圈的方式将专有名词标注的明显一些，方便在做题时进行查找。比如上文中提到的chromatophore，我们可以记成CHROM 并且画个圈圈，这种托福听力技巧能帮助我们更好的记下繁杂的专有名词，帮助我们更好的理解文章意思。
二.听释义
一般我们在听到专有名词的前后，由于它们本身不属于托福听力词汇的考查范围，所以我们大多数都能听到对专有名词的解释，那么我们要迅速记下解释中的重要词汇，这可以帮助我们理解该专有名词的大意，比如在chromatophore的前后，我们就可以听到一个解释：Chromatophores consist of tiny sacs filled withcolor dye.意思是C是装有染色体的小囊;同时，在考试中，我们发现除了对专有名词的考查之外，我们时常也能碰到直接用专有名词的解释来考题的现象。当然，这项要求是建立在大家有一定的词汇基础之上的，所以大家在备考过程中，一定要多注意词汇的积累。
三.听观点
如果很不幸，我们没能将专有名词的释义及时记录下来，那么这时，我们需要通过前后文中的观点去判断。托福听力的文章一般都是非常有逻辑性的，观点性非常强。在听的过程中，每部分的内容都是紧紧围绕观点而展开的，我们应通过观点去帮助我们判断。比如说上文中提到的chromatophore一词，出现在 章鱼利用细胞来变化颜色，所以就算我们不知道 chromatophore是色素细胞，也可以通过前后文判断，它是章鱼身上可以帮助变化颜色的东东。
有效使用托福听力TPO的四大阶段
众所周知，托福(课程)TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料。但是，你是否仍有如下困惑：我是不是把TPO的题目全部做完就能得高分?我只有1个月的备考时间，应该练习TPO第几套题?我已经刷了30多套听力题，为什么我的托福听力分数还是没有提高?
回答这些问题之前，请你先想想，你是怎么样做TPO的呢?
你的做题步骤是不是：做题-对答案-看原文-思考片刻-恍然大悟-开始听下一篇文章，如此循环?
如果你是这样对待TPO听力文章的话，那么你就走入了一个误区——没有合理地使用托福TPO听力。托福TPO是备考托福听力的必用宝典，来自ETS曾经考过的真题，有时还会直接出现于现在的托福听力加试部分。目前为止，ETS一共发布了42套TPO题目，其中37-42套题是相对接近现在考试的难度的。这些题如果运用得当，就足够提升我们的听力水平;但是如果使用不当，那就是白白浪费了这么宝贵的材料。
那么到底该如何充分有效地利用TPO呢?如何避免盲目练题呢?下面老师将对42套TPO整体难度进行分析，告诉大家如何从以下四个阶段利用TPO进行复习备考。
1. 第一阶段：基础段
听力成绩：13-15分
阶段目标：熟悉托福听力的题型和考试内容，摸索适合自己的学习方法。
推荐材料：TPO1-10 套，OG
难度分析：年代最早的TPO材料，整体来说比较简单，但TPO8&9套的题目难度较大，如果做的结果不好，不需要沮丧。
2. 第二阶段，分题型、分场景、分学科背景专项训练强化段
听力成绩：16-19分
阶段目标：总结学科背景，体会不同题型的解题技巧。
推荐材料：TPO11-20套
难度分析：大部分文章都属于普通难度，第11套比较简单，第12、15、16、19套中，各有一篇高难度的文章。
3. 第三阶段，套题模考强化段
听力成绩：20-24
阶段目标：适应听力部分的长度和考试强度，体会每一篇对话的话题转折处，以及讲座的段落层次考点。
推荐材料：TPO21-30
难度分析：TPO21-23属于高难度套题，TPO25之后和现在考试难度相似。
4. 第四阶段，冲刺段
听力成绩：25+
阶段目标：巩固解题技巧，查缺补漏，调整心态。
推荐材料：TPO30-42
难度分析：TPO30之后的题目，尤其是37-42套和现在的考试非常接近，是很好的模拟练习材料，而这几套题市面上还没有售卖，相应题目可以在新东方在线致赢托福一对一课程中获得。
其实，所谓的TPO难度是指文章和题目的综合难度，有的文章虽然音频听起来很复杂，全都是陌生的专业名词和细节描述，但后面的题目只是考了大的框架结构;而有些文章虽然听起来不难，但是后面的题目选项设置迷惑度却很大，这种规律现在出现的越来越多。所以，分析干扰选项的特征在完成题目后尤其重要。
篇5：托福听力常见难题解题思路
托福听力常见难题解题思路分享 如何做对讲座开头题?
托福听力疑难考点解读：讲座开头问题
首先解释一下这个考点：所谓讲座开头部分，指的是教授开始的寒暄以及引入讲座的部分，时间在第一分钟左右。大家需要明确的是，在讲座开始部分的提问，无论学生还是老师是发出者，教授的意思大多数是要引出下文。比如托福考试曾经考过metacognition(元认知)，教授在刚开始先引出元认知的概念，然后就举例，说音乐家和其他人的大脑有个部分不一样，大家有谁能知道不同大脑的元认知在这个时候有何不同?
这个信息点以原因题的形式考的，问到为什么教授会问这个问题，答案自然是，为了讲到这篇主旨：大脑和元认知的关系。在人手必备的托福官方真题当中，这个考点也经常考到：
托福官方真题17 L1实例讲解
“Amy: why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made?
Professor: That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. So obviously the artists didn’t put a signature or date on anything they did. So how do we know when this figure was carved? ”
这是在讲座第一分十秒开始的一个问答，题目的考试形式是重听题，重听内容即以上片段中的内容，那么按照答题规律，这道题目不管问法如何，答案选的是引出下文：
Why does the professor say this?
A. to make the point that written records are not important
B. to explain why the question is worth discussing
C. to justify the omission of an important point
D. to express this point about the quality of prehistoric art
正确答案B选项，虽然B说的是来解释一下为什么这个问题值得讨论，但正是说明这个问题是值得讨论的，所以接下来这篇讲座讲的便是对这个问题真正的全面的回答，即所谓的引出下文。
在以往考试以及托福官方真题中，此类题目不胜枚举，所以建议大家，对文章开头的问答以及事例一定要敏感，简记下来，如果可以判定例子出现在讲座的开头位置，并且后面是没有转折的，那么答案大多数都是与文章主旨有关。
复习托福听力的七大注意事项
复习托福听力注意事项一
千万不要再练习过程中因为听不懂文章就继续硬听，听完三四遍如果还是听不懂就应该马上看原文。看完原文之后再反复听，知道听到关键词都能够大脑条件反射，既不用想也能知道。在托福听力中，反复听已经听懂的要远比反复听自己听不懂的重要。
复习托福听力注意事项二
无论是哪种类型的听力，都要带着问题去听，而不必要的可以不听，特别是长文章。这样听力听完答案也就出来了。做托福听力的顺序应该是先看文章题目，再看答案，先了解文章的内容和，，并且要对答案以及文章的问题提法有所猜测，将自己的猜测和实际听力去对比，你会发现听力讲的都是你有所了解的事情，并且是有过思考的事情，化被动为主动。但是，要能够让猜测准确只有靠平时的多听、多练、多想，别无他法。
复习托福听力注意事项三
要将精听与泛听相结合。精听是基础，所谓精听就是指把录音材料上的内容完全听透彻。首先听其大意。第一遍时把我主旨大意，第二遍要逐句听，把每句话听透。尽量不要参考录音文字材料。第三遍在精听基础上，写下自己听到的信息。这样就可以查漏补缺，发现自身听力的薄弱环节。泛听是保障，要选取合适的材料，VOA的慢速英语新闻，电影原声录音等。
复习托福听力注意事项四
严把语音关。许多人碰到托福听力会出现这样的问题：一段对话听了好多遍还是听不懂，对照原文时却没有发现任何生词。这很可能是一些基本的语音问题所造成的。所以应该从纠音开始突破听力。有以下几个语音问题的方面需要注意：单个音标的发音，连读，失去爆破，重音和语调。
复习托福听力注意事项五
背单词的时候，注意对单词发音的掌握。因为音和义是密不可分的整体。，找一本有录音磁带的单词书。这种记忆方法不仅可以通过听音帮助记忆，也可以给听力打下良好的基础。
复习托福听力注意事项六
考前一周不要太集中的听听力了。每天要保证一个量的问题，既不要让自己的耳朵在考前过度疲劳，也不要只听一遍，让自己的耳朵到考前失了状态。推荐每天真正做两篇听力，自己锻炼用1-2篇。
复习托福听力注意事项七
考试之前的一周留四五套从没做过的考题，不要之前很快把所有题做完。留几套题可以在考前让自己热身，真正体验考试的感觉。
全面解析托福听力题型
托福听力题型之主旨题：
IBT听力主旨题考查把握谈话或演讲的主要内容的能力。对于任何一个长段子，首先务必要把握的是文章的主旨和结构，只有主旨确定了，才有可能进一步去理解细节，做推断。
主旨题特点：
通常是对一个谈话或演讲的主要内容的综合概括。
在一段长演讲中，通常会有两个或以上的主要表述内容，但这些内容往往是相互关联的，它们互相补充构成一个完整的主题。
典型提问形式：
托福听力主旨题的问题常常以特殊疑问词开头， 例如：
What is the subject of the conversation?
Why did the man go to see the professor?
What are the man and the woman discussing?
What is the woman’s problem?
What is the lecture mainly about?
What is the professor mainly discussing?
What aspect of ?? does the instructor mainly discuss?
托福听力题型之细节题：
托福听力中的细节是指具体的信息，例如说话人提及的事实、描述、定义和例子等。
细节题特点：
细节题要求考生重现对话或讲座中的具体信息，不需要做过多的推测
基于ETS考察内容是和主旨有关的重要细节。我们在听的过程中需要把握的往往是和考点相联系的重要信号词，比如说表示因果的so, thus等词对应于细节题中常考察的因果关系
典型提问模式：
What does the woman suggest the man do?
What help did the young man receive? Click on two answers。
Select the diagram that represents ????
According to the instructor, what characteristic should ?.... have?
How did the professor introduce ??.. ?
According to the speaker, what does ??? mean?
According to the prof essor, why is A superior to B?
托福听力题型之部分目的题：
研究分析发现，目的题有两种：一种是与主旨相关的，例如what is the purpose of the talk?这种形式已经在主旨题中有所列举;另外，有些目的题只与部分对话或讲座的内容相关此，类题目主要考察考生对语言交流的实际掌握能力，听出讲话者所呈现的目的。
部分目的题特点：
这类目的题的问题通常问的是某个短语或句子的作用
有些题目需要考生再听一次部分对话或讲座的内容
说话人通常不会直接说出自己的目的，而是用间接的表达
典型提问模式：
Why does the student say this?
Why does the student say ?
Why does the student mention ?
Why does the professor talk about?
Why does the instructor ask the class about ?
托福听力题型之态度题：
考生需要判断出说话人对讨论过的人或事的看法或感觉，主要考察考生对语言交流的实际掌握能力，听出讲话者所呈现的态度。
态度题特点：
有些题目需要考生再听一次部分对话或讲座的内容
正确答案往往不是文中的直接表述
说话人的态度通常是影响深刻、高兴、感兴趣、惊讶、焦虑等
典型提问模式：
Select the sentence that best expresses how the student probably feels?
What is the student’s attitude toward ?
What is the speaker’s opinion of ?
What does the professor think of ?
What is the professor’s point of view concerning ?
托福听力题型之推断题：
推断题包括“推论”和“预测”两种形式。推论是原文没有直接表达的，需要考生进行推测的信息;预测则是需要考生根据说话人所说的话推测出其未来的行为。
推断题特点：
有些题目需要考生再听一次部分对话或讲座的内容
文中一般没有直接提及的信息
典型提问模式：
What does the speaker imply about ?
What can be inferred about ?
What is probably true about ?
What can be inferred from the talk?
What will the woman probably do next?
What will the students probably do next?
What will the professor probably discuss next?
篇6：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题
重听题
重听题是托福听力题目中一种非常特殊的题型。在这种题目中，讲述人会把录音材料中的一小部分内容重新读一遍，然后让考生根据这段重新听到的内容找出符合要求的选项。在考试中，每道重听题中都会给出一个耳机的图标。其常见的提问方式为：
Listen again to part of the lecture, then answer the question.
What does the professor mean when she says this?
重听题的解题思路比较多样化。有些题目考查所重复段落的含义，有些题目考查段落中某个习惯用语的含义。考生要根据自己所听到的内容，辨别出题人想考查的到底是哪方面的内容。另外，有些重听题中虽然重复了一部分文章内容，但是必须结合重复的内容在录音材料中的上下文去推理才能得出答案。所以考试在做题时要保持清醒的头脑，如果发观从重复的内容中找不到答案，就要立刻回忆，从上下文中去寻找正确答案。
是非判断题
是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型，一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子，让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。以下例题是其常见的出题方式：
The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process.
YES/NO
The animal dies.
The hard tissues decompose.
The soft tissues decompose.
The hard tissues remain.
是非判断题多数情况下与细节题考查的内容有类似之处，需要考生多关注录音材料中的细节之处。是非判断题的YES和NO的答案个数并不是平均分配的，但一般不会出现所有答案全是YES或者NO的情况，考生可以利用这一点，在做题时判断自己的选项是否选得合适。
托福听力练习：能喷射甲烷的生物
The first life on Earth appeared about four billion years ago. One place these pioneering organisms may have emerged is at hydrothermal vents, deep underwater. Where unusual chemistry provided energy for primitive life-forms to survive. Life-forms like the methane-belching microbes found at the vents today.
Now, for the first time, researchers have found evidence of methane-producing life in similarly extreme conditions, but at the surface of the Earth — at a spring in northern California, called The Cedars. The water there is extremely basic — with a pH of 11.6. And it contains no oxygen. Not an easy place to survive.
Researchers tested water and sediment at the Cedars. Some samples got dosed with mercuric chloride to kill any life present. Those dosed samples produced no methane. But the samples in which microbes were allowed to survive did put out methane. Confirming that at least some of the methane at the springs is indeed biological in origin. The findings appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences.
The finding has implications for climate change alleviation. A geologically similar spring in Oman has been proposed as a site for carbon storage—pumping CO2 underground, where it gets incorporated in stone. But the extremophiles at The Cedars can use CO2 to make methane—an even more potent greenhouse gas. “So imagine pumping CO2 into the ground and having it come back up as methane.” Penny Morrill, a biogeochemist at Memorial University of Newfoundland. “This will not necessarily happen, but it is something to be tested for before fully implementing a carbon capture and storage technology at one of these types of sites.”
Morrill says the study's also a reminder that life is tenacious. “We should not let our biases prevent us from looking for evidence of life in what we would otherwise consider an unexpected place.” Including other planets and moons.
地球上的第一个生命出现在约40亿年以前。这些先驱生物出现的其中一个地方是深海热泉和深海。那里不寻常的化学物质为原始生命形态提供了生存下去的能量。现在深海热泉发现了能喷射甲烷的微生物。
研究人员首次发现了能产生甲烷的生物生活在类似极端环境的证据，而这个地方位于地球表面，那就是加利福尼亚州北部的雪松泉。这里的水很普通，酸碱值为11.6。但是水里没有氧气。这可不是一个容易生存的地方。
研究人员对雪松泉里的水和沉积物进行了检测。一些样本里含有氯化汞，可以致死任何生命。这类样本不能产生甲烷。而可以让微生物生存的样本会释放出甲烷。这表明，至少该泉水里的一些甲烷的确是生物起源。这一发现刊登在《地球物理学研究杂志：生物地球科学》上。
这一研究对减缓气候变化有启示意义。安曼一处具有类似地质的泉水被推荐作为碳储存地，输送被注入地下岩石储存的二氧化碳。但是雪松泉的极端微生物可以利用二氧化碳制造甲烷，甲烷是一种更强的温室气体。“想象一下，将二氧化碳输送至地下，然后再把它变成甲烷。”纽芬兰纪念大学的生物化学家佩妮·莫里尔表示，“这不一定会发生，但是这是在这类地方完全实现碳捕捉和储存技术之前要进行的测试。”
莫里尔表示，这项研究还提醒人们生命是顽强的。“我们不应该因为偏见而停止在意想不到的地方寻找生命证据的脚步”。这些地方包括其他星球和月球。
重点讲解：
1. for the first time 首次;第一次;
例句：For the first time luck hooked onto me.
运气第一次降临到我头上。
2. at least 至少，起码;
例句：At least this second meeting had helped to thaw the atmosphere.
这第二次会议至少起到了缓和气氛的作用。
3. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止;制止;阻碍;
例句：Cotton mittens will prevent the baby from scratching his own face.
棉的连指手套使婴儿不会抓伤自己的脸。
4. look for 寻找，寻求，谋求(解决方案或新的方法);
例句：The working group will be looking for practical solutions to the problems faced by doctors.
工作小组将寻求切实可行的方案，以解决医生们遇到的难题。
2020托福听力练习：肠道细菌之间存在互惠互利关系
It's one of the underwater world's classic partnerships:clownfish and Nemo hides out in the anemone, which helps keep predatory fish at bay.
“But at the same time there are other fish species that will kind of nibble on the sea anemones, and the clownfish will actually go out and scare them away.” Jeff Gore, a biophysicist at MIT.
“So in this case there's across-protection mutualism between these two species in which they help to avoid predation.”
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals.
But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes.
He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria:
one resistant to ampicillin, the other to chloramphenicol.
The researchers grew the bacteria together in a test tube, in the presence of both antibiotics.
And rather than succumbing to the drugs, each bacterial strain deactivated one of the two antibiotics—thus protecting the other strain.
That activity led to a stable coexistence over time.
Which Gore says could in theory give the bugs an opportunity to swap resistance genes, through what’s called horizontal gene transfer—one bacterium donates genetic material to another.
Any such transfer could make either or both strains individually resistant to both types of antibiotics.
The findings are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The same story might play out in our guts, too—but it's too early to translate it into medical guidance.
“It's always important to remember that just because we see a particular dynamic in the laboratory doesn't mean we should immediately go and change our clinical dosing practices.
But then those sorts of results are then used as a guide for the kinds of phenomena that clinicians may want to watch out for in their circumstances.”
Cause the more we know about this bacterial buddy system, the better we may be at breaking it up if they team up against us.
这是水下世界中存在的传统伙伴关系:小丑鱼尼莫藏身于海葵中躲避食肉鱼类。
“但与此同时其它鱼类也会一点一点啃食海葵，而这时小丑鱼就会蹿出来将它们吓走。”麻省理工学院的生物物理学家杰夫•格尔说道。
“因此在这种情况下这两个物种就形成了互惠共生关系。”
动物互惠互利关系.jpg
这种互相保护的关系经常可以在两种动物间看到。
但格尔研究了微生物中的这种互惠共生关系。
他和自己的团队对两种耐药性大肠杆菌进行了研究，通过首个试验例子展现出抗药性微生物之间的这种互惠共生关系:
一种菌株耐氨苄青霉素，而另一种则耐氯霉素。
研究人员在一个实验试管两种抗生素都存在的情况下将这两种菌株同时培养。
结果表明，这两种菌株非但没有向抗生素屈服，而是每种菌株各自抵抗其中的一种，从而保护对方。
这样的行为能使菌种稳定的共存。
而格尔表示，理论上讲这种行为使得细菌互相交换抗性基因，这就是我们所说的水平基因转移，期间一种细菌将自己的遗传物质奉献给另一个。
肠道中不同细菌之间或也存在互惠互利关系.jpg
任何这样的转移可以使两种菌株的其中一种或者两者对两种类型的抗生素产生抗性。
这项研究已在《国家科学研究进展》杂志上发表。
这种同样的事情可能也在我们的肠道中上演，但把它变成医学指导方针可能为时过早。
重要的一点是要牢记，因为我们只在实验室中见过的这种特别行为并不意味着我们就可以立即采用并改变医学指导方针。
但当临床医生想要在工作中进行观察时，这样的实验结果可以作为研究这种互惠共生的一种指导方针。
因为我们对细菌这样的体系了解的越多，在它们联合起来对付我们时，我们就越可能更好的消灭它们。
1.hide out 躲藏在外
例句:Can I hide out with you?
我可以隐藏了你?
2.translate into 翻译成…;把…转化成
例句:Today, it may translate into confusion and a daunting level of research and mentalinvestment.
今天，它可能转变为混乱和使人畏缩程度的研究和心智的投资。
3.lead to 导致
例句:A lack of prudence may lead to financial problems.
不够谨慎可能会导致财政上出现问题。
4.play out 逐渐发生;展开
例句:Her union reforms were played out against a background of rising unemployment.
她对工会的改革是在失业率不断上升的背景下展开的。
篇7：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：推理题和预测题
推理题
托福听力推理题是让考生根据所听内容进行推理从而选出答案的题型。常见的提问方式包括：
What does the woman imply about the new medical research?
What can we infer from the professor’s comment on the New England system?
在做题时，考生首先需要仔细读清楚选项。因为推理题的答案一般不会在录音材料中给出，而是需要考生对材料内容进行进一步引申，得出更深层次的内容。所以，考生往往只有在读完选项之后才能知道答案对应的内容。同时，推理题虽然考查的是录音材料的细节之处，但是其考查内容还是围绕着全文主题展开的。因此在做题时，考生如果实在不知道选哪一个，那么就可以去选和全文主题最接近的选项，这样的选项大多数都是正确的。
预测题
预测题是对长对话或讲座结束后将会发生何种事情的猜测的考查。这种目有一个鲜明特征，就是在题干中经常会出现will这个表示将来时态的助动词。预测题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What will the man do after the conversation?
What will the student include in his assignment?
What kind of assignment will the professor give?
考生在解答预测题时首先要注意，预测题有一个十分常见的情况，就是它的答案一般都出现在一篇录音材料的结尾。同时，预测题的答案在出现时一般都是由讲话人使用一个提出建议的句子来给出。因此，考生只要在文章结尾听到提出建议的句子，一定要将其中所提出的建议记下来，这往往就是预测题的答案。表示建议的常见句型：How about…/What about…/Why not…/Why don’t you…/Would you mind…/Would you please…/I have a suggestion for you./You need to…/You should…/You’d better…
2020托福听力练习：膝关节响声或为患者康复提供帮助
The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant.
But it gets worse when you listen up close.
“It does for most people. But for me, it just makes me excited.”
Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech.
“I actually feel like there's some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of helping people with rehab.”
Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus.
“If I had a really hard workout, then the next day of course I'd be sore, but I'd also sometimes feel this catching or popping or creaking every now and then in my knee.”
A few years later, he found himself building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company.
So when he got to Georgia Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted better tech for knee injuries, he thought:
Why not strap tiny microphones to people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? “
What we think it is, is the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing against each other, during the movements.”
He and a team of physiologists and engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny Mics and skin sensors.
And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one.
Which Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery.
Details appear in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.
“The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular activities.”
A useful thing to take a crack at.
膝盖裂开的声音肯定不是令人特别愉悦。
但是你靠近听时，声音就会更刺耳。
“很多人都是这样的感觉，但对我而言，这种声音只会让我更为兴奋。”
佐治亚州理工学院的一名电气工程师奥默尔•伊恩楠说道。
“实际上我认为这些声音中包含的一些的信息可以为患者所用并且有助于他们康复。”
伊恩楠的膝盖创伤经历要追溯到他在斯坦福大学的学生时代，他就是在那里开始讨论这项实验。
“我要是刻苦进行训练，第二天膝盖就会非常痛，但有时我也会感觉膝盖发出咯吱咯吱的声响。
而几年后他在一家高端音频公司制造了微型麦克风。
因此当伊恩楠来到佐治亚州理工学院并听说到DARPA，即美国国防部高级研究计划局的这项工程后，他希望能研发更先进的技术来治疗膝伤，于是他想:
“为什么不把微型麦克风植入人体膝盖记录下膝盖弯曲发出的声音呢?”
我们认为发出声音是因为软骨和骨头相互摩擦所致，而运动的过程中，膝盖内部这两者的表面会相互摩擦。
他和他的生物学家及工程师小组用弹性透气胶带、一些微型麦克风及皮肤传感器建立了一个原型。
而对运动员的初步测试表明，同健康膝盖相比，受伤膝盖中所侦测到的声音更加不稳定，也更无规律可循。
伊恩楠表示这项技术可能会让病人及医生手在术后进行追踪治疗。
这项研究已在《IEEE生物医学工程》杂志上发表。
“我们进行这个项目的主要目标人群是患者的膝盖受到严重创伤后，首先要让他们知道，在康复期间何时可以进行特殊活动及何时可以增加强度。
这种追踪会非常有用。
1.listen up 听好了
例句:All right! I need everybody to listen up!
好了!大家都听好了!
2.each other 互相，彼此
例句:They support each other in their work.
他们在工作中互相支持。
3.move to 移动到
例句:It may also be a good move to suggest she talks things over.
建议她把事情谈开了也许是不错的做法。
4.appear in 出现在
例句:New programmes will appear in the fall on television.
秋季将有新节目在电视上出现。
2020托福听力练习：改善室内空气质量的绿色方案
Air pollution outside is easy to spot, hanging over the city, or sputtering from a tailpipe. But there's lot of indoor air pollution, too, even if it's not as obvious. It's caused by volatile organic compounds, or VOCs.
“They can come from building materials like paints, carpet, adhesives, vinyl floors, varnishes, solvents, etc.” Vadoud Niri, an analytical chemist at the State University of New York, Oswego. “And also they can come from home and personal care products, cleaning chemicals, air freshener, cosmetics.”
And that cosmetics part... is what caught Niri's attention. “One day when I went to a nail salon with my wife, I noticed the smell of, specifically, acetone in there. And since I was doing air analysis at that time, I thought maybe we can do something about this.” Acetone can irritate your eyes, skin, nose and throat and at high concentrations can cause nausea, headaches and other nervous system problems.
Niri figured one way to get rid of acetone might be with houseplants. So he reviewed decades of literature in the field of plants as environmental cleanup agents—which is called biofiltration or phytoremediation. He then ran his own experiment, using an airtight chamber, eight VOCs, in concentrations similar to those found in nail salons, and five common houseplants: a jade plant, a spider plant, a bromeliad, a Caribbean tree cactus, and what's known as a Dracaena plant.
Turns out, after a twelve-hour test, it was the bromeliad that scrubbed the most chemicals from the air. But as for his original quest, removing acetone from nail salons? The Dracaena beat out the others, sucking up 94 percent of the offensive compound. He presented the results at a meeting of the American Chemical Society, in Philadelphia.
Niri hasn't worked out all the details on the nail salon solution yet—that's next. But for a house or apartment, he says, “use a variety of plants to make sure you take all types of VOCs from your indoor air.” Plus, they're an energy-free alternative to other air cleaning devices. In other words, a truly green solution.
室外空气污染很容易看出来，污染物悬浮在城市上方，或者从排气管溅射出来。但是，虽然并不明显，但是室内也存在大量的空气污染。室内空气污染的源头是挥发性有机化合物(简称为VOCs)。
“它们可能来自油漆、地毯、粘合剂、地板革、清漆、溶剂等等建筑材料。”瓦杜德·尼里是纽约州立大学奥斯威戈分校的分析化学师。“它们也可能来自家居和个人保健产品、清洁剂、空气清新剂、化妆品。”
这其中，化妆品中的挥发物质吸引了尼里的注意力。“有一天，我和妻子一起去美甲沙龙，在那里我闻到了丙酮的味道。因为当时我正在进行空气分析，所以我想或许我们可以做这方面的研究。”丙酮可以刺激人的眼睛、皮肤、鼻子还有咽喉，高浓度的丙酮可以引发恶心、头痛以及其他神经系统问题。
尼里发现室内盆栽植物可以去除丙酮。所以，他浏览了数十年来有关植物净化空气的相关文献，这种方法被称为生物过滤或植物修复。然后，尼里自己进行了实验测试，他在一个密封的房间里放了8种挥发性有机化合物，其浓度与指甲沙龙内的浓度相似，另外他还放了5种常见的室内盆栽植物：一盆玉植物、一盆吊兰、一盆凤梨、一盆加勒比仙人掌和一盆龙血树属植物。
十二个小时的测试结果表明，凤梨最能吸收空气中的有毒气体。但是，至于最初的疑问，去除美甲沙龙里的丙酮?在这个问题上，龙血树是最厉害的，它吸收了94%的有害物质。尼里在费城举行的美国化学学会上发表了自己的研究结果。
尼里并没有完全解决美甲沙龙的问题。但是尼里表示，对于房屋或者公寓来说，“可以用多种植物来吸收室内空气中的各种挥发性有机化合物。”而且，这种方法是可以替代其他空气清洁设备的零能源方法。换言之，这是真正的绿色解决方案。
重点讲解：
1. get rid of 摆脱;甩掉;赶走;
例句：We have to get rid of the mud and dirt on the road.
我们必须把路上的烂泥和脏物除去。
2. beat out 打败;击败;战胜;
例句：Indianapolis beat out nearly 100 other cities as the site for a huge United Airlines maintenance center.
印第安纳波利斯从近百座城市中胜出，成为美国联合航空公司大型维护中心所在地。
3. work out 想出，得到(解决方法);解(谜);
例句：She finds it difficult to work out the problem.
她发现解决这问题有困难。
4. in other words 换言之;换句话说;也就是说;
例句：In other words, our forces, although small at present, will grow very rapidly.
这就是说，现在虽只有一点小小的力量，但是它的发展会是很快的。
篇8：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题
主旨题
主旨题是以录音材料的主旨大意作为考查内容的一种题型。主旨题的考查频率非常高，几乎每篇托福听力的录音材料都会考一道主旨题，有的录音材料甚至会考两道。主旨题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What is the main idea of this lecture?
What are the two speakers talking about?
Why does the student go to see his professor?
主旨题虽然考查频率高，但是相对来说解题难度并不大。大多数托福听力录音材料的主题都会出现在开头的1-2分钟内，有时主题的关键词或是关键词组在录音中还会被反复提及。考生只要抓住录音开头的内容，就能够解决大多数的托福听力主旨题。除此之外，解答某些主旨题必须将录音材料各段的主题加以归纳，才能够得出全文的主旨。只要考生听懂了每段话的开头几句，这些题目一般解题难度也不会很大。
细节题
细节题，顾名思义，就是考查录音材料中细节信息的题型。这是在托福听力所有题型中考查频率最高的一种题型，每篇录音材料平均都会考查3-4道题。这种题目考查的具体内容非常琐碎，时间、数字、回答的内容、列举的内容都能成为细节题的考查对象。要想做好细节题，考生需要对说话人提到的时间、地点、物品名称等多加留意。细节题常见的提问方式有以下几种：
When will the woman go to the lab?
What does the word “anthropologist“ mean? According to the passage, what is the most significant event in 2.000 B.C.?
Why does the critic dislike the ancient style of sculpture?
托福听力练习：大容量酒杯诱使人喝更多酒
Ever order a drink, and feel stiffed on the pour? Well, before you bother the bartender, take a closer look at the size of your glass. ”So people will generally perceive there to be less in larger containers, than in smaller ones.“ Theresa Marteau, a behavioral scientist at the University of Cambridge, in England.
She and her colleagues had analyzed how larger portions — and larger plates — lure us into eating more food. And they wondered: could the same be true for alcohol?
So the researchers convinced the staff at a local bar to run an experiment: every two weeks, for four months, they'd rotate the bar's wine glasses from the standard 300 milliliter size, to either slightly larger — 370 milliliters, or slightly smaller — 250 milliliters. And see how the size of the glass affected patrons' drinking habits, even though the pour, the volume of alcoholic beverage, was unchanged.
Turns out, serving wine in smaller glasses had no measurable effect. But the large glasses boosted wine sales 10 percent — even after controlling for day of the week, temperature, holidays and so on. The reason? ”When the wine, the same volume, is being served in a larger glass, then people are probably perceiving they've got less in there.“ Which, she says, means they might drink more, assuming they haven't hit their nightly limit. Or, they might just feel less satisfied with the pour, and buy another round. The study appears in the journal BMC Public Health.
Aside from altering her own habits — ”I do use smaller glasses, yes“—Marteau says that, if subsequent studies confirm this effect, public health officials might consider mandating a certain average glass size. ”Specifying the size, the maximum size in which wine can be sold could be a measure that's introduced to reduce the overconsumption of alcohol that seems to be cued by the glass size.“ Until that happens, the bar in the study now always serves its wine in the larger glasses.
在点的酒上来以后，你在倒酒时有没有觉得很不方便?在麻烦服务员以前，请你仔细观察一下酒杯的大小。“一般来说，人们认为大容器里面的酒比小容器里的少。”英国剑桥大学行为科学家特丽萨·马尔托说。
她和同事就大份量和大盘子如何诱使我们吃更多食物进行了分析。他们想知道：这对酒类是否同样适用?
研究人员说服当地一家酒吧的工作人员进行了一项实验：在四个月的时间里，每隔两周轮流将酒吧里酒杯300毫升的标准容量调至370毫升的大容量和250毫升的小容量。然后观察酒杯的容量如何影响顾客的饮酒习惯，在这一过程中，酒精饮料的倾倒和分量保持不变。
结果发现，用小容量酒杯供应酒没有产生明显的影响。但是使用大容量酒杯使酒的销售量上涨了10%，这是在控制供应天数，计算温度和假日等影响后得出的结果。原因是什么?“同样分量的酒以大容量酒杯供应时，人们可能会认为酒杯里的酒少了。”她说，这表明顾客在还能喝的情况下，可能会喝更多的酒。或者，他们可能会在倒酒时感到不太满意，然后会再买一杯。这一研究结果发表在《英国医学委员会公共健康》期刊上。
除了改变自己的习惯以外，马尔托表示她本人用小容量酒杯饮酒，她说，如果后续研究能确认这一影响，那公共建康官员可能会考虑对酒杯的平均容量进行规定。“对各类酒在出售时可以供应的酒杯容量进行规定，明确最大容量，这一措施可以减少因酒杯容量而引发的酒精过度消费情况。”在规定出台前，进行实验的酒吧仍在用大容量酒杯供应酒。
重点讲解：
1. convince sb. to do sth. 说服;
例句：I am seeking to convince Karen to go out with me.
我正试着劝说凯伦和我一起出去。
2. even though 即使;
例句：Even though he's old he's game for anything.
尽管他年岁已大,但他对什么都敢作敢为。
3. and so on 如此等等;
例句：These cars vary in size, price, colour and so on.
这些汽车在大小、价格、颜色等方面各不相同。
4. aside from 除了…外;
例句：Aside from canceling a few dates, I kept working.
除了取消了几个约会外，我一直在工作。
2020托福听力练习：研究或揭示狗的祖先是欧亚大陆的狼
In Jack London's The Call of the Wild, a pet dog named Buck winds up in the Yukon…where he succumbs to his desire to return to his wild cousins…the wolves.
”It's hard to say no to that call, isn't it Buck? It's all right boy.
Go ahead.“
Of course, Buck himself was the descendant of wolves.
Wolves that lived more than 10,000 years ago.
”At this time people would have been hunting and gathering.“
Laurent Frantz, a geneticist at the University of Oxford in the U.K.
Humans roamed across Eurasia.
They would eat, and throw scraps around their settlement.
Which attracts wildlife. Wildlife like wolves.
Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says:
those wolves that feared humans, and those that didn't.
”So this would have facilitated, I think, the domestication process.“
At which point humans deliberately took wolves as pets.
But that domestication process, Frantz says, may have happened more than once: first in the west, in Europe.
And again in the far east, in Asia.
Frantz and his colleagues analyzed the DNA from a 4,800-year-old Irish dog's ear bone, along with the genomes of hundreds of other modern and ancient dogs.
After building a family tree, they determined that dogs could have been first domesticated in Europe, at least 15,000 years ago.
But the data also point to another domestication in East Asia, more than 13,000 years ago.
Sometime after that, they say, humans from East Asia wandered to Europe… and brought their dogs with them.
Leading to a mixing of the two populations.
The study appears in the journal Science.
Frantz says most purebred dog breeds trace their origins to the 1800s.
But as this study reminds us—if you go back far enough, all dogs are mutts.
杰克·伦敦的小说《野性的呼唤》中，一只名为巴克的狗狗最终从人类文明社会返回狼群。
那样的呼唤很难拒绝，对吧，巴克!好了伙计。
走吧!
当然，巴克是狼的后代。
驯化过程.jpg
狼在10,000多年前就开始生活。
“那时候的人们一直过着群居及打猎的生活。”
洛伦特·弗朗茨是英国牛津大学的一位遗传学家。
人类横跨了欧亚大陆。
他们曾经在进食后将吃剩下的东西扔在定居点周围。
这就招来了野生动物，狼就包括在内。
而他表示随着时间的推移狼群会产生两派。
“那就是害怕人类的狼群及毫无惧意的狼群。
我认为这就促成了狼的驯化过程。
人类曾故意将狼当作宠物。
弗朗茨表示这种驯化过程曾经发生过不只一次，第一次是在西方的欧洲;
其次是在遥远的东方亚洲。
弗朗茨和他的同事们对48前爱尔兰狗的耳骨及数千只现代及古代狗的基因组进行了对比分析。
在建立家谱后，他们认为至少在15,000年前，狗就第一次在欧洲被人类驯服。
但数据也显示在13,000多年前，东亚也曾经有过驯服动物的行为。
而后的时间，研究人员认为东亚人带着驯服过的狗前往欧洲。
这导致两个种群的混合。
这项研究已在《科学》杂志上发表。
弗朗茨表示最纯种狗的起源能够追溯到18世纪。
但这项研究提醒我们，如果你追溯的足够久远，就会发现所有的狗都不是纯种。
1.wind up 收尾;煞尾
例句:The President is about to wind up his visit to Somalia.
总统即将结束对索马里的访问。
2.domestication process 驯化过程
例句:In their studies, the researchers also found that farmers have tried to develop ricevarieties expressing the GIF1 gene during the domestication process.
在研究过程中，科研人员也发现了在水稻驯化过程中，农民选择培育了GIF1高表达的水稻变种。
3.along with 随着
例句:I'll go along with you.
我将随同你一起去。
4.family tree 族谱;系谱
例句:A family tree shows our family members and relatives.
家谱表明我们的家庭成员和亲戚。
篇9：托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：结构题和态度题
托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：结构题和态度题
结构题
结构题是以录音材料的行文结构、展开顺序作为考查内容的题型，常见的提问方式有以下几种：
What is the organization of this passage?
How is the lecture organized?
What method does the professor use to develop his idea?
在实际考试中，结构题考得并不多，但是解答起来却令很多考生感觉头疼。因为任何一篇录音材料都不会主动讲出“本文是一种怎样的结构”，因此想从讲述人所说的内容中直接找到答案是很困难的。那么想解答这种题目，考生就需要在复习时熟练掌握托福听力的录音材料有哪几种常见结构，每种结构有什么特征。只有这样，在做题的时候才能够做到有针对性地听题。
态度题
态度题是考查说话人对某话题所持的态度的题型。这种题型考查的范围比较广泛，有些题目考查说话人对某人的态度，有些则考查说话人对某事件的态度，还有的题目会考查说话人对某观点的态度。态度题常见的提问方式如下：
What is the professor’s attitude toward the expert on the television programme?
在解态度题时，讲话人的语气和语调是一个非常重要的解题因素。在录音中，如果说话人突然出现声音变大、语调降低或者说话重复、结巴等现象，往往都从侧面表明了其对某一事物所持的态度。考生在听到这样的句子时一定要加以辨识。
2020托福听力练习：害羞的鱼类更喜欢追随同样胆小的鱼
When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid.
Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different.
What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from under cover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed.
Of course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The findings are in the journal Biology Letters.
The researchers write that ”when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort.“ We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.
你可能认为领导者通常都是非常大胆的个体。但是一项有关刺鱼的新研究表示，害羞的鱼类更喜欢追随同样胆小的鱼。
研究人员将已知性格的三只刺鱼分为一组，观察它们追随领导者的情况。刺鱼被放在一个水箱里，水箱的一头有一些塑料植物，另一头藏有一些食物。在有些组中，一只大胆的鱼和一只害羞的鱼充当领导者，而另一只害羞的鱼则跟随它们。而在其他组中，跟随的却是一只大胆的鱼。研究人员记录了跟随者采取行动的频率，看它们是跟随行为相似的鱼出现的次数更多，还是跟随性格相反的鱼出来的次数更多。
研究人员得出的结论是，当同样谨慎的鱼出现时，害羞的鱼更可能从遮蔽物中出来。大胆的跟随者似乎并不在乎它们跟随的领导者是谁。
当然了，在实验过程中，无论一只刺鱼选择跟随哪只鱼，大胆的鱼领导的探险多于腼腆的鱼。这是因为无论是谁在跟随，大胆的鱼发起的探险更多。实验结果发表在《生物学通讯》上。
研究人员写道：“在可以选择领导者时，刺鱼更喜欢跟随在个性上同自己相符的个体，但是即使在害羞的鱼中间，较大胆的个体也能通过加倍努力来施加它们的领导力。”我们很快就会看到这种趋向性是否同样适用于人类，因为美国人将于今年11月决定他们要追随的人选。除非发生可疑的事情。
1. sally forth 勇敢投入;
例句：With these desperate speeches he sallied forth upon the desiegers.
说完这些绝望的话，他就朝围攻的人冲去。
2. be likely to do sth. 可能(做…)的;有(…)倾向的;
例句：The fires are likely to permanently deforest the land.
这些火灾很可能会彻底毁掉这片土地上的森林。
3. stick with 紧跟;紧随;和…呆在一起;
例句：Tugging the woman's arm, she pulled her to her side saying: 'You just stick with me, dear.'
她拽着那个女人的胳膊，将她拉到自己身边说：“亲爱的，你就跟我呆在一起。”
4. regardless of 不顾;不管;不论;
例句：We will do it regardless of what might happen.
不管情况怎样，我们决意这样做。
5. hold true 同样适用;
例句：This law is known to hold true for galaxies at a distance of at least several billion light years.
这个定律被普遍认为同样适用于至少数十亿光年之远的星系。
2020托福听力练习：美国总统候选人或因逃避问题受到指责
This campaign season, there's been plenty of name calling and lots of accusations.
David Clementson, a PhD candidate at The Ohio State University, has been keeping tabs.
”I mean there was one debate where Rubio and Cruz were just all over Trump, accusing him of dodging questions.“
”But that doesn't answer the question.“
”He didn't answer…“
”You have yet to answer a single serious question about any of this.“
Clementson wanted to see if claims of question dodging actually held up, historically—not necessarily in the unique case of Trump.
So Clementson analyzed the transcripts of 14 presidential debates, from to .
Overall, he found 51 accusations of question dodging—26 by Dems, 25 by Republicans.
A third of the time, the accused candidate did in fact go off-topic.
But in every single case, the accused candidate still mentioned the question topic.
Meaning that most of the time, he says, candidates are unfairly accused of question-dodging.
The results are in the Journal of Language and Social Psychology.
Clementson's advice for the next debate?
”Just because a politician of your partisan affiliation or your party ID is telling you that the other guy can't be believed, doesn't necessarily mean that that politician is accurately detecting deception.“
In other words, don't trust'em.
Because the politician doing the accusing may be the one telling lies.
”Lying Ted…he's a liar.“
美国总统大选正展开激烈争夺，而其中却充斥着诸多谩骂及指责。
美国俄亥俄州立大学的博士生大卫·克莱门森，一直在从事这方面的研究。
“我指的是卢比奥和克鲁兹曾一度指责特朗普的逃避问题。”
“但那并不是回答问题。”
“他没回应…”
美国总统大选.jpg
“你还没有回答这个非常严肃的问题”。
克莱门森想要看看逃避问题的主张是否真的会变成对手发难的软肋，过往历史显示在特朗普的这种特例情况并不一定。
因此，克莱门森分析了从到14位总统候选人之间的辩论记录。
他发现，总体上共有51次回避问题受到指责—民主党26次，共和党25次。
而三分之一的时间里，受指责一方的确偏离话题。
但大多数时间内，被指责的候选人仍然在提及相关的问题。
他表示，这表明大部分的时间里，候选人被指责回避问题是不公平的。
这项研究已在《语言和社会心理学》杂志上发表。
而下一轮的辩论克莱门森有什么建议呢?
仅仅是因为你的党派关系中有一位政治家或你的政党身份告诉自己，不能信任对方，这并不一定意味着那位政治家就真的存在欺骗行为。
换言之，不要轻信于人。
因为这位指责于人的政治家也有可能在撒谎。
说谎的泰德，他就是个骗子。
1.plenty of 很多
例句:I had plenty of space to write and sew.
我有足够的空间进行写作和缝纫。
2.want to 想要
例句:I don't want to leave, but I can't go on.
我不想离开，但我继续不下去了。
3.hold up 举起;支撑
例句:She held up her hand stiffly.
她直挺挺地举着手。
篇10：托福听力常见解题思维陷阱讲解
托福听力陷阱选项中有一种迷惑型极强的选项，里面包含了原文中的某些关键词，但是整句话做了细节篡改导致似是而非，有些同学由于只看到关键词而没有仔细翻译整个选项的意思就做出选择导致选错。
举个例子：
What characteristic of no to the nioids helps them survive in subfreezing temperatures?
A. They maintain an unusually high body temperature.
B. A special tissue in their eyes enables them to see through ice.
C. Special proteins make their blood circulate too fast to freeze.
D. Ice crystals in their bodies are prevented from growing large enough to harm them.
这道题原文中的表述是no to the nioids这种南极鱼由于体内有某种蛋白质导致它们能在零度以下的水温里生存，很多同学看到C选项中的proteins直接选择了改答案，但是整句话中对proteins的解释和原文是不符的，是典型的细节迷惑型选项，正确答案为D，对proteins的正确解释。
解决方法
了解这种细节迷惑型选项的普遍存在性，注意解题时精确思考避让。
托福听力解题思维陷阱：不熟悉题型解题思路造成的问题
由于对题型的解题思路理解不透彻，不遵守，主观排除正确答案。
举个例子：
What had the man assumed about human impact on the environment?
A. That human impact on the environment is difficult to measure
B. That humans have only recently had an impact on the environment
C. That human impact on the environment is always harmful
D. That human impact on the environment cannot be avoided
这道题正确答案是C，很多同学认为C选项的描述过于绝对或者不符合事实所以直接主观排除，但是这道题的题干是一道转述型细节题，即问的是文中的男生过去认为人类对环境的影响是什么情况?C选项确实是原文中男生的想法。
解决方法
仔细研究托福听力部分的7种题型，遵守相应的解题原则。
2020托福听力练习：爬山熊帮助樱桃树种子迁徙
Picture a brave fireman carrying a pet from a burning building.
Now, imagine that global warming is the burning building, a cherry tree is the pet, and a bear is the fireman.
You've now got the gist of a new study that finds that cherry trees may be able to survive rising temperatures thanks to mountain-climbing bears that carry the cherry tree seeds to cooler climes.
It's projected that, over the next hundred years, temperatures on Earth could rise an average of nearly five degrees Celsius.
While some animals might be able to migrate north to escape the brunt of the heat, plants can't uproot themselves quite so easily.
But researchers wondered whether the creatures that disperse plant seeds might be able to help.
So scientists spent three years sifting through the droppings of Asiatic bears, looking for cherry tree seeds.
And they found that the bears were indeed transporting the seeds to cooler locations—not by moving to higher latitudes, but higher altitudes.
Seems the bears snack on the fruits that are found at the foot of the mountains in spring and then make the climb to higher elevations to enjoy young leaves and buds and flowers, particularly as the season progresses.
The researchers could tell that seeds had been deposited higher up the mountain than they had been harvested by the ratio of their oxygen isotopes, which changes with altitude.
And the 300 or so meters the seeds ascended should buy the resulting trees a degree or two in heat relief.
The study is in the journal Current Biology.
The finding is good news for plants, like cherry trees, that fruit in spring.
Unfortunately, the results suggest that plants that fruit in fall, when bears are headed back down for hibernation, will have to hold out for a different animal hero.
Or for a bear with a bad sense of direction.
想象一下一位奋不顾身的消防队员将一只宠物从熊熊大火建筑物中抢救出来的情景。
现在，想象下全球变暖就是着火的建筑物，樱桃树就是那只宠物，而熊就是这位英勇的消防员。
现在你肯定已经或多或少了解到这项新的研究，那就是得益于爬山熊将樱桃树的种子带到凉爽的地区，这种树木才可以在高温条件下存活。
预计未来的100年中，地表平均温度将上升5摄氏度。
而很多动物可能会前往北部地区躲避高温，但植物却不能够轻易搬家。
但研究人员认为如果动物能够传播植物的种子可能会起到帮助。
因此科学家们历时三年仔细寻找亚洲熊粪便中的樱桃树种。
而结果他们发现发现亚洲熊实际上将种子带到了更为凉爽的地方—不是前往高纬度地区，而是到了高海拔地区。
亚洲熊在春天会以山脚下的水果为食，而随着季节的推进，它们就会爬到更高处享用那里的嫩叶，花蕾及花朵。
通过研究氧同位素的比例，研究人员发现随着海拔的变化，种子所在地区的海拔会升高。
种子所在地区的海拔每增加300米左右，温度就会降低1-2度。
这项研究已经在《当代生物学》杂志上发表。
这一发现对樱桃树等春天结果的植物是个利好消息。
但不幸的是，这项研究表明由于亚洲熊们已经去冬眠，因此秋天结果的植物就只能期待另外的救星。
或者是依赖一只方向感不太好的熊。
1.thanks to 由于;因为
例句:Thanks to that job I became an avid reader.
多亏了那份工作我才成了一个喜欢阅读的人。
2.be able to 能够
例句:If only I could get some sleep, I would be able to cope.
要是能睡上一会儿，我就能应付了。
3.look for 寻找
例句:I was just going to look for you and here you are.
我正要找你，恰好你来了。
4.cherry tree 樱桃树
例句:Plum was grafted on the cherry tree.
樱桃树上嫁接李子。
2020托福听力练习：狒狒的叫声遵循蒙采拉特定律
Communication on Twitter is artificially constrained:140 characters per tweet, max.
So it turns out the more words in a tweet, the shorter each word tends to be—at least according to one analysis.
Sort a makes sense on Twitter: there's a limited amount of space to play with.
But the weird thing is, that pattern—longer phrase, shorter words—also holds true in our everyday language too.
It's called Menzerath's law.
”And it's this idea of essentially compression in information.“
Morgan Gustison, a psychologist at the University of Michigan.
”So Menzerath's Law, the way you define it is, the larger the whole, the smaller the parts.“
Gustison and her colleagues tested out that rule of human language on the calls of geladas—relatives of baboons.
They analyzed more than a thousand of those call sequences—which are strung together from six distinct call types.
And they found that, just as the law would predict in human communication, the longer the gelada sequence, the shorter the constituent calls.
And the shorter the string? The longer the calls.
The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Gustison says the meaning of the calls is still a bit of a mystery.
But the fact that they obey the rule could suggest something important is going on.
”The interesting thing about it is it suggests there are universal principles that can underpin complex vocal systems.
And so the more you say, you find a more efficient way of saying it.
So that's what we think is going on with the geladas, is that they have so much to say, so they’re finding these strategies to make what they’re saying more efficient."
Might not be a bad thing to consider…the next time you have a lot of say.
在推特上交流会受到人工限制：每一篇最多是140个字符。
而最近的一项分析表明每篇推文内容越丰富，单词越简洁。
这似乎很合情理：因为推特只有有限的空间让用户进行分享。
狒狒叫声.jpg
但奇怪的是，这种较长的措辞，简洁的单词模式在我们的日常语言中也同样适用。
这被称为蒙采拉特定律。
“本质上这是一种信息压缩理念。”
密歇根大学的心理学家摩根·古斯特森说道。
因此蒙采拉特定律就如同其定义的一样，一种语言结构越长，则构成它的成分越短。
古斯特森和她的同事在人类的亲戚狒狒身上检测人类语言的这种规则。
研究人员对狒狒的上千种叫声序列进行了分析，而这些叫声由6种不同的声音类型串在一起。
而结果他们发现，就像蒙采拉特定律对人类交流信息的预测一样，狒狒叫声也遵循这种规律，声音序列时间越长，其组成部分越短。
那声音类型串越短会怎样?叫声越长。
这项研究已在《美国国家科学院院刊》杂志上发表。
古斯特森表示狒狒这种叫声有何意义仍是未解之谜。
但狒狒的叫声也遵循这种规律表明一些非常重要的事情。
“有趣的是复杂的发声体系背后蕴含着一些普遍的规则。
而你说的话越多，就会发现更为有效的表达方式。
我们认为狒狒的情况是，由于要交流的东西很多，因此它们采用这样的方式让其叫声更为有效。
下次当你在有很多话要说时，不妨考虑下这种规律。
1.turn out 关掉;结果是
例句:If I had known my life was going to turn out like this, I would have let them kill me.
如果我早知道自己的人生结局会是如此，我当时宁愿让他们杀了我。
2.at least 至少
例句:He's been away for at least a week.
他走了总有一个星期吧。
3.according to 根据
例句:Philip stayed at the hotel, according to Mr Hemming.
据亨明先生所说，菲利普住在旅馆里。
4.vocal system 发声系统
例句:As you are training your vocal system, watch the speed of your speaking.
在训练自己的发声系统时，要留意自己的语速。
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