以下是小编整理的新托福阅读多长时间，本文共10篇，希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1：新托福阅读多长时间
新托福阅读多长时间
托福阅读做多长时间最合适?
新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。
无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。
有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。
变化之前考试时间比较死板，第一篇文章必须在20分钟以内做完，等到第一篇文章做完后才能继续在后40分钟做后面两篇文章，有加试的考生还必须等把第二次的两篇文章做完后，才能继续做加试部分的题，如果各部分超过时间还没有做完的题，就不能算入成绩。变化之后考试时间更为灵活，没有加试的考生有60分钟的考试时间做三篇文章，有加试的考生有80分钟的时间做四篇文章，没有强制规定先做哪篇后做哪篇。
提醒各位同学：考试做第一篇文章，不要超20分钟。
托福阅读时间分配方法
方法一：
用5分钟阅读整篇文章，形成对文章结构和关键内容的大致理解。剩下15分钟从第一题开始做到最后一题，先文后题：即先看每一段，然后解决对应的题目。
优点：
1.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。
2.有利于解决少数与段落主题有关的题目。
缺陷：
1.不能在规定时间内完成;
2.记不住段落的内容，做题时仍需返回段落，重新定位到具体的某句话来寻找答案。
3.做最后一题时，仍需重新阅读文章，因为距第一遍阅读文章已经时隔了十几分钟，不可能记得很清楚;或者凭借先前阅读后的大致印象选择答案，感觉没底。
方法二：
用7分钟阅读整篇文章，直接做最后一题。剩下的13分钟从第一题做到倒数第二题。
优点：
1.对于做最后一题有一定的好处，因为刚刚读完印象还在。
2.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。
缺陷：
1.最后一题的正确选项通常与第一题至倒数第二题中的某些题有一定在关联性，消耗了不必要的时间。
2.做第一题至倒数第二题的时间非常紧迫，每道题(除了词汇题)几乎都是草草一笔带过，无法确保题目的正确率。
方法三：
用15分钟做第一题至倒数第二题，先题后文：即读题目根据关键词定位到段落中的某句话，然后比对这句话和选项的含义，最后选出答案。剩下5分钟做最后一题。
优点：
1.保证了绝大多数题目的正确率。
2.确保在规定时间内完成。
缺陷：
1.需要掌握简化后的解题方法，即上完强化班之后需要把习得的技巧进行简化后才能应用于实战。
2.对于第一题至倒数第二题中个别与全文结构或主题有关的题目不能在第一时间做出判断，只能放到做完最后一题之后完成，增加了考生的心理负担和翻页的时间损耗。
托福阅读TPO31第3篇:Savanna Formation
【1】Located in tropical area at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered tree or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.
【2】Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.
【3】In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.
【4】Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage. These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated. Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor. By contrast, dry soils are sandy and porous, their coarse textures permitting water to drain rapidly. Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor. Though most savannas are found on sites with poor soils (because of either moisture conditions or nutrient levels of both), poor soils can and do support lush rain forest.
【5】Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.
【6】On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
1.The word “prolonged” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.predictable.
B.destructive.
C.lengthy.
D.unproductive.
2.In paragraph 2，the author mentions savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad in order to
A.argue that these savannas are similar to those in South America and Cuba.
B.point out exceptions to the pattern of savanna formation in areas with drought stress.
C.provide additional examples of savannas in areas with five- to eight-month wet seasons.
D.indicate areas where savannas are being gradually replaced by rain forests.
3.According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that
A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.
B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.
C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.
D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.
4.The word “notably” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.similarly.
B.especially.
C.usually.
D.relatively.
5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of savanna soils EXCEPT
A.They have high concentrations of potassium.
B.They contain high levels of aluminum.
C.They are very acidic.
D.They contain large amounts of certain oxide minerals.
6.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of waterlogged soils?
A.Their upper layers are usually sandy and porous.
B.They cannot support savannas.
C.They contain little oxygen.
D.They are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals.
7.The fact that “poor soils can and do support lush rain forest” suggests that
A.poor soils alone may not be enough to explain why an area becomes a savanna.
B.rain forest vegetation can significantly lower the quality of soils.
C.drought stress is the single most important factor in savanna formation.
D.minerals are more important than moisture for the growth of trees.
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Rain forest species seem unable to adapt to fires created by humans.
B.Ancient charcoal remains suggest that, prior to the arrival of humans, fires occurred frequently in rain forests.
C.Ancient charcoal remains in Amazon forests suggest that rain forest species adapted to the area long before the arrival of humans.
D.Rain forest species appear unable to adapt to frequent fires, but evidence from the past suggests that rain forests sometimes do burn.
9.The word “markedly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.dangerously.
B.noticeably.
C.rapidly.
D.gradually.
10.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements regarding the importance of fires in maintaining savannas?
A.Fires prevent the growth of pyrophytes.
B.Fires eliminate some species and thus reduce the overall diversity of the ecosystem.
C.Fires that occur once every two years are unlikely to help maintain savannas.
D.Fires prevent some species from eliminating other species with which they compete.
11.The word “subsequent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.expanded in area.
B.harmful.
C.following in time.
D.repeated.
12.According to paragraph 6，human activity affects soils in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A.Decomposition of leaves occurs too fast for surface roots to obtain nutrients.
B.Nutrients are not recycled.
C.Humus is destroyed.
D.Certain soils become unable to support vegetation other than savanna vegetation.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? In addition, humans have contributed to the conditions favoring the formation of savannas.
Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. ■【A】 Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, oftenwithan increase in tree density. ■【B】 There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.■【C】 On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. ■【D】 Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Several factors seem to play important roles in savanna formation.
A.Savannas can form in areas with a five- to eight-month wet season, but they more commonly have a
B.Soil stress caused by drought, extreme moisture, or low nutrient levels favors the formsticm of
C.Studies conducted in various regions indicate that an upper layer of white, sandy, soil is
D.Drought stress affects trees and shrubs in savannas far less than it affects savanna grasses.
E.Frequent fire is a major factor contributing to the formation and maintenance of
F.In some areas, human cutting and burning is associated with savanna formation, and
托福阅读答案
1.可以根据词根分析，原文中prolonged，词根为long，长度。Prolonged为延长的。选项中C，length本来是长度的意思，lengthy变为形容词格式，符合原词词义。
2.以 savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad作为关键词定位到原文，看到这半句和前 半句中间有but的转折，那么也就是说central America，Brazil这些地方和前面介绍的不一样，所以是例外情况。
3.本段第一句就指出，rain forest和savannas的土壤是相似的，但是更极端一点。后面就给了examples。最后一句 给出了两种土壤的总结“this may seem….Either too wet or too dry for forests” 所以选 D。
4.Notably从notice发展而来，以为显著的，因此选择B。另外也可通过and的并列格式来推断。
5.这一题对应for example后面的内容，A直接和红色标注部分矛盾，因此是要选的except的选项。
6.A对于“by contrast…”那一句，sandy soil和waterlogged soils 是相反的。B 与原文矛盾，上段最后就说要么很干要么很湿，waterlogged 就是很湿的那种。C对于那个 making the soil oxygen-poor。D对应“ Sandy soils are prone to .....”，而不是选项中说的 waterlogged soils的特征。
7.这句话说虽然几乎全部 的savannas都发生在poor soils之上，但是poor soils足以支撑茂盛的热带雨林。所以是转折，说明poor soils不是唯一决定了savannas的因素， 还有别的。
8.原句主干是说frequent fire是造成热带雨林不能形成的原因，即使在人类出现之前亚马逊雨林也出现过偶尔的 燃烧。所以D是意思最完整的。可根据转折关系来判断。
9.根据词根判断，原词词根为mark意为标注，跟选项中B的notice意思相近，所以选B。
10.对应部分从but in experimental areas protected from fire开始，后面的内容都对其重要性进行了解释，如果没有火来保持savannas，那么就很少有perennial grass species可以outcompeting其他的种类，从而减少了plant-species的丰富，而树的密度则会更大。对应了 D的描述。
11.subsequence是后果的意思，subsequent就是后来，然后的意思。因此选择C。
12.human activity包括了cutting and burning，然后这句的后面，从''increase....''开始就是后果。先说humus is destroyed，对应 C，然后 humus 对于decomposition是非常必 要的，而 human activity destroy了humus，所以减慢了decomposition，和A矛盾。 后面说 nutrients cannot被recycled，对应了B。converting那一句对应了D。
13.要插入的句子描述的是 savannas的形成原因，并且开头是in addition，证明是对前面句子的补充，前面句子说的应该是savannas形成的原因之一，对应了第二句。并且第三空后面的句子提到了cutting和burning，这些都是human activity。所以选 C。
14.BEF
篇2：托福阅读做阅读需要多长时间
托福阅读时间把握 做一篇阅读需要多长时间?
一.托福阅读时间把握
一般情况下如果不遇到加试的情况下，你有60分钟来应对3篇700字左右的文章及42道左右的题目。那么如果你按照20分钟一篇文章来解题的话，那么时间刚刚好是60分钟。但是大家需要知道的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不一样的，如果前面的文章偏难一些的话，那么你多些时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但如果前面的文章题目较简单你同样是用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。
所以这里小站君建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。
二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目
很多考生都会有这样一个习惯，就是先将托福阅读文章通读一遍，然后再去看题目。这样做并不明智，如果你的阅读水平并不是极高的话，建议大家不要这样做，因为如果你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，很有可能你的阅读文章将耗尽你大部分时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。
但是这种方法也不是完全不可取了，如果这篇文章是你曾经读过的，就算你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;还有一种就是前面提到的，你的阅读水平极高，可以应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法阅读肯定是做不完的。
托福阅读五大类题型应区别对待
考托路上的广大“童鞋”们，一定非常关心托福考试的相关内容，除了平时的词汇复习，大家更也同样在寻找着相关解题技巧，而托福阅读解题技巧是考生们在备考托福考试的时候要做的准备之一。下面新东方托福网就为广大考生分享托福阅读解题技巧：如何区别对待托福阅读的五类题目。
1、主旨题
主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，所以这道托福阅读题的解题技巧就是放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。
2、列举题
列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归托福阅读文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。
这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。
3、文章结论题
文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题的解题技巧应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。
4、作者态度题
作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇托福阅读文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。这种题的托福阅读题的解题技巧是考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。
局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。
5、文章推断预测题
文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。
首先，读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，“下文”将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。所以我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。
至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。
短期内提升托福阅读分数的秘诀
新托福阅读主要考察了考生的阅读理解能力和对文章结构逻辑的把握，另外对阅读面和词汇量也有着一定的要求。所以专家建议新托福考生要多积累词汇，并加强词汇的熟悉程度，进一步巩固阅读基础，尤其应在理解阅读文章的基础上着重思考出题意图，针对每道题的选项设置分析并回归原文，确定答案，多做泛读，加强阅读方面的语感。具体的新托福阅读备考建议，请看新东方托福网的解析!
一、首先就是要集中精力解决掉词汇量不足的问题!要想在短期内提升阅读能力，新东方托福网建议考生先巩固基础词汇再提升。很多同学没有对自己进行一个合理的词汇量测试，就贸然地开始默背红宝书，最后发现阅读成绩依然不理想，这是因为很多考生过于将它神话，忽略了基础单词的巩固。因此建议考生先确定自己的基础词汇不成障碍之后再进行红宝词汇的巩固，相信只要集中精力，词汇量是在短期内最容易解决的一个问题。
二、其次是大量的阅读练习!大部分考生虽然对单词有了认识，但是不会有机的排列组合，尤其对应英语类的文章不知道哪里断句，不知道哪部分是插入语，只知道按照文中单词的顺序排列组合下来形成一句自己完全读不懂的语言。所以，建议考生能够把学过的句型进行大量的句型训练，训练久了自然对文章的句子一目了然。
三、全面理解文章内容!主要针对读懂文章但不会做题的学生，因为在OG中明确地告诉我们托福阅读的题目总共有十个题型，托福毕竟是一门考试。所以，除了要打好语言基础外更要学会如何将自己夯实的基础发挥得淋漓尽致。这就要求考生平时将各个题型的突破点进行大量训练，学会揣摩作者的出题意图。
在新托福备考中，不少人喜欢做托福阅读真题和托福阅读tpo，另外还有大量的托福阅读材料。事实上不少考生也都考出了好的成绩。但新托福阅读考试主要还是集中在词汇和阅读面的拓宽上，只有一定量的词汇和较广的阅读面才能在阅读考试中不陌生，也才能避免在拿到文章时不产生第一次见的尴尬情况。
托福阅读提升有妙招：谨记三字要诀
在托福备考过程中，阅读对很多学生来说往往是最先想要攻克的一个环节。但是，新东方托福网想要提醒大家的就是，突破闯入托福阅读的门槛并不是件难事，但是想要冲到高分却还是要经过一番努力的。下面就为大家介绍一下，托福阅读中的三字提分要诀。
“直”
在这里所说的直，也就是让学生能够领会到在托福文章中出题的思路。对于托福阅读来时，并不像我们曾经参与过的高考等考试一样，基本所有答案几乎都可以在文章中找到非常明显的对应点。在答题过程中，我们也要学会领会老外的思维逻辑，不要刻意将题目想的过于复杂化。
“细”
我们说到的直接和回归原文，当然也不是说让大家粗心大意的就这么把文章过一遍。对于文章的关键词和原文定位我们还是要讲求直接和细心的。我们知道，考生在解答托福阅读题时，最常用到的解题方法就是利用题干中出现的关键词回原文定位答案范围，然后根据定位到的内容选出正确答案。
“巧”
我们在对于托福的解答过程中，找定位词也不能过于的盲目，最重要的还是一个巧字。对于关键字的定位，我们只有找到正确的方面才能提高答题效率和准确性。比如，阅读文章中考查点经常与转折、比较、否定、因果等逻辑密切相关，因而考生在定位答案范围时可根据这些重要的考点来进行精确定位。
篇3：托福阅读做阅读需要多长时间呢
托福阅读时间把握 做一篇阅读需要多长时间?
一.托福阅读时间把握
一般情况下如果不遇到加试的情况下，你有60分钟来应对3篇700字左右的文章及42道左右的题目。那么如果你按照20分钟一篇文章来解题的话，那么时间刚刚好是60分钟。但是大家需要知道的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不一样的，如果前面的文章偏难一些的话，那么你多些时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但如果前面的文章题目较简单你同样是用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。
所以这里小站君建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。
二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目
很多考生都会有这样一个习惯，就是先将托福阅读文章通读一遍，然后再去看题目。这样做并不明智，如果你的阅读水平并不是极高的话，建议大家不要这样做，因为如果你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，很有可能你的阅读文章将耗尽你大部分时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。
但是这种方法也不是完全不可取了，如果这篇文章是你曾经读过的，就算你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;还有一种就是前面提到的，你的阅读水平极高，可以应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法阅读肯定是做不完的。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.
Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard's surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.
About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, west Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth's albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.
1. What is the main topic of the passage ?
(A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers
(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers
(C) The definition of a surge glacier
(D) The history of a particular surge glacier
2. The word intervals in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) records
(B) speeds
(C) distances
(D) periods
3. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a
(A) fish
(B) wave
(C) machine
(D) boat
4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?
(A) The decline in sea levels
(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves
(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves
(D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier
5. The word freeing in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) pushing
(B) releasing
(C) strengthening
(D) draining
6. According to the passage , the Hubbard Glacier
(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier
(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895
(C) is 800 feet wide
(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day
7. Yakutat is the name of
(A) an Alaskan town
(B) the last ice age
(C) a surge glacier
(D) an Antarctic ice shelf
8. The word plunge in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) drop
(B) extend
(C) melt
(D) drift
9. The term vicious cycle in line 24 refers to the
(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers
(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas
(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice
(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska
10. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?
(A) tributary (line 15)
(B) ice dam (line 16)
(C) albedo (line 25)
(D) interglacial(line 26)
11. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?
(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.
(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge glaciers.
(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves.
(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth's climate.
PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the Industry of All Nations section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.
The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.
In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.
1. This passage is mainly about
(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's
(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's
(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's
(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's
2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because
(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society
(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City
(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters
(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published
3. The word securing in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) locking
(B) creating
(C) constructing
(D) acquiring
4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in
Watercolor EXCEPT:
(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.
(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society
(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.
(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.
5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in
Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?
(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.
(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.
(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.
(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.
6. The word it in line 15 refers to
(A) time
(B) group
(C) building
(D) studio
7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?
(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.
(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.
(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water
Colors.
(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds
of artists.
8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it
(A) received an important reward
(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting
(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction
(D) attracted the interest of art collectors
9. The word considerable in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sensitive
(B) great
(C) thoughtful
(D) planned
10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?
(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.
(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.
(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.
(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.
11. The word prominent in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) local
(C) famous
(D) organized
PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C
托福阅读做一篇阅读需要多长时间
篇4：托福阅读最好多长时间能完成呢
托福阅读一篇多长时间能完成呢?其实根据托福阅读是否遇到加试有一定关系，托福阅读的时间也是不一定的，但是基本上我们做阅读的时候一篇最好不能超过20分钟，也并不会严格计时每一篇阅读的答题时间的。下面大家看一些具体的分析吧!
托福阅读一篇最好多长时间能完成呢
阅读部分：3——5篇学术文章，每篇700字左右，每篇12-14个问题，时间60-100分钟。大至上也要3到4个小时如果仍有问题可上。对于无加试的阅读部分，变化前后的时间总量没有变化，都是60分钟，对于有加试的阅读部分，变化之前是一篇阅读和两篇文章再加加试的两篇文章，时间总量为100分，变化之后是一篇阅读和两篇文章再加加试的一篇文章，时间总量为80分钟，加试的文章量由以前的两篇变为了一篇。
各篇之间不再单独计时
变化之前考试时间比较死板，第一篇文章必须在20分钟以内做完，等到第一篇文章做完后才能继续在后40分钟做后面两篇文章，有加试的考生还必须等把第二次的两篇文章做完后，才能继续做加试部分的题，如果各部分超过时间还没有做完的题，就不能算入成绩。变化之后考试时间更为灵活，没有加试的考生有60分钟的考试时间做三篇文章，有加试的考生有80分钟的时间做四篇文章，没有强制规定先做哪篇后做哪篇。
提醒各位同学：考试做第一篇文章，不要超20分钟
有一些考生必须把文章一字不漏的阅读和翻译之后才能做题，往往忽视了阅读的速度，这种细读的方法之适用于两种情况：一种是这篇文章是你曾经读到过的，即使一字一句的读也不会花太多时间，另外一种是考生已经具备相当强的阅读水平，而且长期运用这种方法。
很多人都认为词汇题的做的好不好完全取决于自己的词汇量，事实上词汇量是占了相当一部分比重，但是不知道大家是否有过这样的经历，有时候不认识的词经过对上下文的理解和分析也可以作对，反而是那些认识的词汇经常出错，这是因为大家在面对自己有把握的词汇时，往往忽略了上下文的重要性，凭感觉选出了一个自认为理所当然的答案。所以，做好词汇题的关键就在于透彻分析上下文，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。
其实阅读部分不仅是测试大家对托福文章的理解，还包括阅读的速度，这两方面都不能被忽视，光是具备扎实的基础还远远不够，还需要搭配运用巧妙的做题技巧才能取得阅读高分。
例如当你看到一篇文章，首先要扫一下第一段，看看文章的难易程度，一般情况，平均每篇文章用时11分钟左右，5篇文章中一定有2篇难度稍微大一些，所以首先定位文章的难度和分数的比重，有助于合理的安排做题时间，以便在相同的时间内拿到最多的分数。
总的来说，这次结构的调整对我国学生来说是一件利好的事，取消了规定时限做一篇文章的方式，更符合中国学生的做题习惯，同时，加试部分减少了一篇文章也在一定程度上降低了考试的难度。在考试中，考生最好快速对考题进行难易度判断，先从简单的文章入手，把时间尽量留给较难的文章，如果第一篇文章只花费了10分钟，那么后面的空余时间就较多。如果某一个题目不能马上解答，可以先跳过，最后再回来处理。
托福阅读一篇多长时间能完成呢?第一篇文章的时间还是不要超过20分钟，这样平均分配下来，后面几篇文章的完成时间也会相应减少。
托福阅读有几篇文章相关分析
托福阅读有几篇?
托福考试阅读部分的正常题目量应该是3篇文章，如果遇到托福阅读加试题，一般会比正常的3篇+加试2篇，即总共五篇文章。托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也有很大区别，因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章来练，认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均分配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考，而是将3篇或5篇看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。
什么是托福阅读加试?
托福大纲对题目数量是有规定的，在这些规定数目的题目之外多出来的一些题目我们称之为加试题。加试题目是不算成绩的。但是，你不知道哪几篇是加试，也感觉不出来哪个是。所以都要好好做，有的时候你觉得这篇文章是加试，没好好做，结果它就是正题，就傻眼了。切记，加试不一定是最后出现的那两篇。
什么是托福阅读经典加试?
经典加试是指经常出现的题目，但是注意不保证每次都出经典加试，所以是否为经典加试是看你运气的。大家考完了下来一回忆机经，发现这几篇文章或者听力怎么老出现呢，于是就叫他为经典加试题目。
了解了上面的一些问题之后，我们就要根据考试时间合理规划考试了。
对于托福阅读考试而言，时间就是生命，时间把握不好，对考试可谓是致命的，许多考生都会因为没有在托福考试的时候时间没有分配好而溜掉许多分数，可能会有考生会说，最直接的影响应该就是时间的限制，我们需要在55分钟内做完50道阅读题，如果遇上托福阅读加试，更是会看到头晕眼花。
这看似就是不太可能能够完成的任务，但大家不要着急，上海环球托福的老师就为大家提供一种十分流行的方法：
一、在阅读文章的时候要阅读首段的前4行，在文章里首句基本是由专业名词或一些俗语构成，考生们看完一段就会头昏脑涨，后边的基本就做不下去了，所以在这建议大家先看首句的钱4行基本就可以了解文章主题了。
二、直接做题的方法，在题中找出关键词，然后在文章中进行查找，不过要告诫大家的是，查找可不是大海里捞针，那是费神费事的，需要一定的技巧，第一题通常是文章的主题题，跳过不做，放到最后来做，然而其他的试题都是有标记了的，比如数字，大写字母等等，当一道题没有这些标示的时候要通过邻近的其他试题来定位本题在原文中的位置。
新托福阅读背景知识：流星与流星雨
流星与流星雨
什么是流星?外空间的尘埃颗粒闯入地球大气，与大气摩擦，产生大量热，从而使尘埃颗粒气化。在该过程中发光形成流星。尘埃颗粒叫做流星体。
大小 在狮子座流星雨中，一颗5等流星通常仅由一个0.00006克、直径0.5毫米的流星体产生。狮子座流星雨中的可见流星的大部分流星，体直径在1毫米到1厘米之间。
速度 一个微小的流星体就足以产生在几百公里之外就能看见的亮光，其原因就在于流星体的高速度。在刚进入地球大气层时狮子座流星雨中流星体的速度可达71公里/每秒。
光之来源 当流星体闯入地球大气时，它与大量的空气分子相碰撞，使颗粒的外层微粒被撞离母体。在碰撞的过程中，一些空气分子发生电离。当被离解的电子再次被原子俘获时便会产生发光现象。
流星的颜色 大部分的狮子座流星颜色，像钠灯燃烧时的色彩。一个流星的颜色是流星体的化学成分及反应温度的体现：钠原子发出橘黄色的光，铁为黄色，镁是蓝绿色，钙为紫色，硅是红色。
声音 流星通常不会发出可以听见的声音。如果你没有看到它的话，它就会悄无声息的一扫而过。对于非常亮的流星，曾经有人听到过声音。这些声响主要集中在低频波段。一个非常亮的流星，如火流星，可能会听到声音。如果流星体的直径大于大气分子的平均自由程，则在流星体的前边会产生大量的激波。偶然情况下，这些激波会深入到大气的底层从而被我们听到。听起来像远处发出的隆隆声。
持久余迹 流星有时会在它通过的轨道上留下一条持久的余迹。余迹主体颜色多为绿色，是中性的氧原子。持续时间通常为1到10秒。可见余迹亮度迅速下降，在极限星等为4到5等的情况下，一般可持续1到30分钟。这些亮光来自炽热空气和流星体中的金属原子。
火流星 质量较大的流星体，有机会造成火流星，亮度至少比金星(-4等星)亮，出现时间可持续2~3秒。有时火流星可接近至地表一、二十公里处才消失，我们可听到火流星发出的声音
流星雨在一年中的某些天，可以看到大量的流星从同一个天区划落下来。这就是流星雨。狮子座流星雨就是其中之一。
辐射点 流星雨中的所有流星仿佛是从天空同一处散开的，这点就称为辐射点。狮子座流星雨的辐射点位于狮子座。辐射点是一种透视效果。流星从一个观测者的前后左右扫过天空，然而它们的反向延长线交汇一处，即辐射点。
流星雨从何而来 流星雨是由于彗星的破碎而形成的。狮子座流星雨的流星体与坦普尔-塔特尔彗星的轨道相同，所以一般认为坦普尔-塔特尔彗星是狮子座流星雨的母体。
流星体因何离开母彗星 彗星主要由冰和尘埃组成。当彗星逐渐靠近太阳时，冰气化，使尘埃颗粒像喷泉之水一样，被喷出母体而进入彗星轨道。
彗尾 大颗粒仍保留在母彗星的周围形成尘埃彗发;小颗粒被太阳的辐射压力吹散，形成彗尾。剩余物质继续留在彗星轨道附近。然而即使是小的喷发速度，也会引起微粒公转周期的很大不同。因此，在下次彗星回归时，小微粒将滞后母体，而大颗粒将超前于母体。当地球穿过尘埃尾轨道时，我们就有机会看到流星雨。
流星雨活动性 位于彗星轨道的尘埃粒子云被称为“流星体群”。当流星体颗粒刚从彗星喷出时，它们的分布是比较规则的。由于大行星引力的作用，这些颗粒便逐渐散布于整个彗星轨道。目前，这个过程还不是十分清楚。在地球穿过流星体群时，各种形式的流星雨就有可能发生了。
周期性的流星雨 每年地球都要穿过许多彗星的轨道。如果轨道上存在流星体颗粒，便会发生周期性的流星雨。大部分年份，狮子座流星雨的数量都不是很大。坦普尔-塔特尔彗星的回归周期是33.2年。当它运行到近日点时，地球穿过它的轨道就有可能发生大规模的流星暴雨。
近彗型流星雨 当只有母彗星运行到近日点时才发生的流星雨，称为近彗型流星雨。这说明流星体群仍在彗星附近。周期在几百年以内的彗星所形成的流星雨多为该类型。如狮子座流星雨。
远彗型流星雨 由于行星的引力摄动作用，长周期彗星的流星体群可能与母彗星相差甚远。在母彗星不在近日点时也有可能发生流星雨，这种流星雨便是远彗型流星雨。如Lurid就是这种。这种流星雨很难预报
流星暴雨 当每小时出现的流星超过1000颗时，我们称为流星暴雨。当然，流星雨和流星暴雨之间并没有严格的界限
新托福阅读背景知识：蚁丘
anthill 的背景资料
蚁丘不只是蚂蚁在建构大型地底居室的过程裡，所挖掘堆积的一堆泥土那麼间单而已。蚁丘的结构异常复杂，它们的形状对称、富含有机物质、通道与巢室密布相连，同时还夹杂了草、叶、茎干碎片，以及小圆石与细小木炭。实际上，蚁丘是突出於地表的蚂蚁都市，裡面住满了蚂蚁与其幼期个体。蚁丘最常见於气温与湿度皆极端的栖息地，例如：湿地、溪流河岸、针叶林区以及沙漠地区。而建造蚁丘的蚂蚁种类，往往也是最擅长进行气候调节的蚂蚁。
北欧森林中的保温大蚁丘
截至目前為止，我们研究最透撤的蚁丘，是分布於寒带地区的山蚁属蚂蚁所建筑的大型结构物。这种大型建筑是由体色呈红色或黑色的林蚁，包括：多梳山蚁及其近亲种蚂蚁建构而成，并成為北欧森林裡的常见景观。这种蚁丘可以由地表堆叠高达1.5公尺，目的在提高内部蚂蚁的体温，让牠们可以在春季期间儘早展开觅食，也可以提早开始抚育下一代子嗣。蚁丘外围的一层壳状物可以减少热量与湿度的流失，蚁丘突出可以大幅增加表面积，让蚁巢接受更多阳光。部分山蚁属蚂蚁所筑蚁丘的朝南斜坡较长，可以进一步增加太阳能的接收量。由於蚁丘斜坡有固定方向，因此几世纪以来，阿尔卑斯山脉的居民一直将蚁丘当成天然指南针。蚂蚁所採集的植物性物质，在腐烂的过程裡还可以產生更多热量，成千上万隻蚂蚁在拥挤的居室裡一起工作，也会產生热量。
在欧洲或美洲的寒、温带森林中，经常可以发现如小土丘般的蚁巢，此类蚂蚁隶属山蚁亚科下的木匠蚁属，俗称為木蚁(wood ant)或林蚁。蚁丘是什麼呢?应该说是木蚁的摩天大楼吧!為何木蚁要将牠们的家建得如此高大呢?一般而言，昆虫幼虫在发育的过程中，环境温度的高低经常影响其发育速率的快慢，蚂蚁的幼虫也不例外。在寒温带的森林地区，地底的温度一般都比较低，因此木蚁便将大部分的蚁巢建筑在地面上，一方面可减少因地面潮湿所带来的寒气，另一方面也能增加阳光照射的面积。但并非所有的蚂蚁都建筑如城堡般雄伟的蚁丘，如在台湾中低海拔的树林中经常可以发现到的悬巢举尾蚁(Crematogaster rogenhoferi)，便是把蚁巢建筑在树上，其形状如同一个绣花球般，因此常被误认為蜂巢;渥氏棘蚁(Polyrhachis wolf)则把整个蚁巢建在地下，地面上只有一个进出小孔，很难想像地下有个规模浩大的蚂蚁帝国。在木蚁的蚁丘中有著许许多多的房间，房间有大有小各具不同功用。蚁丘的最底部也就是在地面以下的部分，此处的温度虽比地面以上為低，但一年四季的温度变化相对较為稳定，且较不易受蚂蚁天敌的攻击，因此这裡是為蚁后的房间及(存放较脆弱蚁卵的)卵室的最好位置;而蚁丘高处受到阳光照射及渐离地面的双重影响，其温度也愈高，木蚁便依照各龄期幼虫发育所需之温度来分配房间，愈高之处為龄期愈大的幼虫室，而最温暖的部位就属化蛹室了;存放食物的房间则零散地分布在蚁丘中。举尾蚁的蚁后室则位於球状蚁巢内部的中央，幼虫室分布在周围，越往外层温度越高，幼虫室中的虫龄也越大。但并非所有的蚂蚁都有如此完整的「房间管裡」，如爪哇分针蚁(Pachycondyla japans)的蚁巢，虽有卵室及幼虫室等的分别，但却是零星地分布於巢内。瘤顎家蚁属(Strumigenys)种类的巢则仅有一个房间，大大小小的个体均生活在一起。
篇5：新托福阅读有几篇
托福阅读有几篇?托福考试阅读部分的正常题目量应该是3篇文章，如果遇到托福阅读加试题，一般会比正常的3篇+加试2篇，即总共五篇文章。
托福阅读考试多长时间?
前三篇文章时间总计60分钟。第一篇20分钟倒计时，第二、三篇一起倒计时，共40分钟，即20+40=60分钟。但如果遇到托福阅读加试题，考生将会在做了3篇文章后被要求再做2篇，计时 40分钟，这样阅读部分总共计时为20+40+40=100分钟。
托福阅读总结题六步答题方法
下面先解析一下题目要求：
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
注意这样三点：第一，要选择三个选项来完成summary(总结)，第二，已经有一句summary提供出来了，第三，错误选项是细节信息或者错误信息。
那么其实最重要的是要分析原文的重点信息以及区别细节，辨别错误信息。
但大多数的同学在完成前13道的时候并没有注意段落的大意，所以在总结题时候只能靠印象去完成，那么如何去总结段落大意呢?接下来我我们梳理一下注意事项。
1. 重视标题
2. 重视首段尾句，尤其是问号句，转折句，总结句，列举句
3. 重视段落的第1-2句，尤其是抽象概括词汇句(explanation，theory，consequences)，以及并列，让步
4. 重视段落逻辑词，如因果转折并列，尤其是段尾转折和并列
5. 重视段尾总结句
6. 重视否定题，目的题。
首先，重视标题。标题具有一定的指导意思，有的表示直接是含有问题类型的，如Which Hand Did They Use? 有标题体现动作型的，如The Formation of Volcanic Islands ， The Origins of Agriculture，The Decline of Venetian Shipping。有A and B型的，如Railroad and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth century，Energy and the Industrial Revolution，有名词复数型，如 Characteristics of Roman Pottery。问题型的重点内容肯定是对问题的回答，动作型是按时间顺序去分析如何完成或者动作的原因结果，A and B型一般会说两者的关系或者两者对比，名词复数就更好说了，文章内部的段落是按照并列结构来展开。
第二，重视段落尾句，段落尾句时常会出现比较概括的或者启下的句子，给我们指明了全文的重点，也可以是预判下文重点的一句。
TPO18-1:首段尾句it is important to understand the sources of their success.
本句启示下文，根据抽象词sources分析，下文表达成功的来源(原因)
TPO20-1: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East?
本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因
TPO21-2: How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centersat more or less the same time?
本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因
TPO21-3：What factors are responsible for this developmental turning point?
本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因
第三，重视段落的第1-2句，绝大多数的阅读文章是总分结构，所以首句会是全段的中心。
TPO22-1: 第三段段首句，Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. 下文解释植物如何competitive。
第四段段首句，These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally.本句含有概括单词 characteristics ，且是复数形式，下文解释植物的什么特点使它如何valuable。
TPO21-3: 第二段段首句：Perhaps the explanation goes back to some ideas raised by，本句子含有概括单词explanation，ideas，下文解释ideas。
TPO30-1: 第三段段首句： Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal.本句含有概括词汇costs，且是复数形式，下文解释play的代价。
第四第五，重视段落内部的逻辑词，如段落内部含有another等表示并列的词汇，那么本段是列举的结构，尽量把列举的点记下来，如段落内部含有thus等表示因果的词汇，说明thus后面为结论，结论则是段落的重点内容，而非细节。如段尾处含有转折，则表示本段后面部分是对前面的反驳，则尽量记住反驳的点。如下：
The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an “enriched” environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an “impoverished” environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.
首句+两个并列句+段尾等于全段的总结。
第六，重视其它题型对于段落总结的指导意义。
一段出现否定题说明对应的段落多数应该是并列的结构，那么基本在完成否定题的时候就已经将文章的大意把握住了，所以否定题题目和选项可以重点记住。如下
Paragraph 2: Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.
2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT
○ the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other
○ the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets
○ the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day
○ the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals
本段重点在表达中世纪的欧洲认为时间很重要(和否定题目一致)且体现在了很多方面，哪些方面呢，看选项(有一个是错误，三个对的，这个要先辨别好)。
目的题同理，不过多赘述。
另：
小结题选项确定对应一段的则选，确定不是的则排除，也可以待定，然后再分析待定选项。
细节和内容错误都可能出现
两选项同属于一段尽量二选一(不是百分之百)
多数选项对应一段，也有半段或者两段
词汇概括的选中的几率大一些，文章在讲动物，一个选项再叨叨一个猴子的事情，多半是细节没跑了。
不要只看词汇是概括的，注意选型句子的主干，可能主干是一些很细节的词汇。
看完的同学去做题吧，方法看完要记得练习啊!!!
篇6：新托福阅读有几篇
托福阅读复习中，大家可以多参考往期的考试真题回忆，这有利于我们更好地掌握一些相关文章的背景知识，对于接下来的考试也是有很大的帮助的。为大家整理了最新的9月2日的托福阅读考试题目，供大家参考。
托福阅读考试日期：
9月2日
新托福阅读题目回忆：
Differences of Biodiversity in geographical patterns
赤道地区和温带地区物种的多样性是不同的，热带地区物种多样性要比温带好很多，然后举了很多物种的例子;有很多理论提出来解释这个现象。第一个理论是：热带地区接受的光照和降水要比温带地区多很多，意味着reproduce material 也要多很多，有助于植物的reproduce， reproductive的速度也好高很多，有利于多种生物的生存，但是温带地区就要少很多。举了很多例子。第二个理论是：热带地区气候比较稳定;有利于多种多样动植物的进化和发展在一个比较持续稳定的环境中进行，没有干扰和中断;但是温带地区气候季节变化比较大，很多生物要存活下来要能够忍受极端的寒冷，还举了间冰期的例子。所以物种的存活和进化需要很长的时间。热带地区比温带地区持续的区间范围大。热带地区是沿着赤道向南北延伸，是一个整块的连续的地理范围，但是温带地区是分别分散在北半球和南半球的。同时因为热带地区温度较高，所以parasite 比较多，这样就不利于同一种单一植物大范围的生长，扩大了同种植物的地理间隔;而温带地区因为冬季会杀死一部分植物，所以很多植物是单一物种集中生长的。 热带地区任何一个canopy都可能是一个community,环境适合多种生物生长，但是温带地区则不然。
篇7：新托福阅读技巧
新托福阅读技巧
词汇
与旧托福相比，新托福的阅读考试尽管有很大改变，但大多都是形式主义，考生只要词汇基础扎实，一样可取得理想成绩。而且一般托福的词汇比较多的出现首先是在阅读里， 如果考生能够一眼看过去就知道这个词什么意思，那么在阅读考试的主动权也就掌握在自己手里了，而现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右，因此考生一定要配备应试新托福阅读第一兵器——词汇，要坚持把单词书完整“啃”下并彻底消化，打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书“啃”下并消化，除了勤劳，还要注意单词的记忆技巧，不能光靠“蛮力”，那样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感，反而产生负面效果。单词的记忆技巧主要有以下几种：
谐音记忆 如：lethal可记成“离骚”
联想记忆 如：battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。
比较记忆 如：形近单词ethnical和e
thical相比，ethnical比ethical多个字母n，这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation，“种族ethnical中包含了一个民族”。 发音记忆 如：exacerbate的音标为[eks'?s?(:)be?t]，遵循了发音规律，考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律，边读边背，就可以很轻松的记住它了。
词群记忆 如：在背foremost一词时，考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释“leading”一词。 拆分记忆 如：interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter- 、词根change ，后缀-able 。
滚动记忆 如：如果背单词表，在第一天背了10个单词，那么第二天在背新的
10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词，以此类推，另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词，因为既然是阅读高频词，肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
阅读速度
前面曾提到新托福的阅读文章的字数从之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇，尽管时间也相应增加了，可相对来说时间还是比较紧张的，因此快速的阅读能力是非常重要的。在此朗阁专家建议考生在备考时必须要配备第四大兵器——阅读速度。考生在练习提高阅读速度时应努力做到：
扩大眼睛扫描的宽度，训练自己一眼看过至少阅读到3-5个单词。
快速泛读，不同领域的书籍，理解和掌握书中主要内容即可。拓宽自己的知识面。 计时阅读，养成计时阅读的习惯，计时阅读每次进行5-10分钟即可，不宜太长。
背景知识
同样的考题，如果考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识，做起题来就会非常轻松，做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多，因此朗阁专家建议考生在新托福备考期间要努力配备另一兵器——背景知识，也就是说考生备考中要要多读一些长文章，努力积累新托福阅读中的常考文章的背景知识，题材尽量广泛，因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容，在托福考题中都会涉及。而新托福阅读考试常考的背景有印第安题材的，动植物题材的(必考)，考古学(archaeology)题材的，美国历史题材的等等，推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。
语法
除了词汇量较大以外，对很多考生来说，句子长并且结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。 面对长难句，考生要想能够迅速确定答案就必须能够做到长句短读，快速把握句子主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点。而要把握难句的主干和重点，先要弄清它们的类型，也就意味考生在准备新托福考试时必须配备第二大兵器——语法。如：主语从句，定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)，同位语(包含同位语从句)，宾语从句，表语从句，状语从句，并列结构，插入结构，独立主格，倒装句，强调句，虚拟语气等。
托福阅读长难句100句：未被发现的气体
Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.
翻译
然后，拉姆齐研究了一种存在于自然气体沉淀物中的气体，并发现这种气体是氦气，氦元素在早期的太阳光谱中已经被发现过，但是之前在地球上从未找到过它。
解析
本句主句有两个并列的谓语动词，分别是studied和discovered。本句被简化后的主要意思就是：Ramsay then studied a gas and discovered that it was helium。在前半句中，有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的a gas。在后半句中，an element是helium的同位语，起到解释补充的作用。紧接着an element后面有两个定语从句，分别由whose和that引导，都是修饰前面的同位语an element。
词汇
gas deposits指的是“气体沉淀物”，deposit还可以作动词，除了表示“使沉积”以外，还可以表示“存入”，比如：You are advised to deposit your valuables in the hotel safe. 建议您把贵重物品存到旅馆的保险箱里。
helium表示“氦气”。
spectrum在本句中表示“光谱”的意思，它还可以指“(思想、观点等)范围”，比如：Our speakers tonight come from both ends of the political spectrum. 我们今晚的演讲人来自政坛的两个极端。
托福阅读长难句100句：蓄水层水量不足
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
翻译
我们可以这样翻译：“据估计，蓄水层含有足够的水来填满休伦湖。但不幸的是，在目前处于该地区的半干旱气候的影响下，该蓄水层的补水率极低，总计每年大概半厘米左右。”
解析
本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicate that引导的宾语从句，表达观点。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思进行补充说明。
托福阅读长难句100句：婴幼儿记忆能力
The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities.
翻译
“为什么会发生婴儿期遗忘症”这个问题在数十年里已经引起了心理学家们的兴趣，尤其是有充分的证据表明：婴幼儿表现出令人惊讶的记忆能力。
解析
本句的主语是the question，谓语动词是has intrigued。在主语the question of后有why引导的从句作介词of的宾语，也就是宾语从句。而in light of ample evidence在本句中是介词短语作状语，意思是“根据充分的证据”，evidence后则是that引导的同位语从句，用来表明证据的具体内容。
词汇
infantile表示“婴儿的”。
amnesia指的是“遗忘症”。
intrigue作动词，通常表示“引起…的好奇心(或兴趣);迷住”，比如：Hibernation has long intrigued biologists. 冬眠长期以来一直引起生物学家们的兴趣。She was intrigued by his story. 她被他的故事迷住了。
ample作形容词，表示“足够的，充裕的”，是托福阅读词汇题所考查过的单词，与“plentiful”意思相近，它可以修饰证据、用量、收入等，比如：ample evidence 充分的证据，ample supple 充足的供给量， ample pay 高收入。
词汇
本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还可以作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五星级。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2.000 tons 共计2.000吨货物。
托福阅读长难句100句：教学中的反思
This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
翻译
这被认为是合理的，反思的实践可以帮助老师们更加理智地融入到他们的角色和工作中去，并让他们在学科教学中能够应对科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定性。
解析
本句的主句是This was justified by the view...，表示“后面的观点证明前面的事情是合理的”。什么观点呢?由the view that引导的同位语从句来作进一步的阐述，同位语从句中的谓语动词分别是could help和enable，彼此由and并列连接。
词汇
reflective表示“反思的”，比如：in a reflective mood 思潮起伏。
intellectually有“智力地;理智地”意思，这里表示“理智地融入到他们的角色和工作中去”。
enable sb. to do sth.意思是“使……能够……”，是写作可以借鉴的词组，比如：Money from her aunt enabled Jane to buy the house. 阿姨给简的钱使她能够买下那幢房子。
paucity表示“缺乏”，作名词，比如：the paucity of imagination 缺乏想象力，a paucity of information 缺乏信息。
篇8：新托福阅读如何练习
新托福阅读如何练习
1.增加背景知识
一些学生说很难投入到托福阅读题中，原因是他们不熟悉托福阅读文章中的内容。如果知道一点点，相信大家就会有所不同。例如，TPO有一篇文章谈到了高中生非常熟悉的化学元素周期表，阅读时半读半猜，估计很容易理解文章内容。
如果备考时间足够，可以多看一些文章，扩大知识背景。如果时间紧迫，需要做TPO的一系列阅读题。根据文章记忆单词，并不是文章中的每个“陌生面孔”都需要熟悉，例如，一些复杂的专有名词可以跳过。当然，主要记忆一些动词、名词和形容词，尤其是出现在主要句子中与解题相关的单词。
除了词汇，我们还应该学会分析题干及题目，例如，例如题干出现effect、conclusio之类的词，就可以确定了正在寻找的范围——段落后面的部分，以及观点性和总结性的句子永远是考查的焦点。做题时，学会分析原文和选项，并进行比较。例如句子简化题，大家需要看五个长句子。这似乎要花很多时间，但不需要仔细看每一句话。相反，应该先弄清楚原句的逻辑和主要部分，并掌握选项与原句比较的要点。
2.注意解题方法
托福阅读考试有10种题型，除了最后的小结题之外，大部分都是考查文章细节的题目，根据题目中的关键词，定位是至关重要的一步，然后是理解。如果词汇量太少怎么办?事实上，我们在阅读时应该始终牢记找的是句子的主干，所考查的信息基本上反映在主干上。
当你遇到一个句子时，先抓住主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的信息，如信号词，并浏览每段的主题句。让我们再谈谈这个小结题，这是大多数考生的痛苦之处。首先，没有多少时间来完成最后一道题;其次，最后一道题是对全文主要内容的总结，比较复杂。在课堂上，我一再向学生强调掌握全文结构和总体思路的重要性，以及如何掌握它。
一是在做题之前浏览文章的题目和每一段的第一句话。作为学术性阅读文章，第一句基本上是文章的主题句，尤其是总分结构的文章，如TPO6中的婴儿健忘症，虽然文章难以理解，但文章明确提出了三个观点:第一、第二、第三……那么在这样的文章中，小结题的选项就很明显了;二是文章的每一段对应2-3道题，因此问题的相应部分基本上是该段的核心。从这两点上，我们可以很快理解文章的主要内容。因此，在做TPO练习时，做练习是不可或缺的，但更应该注意快速阅读托福文章的能力。
托福词汇备考 环境类(一)
conservation 保护，保存 ( conserve)v.s. conversation
environmentalist = conservationist
acid 酸 酸的 (alkali)acid rain
carbon 碳 (C) v.s. charcoal (炭)carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
fume exhaust fumes v.s. smoke, fog, smog
petroleum 石油à petrol (BE) = gasoline/gas (AE)à unleaded petrol/gas
ozone 臭氧 (o + zone)ozone layer
ooze 渗出 渗出物
radiation 辐射ultraviolet(UV) radiation~ radioactive
greenhouse 温室greenhouse effect/gases
solar 太阳的 (solar energy)^ lunar (lunar calendar)
phenomenon 现象
catastrophe = disaster, cataclysm
deterioration 恶化 ( deteriorate)
extinction 灭绝 ( extinct)
species endangered species
drought 干旱 >>>famine v.s. flooding
recurrent 反复发生的re + (oc)cur + rent v.s. concurrent
inundate 淹没
托福词汇备考 环境类(二)
embankment 筑堤 (em + bank + ment)
sediment 沉积(物)= deposit
delta 三角洲the Pearl River Delta
alluvial 冲积的
desertification desert (v.s. dessert)
dust-storm 沙尘暴^ thunderstorm, brainstorm
barren 贫瘠的，不育的，无效的
dune sand dunethe game “DUNE”!
attributable 归因于be attributable to…
deforestation 滥砍滥伐(森林)de + forest + ation afforestation/reforestation
log 原木，日志 伐木v.s. logo
vegetation 植物，植被v.s. vegetable, vegetarian
habitat 栖息地 habit (Habit is the second nature.)
ecosystem 生态系统 (eco + system)~ ecology
viability viable “vi”: life养育能力One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis.
demographic 人口统计的 demo(people) + graph(write) + ic
interdependence inter + dependence
counterbalance 使平衡，弥补 (=offset)counter(against) + balance
mechanism 机理，机制
precipitation 陡降，降水 ( precipice) evaporation
托福词汇备考 环境类(三)
circulation 流通，循环
tide à tidal wave (海啸) ebb earthquake
typhoon ~ tornado, hurricane
meteorology 气象(学)
volcano 火山
eruption 喷发 ( erupt)volcanic eruption >>>lava
granite 花岗岩
imminent = impending v.s. eminent
Celsius 摄氏的 37OCv.s. centigrade
Fahrenheit 华氏的
latitude 纬度(另) longitude, altitude
tropical (the) tropicstropical/torrid zone, temperate zone, frigid zone
glacier 冰川
dump 倾倒，倾销à anti-dumping
contaminate 弄脏 (à contaminant)
recycle 回收再利用
irreversible 不可逆的 (= irrevocable)
reclaim 开垦，改造 à reclamation
contentious 有争议的 ( contend)Many environmental issues today are highly contentious.
opt 选择(+ for) à option
prioritize 优先考虑 ( prior, priority)
篇9：托福阅读时间把握做阅读需要多长时间
托福阅读时间把握 做一篇阅读需要多长时间?
一.托福阅读时间把握
一般情况下如果不遇到加试的情况下，你有60分钟来应对3篇700字左右的文章及42道左右的题目。那么如果你按照20分钟一篇文章来解题的话，那么时间刚刚好是60分钟。但是大家需要知道的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不一样的，如果前面的文章偏难一些的话，那么你多些时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但如果前面的文章题目较简单你同样是用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。
所以这里小站君建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。
二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目
很多考生都会有这样一个习惯，就是先将托福阅读文章通读一遍，然后再去看题目。这样做并不明智，如果你的阅读水平并不是极高的话，建议大家不要这样做，因为如果你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，很有可能你的阅读文章将耗尽你大部分时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。
但是这种方法也不是完全不可取了，如果这篇文章是你曾经读过的，就算你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;还有一种就是前面提到的，你的阅读水平极高，可以应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法阅读肯定是做不完的。
托福阅读TPO30第1篇:Role of Play in Development
【1】Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.
【2】Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.
【3】Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.
【4】The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an “enriched” environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an “impoverished” environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.
【5】Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.
【6】Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.
【7】There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “what follows is just for play.”
1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?
A.Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.
B.Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.
C.Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.
D.Play occurs independently of an animal's intentions.
2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals
A.The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.
B.The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.
C.The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.
D.The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.
3.The word “considerable” in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning to
A.Initial.
B.Practical.
C.Eventually.
D.Significant.
4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT
A.exposure to predators.
B.a buildup of fat stores.
C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.
D.risk of injury from slipping or falling.
5.Why does the author include the comment “though they were fed the same diets”?
A.To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments.
B.To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight.
C.To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive.
D.To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.
6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal's brain.
A.The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.
B.The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.
C.The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.
D.The larger the animal's cerebellum, the larger will be the animal's nerve cells.
7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?
A.Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.
B.Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.
C.The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.
D.Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.
8.The word “comparative” in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A.relative.
B.temporary.
C.sufficient.
D.complete.
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.
B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.
C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.
D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.
10.What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?
A.Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.
B.Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.
C.Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.
D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.
11.The word “potentially” in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to
A.undoubtedly.
B.possibly.
C.unfortunately.
D.quickly.
12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?
A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.
B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.
C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.
D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.
There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “what follows is just for play.” ■【D】
14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.
A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play
B.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.
C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.
D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.
E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.
F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.
托福阅读答案
1.原文中，同样的behavior会同时发生在play和其他一些非play的情况中，所以B正确。A与原文第一句矛盾。C选项没有提到。D选项与原文第一段最后一句矛盾。
2.看第二段的最后两句。倒数第二句说动物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面说确定玩耍的作用(function)非常难，那也就对应了原题的challenge。Because后面出现了原因，说这些function是长期的，其beneficial要到动物成年才出现。所以跟A选项吻痕。B、C选项原文没提到。D选项也和问题无关。
3.Considerable：重要的，值得考虑的。选项A是最初的，B是实用的，C是最终的，D是重大的，有意义的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各种cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解为一定量的损失或者风险。
4.从Therefore开始后面的都是potential cost。三种cost已经用红色字体标出。B选项看似提到了，但是原文是说失去了fat store的机会，而不是因为play而build up了。所以B错。
5.这里提到的试验的结果。前面从in one research of study开始描述这个试验，提到了两个对比组，under different conditions。后面是在说结果，括号里面的内容是对结论的解释说明。A,C,D三个选项一点儿都不沾边。只要高中学过一点数理化就知道这个是控制变量的试验，所以答案选B。
6.原文中从other studies 开始有描述了另外的观点。说greater stimulation不仅会影响大脑的大小，也会增加神经细胞间的连接的数量，而这个stimulation是由active play提供的。根据上文，环境越复杂，active play就越多，因此stimulation就越多，导致动物的大脑更大，也就更重。所以A选项符合这个观点。BCD都没提到。
7.这道题的关键词在于needed for survival。因为prey species和predator species对于survival的要求不同，所以导致他们play behavior也不同。所以选C。 A，B，D原文都没提到。
8.comparative是相对的，相当的。A是相对的;B是暂时的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以选择A。这里C可能会是迷惑选项，因为其意思带入原文也通顺，但是失去了原词的“比较”的那层意思。
9.这道题中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特别是对于群居的动物。然后用了monkey做例证。A选项只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群体，但没提到主干部分。 B选项说自私和攻击性强的动物药学social behavior，这就把其他动物排除在外了，改变了原句的意思。C正确，不仅提到了monkey也说到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)为了融入群体要学social behavior。 D是错误选项，原文并没说猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…与原文矛盾，不选。
10.根据young & adult定位到第六段第一句。说成年动物要让年轻的动物在相对安全的环境下玩儿。 因此可以得到答案C正确。A原文没有说让young去学怎么dominant，B原文虽然提到social group 但没提到是从adults身上学习。D原文完全没有相关描写。
11.potentially潜在地。A市毫无疑问地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表达了一中可能性，后半句没有转折，应该是接上上半句往下说的。所以意思应该想近。
12.这一段前半部分一直在描述说有动物之间会误以为是真的aggression，中间出现了thus证明后面会说解决的方法。这里说解决方法是用clear signals 去表达playfulness。所以答案是D。
13.要插入的句子开头为With message such as those，那么说明前面肯定会描述一些messages，后面又说even dogs，那证明前面应该也提到了狗的行为。所以这里应该插在最后一个空里。
14.选项A对应在原文第一段，提到play的行为包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行为，但是很难确定其function所以A正确。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。B这个原文没有提到，虽然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也说adults通常会让young在相对安全的情况下play，但并没有说太多太多的小动物变成了victims。不选。C这个原文虽然说他们要学social behavior，但没提到说这类动物要学着去dominant，不选。D选项对应原文第一段，但选项中的原因和原文不符，不选。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。F选项对应原文第四，五段。第四段说play会影响大脑发育，神经细胞间连接的数量。第五段说到了有益于muscle tissue的发育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。
托福阅读译文
【1】用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。因此，判断其是否玩耍，要根据动物的目的来确认，而常常通过行为本身很难分析其目的。
【2】玩耍似乎是那些有着相对复杂的神经系统的动物，主要是鸟类和哺乳动物，的一个发育，发展的特征。玩耍的大量研究主要在灵长类和犬类中进行。动物到底为什么要玩耍仍然在文献中存在争议，并且每种物种玩耍的原因也不尽相同。确定玩耍的功能很难，因为它的功能是长期的，伴随着一些直到动物成年才会显现出来的有利影响。
【3】玩耍对于动物个体并非没有一定的代价。玩耍通常是非常活跃的，包括一些动作，有时也会发出声音。所以，这些都会导致一些年幼的动物的本来可以用来生长或者储存脂肪的能量流失。另一个潜在的代价是玩耍增加了动物暴漏给天敌的几率，因为这些多动是吸引注意的行为。大量的运动也会增加摔倒滑倒导致受伤的危险。
【4】根据达尔文理论，玩耍的好处一定超过其损失，不然玩耍就不会得以进化。其中一些潜在的好处就是直接关于动物的大脑和神经系统的健康发展。在一项研究中，两组小鼠被养在不同的环境中。第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，这样的环境使其可以与其他老鼠接触，和玩具玩儿，并且接受迷宫训练。另一组生活在“穷困”的环境中，它们被养在独立笼子里，只有微弱的光照和极少的刺激。最后，结果表明生活在单一环境中的老鼠的大脑重量要比生活在复杂情况下的老鼠的大脑轻(即使它们被喂养的食物一样的)。另外一些研究表明，较大的刺激不仅会影响大脑的大小，而且也会增加神经细胞间连接的数量。因此，活跃的玩耍可以为大脑中的突触连接提供必要的刺激，特别是负责运动机能的小脑。
【5】玩耍也会刺激肌肉组织的生长，并能提供练习生存技能的机会。被捕食者，比如小鹿或者山羊，其典型的玩耍动作就是突然快速跳跃和转弯，相反捕食者，比如猫科动物，则练习潜行追踪，猛扑和撕咬。
【6】玩耍有助于幼年动物探索其生存环境，并且由于周围的成年动物一般不期望孩子去处理威胁和捕食者，所以它们可以在相对安全的环境中练习技能。玩耍也可以练习求爱和交配的社交行为。学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性，学着去懂得付出和收获的关系以融入群体。它们要学习怎么去统治和顺从因为每只猴子都会在将来扮演其中某个角色。大部分这类事情都在灵长类的长期的幼龄时期学习，期间它们有数不清的玩耍经验。
【7】当然玩耍也有危险。玩耍可能会被别的动物误会，或者不被当做玩耍而潜在地造成攻击。这个情况尤其在扮演练习正常的侵略性或捕食行为过程中。因此，许多物种都有其明确的表明玩耍的信号。比如狗，它们用会摇尾巴，前腿趴下，撅着屁股来表示“以下行为都是逗你玩儿的!”
托福阅读时间把握 做一篇阅读需要多长时间
篇10：托福阅读时间把握：做阅读需要多长时间
托福阅读时间把握 做一篇阅读需要多长时间?
一.托福阅读时间把握
一般情况下如果不遇到加试的情况下，你有60分钟来应对3篇700字左右的文章及42道左右的题目。那么如果你按照20分钟一篇文章来解题的话，那么时间刚刚好是60分钟。但是大家需要知道的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不一样的，如果前面的文章偏难一些的话，那么你多些时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但如果前面的文章题目较简单你同样是用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。
所以这里建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。
二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目
很多考生都会有这样一个习惯，就是先将托福阅读文章通读一遍，然后再去看题目。这样做并不明智，如果你的阅读水平并不是极高的话，建议大家不要这样做，因为如果你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，很有可能你的阅读文章将耗尽你大部分时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。
但是这种方法也不是完全不可取了，如果这篇文章是你曾经读过的，就算你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;还有一种就是前面提到的，你的阅读水平极高，可以应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法阅读肯定是做不完的。
托福词汇：与电影相关的托福单词
电影
animated cartoon
卡通片
cartoon
卡通片
cast
演员表;全体演员
close-up
特写镜头
director
导演
documentary
纪录片
illumination
照明
light effect
灯光效果
review
试演
script
电影剧本
theme song
主题歌
托福词汇：考古学专业分类词汇
archaeology
考古学
ancestor
祖先
ancient civilization
古代文明
origin
起源
originate
起源于
anthropology
人类学
paleo-anthropology
古人类学
artifact
人造物品;手工艺品
antique
古物，古董
antiquity
古代，古老
relic
遗物，文物
clan
氏族;部落
tribe
部落
cluster
丛生,群聚
dinosaur
恐龙
paleontology
古生物学
prehistoric
史前的
excavate (unearth)
挖掘
hominid
原始人类，人(科)
Bronze Age
(青)铜器时代
Iron Age
铁器时代
Neolithic Age
新石器时代
Neolithic
新石器时代的
Mesolithic
中石器时代的
Stone Age
石器时代
Paleolithic Age
旧石器时代
Rock painting
岩画
remains
遗迹，遗骸
ruins
遗迹，废墟
skull
颅骨;头盖骨
fossil
化石
托福词汇：与农业相关的托福单词
农业
agriculture(farming)
agrarian
土地的，农业的
agricultural
农业的
aquaculture
水产养殖
clay
黏土，湿土
clod
土块
corn
玉米
cotton
棉花
cultivate (till)
耕作
dairy (dairy cattle)
奶牛
grain (cereal)
谷物，谷粒
greenhouse(glasshouse, hotbed)
温室
harvest
收割
hay
(作饲料用)干草
insecticide(pesticide)
杀虫剂
irrigate
灌溉
land (soil)
土壤;土地
livestock
家畜
manure(fertilizer)
肥料
pasture
牧场
pea
豌豆
pest
害虫
plantation
种植园
roost (hen house)
鸡舍
soil erosion
泥土流失
sow(seed)
播种
soybean
大豆
spray
喷洒(农药)
stable
厩，马厩
tomato
西红柿
weed
除草
wheat
小麦
托福阅读时间把握 做一篇阅读需要多长时间
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