【导语】下面是小编给各位读者分享的托福阅读高效备考技巧之了解阅读文章出处（共8篇），欢迎大家分享。
篇1：托福阅读高效备考技巧之了解阅读文章出处
托福阅读高效备考技巧丨从出题角度解析阅读备考方法
一. 托福阅读高效备考技巧之了解阅读文章出处
考过托福的同学都对托福阅读的长文章有所了解，但是大家是否知道这些阅读文章的出处?因为托福考试是一项语言测试，为了测试大家的英文水平，所以托福阅读的文章大都出自一些美国本土的大学本科教材或当地的一些报刊杂志。文章的类型非常广泛，包括自然科学和人文科学的很多类目。
备考方法：泛读+背景知识。平时多读外文杂志扩充知识储备，加快阅读速度，还可以看一些关于托福阅读各个学科的背景。
二. 托福阅读高效备考技巧之了解阅读出题类型
1. 词汇题
特点：托福阅读考试中出题最多的就是词汇题，词汇题的单词会在文章中高亮显示。这类题目是阅读中比较简单的题目，备考过程中注意做题速度即可。
备考方法：1.多背词汇。当你的词汇量足够广的时候只看选项就能确定正确答案，这样可以提升做题速度，为其他题目节省时间。2.托福阅读词汇题专项练习。有很多托福阅读词汇题的专项突破，囊括了以前所有考过的阅读词汇题，建议大家把这些题目刷一遍。3.结合上下文猜测。这个方法比较耗时间，是在不认识词汇题中的单词时可以用这个办法。
2. 细节题
特点：细节题通常考察大家对阅读文章中某一细节的理解。细节题也称为事实信息题，只要能在文中找到对应的内容就可以做对题目。
备考方法：学会找关键词。题干中的关键词会给我们一些提示信息，能够帮助我们快速定位题目对应文章中的位置，继而选出正确答案。
3. 推断题
特点：推断题比细节题更难一些，因为不仅要找对应信息还要根据原文信息去推断合理选项。比如，原文提到“下了大雨”，我们可以合理推断出“地面变湿”，但是我们无法判断“具体的降雨量”。
备考方法：备考此类题目除了具备细节题的信息定位能力外，还要具备逻辑推理能力。大家在平时遇到推理题多注意积累，做题多了就能做的又快又对。
4. 句子插入题
特点：题目中给出一句话让你插入文章合适位置。这类题目不仅要了解题目句意，还要理解文章段落，结合上下文才能找到句子插入的合适位置。
备考方法：首先要提升阅读速度，这样才能在有限的时间内把握段意。最为基础的做法是带入法，将句子带入每一个空格，选择一个最佳位置。多做题可以总结出一些这类题目的规律。比如段首空格最后考虑，段尾空格优先考虑等等。
5. 段落主旨题
特点：最为典型的问法是“某一段主要讲了什么内容?”。这种段落主旨句要求大家能够把握全段主旨大意，选出最佳选项。
备考方法：此类题目最适合用排除法。1.选项内容文中未提及不选。2.选项内容太宽泛不选。3.选项内容太窄不选。4.选项内容不正确不选。
托福阅读长难句：协会组织的发展
In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within acommunity of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power. (TPO16, 54)
multiplicity /ˌmʌltɪ'plɪsɪtɪ/ n. 多，多样性
egalitarian /ɪ'gælə'tɛrɪən/ adj.平等主义的
fellowship n. 友谊，交情;团体，协会;会员资格
quasi /'kwesai/ adj. 准...，半...
laissez-faire /ˌleseɪˈf eə/ adj. 放任自由的
ideological /ˌaɪdɪəʊ'lɒdʒɪkəl/ adj. 意识的
consensus /kən'sensəs/ n. 意见一致
我是分界线，大家先一遍速读看是否理解
(In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations)(for fellowship, worship, and production) (that flourished in this laissez-faire environment), individuals could interact with one another (within a community of harmony and ideological equality), (following their own popularly elected leaders)and (governing themselves by shared consensus) (while minimizing distinctions of wealth andpower.)(TPO16, 54)
分析：
这个句子的主干是：individuals could interact with one another
修饰一：(In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations) ，介词短语，
中文：在小规模的当地的平等或半平等的组织的多样性中
修饰二：(for fellowship, worship, and production) ，介词短语，修饰organizations
中文：目的是关于协会、崇拜和生产
修饰三：(that flourished in this laissez-faire environment) ，从句，修饰organizations
中文：这些组织在这种放任自由的环境中繁荣发展
修饰四：(within a community of harmony and ideological equality) ，介词短语
中文：在一个和谐以及意识平等的社区中
修饰五：(following their own popularly elected leaders)，非谓语动词
中文：追随他们自己选出的领导
修饰六：(governing themselves by shared consensus) ，非谓语动词
中文：通过共识而实现自我管理
修饰七：(while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.) ，非谓语动词
中文：在最小化财富和权利差异的同时
参考翻译：
当地有很多有关协会、崇拜和生产的小规模平等或半平等的组织(这些组织在这种放任自由的环境中繁荣发展)，在这些组织的多样性中，大家能在一个和谐以及意识平等的社区中互相交流，追随他们自己选出的领导，并且在最小化财富和权利差异的同时，通过共识而实现自我管理。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词、介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句：大量物种灭绝
The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46)
recur /rɪ'kɜː/ v. 再发生，复发
periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地
hypothesis /haɪ'pɑθəsɪs/ n. 假说，假设
deflect /dɪ'flɛkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划
meteor /'miːtɪə/ n. 流星
devastation /ˌdevə'steɪʃn/ n. 毁坏，荒废
impact /ɪm'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响
such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的
我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解
The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46)
分析：
这个句子的主干很简单：
The possibility has given rise to such hypotheses
注意这里的such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的
例如：
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
Such poets as Keats and Shelley wrote Romantic poetry.
修饰一：(that mass extinctions may recur periodically)，从句，解释possibility
中文：大量物种灭绝可能会周期性发生
修饰二：(of a companion star) ，介词短语
中文：一颗伴星
修饰三：(with a long-period orbit) ，介词短语
中文：有长周期轨道
修饰四：(deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits)，非谓语动词
中文：使其它天体偏离正常轨道
修饰五：(making some of them fall to Earthas meteors)，非谓语动词
中文：使一些天体作为流星落入地球
修饰六：(causing widespread devastationupon impact)，非谓语动词
中文：在撞击时造成大范围破坏
参考翻译：
大量物种灭绝可能会周期性发生的可能性引起了像这样一个假说：一颗有长周期的伴星使其它天体偏离正常轨道，使一些天体作为流星落入地球，并在撞击时造成大范围破坏。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词、介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
篇2：托福阅读文章题材出处总结
托福阅读的文章一般也来自于各大媒体刊登的内容，具体的我们了解了文章的出处，可以寻找这些刊物作文泛读练习的材料，这对于我们阅读的备考，也有很大的帮助。
托福阅读文章题材出处总结
1、英语高级报纸(1)、《纽约时报》The New York Times：www.nytimes-se.com
(2)、《纽约客》The New Yorker：www.newyorker.com
(3)、《泰晤士报》 Times：www.thetimes.co.uk
(4)、《卫报》 The Guardian：www.guardian.co.uk
(5)、《观察家报》 The Observer：www.observer.co.uk
(6)、《星期日报》The Sunday Times：www.sunday-times.co.uk
2、英语通俗报纸
(1)、《每日快报》 The Daily Express：www.express.co.uk
(2)、《每日邮报》 The Daily Mail：www.dailymail.co.uk
(3)、《世界新闻报》 The News of the World：www.newsoftheworld.co.uk
3、英语主要期刊简介
(1)、《国家地理》National Geographic
(2)、《大西洋月刊》The Atlantic Monthly
(3)、《经济学家》The Economist 1843年创刊，与《金融时报》同属“皮尔逊父子公司”所有。www.economist.com
(4)、《旁观者》The Spectator创刊于1828年，是英国全国性周刊中历史最久的杂志。www.spectator.co.uk
(5)、《新政治家》The New Statesman 创刊于1934年，主要发表有关政治、社会问题、书刊、电影、戏剧等方面的评论。www.newstatesman.co.uk
(6)、《妇女界》The Woman’s Own创刊于1932年，是图文并茂的妇女月刊，女性朋友必看。www.ipcmedia.com
(7)、《泰晤士报文学增刊》The Times Literary Supplement, The TLS每周出一期，是英国最有影响的文学周刊之一。www.the-tls.co.uk
(8)、《新共和》The New Republic
(9)、《连线》Wired
(10)、《高等教育纪事报》The Chronicle of Higher Education
4、其他周刊及科普刊物
周刊 (Weeklies) ：
(1)、《侦探》 (Private Eye)：www.private-eye.co.uk (适合喜欢破案类小说的中学生)
(2)、《笨拙》 (Punch)：www.punch.co.uk (不错的漫画类杂志)
(3)、 《听众》 (The Listener) ： www.listener.co.nz
(4)、《闲暇》 (Time Out) ： www.timeout.com/london (是伦敦一本很 好的休闲杂志，它的网站也很棒)
科普 (Scientific periodicals)：
(1)、《科学美国人》Scientific American
(2)、《发现》 Discovery www.discovery.com
(3)、《自然》 Nature www.nature.com
托福阅读材料：威廉王子明年搬家或辞职
Since Duke and Duchess of Cambridge became parents three years ago, they have turned Anmer Hall in Norfolk into their perfect family home, offering a “normal” childhood for Prince George and Princess Charlotte away from prying eyes.
自从剑桥公爵夫妇于三年前成为父母，他们就把诺福克的安莫堡当成自己理想的家园，从而为乔治王子和夏洛特公主提供一个远离窥视的“正常”童年生活。
In , however, they are expected to leave it behind after deciding Prince George should be schooled in London and that Kensington Palace should be their full-time base.
然而，，在决定让乔治王子去伦敦上学后，他们有望离开安莫堡，把肯辛顿宫作为大本营。
The Duke and Duchess are also ready to step up their royal duties, with the Duke contemplating giving up his career as a helicopter pilot to take up a full-time public role.
剑桥公爵夫妇也准备履行他们的皇家职责，而威廉王子打算放弃他的直升机飞行员事业来全职从事公共服务。
Sources close to the couple have said they are committed to expanding their own Royal Foundation charity by giving more time to pet causes including mental health.
知情人士表示，剑桥公爵夫妇致力于投入更多的时间关注宠物事业以及心理健康，来发展他们自己的皇家慈善基金会。
They have told friends they expect 2017 to be a milestone year, in which they settle into roles that will last until they become king and queen.
他们告诉朋友，希望20会成为具有里程碑意义的一年，这一年他们将逐步适应自己的皇室角色直到他们成为国王和王后。
The Duke and Duchess and Prince Harry have carried out more engagements this year than in .
与相比，今年剑桥公爵夫妇以及哈里王子就承担了更多的皇室职责。
Royal sources said that trend would continue in 2017 as they help to lighten the workload for the Queen, who will be 91 in April, and the Duke of Edinburgh, who will be 96 in June.
据皇室消息透露，2017年，他们会延续这一趋势，帮助女王减轻工作负担，(毕竟)4月份女王就91岁了，而6月份爱丁堡公爵就96岁了。
Before Christmas the Queen passed on her patronages of 25 organisations to members of the Royal family including the Duke and Duchess.
圣诞节之前，女王把她在25个组织中的职权传给了剑桥公爵夫妇等皇室家族成员。
托福阅读材料：林肯的10句经典名言
1.Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power.
1.几乎所有的人都能忍受逆境，但如果你想测试一个人的性格，那就给他权力。
2.Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.
2.大多数人的快乐程度都是他们自己设定的。
3.And in the end, it's not the years in your life that count. It's the life in your years.
3.最后，重要的不是你活了多久，而是怎么活。
4.Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other.
4.永远记住，你成功的决心比什么都重要。
5.You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you can not fool all of the people all of the time.
5.你可以一直欺骗一些人，也可以在一定时间内欺骗所有人，但你不可能一直欺骗所有人。
6.A house divided against itself cannot stand.
6.一个分裂的家是没有立足之地的。
7.Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak out and remove all doubt.
7.做一个消除一切疑虑的出头鸟，还不如保持沉默被当成傻子。
8.Whatever you are, be a good one.
8.无论你是什么，都要做到最好。
9.Character is like a tree and reputation like a shadow. The shadow is what we think of it; the tree is the real thing.
9人品就像是树，而声誉是树荫。 我们想到的是树荫，而树才是本体。
10.Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.
10.那些不愿给别人自由的人，不配拥有它。
托福阅读材料：咖啡厅里的故事
I used to believe courtesy was a thing of the past. Very seldom have I encountered a courteous human being in this modern era of the so called Generation X.
我曾经一度认为礼节是过去才为人崇尚的事。在如今这个被称作“被遗忘的一代”的现代社会中，我已经很难碰到一个能被称作是“绅士”的人。
Recently, I had to change my thinking, when I came face to face with just such a human being. I had gone to a happening coffee place, with two of my grown up daughters. The place was crowded with the usual loud crowd and we had to climb a steep flight of stairs in order to find an empty table. After enjoying coffee and snacks, we were at the steep descent down the stairs, where the narrow space made climbing down only possible in a single file, with hardly any space for another person to either climb up or come down.
最近，在我遇到这样一个人后，我的想法改变了。我和两个已成年的女儿一起去了一家咖啡厅。但这家咖啡厅挤满了吵闹的人群，所以我们不得不爬上陡峭的楼梯才找到了空桌。在享用过咖啡和点心之后，我们走在陡峭的楼梯上准备下楼，在那样狭窄的空间里只能供一个人上下楼，几乎没有任何空间可以让另一个人爬上去或下来。
Just as I was in the middle of my descent, a gentleman entered the main entrance of the restaurant which was right in front of the staircase. I was sure I would be pushed roughly by this man who will want to go up in a hurry. I kept coming down as fast as I could, holding on to the bannister, in lieu of my advanced years. My agile daughters were already down, looking up at me worriedly, hoping I would reach them before the stranger started up the stairs, knowing I was a nervous sort.
当我下楼梯走到一半时，一个绅士从咖啡厅的正门，也是楼梯的右前方走了进来。我敢肯定我会被这个着急上楼的人粗暴地推开。于是我抓住了扶手，并用我有史以来最快的速度下楼。我那两个动作敏捷的女儿已经下楼了，她们忧心忡忡地抬头看着我，希望我能够在这个陌生人上楼前下来，因为她们知道我是一个容易神经紧张的人。
Nearly reaching them, I noticed the man still standing near the door. I reached my daughters and passed the stranger at the entrance door which he kept holding open. I looked back thinking he was still at the door, deciding whether to go in or find another less crowded place. I saw him going up the stairs, two at a time. I told my daughters about it and all three of us felt bad that we did not even thank the courteous gentleman who was actually holding the door open for us ladies to pass through before going up.
在快走到楼下时，我注意到那个人仍然站在门口。我走到我的女儿身边，经过那个站在门口的陌生人身旁时发现他用手抵住了门。我回头看了看，以为他还在门口，决定着是否要进去光顾或是找另一家人少的店。但我看见他以一步两阶楼梯的速度上了楼。我把我看到的告诉了女儿们，我们三个人都因为那位彬彬有礼的绅士在上楼前拉住了门让我们先行，但我们因没有感谢他而深感愧疚。
We applauded his chivalry for both, waiting for us to come down before going up himself and also holding the main entrance door open for us to go out. Such well mannered people are hard to find these days, when shoving, jostling and pushing is very common in our advanced but aggressive society. Till date, I remember this gentleman and pray to God to make more human beings like him.
那位绅士在上楼前等待我们先下楼，并且为我们拉开门以方便我们出去，我们都为他这样的骑士精神赞不绝口。在当今推搡冲撞现象横行、先进却激进的社会中，这样有礼貌的人着实难寻。直到今天，我仍记得这位先生，祈求上帝能让更多的人和他一样以礼待人。
篇3：托福阅读文章出处是哪里呢
托福阅读文章出处是哪里呢
一、托福评分标准
托福阅读部分的考试满分30分，对于大家而言24分是一个比较高分的成绩了，那么想要拿到24分的话，托福阅读又能错多少呢?以下有这些分析，托福阅读有三篇文章，总共42道题。除每篇文末尾一题每题2分之外，其他题目都是每题一分。也就是说托福阅读的原始分是45分。原始分与结果成绩有个对应关系。根据分数对应关系，托福阅读如果想要拿到24分，原始分就要38分，想要38分的原始分，有以下几个情况，一是两分题都做对了的话，原始分39分基础题可错6道题，二是两分题都做错的情况下，已经扣6分，原始分得分为38分，在这种情况下托福阅读24分只能错3道大题，基础题一道都不能错。三是比较复杂了，如果其中一道题选错一个选项即扣一分，而其他两道题没错，那么错五个基础题就能拿到托福阅读24分;如果错两个选项扣两分，其他两道题没错，那么错四个基础题也能拿到托福阅读24分了。
二、选材出处
托福考试的阅读文章选材范围及其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：人类学、政治学、经济学、教育学、等交叉学科。
大家可以多关注一下报纸《纽约时报》、《纽约客》、《卫报》、《泰晤士报》、《每日快报》、《世界新闻报》，同时还有英语的主要期刊《国家地理》、《经济学家》、《旁观者》、《新政治家》、《高等教育纪事报》以及周刊《侦探》、《听众》、《科学美国人》、《发现》、《自然》等。这些都是备考托福考试阅读的好题材出处。
托福阅读推理题的解析
推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福阅读句意解释题
这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解决这类题目的三种方法：
第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解题：
首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。
托福阅读如何应对文章难句
NO8-1，我们从“词--句-- 篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、难词
spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的
plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱
xenolith:俘虏岩
percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、难句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。
三、文章结构
Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
篇4：高效备考托福阅读心得
托福考试改革两个月后 高效备考托福阅读心得分享
托福阅读考试难度变化分析
托福考试改革后阅读部分算是变化比较大的一个科目。其中特别明显的一个改变就是阅读文章的段落长度有所增加，每一个段落里包含的信息更多，大家想要准确定位到题目涉及的内容越来越困难，那些曾经毫不费力就找到定位的题目一去不复返了。
所以从某种程度上来说，阅读的难度较之前是有上升趋势的，因为去掉的题目中有一半是可以做到秒选的词汇题，另外一部分是相对比较容易的事实题和其他题型。去掉的都是容易的，留下的都是难啃的题目，面临这样的新挑战，大家就需要调整备考策略，做到更有科学针对性地备考。
如何根据改革调整托福阅读备考计划?
1. 词汇方面依然不能放松
虽然词汇题减少了一半，在总题数中的相对占比量减少，但并不意味着词汇题不重要。词汇作为语言学习中最基础的敲门砖一定要扎实好。去掉的词汇题相对也容易一些，所以词汇题的备考必不可少。小站君在这里推荐两款备考神器：
a. 小站托福APP。里面的阅读部分有一个按题型练习，里面有699道词汇题，这些词汇题就是ETS官方模考套题TPO中的词汇题的汇总，但是这些词汇是在真题中会大量重复考的，大概占每场正式考试词汇题的一半甚至以上，所以克服词汇题的第一步就是先把这699词汇题完成，查缺补漏;
b. 小站每次考试前都会持续发布的词汇预测。这个是针对699的词汇进行的补充，这个预测词汇库是的词汇题的汇总，而根据这套词汇库汇总，大家可以发现的考试，重复旧题最多的是的旧题，所以这个预测词汇库可以说是非常有针对性的备考素材。各位考托的同学可以充分利用起来。
2. 理解方面要注重段落的结构和信息的归纳
刚刚小编已经说过，托福考试改革之后，托福阅读的很多题目对应的段落都变得特别长。但题目方面大部分情况下却依然是一段出1-2道题，有些时候，很长的段落可能也就考一道题，而这种题目考综合事实性质的题型的概率比较高，所以对整体的段落结构和主要内容大家要有一个清晰的把握。比如下面这个段落：
Most amphibians do not exhibit parental care. This observation suggests that parental care has costs to the parents that may outweigh the enhanced survival of offspring. Reduced reproductive output is one cost of parental care. Species that exhibit parental care usually produce fewer eggs per clutch than related species that do not have parental care. Furthermore, time and energy spent on parental care may limit opportunities for additional matings. Another cost may be decreased food intake for the caring parent. Parents typically do not eat when they are guarding nests or eggs, and females that remain with their clutch produce fewer clutches overall than do females that do not remain with their clutch. Reduced rates of parental survival are another potential cost of parental care. Remaining with the eggs could increase an individual’s vulnerability to predation. Because most amphibians are small and have ineffective defenses against vertebrate predators, parental care could increase the risks of the parents’death and might not save their eggs or young.
这是一篇.11.13的原题，是一个相对比较新的真题库文章。这个段落就考了一个非常综合的事实题，具体题目如下：
According to paragraph 5, providing parental care is associated with which of the following?
A. More clutches produced per female
B. Less danger to parents from predators
C. More food needed by caregiving parents
D. Fewer eggs produced per clutch
针对这个题目，大家如果想要按照常规做法，通过关键词比如parental care去找定位，就会发现整段都在讲parental care，定位很难找。这个时候大家需要把整体的段落结构梳理一下，可能整段内容会看得更清楚一些，比如：
Most amphibians do not exhibit parental care. This observation suggests that parental care has costs to the parents that may outweigh the enhanced survival of offspring(论证parental care利大于弊). Reduced reproductive output is one cost of parental care.(第一个坏处：繁殖量减少) Species that exhibit parental care usually produce fewer eggs per clutch than related species that do not have parental care.(该句话是上一句话的展开) Furthermore, time and energy spent on parental care may limit opportunities for additional matings.(第2个坏处：限制了mating的机会) Another cost may be decreased food intake for the caring parent. (第3个坏处：吃的食物减少)Parents typically do not eat when they are guarding nests or eggs, and females that remain with their clutch produce fewer clutches overall than do females that do not remain with their clutch. (针对上面小观点的展开)Reduced rates of parental survival are another potential cost of parental care.(第4个坏处：减少parental存活率) Remaining with the eggs could increase an individual’s vulnerability to predation. Because most amphibians are small and have ineffective defenses against vertebrate predators, parental care could increase the risks of the parents’death and might not save their eggs or young.(针对第4个点的展开)
这样分析了段落之后，整体的结构就非常青楚了，然后再去对应选项会发现，A,B,C都跟原文的几个小观点反了，直接选D，对应上了第一个小观点。是不是这样答案一目了然多了。
3. 备考素材要与时俱进
托福官方模考套题TPO是一个相对比较老的备考素材了，TPO40之前的文章整体的难度都小于现在考试的难度，所以如果想利用TPO的话，难度相当的套题是TPO50及之后的文章，TPO40-49，有些难度也不大，不过可以作为补充背景知识的一个比较好的素材，因为里面的文章，话题比较广。
至于TPO40之前的，如果基础不是很好的同学，可以利用40之前的文章打基础。除了TPO，另外更有针对性的素材是预测题库，小站每次考试之前都会发预测题库，那里面的40篇文章可以作为一个重要的备考素材，另外就是大范围预测题库里面有147篇文章，这个题库中覆盖的话题更全面，对于长线备考的学生来说是个不错的素材，而且，这些经典题目的分析解读类资料也是比较多的。
总而言之，托福考试改革后阅读部分的改变并不仅仅是考试时间和题目数量，具体题型的变化以及文章结构段落长度的调整大家也需要赶快适应起来，在备考中提前做好应对措施，以确保能在之后的考试中取得理想的成绩。
托福考试阅读技巧：六大阅读策略
托福考试阅读技巧1：两分钟预读
花上两分钟的时间快速浏览文章的题目;掌握第一段的内容大义;阅读每一段的第一句话;阅读文章最后一段。这个能比较快地对文章的大体内容有个一定的了解。
托福考试阅读技巧2：利用题干关键词
先读题干，划出题干的关键词; 利用划出的关键词迅速找到对应的文章中的相应内容;通过阅读文章的相关内容回归题干找出正确选项(或者通过排除法来找出正确选项)。
托福考试阅读技巧3：快速阅读
因为托福阅读的篇幅很长，所以考生在进行阅读的时候要学会快速地阅读。最好能做到用余光来覆盖信息;从而了解每一段的大意和作者的用意，而不是一字一字地阅读每一个单词的含义。
托福考试阅读技巧4：利用上下文来猜测生词
考生要在备考时掌握托福考试的核心词汇、高频词汇。但是托福阅读的篇幅长，词汇量也比较大，考生在考试时难免会遇到生词。这个时候要学会利用上下文把生词融入到语境中进行理解。从而猜测生词的意思。
托福考试阅读技巧5：做出推论
考生们要学会定位找出文章的逻辑细节，也就是论据;然后利用各种结构指示词和文章的主题来判断这些细节的作用。
托福考试阅读技巧6：概述总结
仔细阅读文章的第一段，找出观点;了解文章的基本结构，注意文章是如何对观点进行展开的，通常是一个主要观点有3个中心点支持(一个段落一个中心点)，而每个段落的中心点又会有2-4个要点支持。
托福备考策略和技巧：巧用关键词
托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。有时候可能会有学生说我做题的时候并不会去看整段啊，或者有学生说我看懂了哎，但题目就是没做对啊!其实我们在阅读一个段落时要学会使用方法，是什么方法可以帮助我们快速阅读呢?
要读懂一个段落我们只需要抓住几个关键词而已。那么关键词怎么抓呢?一是看逻辑信号词;二是读句子的时候一定牢记只看主干!下面我们就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping为例，说说如何巧抓关键词。
TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping：
Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.
以上算得上是托福阅读中较长的段落了，在快速阅读这个段落的时候我们要找的关键词是：逻辑信号词—如段落中所标示的first， but， this… 我们不难发现这些信号词所在的句子基本都是解题的信息点。那么在做题定位时不妨多加留意。当然，抓住这些关键词并不难，难在理解。
接下来我们就来看看理解这些句子时的关键词。每段话的首句是必定要读的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade。这是包含了一个定语从句的复杂句。先看到核心词changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。这篇文章接下来具体要写的内容就展露无遗，也就是威尼斯船业和贸易的变迁。
First，这当然是开始写shipping的标志了。Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. 我们一直强调句子要读主干，那么简单地看这个句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心词很显然是lost，也对应了整篇文章的主题 decline. 接下来两句写到了15和16世纪遇到的船员难招的问题。…there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. 这句话中有冒号的出现，阅读冒号之前的内容there was little problem;到下一句：the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 这句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到这里意思应该已经一目了然了，就是讲威尼斯船业在招聘船员方面所遭遇的变迁：little problem—not serious —greater problem.
刚才我们讲了文章阅读部分要抓关键词，其实我们在阅读题目和选项时也是需要寻找关键词的。有些题目的选项是比较长的，四个选项看上去也差不多一段话了，所以一定要抓住关键词判断才行，如否定词、比较词和并列词。这些是快速浏览选项的第一步。再次也要看到题干和每个选项中能让我们快速定位到原文的关键词。我们还是以托福TPO25为例：
TPO25-1 The Surface of Mars
Paragraph 5 As on the Moon， the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
According to paragraph 5， what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?
A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。
B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。
C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。
D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。
划出选项中的关键词后，定位到原文迅速浏览发现原文中并无如A和D选项中的比较，C中的否定词not和原文是明显相矛盾的，故而选择B，而B选项对应的恰好是本段末句：Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
根据以上分析，我们应该明白在阅读之时何为关键词。简单地讲有定位关键词和判断关键词。定位关键词包括题干及选项中的名词，还有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的逻辑信号词了，不要忘记用它们找到你解题需要的信息。判断关键词是选项中那些有特色的词汇，包括否定词，比较词或者是句子主干中的动词等，根据这些词和原文进行对应，至少有一半的选项可以迅速被排除。
托福备考经验：选择题细节
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a low land, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River。
According to paragraph 1，which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes。
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer。
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie。
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied。
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为枢纽词回原文定位，由于它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是假如一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找谜底，这样的话考生是选不出准确谜底的，由于定位不精确。实在准确的枢纽词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。
我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years。
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession。
B. They last longer than any other type of community。
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time。
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会泛起良多题目。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的枢纽词。文中的particular是加了暗影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们四周没有我们需要的东西;再比较凸起的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干枢纽词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。
否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多合用于选项比较简短的标题题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的标题题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来保存后关闭说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以准确谜底是C。
篇5：托福阅读高效备考细节
其实，当大家备考了一段时间后，你就会发现多数文章都是可以在文章标题中找到关键点的。但是只有把如此的关键点当成阅读全文指引，才能带来最大的收益。作为托福阅读的一种技巧，必须在清晰明了的审题后，再进入阅读。如果是为了形式化的“审题”，那对于全文阅读的效率依然是没有任何帮助的。
托福阅读背景之“外星人解密文件”
The CIA has released thousands of declassified documents on flying saucers, aliens and other unexplained phenomena.
美国中央情报局(CIA)日前公布了数千份有关飞碟、外星人及其他未解之谜的解密文件。
'We've decided to highlight a few documents both skeptics and believers will find interesting,' the agency said on its website.
中央情报局在官网上发表声明说：‘我们决定公开几份文件，它们将会引起怀疑者和信奉者的兴趣。’
The post continued: 'Below you will find five documents we think X-Files character Agent Fox Mulder would love to use to try and persuade others of the existence of extraterrestrial activity.'
声明称：“我们相信，接下来的五份文件会连《X档案》中的特别探员穆德也想要加以利用，试图说服他人外星活动真实存在。”
All of the documents are dated from the late 1940s to the 1960s, but were top-secret until now.
这些文件可追溯到20世纪40年代末到60年代，在此之前它们一直都是绝密文件。
One of the files attached to the post is a document from East Germany in 1952, where agents were called to investigate what witnesses described as a 'huge flying pan'.
在公布的文件中，有一份来自1952年的东德，文件记录了特工人员对目击者描述的“巨型飞盘”的调查。
The object was said to have a diameter of about 15 meters, according to the document.
据这份文件记载，该物体直径约为15米。
Similar flying saucers were also spotted in North Africa and Spain, the report said.
报告称，在北非和西班牙也发现了类似的飞碟。
'The picture [of the object] shows a diagonal stripe of diminishing width and lighter in shade than the sky over the dark bulk of a building cornice,' it was noted.
文件还记载道：“从照片来看，该物体表面呈宽度递减的斜条纹，它比飞檐上方的天空颜色更浅。”
Included with some of the documents were three pictures of the alleged extraterrestrials.
在部分文件中还附有所谓的外星生物的三张照片。
One of the photos - taken by British student Alex Birch in 1962 - claimed to show a group of flying saucers flying over the city of Sheffield in the UK.
其中一张照片是由英国学生亚历克斯·伯奇于1962年拍摄。这张照片展示了一群飞碟飞过英国谢菲尔德市的上空。
However the photo was proven to be a hoax.
然而，这张照片后来被证实是一场骗局。
The files also detail a case of flying saucers that were spotted over what was formerly Belgian Congo.
这些档案还对在比属刚果(刚果旧称)发现的飞碟事件进行了详细的记载。
The document reveals that two 'fiery discs' were seen over a uranium mine, and that the discs had 'glided curves and changed position many times'.
据文件披露，在铀矿上空发现了两个“火盘”，它们沿曲线轨迹滑翔，并多次变换位置。
It then adds: 'Suddenly, both discs hovered in one spot and then took off in a unique zigzag flight to the north east.
文件中写道：“突然，两个飞碟在一个地方盘旋，随即又沿独特的之字形轨迹向东北方飞去。
'A penetrating hissing and buzzing sound was audible to onlooker below. The whole performance lasted 10 to 12 minutes.'
“目击者听到一阵尖利的嘶嘶声和嗡嗡声。飞碟从出现到消失持续了10到12分钟。”
An aircraft was then set to investigate the object, and got with meters of the saucer and according to the pilot, the inner core of it remained totally still while the a knob opening could be seen from the outside.
一架飞机随后被派来侦查该物体，并飞到距飞碟几米远处。据飞行员说，飞碟内核区完全静止不动，从外部可以看到一个球形突出物。
The pilot then gave up his pursuit when the 'disc' appeared to disappear.
当“飞碟”消失后，飞行员也停止了他的追踪。
Also contained in the files is the case in Socorro, New Mexico in 1964, when police officer Lonnie Zamoraspotted a large flame rise from the ground and pierce the sky above a remote patch of desert.
这些档案中也包含了1964年发生在新墨西哥州索科罗的案例。当时警察朗尼·萨莫拉发现沙漠远处一团巨大火焰腾空而起，划破天空。
He went to investigate and found a shiny object the size of a sedan perched on the hilltop, which was oval in shape and aluminium in color.
他走过去想一探究竟，发现在山顶处有一个轿车大小的发光物体，椭圆状，呈金属铝的颜色。
The object then began to rise into the air and then sped away from him over the mountains and disappeared.
随即，该物体开始升上天，快速越过山头，然后从他眼前消失了。
The release of the documents coincide with the long-awaited return of The X-Files on Sunday.
这些文件的公开恰逢影迷期待已久的《X档案》在周日回归。
The beloved show was rebooted by the Fox Network after 10 years, with its two original stars reprising their roles.
这场深得观众喜爱的科幻剧时隔十年之后，由福克斯电视网续拍。原来的两大主演也将回归。
Vocabulary
reboot: 重新启动
reprise: 重演
托福阅读背景之外星人来地球度假
Government officials believe aliens may visit Earth and suggest harnessing UFO technology for UK defences, files say.
Documents from the Ministry of Defence classified archives show staff believed aliens could visit for “military reconnaissance”, “scientific” research or “tourism”.
In a 1995 briefing now published by the National Archives, a desk officer said the purpose of reported alien craft sightings “needs to be established as a matter of priority”, adding there did not appear to be “hostile intent”.
The unnamed official said it was “essential that we start with open minds”, explaining “what is scientific ‘fact’ today may not be true tomorrow”.
Clarifying he did not “talk to little green men every night”, he said: “We have a remit that we have never satisfied. That is, we do not now (sic) if UFOs exist.
“If they do exist, we do not know what they are, their purpose or if they pose a threat to the UK.
“If the sightings are of devices not of the earth then their purpose needs to be established as a matter of priority. There has been no apparent hostile intent and other possibilities are: 1) Military reconnaissance; 2) Scientific; 3) Tourism.”
He added that “if reports are taken at face value” they showed extraterrestrial vehicles had “a very wide range of speeds and are stealthy”.
Thus, he suggested, “we could use this technology, if it exists”.
His briefing document lists possible reasons for UFO sightings, including mass hallucinations, US aircraft, “atmospheric events” and hoaxes, but indicated none provide a fully convincing explanation.
It adds there are “some indications that the reported incidents are only the tip of an iceberg and many people do not wish to risk embarrassment and so do not report sightings”.
He also noted that the number of reports of “strange objects in the skies” increased dramatically after the Second World War, with most sightings coming from “farmers, policemen, doctors and lovers”.
在英政府公布的一批有关UFO的机密文档中，英政府官员称外星人可能造访地球，并提议利用外星人高超的飞行器技术为英国国防服务。
国防部机密档案的文件显示，有官员认为外星人造访地球可能是为了进行军事侦察，科学研究，或者度假观光。
在国家档案馆公布的一份1995年的简报中，一名事务员称应首先确认报告中的外星人乘飞行器到地球的目的，并称他们看起来并无“敌意”。
这位匿名官员还说：“重要的是，我们要有开放的思想，”并解释道“今天的科学‘事实’，到了明天可能并不正确。”
他澄清他从未“夜夜与小绿人谈话。”他说：“有一项工作我们一直没能实现。那就是，我们不知道UFO是否存在。”
“如果他们确实存在，我们也并不知道他们是什么物种，有什么目的，或是否会对英国造成威胁。”
“如果这些目击事件所观测到的装置不是地球上的，那么应首先确认这些外来者的目的。目前并未发现他们有明显的敌意，其他的可能目的有：1)军事侦察;2)科学研究;3)度假观光。”
他还说“若从表面上来看报告的内容”，外星人使用的交通工具速度奇快，而且应该具有隐形功能。
因此，他提议：“如果这种交通工具存在，我们可以利用它的技术。”
他在简报文件中列出了出现UFO目击事件的几种可能，其中包括集体幻觉，可能看到的是美国飞行器，可能是某种大气现象，甚至可能是恶作剧，但都没有做出能够完全令人信服的解释。
报告中还“暗示报告上来的UFO目击事件只是冰山一角，因为怕尴尬等原因，许多人并没有对政府报告自己的‘发现’。”
他还指出，在二战之后，报告“天空中出现奇异物体”的事件出现了迅猛增长，大部分报告者为“农民、警察、医生以及情侣”。
托福阅读背景之“俄政客自称遇见外星人”
A Russian MP has asked an eccentric regional leader to explain his behaviour after claiming on state television that he was visited at home by aliens in a UFO, media reported Thursday.
Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, head of the Buddhist Kalmykia region of southern Russia and president of the World Chess Federation (FIDE), announced without apparent irony on a high-profile chat show he had met the aliens in .
In an equally bizarre twist, Andrei Lebedev, an MP for the nationalist Liberal Democratic Party, has now written to President Dmitry Medvedev raising fears that secret information could have been disclosed in the close encounter.
“I ask you to say if the head of Kalmykia has made an official report to the Russian presidency about his contacts with representatives of an alien civilisation,” he said, quoted by tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda and other media.
“Is there an established procedure of informing about such contacts by high ranking people who have access to secret information like Ilyumzhinov?
”And did he in the course of his seemingly innocent conversation disclose secret information?“
Ilyumzhinov had said in his comments, broadcast in late April, that the aliens appeared in a transparent tube on the balcony of his apartment in Moscow.
”I was reading my book, watching television and had almost fallen asleep. Then I felt that someone was calling.
“I would not have believed it, if I had not had three witnesses -- my driver, my minister and my aide,” he said.
This is not the first time the chess-mad leader has spoken of extraterrestrial encounters. He had earlier claimed to have been shown round a UFO in
据媒体本周四报道，俄罗斯一名地区领导人日前在接受当地一个电视台的采访时语出惊人，宣称自己曾在家中遇见搭乘不明飞行物的外星人。一名杜马议员要求他对他的这一行为做出解释。
俄罗斯南部信奉佛教的卡尔梅克共和国领袖、国际象棋协会主席基尔桑·伊柳姆日诺夫日前在一档高端人物谈话节目中严肃宣称，他曾在见过外星人。
同样不可思议的是，俄罗斯民族主义政党自由民主党成员、国家杜马议员安德烈•莱比德夫竟致信总统德米特里•梅德韦杰夫，称外星人可能在与伊柳姆日诺夫“亲密接触”时窃取了俄罗斯国家机密。
俄罗斯小报《共青团真理报》和其它媒体援引莱比德夫的话说：“我想知道这位卡尔梅克共和国领导人是否已向俄罗斯总统正式汇报了与外星人接触一事。”
“像伊柳姆日诺夫这样有机会接触到国家机密的高级官员，是否有一个既定的程序来汇报此类事件?”
“在他与外星人貌似很普通的交谈中是否泄露了国家机密?”
伊柳姆日诺夫在上月末的一档电视节目中称，他曾看到外星人搭乘一艘透明的太空船降落在他位于莫斯科公寓的阳台上。
“当时我正一边看书一边看电视，几乎快要睡着，突然觉得有人在叫我。”
他说：“要不是有司机、政府部长和助理三个目击证人，我自己都不敢相信。”
这位国际象棋界领导人已经不是第一次宣称自己遇见外星人。他曾称自己在参观过一个不明飞行物。
篇6：托福阅读备考技巧之教你如何精细阅读
托福阅读备考技巧教你如何精细阅读
美国教育大纲提出的精读要求
精读的目的主要还是希望学生阅读不要囫囵吞枣，而是有方法、有目的地从阅读中获取知识，锻炼自己的思辨能力。会要求学生：
1、理清文章的叙述、论证结构。
发现文章或书中最常见的这四种逻辑结构：
Cause and effect 因果关系
Problem and solution 问题和解决
Compare and contrast 比较和对比
Chronological order 时间顺序
学生需要特别注意文章中的一些“信号”词(signal words)，帮助发现内容之间的逻辑。
2、Ask Text-based Questions学会思考和问问题
另一个阅读要求就是要能够根据文章内容提问题、想问题、解决问题。比如三个层次的问题：基于事实的问题、分析性质的问题，(文章观点、文章结构、语言特色、文本类型等等)、引申性的问题(推断、主题、和自己过往经历和生活的关系等等。)这不就契合着托福阅读的细节题、推断题、主旨题……?!!
我们怎么备考托福阅读提升成绩&符合美国大学要求的能力?
首先我们要知道，托福阅读的精读最大的目的在于四点：
1、生词+学科核心生词
2、每道题涉及解题的同义替换
3、长难句的不回读训练
4、段落中心位置+文章架构的积累训练
1、生词+学科核心生词
大批量背完单词之后怎么能够让词汇的反应越来越快?怎么能够不断加深词汇印象?那一定就是做精读。还有就是有的同学对于一些学科话题十分恐慌，词汇不熟悉内容不了解，那么精读官方真题Official文章就是最好的相识办法。
像是生物类文章，如果能够精读几篇，再答生物类全都认识了。比如官方真题Official17《共生关系》里面的parasite, tapeworm, strain,vertebrate等词，精读过少量生物类文章，再去做Biological Clocks之类的文章就非常easy了，通篇可以快速读懂，准确定位，正确率超高。再如精读过官方真题Official12的Water in Desert，地质类词汇基底你就get到了，什么洼地泥沙石灰岩玄武岩山丘，只要考试出了地质类，百分之75以上的基底词汇你都是认识的，答题就自如多了。
2、每道题涉及解题的同义替换
大多数题目其实都是可以回归原文定位解答的。对于熟练掌握托福做题技巧的学霸们，阅读对他们来说就是按图索骥的过程。但是从题目中找到词汇回文章定位的时候你会发现，粗定位一个定位词，全文可能会出现多处。那么怎么办呢?俗话说：两点定一线，你的关键词/定位词，至少要画两个以上还要全都找到。建议大家在定位词之外加上一些限定词汇，这样有助于更准确的找到原文中的答案位置。
3、长难句不回读训练
俗话说“三行以上必出题”。这些三行以上的句子往往还就是拖慢我们阅读速度的罪魁祸首。单词都认识，可就是不理解，读着读着以为能茅塞顿开，结果却是把前面的内容忘记了。针对这个问题，推荐大家在练习阅读的阶段，拒绝回读，看到大长句子，习惯性切割主谓宾。如果有题在句子中，再去精读理解。
4、段落中心位置+文章架构的积累训练
修辞目的题和6选3题怎么做，主要靠精读的这个步骤实现。全文中心在哪?段落中心在哪?我们在第二三编阅读的时候要注意标注段落中心在段落中的位置、标注逻辑架构的连接词，准确的把握文章的整体思路。这样练习多了，就可做到对文章作预判，并且在阅读的过程中就可以很好的把握各段中心思想。
Read and Re-read你的托福文章的具体操作
第一遍： cold read，先把内容基本读下来。标注生词、难句等看不懂的地方。大概理解内容，限时阅读要尽量快速的读完并了解文章内容并做题不对答案。
第二遍： warm read，查阅词汇，标注意思后，再读一遍。读得仔细一些，加深理解，加强对文章的分析和思考。开始对逻辑框架的把握，可以标注一下逻辑连接词。第二遍做题后，对答案，发现前两遍答案的异同。
第三遍：hot read，透彻地理解内容，对文章进行全面的整合和分析;总结在第二次阅读后依旧出现错误的题目错误原因。根据正确答案回归原文寻找自己在找定位词时出现的问题。
像这样，找出几篇有代表性的官方真题Official内文章进行精细阅读，可以让我们把握托福出题的思路、掌握分类的词汇，了解一些相关的背景知识，这样在考试的时候就可以迅速定位、完美解题啦!.
托福阅读材料之如何延长友情保质期
1.Make time for friendships. Nothing makes closeness fade away more than never talking to or seeing each other. While some bonds of friendship may be strong enough to span long silences, most aren't. If you cherish a person's friendship, make time for him or her, whether it's just the occasional phone call, e-mail or a weekly get-together.
为朋友腾出时间。不交流，也不见面会让朋友日渐疏远。尽管有的友谊足够牢固，经得起长时间冷却，但大多数是不行的。如果你珍惜一人友情，就为他或她留出时间。不管是偶尔打个电话，或是发一封邮件，又或是周末聚会。
1)On your computer at home or work, make a note to “call friends” regularly.
在你公司或家里的电脑上贴个便条“给朋友打电话”。
2)Keep a Post-it note on the phone, the bathroom mirror, the car dashboard, anywhere you're likely to see it.
贴张便条在电话上，浴室的镜子上，或汽车挡板上，任何你可能看到的地方。
3)Also make sure your friends' phone numbers are programmed into your phone. Then call a friend when you have a spare 10 minutes.
确认你电话里存有朋友的电话号码，有空的时候给朋友打个电话。
4)Schedule a regular once-a-month lunch – same time, same place.
定期安排一个月一次的午餐，同一时间，同一地点。
2.Remember: a true friend doesn't flee when changes occur. Nothing is sadder for new parents than to find that their single friends have abandoned them because of the baby. A good friend is one who stays true through it all – marriage, parenthood, new jobs, new homes, any losses. Just because a situation's changed doesn't mean the person has.
记住：真正是朋友是在发生变故时仍留在你身边。没有什么比这更难过了，刚当爸妈却发现他们的单身朋友因为他们有了小孩就放弃了他们。好朋友是能够经历一切的：结婚，生儿育女，新工作，新家庭，任何损失。因为情况改变了并不意味人改变了。
3.Make sure you aren't being a burden to a friend. Friendships fade away if there isn't an equilibrium between the give and the take. Be sensitive to how much your friend can and can't offer you – be it time, energy or help – and don't overstep the mark. And vice versa: friendships that drain you will not last. If a friendship is out of balance, talk the situation through.
确保你不会成为朋友的负担。如果付出和回报不平衡，友谊会逐渐褪色。对于哪些朋友能给予哪些不能给予要很敏感—无论是时间，精力或帮助，不要逾越界限，反之亦然。拖后腿的友谊不会长久的。如果友谊失去了平衡，就要说出来。
4.Be a good listener. It can be the hardest thing in the world to do – simply to listen as he or she pours it all out or is seeking your advice or opinion. To be a better listener, follow this advice:
做一个好的聆听者。这也许是世界上最难的事情—只是听他或她的倾诉或是向你寻求建议。做一位好的聆听者，有以下建议：
1)Maintain eye contact. Offer nods and murmurs to indicate that you understand his or her point of view.
保持眼神交流。时不时的点头和低语表明你了解他的观点。
2)Don't finish your friend's sentences. If you catch yourself planning your response while your friend is still talking, gently remind yourself to focus.
不要插话。如果当朋友在讲话时你正准备回应，提醒你自己集中精力。
3)Minimize distractions – don't write or read e-mails, open the mail or watch television while you're on the phone to your friend. He or she will hear the lack of interest in your responses.
尽量减少分心—当你在接朋友电话时不要写或阅读电子邮件，打开邮件或看电视。他或她会在你的回答中听到冷漠。
4)Be careful with advice. Assume your friend wants to let off steam, not necessarily ask for a plan of action.
提供建议需谨慎。假使你的朋友只是想发泄不满，不一定是寻求行动的计划。
5.Be in your friend's corner if he or she's not there to defend him or herself. If you're at a gathering at which someone mentions your friend disparagingly, defend him or her against gossip or criticism. Say, “Mary is my friend, and it makes me feel bad to hear you talk this way.” Sooner or later, news of your loyalty will travel back to your pal, and it will deepen your friendship.
当朋友不在场时要站出来为他们辩护。当你站在一群人中正在说你朋友的坏话，你要站出来为他辩护，说，“玛丽是我的朋友，你们这样说她，我感觉很不好。”早晚，你朋友会知道你对友情的忠诚，而且会加深你们的友谊。
托福阅读材料之国际空间站
The crew of the International Space Station have been forced to reduce power after half the cooling system suddenly shut down over the weekend.
Nasa officials insisted the three Americans and three Russians aboard were not in danger.
Urgent spacewalk repairs are being discussed for this week.
Without thermal controls，temperatures on the ISS‘s Sun-facing side can soar to 121C (250F)，plunging to minus 157C (-250F) on the dark side，Nasa says.
“There might be a comfortable spot somewhere in the middle of the station，but searching for it wouldn’t be much fun，” a statement on its website adds.
The station is now operating on a single string，the Associated Press reports，and has no safeguard in case of further cooling system failures.
Alarms sound
Trouble arose on Saturday night when one of the two ammonia-fed cooling loops shut down，triggering alarms throughout the ISS.
The two ammonia lines ensure that all the station‘s electronic equipment does not overheat.
Astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson set in motion equipment shutdown procedures and，with crewmate Douglas Wheelock，installed a jumper cable to keep all the rooms cool.
The Global Positioning System circuit，several power converters and a set of devices that route commands to various pieces of equipment were switched off.
Two of the four gyroscopes - part of the space station’s pointing and navigating system - were initially shut down but the crew installed a jumper cable to bring up a third gyroscope，leaving the station in a much more stable position，AP says.
Flight controllers tried to restart the disabled ammonia pump early on Sunday but the circuit breaker tripped again.
Any repairs later this week almost certainly will involve replacing the faulty ammonia pump，a difficult job that would require two spacewalks，AP adds.
“It‘s pretty clear that we’re going to want to have a course of action to take as quickly as possible，” Nasa spokesman Rob Navias said at the Johnson Space Center in Houston，Texas.
“This is not something we want to linger over.”
Two spare pumps are stored on the outside of the station. Two of the Americans on board are already scheduled to conduct a spacewalk on Thursday for routine maintenance.
No space shuttle visits to the ISS are planned before November.
篇7：托福阅读备考要了解评分标准
托福阅读评分标准：新托福阅读考试共三篇文章，每篇 12-14 道题，如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total points”。 除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是 1 分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为 3 或 4 分。考试所得分数范围:：0-30 分。
新托福阅读部分内容变得更加学术化，其涵盖的题材也更加广泛，包括了历史、科学、教育、商业、社科、艺术文学、工程技术、体育文娱 8 个方面。此外，阅读部分还出现两种新题型：“插入句子题”和“拖动选择的多选题”。
篇8：托福阅读备考要了解评分标准
各类题型特征及解题方法：
(1)词汇题 问法：The word/phrase X is closest in meaning to____
(2)指代题 问法：The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to
(3)事实题 问法：According to the passage， what/ which/ why/ when?
(4)推断题(需要精确理解) 问法：What can we infer from the passage? 注意：既然是 infer， imply， 就一定不是原文中明确说出的，而是需要我们通过阅读文章，有根据地进行推测得出的结果。
(5)举例说明概述题 (例子的作用)
(6)插入句子题 讲选项中所给的句子放入原文的某个位置，注意：这一部分需要我们分析文章段落和句子间的逻辑关系。
(7)句子要点题 问法：which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?
(8)总结题
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