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新托福阅读技巧

时间:2022-12-14 08:50:29 其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文

下面是小编给大家带来关于新托福阅读技巧,本文共7篇,一起来看看吧,希望对您有所帮助。

新托福阅读技巧

篇1:新托福阅读技巧

新托福阅读技巧

词汇

与旧托福相比,新托福的阅读考试尽管有很大改变,但大多都是形式主义,考生只要词汇基础扎实,一样可取得理想成绩。而且一般托福的词汇比较多的出现首先是在阅读里, 如果考生能够一眼看过去就知道这个词什么意思,那么在阅读考试的主动权也就掌握在自己手里了,而现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右,因此考生一定要配备应试新托福阅读第一兵器——词汇,要坚持把单词书完整“啃”下并彻底消化,打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书“啃”下并消化,除了勤劳,还要注意单词的记忆技巧,不能光靠“蛮力”,那样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感,反而产生负面效果。单词的记忆技巧主要有以下几种:

谐音记忆 如:lethal可记成“离骚”

联想记忆 如:battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。

比较记忆 如:形近单词ethnical和e

thical相比,ethnical比ethical多个字母n,这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation,“种族ethnical中包含了一个民族”。 发音记忆 如:exacerbate的音标为[eks'?s?(:)be?t],遵循了发音规律,考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律,边读边背,就可以很轻松的记住它了。

词群记忆 如:在背foremost一词时,考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释“leading”一词。 拆分记忆 如:interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter- 、词根change ,后缀-able 。

滚动记忆 如:如果背单词表,在第一天背了10个单词,那么第二天在背新的

10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词,以此类推,另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词,因为既然是阅读高频词,肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。

阅读速度

前面曾提到新托福的阅读文章的字数从之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇,尽管时间也相应增加了,可相对来说时间还是比较紧张的,因此快速的阅读能力是非常重要的。在此朗阁专家建议考生在备考时必须要配备第四大兵器——阅读速度。考生在练习提高阅读速度时应努力做到:

扩大眼睛扫描的宽度,训练自己一眼看过至少阅读到3-5个单词。

快速泛读,不同领域的书籍,理解和掌握书中主要内容即可。拓宽自己的知识面。 计时阅读,养成计时阅读的习惯,计时阅读每次进行5-10分钟即可,不宜太长。

背景知识

同样的考题,如果考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识,做起题来就会非常轻松,做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多,因此朗阁专家建议考生在新托福备考期间要努力配备另一兵器——背景知识,也就是说考生备考中要要多读一些长文章,努力积累新托福阅读中的常考文章的背景知识,题材尽量广泛,因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容,在托福考题中都会涉及。而新托福阅读考试常考的背景有印第安题材的,动植物题材的(必考),考古学(archaeology)题材的,美国历史题材的等等,推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。

语法

除了词汇量较大以外,对很多考生来说,句子长并且结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。 面对长难句,考生要想能够迅速确定答案就必须能够做到长句短读,快速把握句子主干和重点,因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点。而要把握难句的主干和重点,先要弄清它们的类型,也就意味考生在准备新托福考试时必须配备第二大兵器——语法。如:主语从句,定语(包含后置定语与定语从句),同位语(包含同位语从句),宾语从句,表语从句,状语从句,并列结构,插入结构,独立主格,倒装句,强调句,虚拟语气等。

托福阅读长难句100句:未被发现的气体

Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.

翻译

然后,拉姆齐研究了一种存在于自然气体沉淀物中的气体,并发现这种气体是氦气,氦元素在早期的太阳光谱中已经被发现过,但是之前在地球上从未找到过它。

解析

本句主句有两个并列的谓语动词,分别是studied和discovered。本句被简化后的主要意思就是:Ramsay then studied a gas and discovered that it was helium。在前半句中,有that引导的定语从句,修饰前面的a gas。在后半句中,an element是helium的同位语,起到解释补充的作用。紧接着an element后面有两个定语从句,分别由whose和that引导,都是修饰前面的同位语an element。

词汇

gas deposits指的是“气体沉淀物”,deposit还可以作动词,除了表示“使沉积”以外,还可以表示“存入”,比如:You are advised to deposit your valuables in the hotel safe. 建议您把贵重物品存到旅馆的保险箱里。

helium表示“氦气”。

spectrum在本句中表示“光谱”的意思,它还可以指“(思想、观点等)范围”,比如:Our speakers tonight come from both ends of the political spectrum. 我们今晚的演讲人来自政坛的两个极端。

托福阅读长难句100句:蓄水层水量不足

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

翻译

我们可以这样翻译:“据估计,蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是,在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下,该蓄水层的补水率极低,总计每年大概半厘米左右。”

解析

本句逗号比较多,容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系,在前半句中,indicate that引导的宾语从句,表达观点。在后半句中,核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal,而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句,修饰前面的conditions,最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语,对核心意思进行补充说明。

托福阅读长难句100句:婴幼儿记忆能力

The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities.

翻译

“为什么会发生婴儿期遗忘症”这个问题在数十年里已经引起了心理学家们的兴趣,尤其是有充分的证据表明:婴幼儿表现出令人惊讶的记忆能力。

解析

本句的主语是the question,谓语动词是has intrigued。在主语the question of后有why引导的从句作介词of的宾语,也就是宾语从句。而in light of ample evidence在本句中是介词短语作状语,意思是“根据充分的证据”,evidence后则是that引导的同位语从句,用来表明证据的具体内容。

词汇

infantile表示“婴儿的”。

amnesia指的是“遗忘症”。

intrigue作动词,通常表示“引起…的好奇心(或兴趣);迷住”,比如:Hibernation has long intrigued biologists. 冬眠长期以来一直引起生物学家们的兴趣。She was intrigued by his story. 她被他的故事迷住了。

ample作形容词,表示“足够的,充裕的”,是托福阅读词汇题所考查过的单词,与“plentiful”意思相近,它可以修饰证据、用量、收入等,比如:ample evidence 充分的证据,ample supple 充足的供给量, ample pay 高收入。

词汇

本句有一些地质学的词汇,比如:aquifer 蓄水层,semiarid 半干旱的,rates of addition 补水的速率。另外,请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思,还可以作动词,表示“评估,评价”,比如:This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后,amount to表示“相当于”,比如:a cargo amounting to 2.000 tons 共计2.000吨货物。

托福阅读长难句100句:教学中的反思

This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

翻译

这被认为是合理的,反思的实践可以帮助老师们更加理智地融入到他们的角色和工作中去,并让他们在学科教学中能够应对科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定性。

解析

本句的主句是This was justified by the view...,表示“后面的观点证明前面的事情是合理的”。什么观点呢?由the view that引导的同位语从句来作进一步的阐述,同位语从句中的谓语动词分别是could help和enable,彼此由and并列连接。

词汇

reflective表示“反思的”,比如:in a reflective mood 思潮起伏。

intellectually有“智力地;理智地”意思,这里表示“理智地融入到他们的角色和工作中去”。

enable sb. to do sth.意思是“使……能够……”,是写作可以借鉴的词组,比如:Money from her aunt enabled Jane to buy the house. 阿姨给简的钱使她能够买下那幢房子。

paucity表示“缺乏”,作名词,比如:the paucity of imagination 缺乏想象力,a paucity of information 缺乏信息。

篇2:托福阅读技巧

实用托福阅读技巧丨如何提升阅读速度?

一.托福阅读技巧之Skimming

Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如,当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方,或because,as a result这样的因果关系,或是but,however的语意转折处,都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证,如果看懂了主要观点,那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。

托福的文章长度大多在600-700字之间。以平均每篇读20分钟计算,按照每分钟阅读150字的速度,一篇文章从头到尾通读,至少需4-5分钟。这可了解文章的大意,但不一定确保读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中,考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解,遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思,这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看,用前面介绍到的skimming原则,掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中,文章的第一段,尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈 领或起承转合的作用,是阅读时要多留心的地方。

二.托福阅读技巧之Scanning

Scanning是“扫描”,但具体到阅读中,大家熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候,我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下,脑中只有要找的字,看到它,其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中,scanning的技巧在回答问题时,根据题干中问到的内容,在文章中scan,可以帮助考生准确地定位,找到答案。

如何答好托福阅读多选题

托福阅读存在着一种题型,就是托福阅读多选题。新托福阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题,多选题分两类,一类叫图表题,给你一个图表,让你6选3或者8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题,文章内容概述题,什么意思呢?下面为大家介绍托福阅读技巧,如何应对多选题。

先给你一句话,这句话就是这篇文章的中心思想,请问下面哪几个选项中反映了这篇文章的中心思想。

这样的话,这个题目是我们的第二个问法,这是阅读中我们最常见的两种多选题,这种题同学们不要有畏惧心理,因为这类题目分值也比较高,一般是2分或3 分。我们即使答错一个空,3分题还会拿到两分,不会给你扣掉所有的分。

第二,这个问题是基于你之前问题的答案的基础上,当你把之前其他的问题都答完了,你整个的这篇文章读的也很好了,再做这个题的话,基本上问题不大了。只要别错太多,这种题多少都会有分的。

第三,这类题目的数量比较少。所以我们做这个题要特别的细心,做这个题的关键在于对这道题题干中的那句话的理解,因为这句话就是文章的概述,基本上下面的答案都是符合这句话的,或和这句话有关联点的,跟这句话扯得太远的一般就是错误选项,所以要求我们特别细心,越细心越好。

三大技巧助你轻取托福阅读满分

托福阅读词汇

从某种意义上来讲,词汇量的大小是托福阅读理解高分的基础(basis)和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上),纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手,也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以,以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。

托福阅读技巧

托福阅读量非常大,一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完,所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章,根本不能解决本质(essence)问题。那么,文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话,主动地(initiative)阅读文章的关键部位。

所谓主动是指不能像一般的阅读那样完全被动地(passive)接受信息,而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位,主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物(publication),文章的逻辑(logic)结构非常完整(complete)和严谨(rigorous),而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。

经过系统的训练,考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度(accurate degree)。这样,通过阅读文章的几处关键部位,就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系,也就解决了问题的70%。

解题训练

排除法(exclusive method)恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上(in fact),这种方法具有致命的缺点(fatal disadvantage):干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后,就在脑子反映出一个模糊的(vague)或者是不完整的 (incomplete)答案,然后直接在选项中寻找接近的(close)答案进行判断(to judge)。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐(gradually)养成和加强,决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代(to replace)。

所以争取托福阅读满分并不是去学习一些技巧,而是在训练中养成一种无意识的使用技巧的习惯,做到实力与技巧巧妙的结合。

寒假备考托福:阅读复习策略

冬季的一月份快要来临了,对于每天忙碌的人们来说是最寒冷的,是难熬的,可对于孩子们来说却是幸福的!因为意味着寒假快要来了,如何利用寒假备战托福?新东方网托福频道为大家整理了以下内容:

一般来说,阅读部分答不好无非就以下几种情形:看不懂、找不着、选不对。这三种情形的核心就是基础部分,也就是咱们常说的:单词&语法。那这两项又该怎么准备呢?

1. 单词:首先,建议大家在固定的时间内背诵单词,比如说每天8-9背单词。零散的时间固然方便,但是不会有长久的记忆,很容易背完了,一检验:就记住两个。其次,一定要规划好复习的时间,当天记忆,当天复习。我们可以选择早上起床了抽出一个小时,比如7-8点,背诵单词;晚上临睡了再抽出一个小时,比如10-11点,回忆一遍早上背诵的单词。最后,推荐大家使用一些单词记忆软件帮助大家合理复习。

2. 语法:语法部分大家一定要明确语法的整个体系。学习英语语法主要分为两大部分:一是如何看对句子,二就是如何看对写对复杂的句子。这第一部分就需要大家明确句子的主干和时态就可以了。同学们可以参考一些语法书明确一下主干都包括什么,时态都有哪些之后,挑选一些简单的句子先进行句子主干分析。等到句子主干分析好了之后,再进入到第二部分:复杂句子。说到这复杂句子,托福阅读里面所考察的自然就是修饰性成分和复杂结构了。每天背完单词之后,规定自己用一个小时的时间恶补语法知识,再用一个小时的时间练习分析句子。学习了知识,就一定要跟上练习。

单词和语法的问题都解决了之后,大家可以进入篇章练习了。在篇章练习部分一定要注意阅读效率。阅读效率=阅读速度理解率。好的阅读效率,意味着速度快还能理解准确。

速度:我们可以从网络资源中搜寻一些跟托福阅读长度差不多的文章进行速度练习,规定自己7-8分钟完成文章阅读,然后默写文章主旨。

理解率:对于我们阅读过的文章,需要我们不断地分析。首先,我们要梳理文章当中的生词和长难句。其次,翻译每段的内容,最后,梳理文章的结构脉络。这样才能保证这篇文章我们真正读懂了。

托福阅读文章其实并不难,只不过需要大家有耐心、有恒心,把基础知识打牢,方法合理,规划得当,一定能够搞定托福阅读文章

篇3:新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧

新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧

托福阅读总共有3篇文章如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分。每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。其中,13道题是基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。因此,每篇文章对应14个题目,共15分。

为了让大家了解iBT考试的思路和方法,以及题型的设计。学习啦总结出了一些新托福阅读出题的基本思路,和10种基本题型,以及应对10种题型的技巧。

原始分值最终得分原始分值最终得分原始分值最终得分
45303016155
44292916145
43292815134
42282714124
41272613113
40262512103
3925241192
3824231082
372322971
362221861
352120850
342019740
331918730
321817620
311716610

要点:

an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论,越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试

reading---a variety of different subjects

passages---3 different categories based on author purpose:

1. Exposition

2. Argumentation

3. Historical

你需要了解general organization of the passage

_classification

_comparison/contrast

_cause/effect

_problem/solution

每篇阅读的平均字数是700, 当然根据考试的实际情况,可多可少

iBT的阅读有10种题型,下面我们一种一种的来回顾:

经验:

第1、5种题型,占的分量最多,难度也不大,要保证一个也不错

第9种和第10种题目,难度最大,想取得高分,必须要多做综合练习

剩下的题型也很重要,想取得高分,一个都不能少

1. Factual Information Questions

这样的题目,一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1,2句话中。

技巧:你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候,就找到正确答案,需要看题目以后,回头再找;排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项;千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过,就选择那个选项,一定要回答问题。

2. Negative Factual Information Questions

做这样的题目,你首先需要对定位:locate the relevant info. in the passage

注意:这种问题你要选择的正确答案, 是那个不正确的,问题里面会明确的指出:which one is NOT true

技巧:选项里面的答案,可能叙述了一段的意思,也可能叙述了好几段

正确的那个答案,要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾,要么是文章里面没有提到的。

3. Inference Questions

注意的字眼,是infer, imply, inferred

技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意

4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions

Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively.

他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说

技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of

这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系

5. Vocabulary Questions

大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思,最重要的是,这个单词在文章里面的意思:in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant

技巧:问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思,再次强调

6. Reference Questions

这样的问题,主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验,代词指代的东西,一般来说就在你这个代词的前面,或者隔了1个短语,不会太远:...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, _X...一般来说, _X不是指代C就是指代B,不会跑太远。

技巧:代词, pronoun, 在选择以后,检查答案的时候,一定要注意一致性:the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person

当你选择了答案以后,你的选择会不会违反语法原则,并且会不会有意义

7. Sentence Simplification Questions

并不是每一篇文章都有这样的题目,如果有,一篇文章最多只有1个

8. Insert Text Questions

不是每篇阅读都有这样的题目,如果有,一篇文章最多只有1个

技巧:从文章结构下手, structure; 从逻辑下手, logic

尤其注意逻辑的链接单词和语句, 例子:on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally一定要注意,你插入的语句,一定要承上启下,即对前面的语句负责,又对后面的语句负责。

新托福,总要有他新的地方,阅读方面,第9, 第10种类型的题目,就是他新颖的地方,也是比较难的2种题目。

9. Prose Summary Questions

正确的答案, will synthesize major ideas in the passage

你将会碰到6选3的情况, 最低得分0分,最高得分2分:选择0正确答案,或者1个正确答案,0分;选择2个正确答案,1分;选择3个所有的正确答案,2分。

做这种归纳的题目,最重要的是,你要通篇的阅读,不能偷懒。

根据我的经验, 技巧有2点:1.区别例子和主旨, 例子是用来说明主旨的,例子不是主旨; 2. 局限性的答案一定是错误的, 主旨是让你找到major oint, 千万不要让minor给迷惑了。

10. Fill in a Table Questions

这种题目,就是题目给了你几个空,让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置,需要通篇阅读,不简单。

关键是你要明白几种关系:cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like.

也可以称作文章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like

在真实考试的时候:drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text.

知道这10个题目的类型,剩下的就是方法论,methodoly的问题,我们怎样针对这10种题型,在平时的学习和阅读当中,可以的训练自己:

主旨:最好的培养阅读的方法,就是多去阅读,而且要阅读各种不同题材的文章,科学的,社科类的, 艺术的,商务的,等等。还有一点需要特别强调的,就是阅读的那些文章,需要是学术的文章,不能是乱七八糟的随笔。

托福阅读的常用句型

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说,电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步,他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作,包含光滑,紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季,要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术,实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术,是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut,and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业,但是经过几千年,已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

托福阅读提速的方法总结

方法一:快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章,要求读得快,理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额,定额要结合自己的实际,可多可少,例如每天读20页。

方法二:计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5~10分钟即可,不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读,精力高度集中,时间一长,容易疲劳,精力分散反而乏味。

方法三:寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读,同略读一样,寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等,而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

寻读与略读不同,略读时,读者事先对材料一无所知,而寻读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。具体地说,寻读带有明确的目的性,有针对性地选择问题的答案。

方法四:略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing),是一种专门的,非常实用的快速阅读技能。

(1)、略读有下列几个特点:

A.以极快的速度阅读文章,寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C.理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。

(2)、略读可以运用下列技巧:

A.要利用印刷细节(typo鄄graphicaldetails),如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等,对文章进行预测略读(previewskim鄄ming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式),以便把握大意,有关的细节及其相互关系。

B.以一般阅读速度(200~250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、二段,力求抓住文章大意,背景情况,作者的文章风格,口吻或语气等。

C.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意,然后略去细节不读,以求得略读速度。

D.注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however,moreover,inaddition等;序列词如firstly,secondly等。

托福阅读备考的基本技能

Academic Reading Skills

The Reading section measures test takers’ ability to understand university-level academic texts and passages. In English-speaking academic environments students are expected to read and understand information from textbooks and other types of academic material. Below are three possible purposes for academic reading.

Reading purposes include

1. Reading to find information, which involves

effectively scanning text for key facts and important information

increasing reading fluency and rate

2. Basic comprehension, which requires the reader to

understand the general topic or main idea, major points, important facts and details, vocabulary in context, and pronoun references.

make inferences about what is implied in a passage

3. Reading to learn, which depends on the ability to

recognize the organization and purpose of a passage

understand relationships between ideas (for example, compare-and-contrast, cause-and-effect, agree-disagree, or steps in a process)

organize information into a category chart or a summary in order to recall major points and important details

infer how ideas throughout the passage connect

The TOEFL iBT test includes three basic categories of academic texts. The categories are based on the author’s objectives:

Exposition

Argumentation

Historical biographical/event narrative

Test takers do not need any special background knowledge to correctly answer the questions in the Reading section; all the information needed to answer the questions is contained in the passages.

Test takers must read through or scroll to the end of each passage before receiving questions on that passage. Once the questions appear, the passage is located on the right side of the computer screen, and the questions are on the left.

篇4:新托福阅读多长时间

新托福阅读多长时间

托福阅读做多长时间最合适?

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下,共有3篇文章,分为两个部分,第一部分为独立的1篇文章,考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章,考试时间为40分钟,期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和,即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下,在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上,再加两篇文章,并作为一个部分,共计40分钟,加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和,即100分钟。

变化之前考试时间比较死板,第一篇文章必须在20分钟以内做完,等到第一篇文章做完后才能继续在后40分钟做后面两篇文章,有加试的考生还必须等把第二次的两篇文章做完后,才能继续做加试部分的题,如果各部分超过时间还没有做完的题,就不能算入成绩。变化之后考试时间更为灵活,没有加试的考生有60分钟的考试时间做三篇文章,有加试的考生有80分钟的时间做四篇文章,没有强制规定先做哪篇后做哪篇。

提醒各位同学:考试做第一篇文章,不要超20分钟。

托福阅读时间分配方法

方法一:

用5分钟阅读整篇文章,形成对文章结构和关键内容的大致理解。剩下15分钟从第一题开始做到最后一题,先文后题:即先看每一段,然后解决对应的题目。

优点:

1.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握,对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

2.有利于解决少数与段落主题有关的题目。

缺陷:

1.不能在规定时间内完成;

2.记不住段落的内容,做题时仍需返回段落,重新定位到具体的某句话来寻找答案。

3.做最后一题时,仍需重新阅读文章,因为距第一遍阅读文章已经时隔了十几分钟,不可能记得很清楚;或者凭借先前阅读后的大致印象选择答案,感觉没底。

方法二:

用7分钟阅读整篇文章,直接做最后一题。剩下的13分钟从第一题做到倒数第二题。

优点:

1.对于做最后一题有一定的好处,因为刚刚读完印象还在。

2.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握,对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

缺陷:

1.最后一题的正确选项通常与第一题至倒数第二题中的某些题有一定在关联性,消耗了不必要的时间。

2.做第一题至倒数第二题的时间非常紧迫,每道题(除了词汇题)几乎都是草草一笔带过,无法确保题目的正确率。

方法三:

用15分钟做第一题至倒数第二题,先题后文:即读题目根据关键词定位到段落中的某句话,然后比对这句话和选项的含义,最后选出答案。剩下5分钟做最后一题。

优点:

1.保证了绝大多数题目的正确率。

2.确保在规定时间内完成。

缺陷:

1.需要掌握简化后的解题方法,即上完强化班之后需要把习得的技巧进行简化后才能应用于实战。

2.对于第一题至倒数第二题中个别与全文结构或主题有关的题目不能在第一时间做出判断,只能放到做完最后一题之后完成,增加了考生的心理负担和翻页的时间损耗。

托福阅读TPO31第3篇:Savanna Formation

【1】Located in tropical area at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered tree or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.

【2】Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.

【3】In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.

【4】Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage. These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated. Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor. By contrast, dry soils are sandy and porous, their coarse textures permitting water to drain rapidly. Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor. Though most savannas are found on sites with poor soils (because of either moisture conditions or nutrient levels of both), poor soils can and do support lush rain forest.

【5】Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.

【6】On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.

1.The word “prolonged” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.predictable.

B.destructive.

C.lengthy.

D.unproductive.

2.In paragraph 2,the author mentions savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad in order to

A.argue that these savannas are similar to those in South America and Cuba.

B.point out exceptions to the pattern of savanna formation in areas with drought stress.

C.provide additional examples of savannas in areas with five- to eight-month wet seasons.

D.indicate areas where savannas are being gradually replaced by rain forests.

3.According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that

A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.

B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.

C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.

D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.

4.The word “notably” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.similarly.

B.especially.

C.usually.

D.relatively.

5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of savanna soils EXCEPT

A.They have high concentrations of potassium.

B.They contain high levels of aluminum.

C.They are very acidic.

D.They contain large amounts of certain oxide minerals.

6.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of waterlogged soils?

A.Their upper layers are usually sandy and porous.

B.They cannot support savannas.

C.They contain little oxygen.

D.They are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals.

7.The fact that “poor soils can and do support lush rain forest” suggests that

A.poor soils alone may not be enough to explain why an area becomes a savanna.

B.rain forest vegetation can significantly lower the quality of soils.

C.drought stress is the single most important factor in savanna formation.

D.minerals are more important than moisture for the growth of trees.

8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Rain forest species seem unable to adapt to fires created by humans.

B.Ancient charcoal remains suggest that, prior to the arrival of humans, fires occurred frequently in rain forests.

C.Ancient charcoal remains in Amazon forests suggest that rain forest species adapted to the area long before the arrival of humans.

D.Rain forest species appear unable to adapt to frequent fires, but evidence from the past suggests that rain forests sometimes do burn.

9.The word “markedly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.dangerously.

B.noticeably.

C.rapidly.

D.gradually.

10.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements regarding the importance of fires in maintaining savannas?

A.Fires prevent the growth of pyrophytes.

B.Fires eliminate some species and thus reduce the overall diversity of the ecosystem.

C.Fires that occur once every two years are unlikely to help maintain savannas.

D.Fires prevent some species from eliminating other species with which they compete.

11.The word “subsequent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.expanded in area.

B.harmful.

C.following in time.

D.repeated.

12.According to paragraph 6,human activity affects soils in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A.Decomposition of leaves occurs too fast for surface roots to obtain nutrients.

B.Nutrients are not recycled.

C.Humus is destroyed.

D.Certain soils become unable to support vegetation other than savanna vegetation.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? In addition, humans have contributed to the conditions favoring the formation of savannas.

Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. ■【A】 Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, oftenwithan increase in tree density. ■【B】 There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.■【C】 On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. ■【D】 Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Several factors seem to play important roles in savanna formation.

A.Savannas can form in areas with a five- to eight-month wet season, but they more commonly have a

B.Soil stress caused by drought, extreme moisture, or low nutrient levels favors the formsticm of

C.Studies conducted in various regions indicate that an upper layer of white, sandy, soil is

D.Drought stress affects trees and shrubs in savannas far less than it affects savanna grasses.

E.Frequent fire is a major factor contributing to the formation and maintenance of

F.In some areas, human cutting and burning is associated with savanna formation, and

托福阅读答案

1.可以根据词根分析,原文中prolonged,词根为long,长度。Prolonged为延长的。选项中C,length本来是长度的意思,lengthy变为形容词格式,符合原词词义。

2.以 savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad作为关键词定位到原文,看到这半句和前 半句中间有but的转折,那么也就是说central America,Brazil这些地方和前面介绍的不一样,所以是例外情况。

3.本段第一句就指出,rain forest和savannas的土壤是相似的,但是更极端一点。后面就给了examples。最后一句 给出了两种土壤的总结“this may seem….Either too wet or too dry for forests” 所以选 D。

4.Notably从notice发展而来,以为显著的,因此选择B。另外也可通过and的并列格式来推断。

5.这一题对应for example后面的内容,A直接和红色标注部分矛盾,因此是要选的except的选项。

6.A对于“by contrast…”那一句,sandy soil和waterlogged soils 是相反的。B 与原文矛盾,上段最后就说要么很干要么很湿,waterlogged 就是很湿的那种。C对于那个 making the soil oxygen-poor。D对应“ Sandy soils are prone to .....”,而不是选项中说的 waterlogged soils的特征。

7.这句话说虽然几乎全部 的savannas都发生在poor soils之上,但是poor soils足以支撑茂盛的热带雨林。所以是转折,说明poor soils不是唯一决定了savannas的因素, 还有别的。

8.原句主干是说frequent fire是造成热带雨林不能形成的原因,即使在人类出现之前亚马逊雨林也出现过偶尔的 燃烧。所以D是意思最完整的。可根据转折关系来判断。

9.根据词根判断,原词词根为mark意为标注,跟选项中B的notice意思相近,所以选B。

10.对应部分从but in experimental areas protected from fire开始,后面的内容都对其重要性进行了解释,如果没有火来保持savannas,那么就很少有perennial grass species可以outcompeting其他的种类,从而减少了plant-species的丰富,而树的密度则会更大。对应了 D的描述。

11.subsequence是后果的意思,subsequent就是后来,然后的意思。因此选择C。

12.human activity包括了cutting and burning,然后这句的后面,从''increase....''开始就是后果。先说humus is destroyed,对应 C,然后 humus 对于decomposition是非常必 要的,而 human activity destroy了humus,所以减慢了decomposition,和A矛盾。 后面说 nutrients cannot被recycled,对应了B。converting那一句对应了D。

13.要插入的句子描述的是 savannas的形成原因,并且开头是in addition,证明是对前面句子的补充,前面句子说的应该是savannas形成的原因之一,对应了第二句。并且第三空后面的句子提到了cutting和burning,这些都是human activity。所以选 C。

14.BEF

篇5:新托福阅读有几篇

托福阅读有几篇?托福考试阅读部分的正常题目量应该是3篇文章,如果遇到托福阅读加试题,一般会比正常的3篇+加试2篇,即总共五篇文章。

托福阅读考试多长时间?

前三篇文章时间总计60分钟。第一篇20分钟倒计时,第二、三篇一起倒计时,共40分钟,即20+40=60分钟。但如果遇到托福阅读加试题,考生将会在做了3篇文章后被要求再做2篇,计时 40分钟,这样阅读部分总共计时为20+40+40=100分钟。

托福阅读总结题六步答题方法

下面先解析一下题目要求:

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

注意这样三点:第一,要选择三个选项来完成summary(总结),第二,已经有一句summary提供出来了,第三,错误选项是细节信息或者错误信息。

那么其实最重要的是要分析原文的重点信息以及区别细节,辨别错误信息。

但大多数的同学在完成前13道的时候并没有注意段落的大意,所以在总结题时候只能靠印象去完成,那么如何去总结段落大意呢?接下来我我们梳理一下注意事项。

1. 重视标题

2. 重视首段尾句,尤其是问号句,转折句,总结句,列举句

3. 重视段落的第1-2句,尤其是抽象概括词汇句(explanation,theory,consequences),以及并列,让步

4. 重视段落逻辑词,如因果转折并列,尤其是段尾转折和并列

5. 重视段尾总结句

6. 重视否定题,目的题。

首先,重视标题。标题具有一定的指导意思,有的表示直接是含有问题类型的,如Which Hand Did They Use? 有标题体现动作型的,如The Formation of Volcanic Islands , The Origins of Agriculture,The Decline of Venetian Shipping。有A and B型的,如Railroad and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth century,Energy and the Industrial Revolution,有名词复数型,如 Characteristics of Roman Pottery。问题型的重点内容肯定是对问题的回答,动作型是按时间顺序去分析如何完成或者动作的原因结果,A and B型一般会说两者的关系或者两者对比,名词复数就更好说了,文章内部的段落是按照并列结构来展开。

第二,重视段落尾句,段落尾句时常会出现比较概括的或者启下的句子,给我们指明了全文的重点,也可以是预判下文重点的一句。

TPO18-1:首段尾句it is important to understand the sources of their success.

本句启示下文,根据抽象词sources分析,下文表达成功的来源(原因)

TPO20-1: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East?

本句启示下文,此句是问句,预判下文讨论原因

TPO21-2: How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centersat more or less the same time?

本句启示下文,此句是问句,预判下文讨论原因

TPO21-3:What factors are responsible for this developmental turning point?

本句启示下文,此句是问句,预判下文讨论原因

第三,重视段落的第1-2句,绝大多数的阅读文章是总分结构,所以首句会是全段的中心。

TPO22-1: 第三段段首句,Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. 下文解释植物如何competitive。

第四段段首句,These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally.本句含有概括单词 characteristics ,且是复数形式,下文解释植物的什么特点使它如何valuable。

TPO21-3: 第二段段首句:Perhaps the explanation goes back to some ideas raised by,本句子含有概括单词explanation,ideas,下文解释ideas。

TPO30-1: 第三段段首句: Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal.本句含有概括词汇costs,且是复数形式,下文解释play的代价。

第四第五,重视段落内部的逻辑词,如段落内部含有another等表示并列的词汇,那么本段是列举的结构,尽量把列举的点记下来,如段落内部含有thus等表示因果的词汇,说明thus后面为结论,结论则是段落的重点内容,而非细节。如段尾处含有转折,则表示本段后面部分是对前面的反驳,则尽量记住反驳的点。如下:

The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an “enriched” environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an “impoverished” environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

首句+两个并列句+段尾等于全段的总结。

第六,重视其它题型对于段落总结的指导意义。

一段出现否定题说明对应的段落多数应该是并列的结构,那么基本在完成否定题的时候就已经将文章的大意把握住了,所以否定题题目和选项可以重点记住。如下

Paragraph 2: Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

○ the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other

○ the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets

○ the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day

○ the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals

本段重点在表达中世纪的欧洲认为时间很重要(和否定题目一致)且体现在了很多方面,哪些方面呢,看选项(有一个是错误,三个对的,这个要先辨别好)。

目的题同理,不过多赘述。

另:

小结题选项确定对应一段的则选,确定不是的则排除,也可以待定,然后再分析待定选项。

细节和内容错误都可能出现

两选项同属于一段尽量二选一(不是百分之百)

多数选项对应一段,也有半段或者两段

词汇概括的选中的几率大一些,文章在讲动物,一个选项再叨叨一个猴子的事情,多半是细节没跑了。

不要只看词汇是概括的,注意选型句子的主干,可能主干是一些很细节的词汇。

看完的同学去做题吧,方法看完要记得练习啊!!!

篇6:新托福阅读有几篇

托福阅读复习中,大家可以多参考往期的考试真题回忆,这有利于我们更好地掌握一些相关文章的背景知识,对于接下来的考试也是有很大的帮助的。为大家整理了最新的9月2日的托福阅读考试题目,供大家参考。

托福阅读考试日期:

9月2日

新托福阅读题目回忆:

Differences of Biodiversity in geographical patterns

赤道地区和温带地区物种的多样性是不同的,热带地区物种多样性要比温带好很多,然后举了很多物种的例子;有很多理论提出来解释这个现象。第一个理论是:热带地区接受的光照和降水要比温带地区多很多,意味着reproduce material 也要多很多,有助于植物的reproduce, reproductive的速度也好高很多,有利于多种生物的生存,但是温带地区就要少很多。举了很多例子。第二个理论是:热带地区气候比较稳定;有利于多种多样动植物的进化和发展在一个比较持续稳定的环境中进行,没有干扰和中断;但是温带地区气候季节变化比较大,很多生物要存活下来要能够忍受极端的寒冷,还举了间冰期的例子。所以物种的存活和进化需要很长的时间。热带地区比温带地区持续的区间范围大。热带地区是沿着赤道向南北延伸,是一个整块的连续的地理范围,但是温带地区是分别分散在北半球和南半球的。同时因为热带地区温度较高,所以parasite 比较多,这样就不利于同一种单一植物大范围的生长,扩大了同种植物的地理间隔;而温带地区因为冬季会杀死一部分植物,所以很多植物是单一物种集中生长的。 热带地区任何一个canopy都可能是一个community,环境适合多种生物生长,但是温带地区则不然。

篇7:新托福阅读如何练习

新托福阅读如何练习

1.增加背景知识

一些学生说很难投入到托福阅读题中,原因是他们不熟悉托福阅读文章中的内容。如果知道一点点,相信大家就会有所不同。例如,TPO有一篇文章谈到了高中生非常熟悉的化学元素周期表,阅读时半读半猜,估计很容易理解文章内容。

如果备考时间足够,可以多看一些文章,扩大知识背景。如果时间紧迫,需要做TPO的一系列阅读题。根据文章记忆单词,并不是文章中的每个“陌生面孔”都需要熟悉,例如,一些复杂的专有名词可以跳过。当然,主要记忆一些动词、名词和形容词,尤其是出现在主要句子中与解题相关的单词。

除了词汇,我们还应该学会分析题干及题目,例如,例如题干出现effect、conclusio之类的词,就可以确定了正在寻找的范围——段落后面的部分,以及观点性和总结性的句子永远是考查的焦点。做题时,学会分析原文和选项,并进行比较。例如句子简化题,大家需要看五个长句子。这似乎要花很多时间,但不需要仔细看每一句话。相反,应该先弄清楚原句的逻辑和主要部分,并掌握选项与原句比较的要点。

2.注意解题方法

托福阅读考试有10种题型,除了最后的小结题之外,大部分都是考查文章细节的题目,根据题目中的关键词,定位是至关重要的一步,然后是理解。如果词汇量太少怎么办?事实上,我们在阅读时应该始终牢记找的是句子的主干,所考查的信息基本上反映在主干上。

当你遇到一个句子时,先抓住主干,遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的信息,如信号词,并浏览每段的主题句。让我们再谈谈这个小结题,这是大多数考生的痛苦之处。首先,没有多少时间来完成最后一道题;其次,最后一道题是对全文主要内容的总结,比较复杂。在课堂上,我一再向学生强调掌握全文结构和总体思路的重要性,以及如何掌握它。

一是在做题之前浏览文章的题目和每一段的第一句话。作为学术性阅读文章,第一句基本上是文章的主题句,尤其是总分结构的文章,如TPO6中的婴儿健忘症,虽然文章难以理解,但文章明确提出了三个观点:第一、第二、第三……那么在这样的文章中,小结题的选项就很明显了;二是文章的每一段对应2-3道题,因此问题的相应部分基本上是该段的核心。从这两点上,我们可以很快理解文章的主要内容。因此,在做TPO练习时,做练习是不可或缺的,但更应该注意快速阅读托福文章的能力。

托福词汇备考 环境类(一)

conservation 保护,保存 ( conserve)v.s. conversation

environmentalist = conservationist

acid 酸 酸的 (alkali)acid rain

carbon 碳 (C) v.s. charcoal (炭)carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

fume exhaust fumes v.s. smoke, fog, smog

petroleum 石油à petrol (BE) = gasoline/gas (AE)à unleaded petrol/gas

ozone 臭氧 (o + zone)ozone layer

ooze 渗出 渗出物

radiation 辐射ultraviolet(UV) radiation~ radioactive

greenhouse 温室greenhouse effect/gases

solar 太阳的 (solar energy)^ lunar (lunar calendar)

phenomenon 现象

catastrophe = disaster, cataclysm

deterioration 恶化 ( deteriorate)

extinction 灭绝 ( extinct)

species endangered species

drought 干旱 >>>famine v.s. flooding

recurrent 反复发生的re + (oc)cur + rent v.s. concurrent

inundate 淹没

托福词汇备考 环境类(二)

embankment 筑堤 (em + bank + ment)

sediment 沉积(物)= deposit

delta 三角洲the Pearl River Delta

alluvial 冲积的

desertification desert (v.s. dessert)

dust-storm 沙尘暴^ thunderstorm, brainstorm

barren 贫瘠的,不育的,无效的

dune sand dunethe game “DUNE”!

attributable 归因于be attributable to…

deforestation 滥砍滥伐(森林)de + forest + ation afforestation/reforestation

log 原木,日志 伐木v.s. logo

vegetation 植物,植被v.s. vegetable, vegetarian

habitat 栖息地 habit (Habit is the second nature.)

ecosystem 生态系统 (eco + system)~ ecology

viability viable “vi”: life养育能力One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis.

demographic 人口统计的 demo(people) + graph(write) + ic

interdependence inter + dependence

counterbalance 使平衡,弥补 (=offset)counter(against) + balance

mechanism 机理,机制

precipitation 陡降,降水 ( precipice) evaporation

托福词汇备考 环境类(三)

circulation 流通,循环

tide à tidal wave (海啸) ebb earthquake

typhoon ~ tornado, hurricane

meteorology 气象(学)

volcano 火山

eruption 喷发 ( erupt)volcanic eruption >>>lava

granite 花岗岩

imminent = impending v.s. eminent

Celsius 摄氏的 37OCv.s. centigrade

Fahrenheit 华氏的

latitude 纬度(另) longitude, altitude

tropical (the) tropicstropical/torrid zone, temperate zone, frigid zone

glacier 冰川

dump 倾倒,倾销à anti-dumping

contaminate 弄脏 (à contaminant)

recycle 回收再利用

irreversible 不可逆的 (= irrevocable)

reclaim 开垦,改造 à reclamation

contentious 有争议的 ( contend)Many environmental issues today are highly contentious.

opt 选择(+ for) à option

prioritize 优先考虑 ( prior, priority)

新托福暂停考试!

新托福阅读多长时间

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托福阅读读题技巧

新托福阅读7天突破

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托福阅读备考细节技巧指点

托福阅读满分有哪些技巧

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