这里给大家分享一些托福阅读词汇题联系上下文猜词技巧，本文共9篇，供大家参考。
篇1：托福阅读词汇题联系上下文猜词技巧
例1：Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized,disrupted the regular factory routine.Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. prolonged
B. established
C. followed
D. upset
原句中hurt与disrupt是并列词，含义类似，所以快速确定D选项。这层并列关系是逗号隔开的，在一些句子中，如果看到诸如also/as well as, both…and…, either...or..., neither…nor…, in (the) the same way, equally, similarly/similar to, like/just like, likewise(同样的), while(与此同时), meanwhile(同时), not only...but also... , more...than这样的词也要明确存在的并列关系。
例2：Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.
The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Exact
B. Scarce
C. Valuable
D. Initial
分析：
Although指示转折关系，所以前、后半句是相反的含义，前面是limited，所以猜测词汇是limit负面的词，我们可以知道exact表示准确的意思，scarce是指稀有的，和limit属于类似的含义，initial开始的，词义不相干。所以选择C。
托福TPO26阅读模拟试题及答案
Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions
PARAGRAPH 1
The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.
PARAGRAPH 2
The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long-lived perennials, which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after rain.
PARAGRAPH 3
The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again.
PARAGRAPH 4
The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by mear of various avoidance mechanisms. Most desert plants are 11 probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, am by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season. Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type — an adaptation designed to prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite. They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.
PARAGRAPH 5
Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.
PARAGRAPH 6
Seasonal migration is another form of escape, especially for large mammals or birds. The term retreat is applied I to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow underground.
PARAGRAPH 7
Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has 1 plumage that is so constructed that the feathers are long but not \ too dense. When conditions are hot, the ostrich erects them on its 1 back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection.Furthermore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun an0 gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.
PARAGRAPH 1
The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.
1、According to paragraph 1, water provides all of the following essential functions for plants EXCEPT
improving plants' ability to absorb sunlight
preventing plants from becoming overheated
transporting nutrients
serving as a raw material for photosynthesis
PARAGRAPH 3
The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again.
2、Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals
produce even more seeds than in a wet year
do not sprout from their seeds
bloom much later than in a wet year
are more plentiful than perennials
PARAGRAPH 2
The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long-lived perennials, which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after rain.
PARAGRAPH 3
The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again.
3、How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3?
Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desc plants, and paragraph 3 provides a scientific explanation for these observations.
Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides further information about one of these categories.
Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3 explains one problem with this method of classification.
Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introduces a third category of plants.
4、In saying that ephemerals will develop “vigorously” when there is favorable precipitation, the author means that their development will be
sudden
early
gradual
strong
healthy
PARAGRAPH 4
The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by mear of various avoidance mechanisms. Most desert plants are 11 probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, am by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season. Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type — an adaptation designed to prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite. They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.
5、The word “countering” in the passage is closest in meaning to
eliminating
making use of
acting against
experiencing
6、According to paragraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that are extraordinarily well developed have
relatively little growth aboveground
very leafy aboveground structures
nonwoody plant tissue resistant to wilting
water stored within their roots
7、The word “assured” in the passage is closest in meaning to
pure
diminished
guaranteed
deep
8、What do “the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite” have in common?
They are always found together.
They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes.
They are phreatophytes.
Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils
PARAGRAPH 5
Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.
9、Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted 1 sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.
Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.
The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.
When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.
10、It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that all of the places desert animals retreat to
provide shade from the sun
sometimes become crowded
are places where supplies of food are plentiful
leave the animals vulnerable to predators
PARAGRAPH 7
Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has 1 plumage that is so constructed that the feathers are long but not \ too dense. When conditions are hot, the ostrich erects them on its 1 back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection.Furthermore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun an0 gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.
11、According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich cope with hot desert conditions?
Each of its feathers is very short and dense.
Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping.
Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and its wings.
It can make its feathers stand up on its If back.
12、Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves were pressed into services
Where would the sentence best fit?
PARAGRAPH 1
The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. ■ Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. ■ The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■ Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do. ■
13. Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.
Adaptations of Annuals BF
Five of the phrases will NOT be used.
A. Woody structures
B. Explosive growth in wet years
C. Long, thin, shallow roots
D. Storage of water in plant tissue
E. Minimization of the amount of water used for
Adaptations of Perennials ADG
Four of the phrases will NOT be used,
A. Woody structures
B. Explosive growth in wet years
C. Long, thin, shallow roots
D. Storage of water in plant tissue
E. Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis
F. Short life cycle
G. Leaves designed to minimize water loss
托福阅读词汇题联系上下文猜词技巧实例讲解
篇2：托福阅读词汇题联系上下文猜词技巧实例讲解
例1：Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized,disrupted the regular factory routine.Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. prolonged
B. established
C. followed
D. upset
原句中hurt与disrupt是并列词，含义类似，所以快速确定D选项。这层并列关系是逗号隔开的，在一些句子中，如果看到诸如also/as well as, both…and…, either...or..., neither…nor…, in (the) the same way, equally, similarly/similar to, like/just like, likewise(同样的), while(与此同时), meanwhile(同时), not only...but also... , more...than这样的词也要明确存在的并列关系。
例2：Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.
The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Exact
B. Scarce
C. Valuable
D. Initial
分析：
Although指示转折关系，所以前、后半句是相反的含义，前面是limited，所以猜测词汇是limit负面的词，我们可以知道exact表示准确的意思，scarce是指稀有的，和limit属于类似的含义，initial开始的，词义不相干。所以选择C。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
(1)Between 1900 and 1920 nearly 7.5 million new urban dwellings were added to aturn-of-the-century total of 10 million. (2)In the 1920s another 5.7 million were occupied. (3)Thus by 1930 a majority of urban homes had been built within the past thirty years.
托福阅读长难句解析：难点在于对地道表达和句间关系的理解。
第(1)句，从1900到1920，有7.5百万新住房被增入世纪之初(即19)的10百万总量住房中。
第(2)句，从1920-1929，另外的5.7百万新住房被居住。
第(3)句，因此，截止到1929，大多数的城市住房是在过去的30年(1900-1930)建的。为什么呢?因为7.5+5.7=13.2>10，已经超过1900前所有原住房数量了。即(7.5+5.7)/(7.5+5.7+10)>50%。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
【待插入句子】One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself.
【待插入段落】Paragraph 1: The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. ■The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. ■However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. ■At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. ■Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.
正确答案为3rd square;
2.插入句子说 重大影响中的一个是：快速增长的人口。那么一定要跟在major effects后面，而我们看到了段落中的momentous impacts;完美的paraphrase，所以毫无疑问就是这里了。
再看段落，组成也很明确：1st为TS主旨句——全球变暖对于各洲的温带(temperate)区域有dramatic effcts。2nd: 西南亚的气候变化更细微。 3rd: 但是，同样的变化循环对人口稀少(sparse)的区域有巨大的影响。4th:在冰河世界末期，只有数千人。间，人口成千上万的增长，都是因为乡村生活和农耕。5th：多亏了新发现，我们知道这种当地生活的剧烈变化。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
【待插入句子】One example of such tropical abundance is found in Panama, which has 667 species of breeding birds一three times the number found in Alaska.
【待插入段落】 When we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants. [■]
Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? [■] Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. [■] The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. [■] But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.
1.首先公布答案：1st square;
2.看到待插入句子中有one example…，这是个典型的论点+论据的结构! 给我们的是论据，那么前面一定要出现论点，这样才能和举例子对应起来。 之后，看看举的是什么样的例子——这样的热带多样性被发现在Panama，有667个鸟类物种，是Alaska的三倍。
3.最后让我们来看一下待插入段落的各个句子：
P1:1st:当我们来看生物多样性(biodiversity)在地表分布的方式时，我们会发现这种分布(it)不是(far from)均匀的(even)。2nd:热带(tropics)比同样(equivalent)面积的高纬度(higher latitudes)地区包含了更多地物种。 3rd:这种现象对许多不同种类的动植物都是正确的。
P2: 1st: 为什么高纬度有(比热带)更低的多样性?
2nd: 可能只是陆地面积的缘故。(托福中经典的自问自答!)
3rd:热带(比高纬度区域)包含了更大的地表面积，有些生物地理学家把这种多样性的差异(differnece in diversity)当成是(regard...as)这种结果(this effect, 只带前半句的热带面积更大)的反射——面积的事实(a fact)在我们看地球曲面投影图的时候并不总是明显的，因为投影(this)会夸大(exaggerate)高纬度地区的陆地面积。(这一句也考到了句子简化题，注意”先大后小”的原则，破折号留到后面读)
4th: 但是KR的数据分析并不支持这个解释。
5th:尽管面积可能导致(contribute to…)生物多样性，它当然不是全部的理由(not the whole story);否则(otherwise),大的地表面积就应该总是有更丰富的物种。 (言外之意是 并非如此。——考察常识)
看完之后就很清楚了，第一个段落讲现象，第二个段落讲原因。而待插入的句子说的是现象，所以放在第一段关于生物多样性的论点后面，perfect。
语法积累
far from… 跟上次课讲过的other than…一样，表示否定。
more…than…;lower…than…; larger…than… 识别比较关系。
regard…as… 被认为...
not the whole story 字面理解为“不是全部的故事”;常用的承上启下转移话题的短语。
词汇积累
diversity 多样性
distribute 分布
even平均的
equivalent 等价的
reflection 反映，反射
contribute to… 导致
otherwise 否则
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
【待插入句子】 Indeed, at the height of Athenian democracy there was no government separate from its citizenry.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
【待插入段落】 During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. [■] In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. [■] By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior “people,” the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. [■] It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.[■]
1.首先公布答案：3rd square;
2.然后我们来看一下待插入的句子：Indeed表示强调，翻译成“确实”;at the height of… 在...的巅峰;还有一个there was no… 用否定来表示强调：没有政府是跟全体市民分隔开的，言外之意就是说雅典的民主程度非常之高。 既然是强调，那前面一定要出现过相应的信息。
3.最后让我们来看一下这一段的各个句子：
1st: 议会(council)在制定(shape)政策上非常有影响力。 2nd: 但在下个世纪，成熟的立法机构(assemby)承担了做决定的职责。3rd: (以除了贵族之外的衡量标准看来，贵族被本应是下等人的人民抢去了风头)雅典的民主是一个巨大的成功. 4th: 空前绝后，从未有这么多人民参与到自我管理的严肃事业中来。 5th: 正是有了参与到公众生活的机会，才刺激了古典希腊文化的发展(unfolding,展开)。
看完之后就很清楚了，整个段落一句话总结——雅典民主很成功。1st承接上文;2nd～4th讲民主如何成功;5th讲民主带来的影响。 而我们要插入的地方在民主程度高的后面，所以是在self-governance后面。放进去之后跟后面也能搭配起来，perfect.
知识小补丁
语法积累：
it was… that… 强调句的固定搭配;
other than… 表示否定，除了... 不是...
decision-making n+ v-ing; 理解的时候就按照v+n来理解，making decision;做决策。
never before, or since 前无古人，后无来者。
篇3：抓住托福阅读词汇题技巧
抓住阅读词汇题技巧 稳稳拿高分
词汇题常见题目形式
The word/phrase…in the passage is closest in meaning to…
The word/phrase…in the passage means…
The word/phrase… in paragraph…
Refers to… what is…?
托福阅读中涉及到的词汇题还是有一定的解题规律的，以下将分两种类型进行讲解。
一、熟悉的词汇
当所考词汇是你认识的词时，分两步：
1.直接在所给的四个选项中找出近义词;
2.将选定的选项代入考察词汇所在的原文语境中，验证是否符合句意，以防止一词多义的情况。
例：官方真题Official-5中的一篇文章Minerals and Plants中的第二题：
The word “exhibit” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. fight off
B. show
C. cause
D. spread
解题过程：这是一道词汇题。所考词汇exhibit是高频词汇，它的基本意思是“展示、显示”。因此，选项B
二、不认识的词汇
遇到不认识的词汇，千万不要归因于自己词汇量不足，无计可施进而放弃。托福阅读中的词汇题存在一定的推理规律，这时候要采取以下措施：
找到考察词汇所在的句子，寻找推理线索(95%的词汇题都暗含线索)，由线索得出的关联信息，分析句意或主干进行推理判断及排除。
例：官方真题Official-3中第三篇文章 The Long-term Stability of Ecosystems中第十题：
The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. increases proportionally
B. differs
C. loses significance
D. is common
解题过程：这道词汇题回到原句中，查找线索。
原句：“The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.” 存在两处线索：
1.For example表明此句是具体的实例，它的作用通常是用来进一步解释证明作者的观点;
2. 由in comparison to可知：此句存在对比关系，即自然因素造成的破坏与人类活动的破坏进行比较。
作者的观点句：即前一句为“Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.”
由because后半句可知：人类活动造成的破坏极其严重。
所以，考察句所举的实例中，自然因素造成的破坏与人类活动的破坏相比较，应该是“不如、逊色”这样的负向信息。选项C中lose同样显示出了减弱、不如的负向信息，因此选项C正确。
托福阅读中的六个高难度句子
托福阅读中也会出现一些考研大家的托福阅读难句，遇到这些句子的时候，要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累，觉得用得到的要记下来，以下总结的托福阅读中的6个高难度句，希望对大家的托福阅读考试有帮助。
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果-的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
托福阅读素材：诺基亚计划重返手机市场
Four years ago, Stephen Elop, Nokia’s then-CEO, described the company as a man at the edge of a burning platform. While its rivals had set the phone market on fire, Nokia hadpoured gasoline on its own platform by failing to acknowledge that newcomers Apple and Google had changed the game.
四年前，诺基亚当时的CEO史蒂芬·埃洛普把公司比喻为一个站在燃烧中的钻井平台边缘的人。当它的竞争对手点燃手机市场时，诺基亚还在自己的平台上开采石油，没有注意到苹果、谷歌等新面孔已经让游戏规则发生了改变。
In hindsight, the “burning platform” memo can be seen as the prelude to the disposal of its once dominant mobile handset business to Microsoft in what many Finns considered a fire sale. The operation that made the candy-bar phone as ubiquitous as the smooth black slate of the iPhone is today was no more.
现在回头来看，“燃烧的平台”备忘录可以被视为诺基亚在放弃手机业务的前兆。它将这个曾经是业界第一的业务出售给微软，而许多芬兰人认为这简直是一次大甩卖。这也使得曾经诺记亚的直板手机从此不复存在——曾几何时，它们和今天的黑色苹果手机一样无处不在。
So it is surprising that Nokia is quietly plotting a return to the consumer mobile market.
正因如此，诺基亚暗中打算重返消费手机市场才如此令人惊讶。
As early as next year, the company aims to rejoin the phone market, two sources briefed on Nokia’s plans told Re/code. In addition, the company has a number of other ambitious technology projects, including some in the virtual reality arena, these sources said.
Re/code从两处消息来源获得了诺基亚计划的梗概：公司计划明年就重返手机市场;它还有许多雄心勃勃的科技项目，其中一些和虚拟现实竞技场有关。
The move is driven by Nokia Technologies — the smallest of the three businesses that remained after the Microsoft deal, alongside its mapping and network equipment businesses. Nokia Technologies is best known for being the arm that licenses the company’s massive portfolio of more than 10,000 patents.
微软收购后，诺基亚仅剩下地图、网络设备和诺基亚科技三项业务。此次行动正是由其中规模最小的诺基亚科技推动的。诺基亚科技是公司专利授权方面的武器，并因此知名。诺基亚在专利上进行了大量投资，拥有10000多项专利。
Unlike other patent houses that do little more than license intellectual property, Nokia Technologies has designed new products and licensed them to other companies. So far, these ambitions have been small in scale. The division has released just two products: An Android program called Zlauncher and the N1, an Android tablet design licensed to another manufacturer that is selling it under the Nokia name in China. Its return to the market is likely to employ a similar tactic.
和其它专利公司不同，诺基亚科技并不局限于知识产权授权。它还设计新产品并授权给其它公司。目前为止，它的这些报负的规模并不大，只发布了两款产品：一款名为Zlauncher的安卓应用和N1安卓平板。N1的设计被授权给另一家制造商，并由它在中国以诺基亚的名义出售。诺基亚重返手机市场可能会采取和N1相同的策略。
托福阅读素材：天琴座流星雨降临
Take a peek into the heavens on Wednesday night and you may get a glimpse of the Lyrid meteor shower, which this year coincides with the Earth Day. The stunning celestialdisplay could see as many as 100 meteors pass by every hour.
你若在周三晚上看一眼天空，就可能会看到今年和世界地球日一起到来天琴座流星雨。在这星空美景里，每小时能看到100颗流星。
The meteor shower will light up the night’s sky from April 16 to 25, but the best views will occur on the night of April 22-23.
4月16日至25日，天空将被这场流星雨点亮。而最好的观赏时机是22日和23日的夜里。
Astronomers say that normally between 10 and 20 meteors should be visible every hour, thought this could rise to around 100 meteors in the space of 60 minutes.
天文学家表示，通常每小时能看见10至20颗流星，而这次相同时间内能看到100颗左右。
Leaving urban centers to escape light pollution will give stargazers the best views, but there is no need for any expensive telescopes or binoculars, as the show can be seen with ones own eyes.
远离市中心能避免光污染，这样会为观星者带来最好的观测效果。但昂贵的望远镜(包括双筒望远镜)并不需要，因为这次流星雨用肉眼就可以看到。
The annual April Lyrids are only visible as the Earth passes through the tail of the Thatcher Comet towards the end of the month, with the bright streaks of lights being particles from that comet.
每年四月的天琴座流星雨只有该月末地球穿过撒切尔彗星的尾部时才能看到，来自彗星的碎片会化作道道流光。
It is one of the oldest known astronomical events, which has been visible for more than 2,600 years. In 1982, stargazers counted up to 90 meteors passing every hour.
天琴座流星雨是人类最早发现的天文现象之一，早在2600多年前就被观测到。1982年，观星者们发现每小时最多有90颗流星。
篇4：托福阅读词汇题的答题技巧
1.在文章中定位到阴影标识的单词或短语。
2.仔细阅读该词或短语所在句子。
3.在句子中寻找可以帮助理解阴影标识的单词或短语的具体意思的线索。
4.选择答案，并将所选择的单词或短语放入原文进行检验，以确认这个句子在全文中仍是有意义的。
提醒考生注意，选择答案时，不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项;题目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了那一个词义。
词汇题遇到迷惑性选项怎么办
在托福考试中，无法通过上下文和词缀词根来猜词的题目不在少数。
A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. (A) drop?(B) extend (C) melt (D) drift。
首先在我们不认识“plunge”这个词的前提下，我们会尝试着看plunge所在的句子，通过句子不难发现，句子告诉我们“随着海平面的上升，更多的冰将要plunge到海里”，此时，有一个极具迷惑性的选项C：melt。
因为通过上下文，melt(融化)是最搭配ice的，符合语境的。并且，plunge这个词并不含有显而易见的“词缀”和“词根”，所以，通过词根词缀猜词的想法也无法实现了。正确答案却是A：drop，因为plunge是“投入;突然下降”的意思，和drop是同义替换关系，因此选A。
接下来需要研究的就是要如何有针对性的提高单词量来提高词汇题正确率。最先需要做的一件事情是将目前的真题里面所有的词汇题做一遍，总结错题和生僻词汇。当你在大量做题时，就会发现一个现象：词汇题有很多重复的词汇在反复地被考查着。
例如：
1.Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth.
A.occasionally
B.plentifully
C.usefully
D.fortunately
2.By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80°to 180°centigrade.
A.economical
B.familiar
C.plentiful
D.useful
不难发现，两个题目中考查的单词分别是“abundantly”和“abundant”，我们可以认为这样的词汇就算做是重复考查的对象了,所选择的选项也是“plentfifully”和“plentiful”。
篇5：托福阅读词汇题的答题技巧
1月13日
1.laboriously
laborious的副词形式，辛苦地，艰难地，形容要很费力才能做成某事
所以选择：making much effort，做了很多努力
2.distinguish
动词，区分，把不同事物的特点区分开
所以选择：separate，分开(不同的特点)
3.resemble
这道词汇题非常简单，相似的，同义词直接就是similar
4.vulnerable
形容易受伤害
threaten by是被什么威胁，威胁也可以演化为伤害
5.dense
本意密度大，既可指物体本身的密度，也可指空间内聚集某物的比率
closely placed，指空间内紧密的放置，对应dense所描述的第二种密度
6.abrupt
又是非常简单的一道词汇题，唐突的，突然的，对应sudden
7.core
比上一道更简单，core核心，对应center
8.presumed
同样直接同义转换即可，presumed假设的(什么东西)，等于assumed
篇6：托福阅读词汇题解题技巧
托福阅读词汇题解题技巧 词汇题如何做的又快又对?
一.托福阅读词汇题答题技巧
1.在文章中定位到阴影标识的单词或短语。
2.仔细阅读该词或短语所在句子。
3.在句子中寻找可以帮助理解阴影标识的单词或短语的具体意思的线索。
4.选择答案，并将所选择的单词或短语放入原文进行检验，以确认这个句子在全文中仍是有意义的。
提醒考生注意，选择答案时，不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项;题目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了那一个词义。
二.遇到迷惑性选项怎么办
在托福考试中，无法通过上下文和词缀词根来猜词的题目不在少数。
不妨跟随天津环球教育张珊珊老师通过一个例子来看一下：A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. (A) drop?(B) extend (C) melt (D) drift。
首先在我们不认识“plunge”这个词的前提下，我们会尝试着看plunge所在的句子，通过句子不难发现，句子告诉我们“随着海平面的上升，更多的冰将要plunge到海里”，此时，有一个极具迷惑性的选项C：melt。
因为通过上下文，melt(融化)是最搭配ice的，符合语境的。并且，plunge这个词并不含有显而易见的“词缀”和“词根”，所以，通过词根词缀猜词的想法也无法实现了。正确答案却是A：drop，因为plunge是“投入;突然下降”的意思，和drop是同义替换关系，因此选A。
三.多刷题
接下来需要研究的就是要如何有针对性的提高单词量来提高词汇题正确率。最先需要做的一件事情是将目前的真题里面所有的词汇题做一遍，总结错题和生僻词汇。当你在大量做题时，就会发现一个现象：词汇题有很多重复的词汇在反复地被考查着。
例如：
1.Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth.
A.occasionally
B.plentifully
C.usefully
D.fortunately
2.By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80°to 180°centigrade.
A.economical
B.familiar
C.plentiful
D.useful
不难发现，两个题目中考查的单词分别是“abundantly”和“abundant”，我们可以认为这样的词汇就算做是重复考查的对象了,所选择的选项也是“plentfifully”和“plentiful”。
托福阅读的猜词技巧
托福阅读的词汇备考是个受争议的话题。有些考生认为托福阅读词汇备考不重要，而有些考生则认为得词汇者得天下。在托福阅读中遇到生词，如果过多依赖词典会打断托福阅读思路，影响速度及理解，这就需要学生学会猜词。
可这不是说平时阅读一涉及到生词便去猜测，如有条件使用词典，同学们还是应该将不会的生词一一查明，并加以记忆。只有这样才能扩充我们的词汇量，提高阅读理解能力。猜词可有多种方法，下面介绍几种常用且准确性高的方法，同样也适合在托福阅读考试中。
一、利用上下文线索猜测词义
1、根据同义、反义关系猜词
Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______grandparents. A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B.
2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing together with them or laughed at them. A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D.
二、利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)
1、用前、后缀猜测词义英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last. overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当 mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize，modernize)
2、利用合成词猜测词义。
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening， and everyonepartakes in for fun.根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in.再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入)
托福阅读“扫描”法速读解析
Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是but，however的语意转折处，都需要格外留心。
托福阅读文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。
Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到阅读中，大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。
几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。
以上两种是在托福阅读中最常用也是最有效的技巧。
托福阅读文章长度大多在300-400字之间。以平均每篇读10分钟计算，按照每分钟阅读150字的速度，一篇文章从头到尾通读，至少需2-3分钟。这可了解文章的大意，但不一定保证读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中，考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，这样会浪费时间的。
只需一直往下看，用前面介绍到的skimming原则，掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中，托福阅读文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用，是阅读时要多留心的地方。
托福阅读：概览首段前四行可了解主题
很多托福考生都说，也许在托福阅读中，最影响人的实力发挥的恐怕就是要求55分钟内做完50道阅读题。托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也是有区别的，因为这些都是大约4-5篇阅读，20题，而且这些考试都没有要求做完每门考试所用的时间。因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。
方法1 即先阅读文章的首段前4行，注意这里不是前2行，因为现在很多文章首句通常是由专业名词组成或者是一些习语组成，大多数中国学生只知道看完首句，然后他们就崩溃了，因为专业词汇和习惯用语一次性将他们打懵。因此这里建议在托福阅读时间分配上，可以首先读完前4行来了解文章主题方向。
方法2 直接做题，然后在题中找关键词回到原文进行点查。不过这里点查也是有技巧的。第一题通常是文章的主题题，跳过不做，放到最后来做，其他的很多试题都是标记了行号或者可以通过特殊字符来辨认，比如数字，大写字母，拼写十分怪异的单词等等，当一道题没有这些标示的时候要通过邻近的其他试题来定位本题在原文中的位置。
篇7：托福阅读词汇题如何用构词法猜词义
所谓用构词法猜词义，就是指利用前、后缀及合成词来猜词义，具体做法如下：
1、用前、后缀猜测词义
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分
英语中常用的前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)
2、利用合成词猜测词义
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。
托福考试阅读背景材料
关于美国的历史
The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.
The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.
The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.
The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.
The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
托福考试阅读背景材料
The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.
The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.
The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.
篇8：阅读备考技巧之托福阅读词汇题如何快速做
实用阅读备考技巧丨托福阅读词汇题如何快速做对?
一.托福阅读词汇题做题技巧之代入法
由于新托福的题目都是单选题，所以范围已经缩小到四选一，尤其是对词汇题来说，有一种方法就是将选项中的词放入到原文中去阅读，看意思与上下文是否合拍通顺，如文章中选择的单词前后有介词，就更能显出代入验证的好处。例如有这样一句话：When hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as...选择项则为A. Lifted B. Grouped C. returned D. pointed,四个选项代入后，发现只有A选项能和后面的介词UP连接通顺，所以答案就是A选项，表示升起的意思。
二.托福阅读词汇题做题技巧之利用逻辑关系
逻辑关系主要是看上下文及背景内容。比较常见的逻辑关系是并列，转折，因果，递进等，所以考生要特别注意记忆逻辑关系连接词。例如这句话The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.这句话中出现一个逻辑关系连接词while，这个词是表示一种转折，意思是然而，所以drenching和之前的动作depriving构成了反义关系，depriving意思是剥夺，所以drenching可以猜测其意可能与剥夺相反，前文为剥夺了一些地方的雨，那么相反就是给予另一些地方更多的雨，所以可以看到选择项中C. Thoroughly wetting就是表达了多雨这个意思。而drenching本意就是湿透的意思。
三.托福阅读词汇题做题技巧之背单词
单词记忆主要就是背单词。背单词是很多同学觉得非常痛苦的事情，经常会有学生来问药怎么背，背了一些又马上忘了另外一些。所以关于如何去背单词，在这里有几点建议：
1、利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。不过，为了保证效率，首先要确定哪些单词需要记忆。理论上，单词量越多越好。实际上，如果一味贪多，结果容易打疲劳战，而且效率低。所以，只记那些常考的核心词汇，而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词一般加以忽略。
2、进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。具体说来，就是每天背100个单词，将过一遍这些单词的时间控制在半个小时以内，每天过4遍，第二天再过一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同学可以压缩到50个左右，但尽量不要低于50个。单词材料可以找一些相关的新托福阅读词汇书，或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。
3、把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法，并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。当一篇文章的生词量在5%左右的时候，这些生词的词义是可推的。所以我们在选择阅读材料的时候，应尽量将单词量控制在10%左右。单词太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相关材料可以上一些网站看，例如economist, national geographic等等。
四.托福阅读词汇题做题技巧之利用词根词缀
有了一定的单词基础，那么通过词根词缀去猜单词也不成问题了。而且除了单词有同义词，词根词缀也有同义关系。例如都是表达否定的同义前缀就有in-，un, non-，dis-等等，表示否定的后缀有-less，所以当看到题目中的单词有这类的否定含义，那么就可以去找选择项中也有否定前缀和后缀的词，也许就是正确选项，因为都是具有否定关系的。例如incalculable和unmeasured就是一组同义词。所以对于一些常见词缀词根是需要考生记忆的。具体有哪些可以参见一些英语字典的附录。
托福阅读长难句：高文化水平国家
The key factor in the success of these countries ( along with high literacy, which contributed to it ) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. (TPO18, 50)
The key factor ( in the success of these countries) ( alongwith high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability ( to adapt to the international division of labor) (determined by the early industrializers) and (to stake out areas of specialization in international markets) (for which they were especially well suited.)(TPO18, 50)
分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
The key factor was their ability
后面两个不定式的并列：
(to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers)
and
(to stake out areas of specialization ininternational markets for which they were especially well suited. )
修饰一：(in the success of these countries) ，介词短语，修饰the key factor
中文：在这些国家的成功中
修饰二：(along with high literacy, which contributed to it) ，介词短语，修饰these countries
中文：拥有促进他们成功的高文化水平
修饰三：(to adapt to the international division of labor) ，非谓语动词，修饰ability
中文：适应国际劳动分工
修饰四：(determined by the early industrializers)，非谓语动词，修饰the international division of labor
中文：早期工业化国家决定的
修饰五：(to stake out areas of specialization in international markets) ，非谓语动词，修饰ability
中文：领他们特别合适的国际市场中的专门领域
修饰六：(for which they were especiallywell suited.)，从句，修饰markets
中文：他们特别适合的
参考翻译：
这些国家(拥有促进他们成功的高文化水平)成功的关键因素是他们有适应早期工业化国家决定的国际劳动分工的能力，以及占领他们特别合适的国际市场中的专门领域的能力。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语以及从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句：工具的用处及生产力
The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies. (TPO21, 54)
domesticate /də'mestɪkeɪt/ v. 驯养(动物)
literate /'lɪtərət/ adj. 有读写能力的;有文化的
pastoralism /'pæstərəlɪzəm/ n. 田园主义(风格)，畜牧主义
horticulture /'hɔːtɪ,kʌltʃə/ n. 园艺，园艺学
The fact (that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state) should not make us forget (that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity); a few entered the modern period (as hunting and gathering societies.) (TPO21, 54)
分析：
这个句子的主干就是：
The fact should not makeus forget
修饰一：that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity，从句
从句中还有一个A but B结构，要注意
中文：其它社会虽然发展了畜牧或园艺(蔬菜园艺)，但依然没有文化并且生产力低下
修饰二：(that some societies domesticate danimals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state) ，从句，修饰fact。
这个同位语从句很长，其中一个并列结构：A, B, C, and D，这个从句把这个句子的主谓隔开了，大家注意断句
中文：一些社会驯养动植物、发现金属工具的用处、变得有文化以及发展出了一个国家
修饰三：(as hunting and gathering societies.)，介词短语
中文：以狩猎和采集的社会
参考翻译：
一些社会驯养动植物、发现金属工具的用处、变得有文化以及发展出了一个国家，这样一个事实不应该使我们忘记：其它社会虽然发展了畜牧或园艺(蔬菜园艺)，但依然没有文化并且生产力低下;少数以狩猎和采集的社会进入了现代时期。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语和从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
篇9：托福阅读掌握正确猜词技巧提高做题效率
托福阅读遇到生词不要慌 掌握正确猜词技巧提高做题效率
托福阅读猜词技巧一：利用合成词
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入)。
托福阅读猜词技巧二：利用词根词缀
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)
托福阅读猜词技巧三：利用上下文
1、根据同义、反义关系猜词
Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。
2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义
Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated
根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。
以上是小站君为大家整理的托福阅读猜词技巧，希望对大家备考托福阅读有帮助。托福阅读猜词技巧虽然很有用，但是大家还是要打好词汇基础，不能太过依赖猜词技巧忽略了积累生词的重要性。
如何快速温习托福阅读
1.针对那些英语底子一般的同学，建议在考试前的三到四个月就开始着手准备。要想复习得到位，首先要肯花力气背词汇。市面上的词汇书内容都大同小异，所以选择哪一本并不是重点，重点是要坚持不懈地进行反复背诵和归类总结。当你做词汇题时如果遇到的词是你背过的，你就不用大费周章地去联系上下文绞尽脑汁猜它的意思了。当然背了并不代表一定遇得到，但你背得多了记得牢了遇见的机会和认识的机会会很大。
2.要搞懂文章的意思先要搞清楚文章的框架结构。这里有一点必须说明，新托福考试的阅读文章来自北美校园基础课程，而且基本上就是照搬原文分毫未改。因此文章的框架完全就是遵循美式作文的五段法，我们只要根据这种套路去分析文章，会看到这些文章的结构基本是千篇 一律的，所以能帮助我们更轻松地去阅读理解。
3.除了考试需要的专业英语知识，了解一些课外的各种各样的知识，扩宽我们的视野和知识面，也是很有用的。在复习新托福阅读的时候，我们就可以在闲暇时间多涉猎一些课外读物，例如国家地理杂志等一些原版英文杂志，除了扩大我们的知识面，也能潜移默化地提高我们的词汇量。
4.在考试临近的阶段，做一些真题和模拟题也是必不可少的。除了做一些书面的题目，通过模考软件---它可以完全使你感觉正身临其境地进行新托福考试，进行练习。举几个例子，模考软件中广受好评的有Barron, Kaplan等等。当然，一些模考网站也是不错的选择。还有就是在你报名考试时托福官方网站上面的模考题也是十分值得好好利用的资源。
攻克托福阅读的四种方法
攻克托福阅读方向一：词汇
与旧托福相比，新托福的阅读考试尽管有很大改变，但大多都是形式主义，考生只要词汇基础扎实，一样可取得理想成绩。而且一般托福的词汇比较多的出现首先是在阅读里， 如果考生能够一眼看过去就知道这个词什么意思，那么在阅读考试的主动权也就掌握在自己手里了，而现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右，因此考生一定要配备应试新托福阅读第一兵器——词汇，要坚持把单词书完整“啃”下并彻底消化，打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书“啃”下并消化，除了勤劳，还要注意单词的记忆技巧，不能光靠“蛮力”，那样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感，反而产生负面效果。单词的记忆技巧主要有以下几种：
(1) 谐音记忆 如：lethal可记成“离骚”
(2) 联想记忆 如：battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。
(3) 比较记忆 如：形近单词ethnical和ethical相比，ethnical比ethical多个字母n，这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation，“种族ethnical中包含了一个民族”。
(4)发音记忆 如：exacerbate的音标为[eks'?s?(：)be?t]，遵循了发音规律，考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律，边读边背，就可以很轻松的记住它了。
(5) 词群记忆 如：在背foremost一词时，考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释“leading”一词。
(6) 拆分记忆 如：interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter- 、词根change ，后缀-able 。
(7) 滚动记忆 如：如果背单词表，在第一天背了10个单词，那么第二天在背新的10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词，以此类推，另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词，因为既然是阅读高频词，肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
攻克托福阅读方向二：语法
除了词汇量较大以外，对很多考生来说，句子长并且结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。
面对长难句，考生要想能够迅速确定答案就必须能够做到长句短读，快速把握句子主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点。而要把握难句的主干和重点，先要弄清它们的类型，也就意味考生在准备新托福考试时必须配备第二大兵器——语法。建议考生重点关注以下语法：
(1) 主语从句
(3) 同位语(包含同位语从句)
(4)宾语从句
(5) 表语从句
(6) 状语从句
(7) 并列结构
(8) 插入结构
(2)定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
(9) 独立主格
(10)倒装句
(11) 强调句
(12) 虚拟语气
攻克托福阅读方向三：背景知识
同样的考题，如果考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识，做起题来就会非常轻松，做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多，因此建议考生在新托福备考期间要努力配备另一兵器——背景知识，也就是说考生备考中要要多读一些长文章，努力积累新托福阅读中的常考文章的背景知识，题材尽量广泛，因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容，在托福考题中都会涉及。而新托福阅读考试常考的背景有印第安题材的，动植物题材的(必考)，考古学(archaeology)题材的，美国历史题材的等等，推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。
攻克托福阅读方向四：阅读速度
前面曾提到新托福的阅读文章的字数从之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇，尽管时间也相应增加了，可相对来说时间还是比较紧张的，因此快速的阅读能力是非常重要的。在此建议考生在备考时必须要配备第四大兵器—— 阅读速度。考生在练习提高阅读速度时应努力做到：
(1)扩大眼睛扫描的宽度，训练自己一眼看过至少阅读到3-5个单词。
攻克托福阅读方向一：词汇
(2)快速泛读 ，不同领域的书籍，理解和掌握书中主要内容即可。拓宽自己的知识面
(3)计时阅读 ，养成计时阅读的习惯，计时阅读每次进行5-10分钟即可，不宜太长。
(4) 在加快阅读速度的同时努力迅速总结每段大意。
如何掌握托福阅读的答题技巧
特别是托福阅读这种题目涉及面广，信息量大的形式，掌握托福阅读真题答题的技巧(skill)，对在托福阅读考试中是会有很大帮助的。
在托福阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的(complete)。
即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位(locate)信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用(effect)。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。
我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间，不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
关于复习的时间安排(arrangement)。我认为，弄完词汇以后，就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利，单词没弄好就硬上阅读，有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击，也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习(review)了。
复习听力口语作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量，按照考试的时间要求(requirement)，千万不可放松。做得多了，就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上，不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路，老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的(painful)。
无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences，Determining Purposes， Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.
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