今天小编在这给大家整理了托福阅读备考细节技巧指点,本文共10篇,我们一起来看看吧!

篇1:托福阅读备考细节技巧指点
托福阅读备考细节技巧指点 阅读题目也能精读
托福阅读题目也能精读?
很多考生觉得,对托福阅读文章进行精读只需研究文章就可以了,事实上,托福阅读文章后面的题目也有很大的学习价值。在精读的最后阶段,你可以再次仔细阅读各道题目,扫除之前“蒙答案”的情况。
托福阅读题目怎么精读
具体来说,考生可以从三个方面精读题目。
1. 读懂题干选项辨析词汇
考生首先看一下自己是否真的读懂了每道题的题干和选项,如果题干和选项中出现不认识的单词,应进行查阅并记录到笔记本中。
2. 确认题目和原文关系
其次,考生再把每道题和原文的关系作一次确认,比如,托福阅读题目中常出现同义替换的关系,这里的同义替换包括两层含义:
首先是题干中的词汇和原文所对应的替换点,也就是考生是如何找到该题的定位句的;
其次是正确答案和原文所对应的替换点,也就是ETS是怎么写出这个答案的。
精读题目时,你可以找到这些替换点并逐一把它们记录下来,多次总结后,你会发现托福阅读中的同义替换会有一些常见的套路。比如,有些替换通过词性的变化来实现,有些替换则靠同义词改写,而有些替换则可能是变换句型。
3. 整理错题回顾复习
最后,考生可单独整理出错题,整理错题可以让考生看出自己哪些题型是比较薄弱的,考前再做一些针对性的练习。整理出来的错题也可以放到考前几天作为再次回顾复习的材料。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The presence of mammal...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry, there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herd of mammoth, horse, and bison.
结构分析:
复合句。 主句主语+that引导的定语从句+主句谓语+宾语+同位语+宾补。that引导的宾语从句,其中含有while引导的让步状语从句。
句子分析:
the presence of mammal species 主语,that定语从句修饰species, 从句中require作谓语,grassland vegetation 作宾语。 had led 是主句谓语, Arctic biologist为宾语,Dale Guthrie 为宾语同位语,to argue 宾语补足语。本部分的意思:需要草地植被的哺乳动物的存在使得北极生物家戴尔古恩莱认为。
宾语补足语中包含that引导的宾语从句,其中,while cold and try 是让步状语从句,从句中省略了本文前一句提到的 the Beringian landscape和 was;cold and try 作从句表语。 that引导的宾语从句为there be句型,to support herd of mammoth, horse and bison做定语,修饰broad areas of dense vegetation。 本部分意思:尽管(白令海峡)寒冷干燥,那里肯定曾经有大面积茂密的植被来维持数目庞大的牛群,马和野牛的生存。
参考翻译:
需要草地植被的哺乳动物的存在使得北极生物家戴尔古恩莱认为:尽管(白令海峡)寒冷干燥,那里肯定曾经有大面积茂密的植被来维持数目庞大的牛群,马和野牛的生存。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:Tolls on roads became...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Tolls on roads became high enough to finance what has been called a road revolution, involving new surfaces and bridges, new passes through the Alps, and new inns and hospices for travelers.
结构分析:
复合句。句中包含what引导的宾语从句。
句子分析:
Tolls on roads主语, became high enough为系表结构, to finance …为结果状语。在结果状语中,finance为动词,what为宾语从句,其中,what充当主语,has been called a road revolution 为谓语部分。
本部分意思:公路通行费足以资助所谓的道路革命。
involving后置定语修饰revolution, new surfaces and bridges作involving的并列宾语1, new passes为宾语2,through the Alps为定语, new inns and hospices为宾语3,for travelers 为定语。
本部分意思:包括新的路面和桥梁,穿过阿尔卑斯的新关口,以及为旅客新提供旅馆和收容所。
参考翻译:
公路通行费足以资助所谓的道路革命,包括新的路面和桥梁,穿过阿尔卑斯的新关口,以及为旅客新提供旅馆和收容所。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:Fire is death to papyrus...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable.
结构分析:
复合句,结构较为简单,全句只含一个which 引导的定语从句。
句子分析:
主句主语fire, 谓语bakes, it 宾语(这里指代上文出现的clay,本句中没出现这个单词),hard,宾语补足语。for example为插入语,which 引导的定语从句修饰fire。从句中,which指代fire,充当主语。is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials为谓语部分, such as leather and wood,举例说明有哪些materials。现在分词短语thereby making it even more durable作结果状语,it为宾语,even more durable 为宾补。
参考翻译:
例如,火只是将粘土烤硬,从而使其更耐用,而对于纸莎草纸或其他书面材料(如皮革和木材),火意味着毁灭。
托福阅读备考细节技巧指点
篇2:托福阅读备考细节技巧指点
托福阅读备考细节技巧指点 阅读题目也能精读
托福阅读题目也能精读?
很多考生觉得,对托福阅读文章进行精读只需研究文章就可以了,事实上,托福阅读文章后面的题目也有很大的学习价值。在精读的最后阶段,你可以再次仔细阅读各道题目,扫除之前“蒙答案”的情况。
托福阅读题目怎么精读
具体来说,考生可以从三个方面精读题目。
1. 读懂题干选项辨析词汇
考生首先看一下自己是否真的读懂了每道题的题干和选项,如果题干和选项中出现不认识的单词,应进行查阅并记录到笔记本中。
2. 确认题目和原文关系
其次,考生再把每道题和原文的关系作一次确认,比如,托福阅读题目中常出现同义替换的关系,这里的同义替换包括两层含义:
首先是题干中的词汇和原文所对应的替换点,也就是考生是如何找到该题的定位句的;
其次是正确答案和原文所对应的替换点,也就是ETS是怎么写出这个答案的。
精读题目时,你可以找到这些替换点并逐一把它们记录下来,多次总结后,你会发现托福阅读中的同义替换会有一些常见的套路。比如,有些替换通过词性的变化来实现,有些替换则靠同义词改写,而有些替换则可能是变换句型。
3. 整理错题回顾复习
最后,考生可单独整理出错题,整理错题可以让考生看出自己哪些题型是比较薄弱的,考前再做一些针对性的练习。整理出来的错题也可以放到考前几天作为再次回顾复习的材料。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:A good illustration of this...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
A good illustration of this occurred after sea otters were eliminated from some Pacific kelp (seaweed) bed ecosystems: the kelp beds were practically obliterated too because in the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchin populations exploded and consumed most of the kelp and other macroalgae.
结构分析:
主干结构为复合句,其中带有after引导的时间状语从句,because 引导的原因状语从句。
句子分析:
主句中, a good illustration 主语, of this 定语。occurred 谓语。 本部分意思:一个很好的例子发生在。
after 引导的从句中, sea otters 主语,were eliminated 谓语, from some Pacific kelp bed ecosystems 状语。本部分意思:海獭从太平洋海带(海草床生态系统)被消除之后。
本部分是进一步说明。the kelp beds 主语,were practically obliterated 谓语。本部分意思: 实际上,海带床也被除去了。
because 引导的从句中, in the absence of sea otter predation, 状语, sea urchin populations 主语,exploded and consumed 谓语, most of the kelp and other macroalgae 宾语。本部分意思:因为再缺乏海獭捕食的情况下,海胆数量暴增,吃光了大部分的海带和其他海藻。
参考翻译:
一个很好的例子就发生在海獭从太平洋海带(海草床生态系统)被消除之后:实际上,海带床也被除去了,因为再缺乏海獭捕食的情况下,海胆数量暴增,吃光了大部分的海带和其他海藻。
托福阅读分析备考面面观
托福阅读题型
托福考试满分为120分,阅读部分和其他3个部分(听力,口语,写作)一样都是分别总分为30分。阅读部分一般情况下有3篇文章,共60分钟的答题时间。如果遇到了阅读加试,将有多一篇阅读,作答时间也会相应延长。文章的长度大概在700字左右,每一篇文章会带有12-14道题目。阅读部分所有题目都是客观题,以四选一的单项选择题为主,也有一些多选题。正式考试之中,非单选题都会有明确的提示。
阅读文章取材
托福文章取材于不同学科的大学程度初阶学术性文章,可以分为人文艺术,社会科学和自然科学这三大类。虽然托福文章的主题高度多元化,但是考生并不需要担心自己缺乏涉及学科的背景知识。因为托福考试测试的是语言的运用和理解,而非一个学科专业考试,所以所有的答案都可以在文章中找到。
专有名词应对技巧
因为托福文章涉及学科门类繁多,掌握一些常用的专有名词也会对考生十分有帮助。例如,托福考试并不会要求你掌握氧气是如何和氢气结合变成水的,但是如果你知道氧气是“Oxygen”,氢气是“Hydrogen”,你会更轻松地掌握涉及到相关名词的文章。同理,像“Nitrogen”、“Carbon”之类的常用专有名词学生也应该掌握。但是像“Cyanide”之类比较少见的词汇,大家遇到也不用担心。毕竟在现今知识高度专业化的年代,无穷无尽的专有名词是不可能都掌握的,而且这也不是ETS(托福主办机构)要考察的内容。
在此我给大家提供一个遇到不懂的专有名词的技巧。假如你在考试的时候遇到不认识的,甚至从未见过的单词,例如“Cyanide”,你会如何应对?大家可以不用纠结这个单词到底是什么意思,不要被卡住,继续往下读。你只要在心里记住文章提到了一种叫做“Cyanide”的物质就可以,并且记住这个词出现的大概位置。假如这个文章介绍了“Cyanide”的属性,用途与注意事项。把重点放在这个物质的属性,用途和注意事项,而不是这个物质是什么,把文章顺着读下去,然后去回答题目。这样子就可以避开由于不认识的生词而带来的障碍,顺利解答题目。以后我们也会陆续介绍更多的阅读备考策略。
注:Nitrogen是氮,Carbon是碳,Cyanide是氰化物
总而言之,备考托福阅读,最重要的是提升自身的词汇量,并且多练多思。在此基础上配合专业的课程,掌握正确的解题思路与答题技巧会更有助于获得理想的成绩。
托福阅读的传统做题策略有哪些
阅读时间:
15分钟一篇,一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)
13道题中除了4道词汇题(30‘’)1道多选题(1’30‘’)之外,其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段,大概第8题/第9题的样子,是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排,近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难,生词多,第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。
在题目上一般是(细节 词汇,细节 作用, 细节 词汇, 细节 词汇 改写, 细节 词汇, 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题,早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。
简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题,尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间,用下面的方法去读的话,20分钟一般都是够用的。
托福阅读高分障碍:
速度:1’大概150-170字,生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。
选项:词汇量一般,有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。
新托福阅读真题训练技巧:
1,粗看下文章的段数,对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段,那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话,对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2,每段段首变成中文理解,以迅速的进入状态,并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题,这段的段首也要读)
3,每读一段整理一次逻辑,A支持的观点是,A的观点的问题是B的观点是。(记忆法,图像帮助理解,逻辑帮助记忆,生成图像来理解含义,对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法,每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色。
这段如果讲倒推如原因,在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆,如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像,读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系,每一段都纵向罗列,如下)红——黄——绿
4,鉴于每段都会出细节题,如果有词汇题等先只看一句话,做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章,鉴于有四个选项,选一个对的或者不对的,看的时候自己要边看边总结,比如总结出三个步骤, 解释了三个方面的问题,或者其他。5,要检查,每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看,我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文,一般15分钟是够的,还能剩下几分钟检查。
新托福阅读真题做题策略:
词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段(30‘ . + 1’.1)耗时3分钟
词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人,是物),保持一致的最对,看这一句即可。
In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some ofthe world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of MachuPicchu high in the eastern Andes
Mountains of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了,根据意思,这道题排除BD,剩下AC很是纠结,但是看task本身,skilledtask这种说法小奇怪,一般是skilled workers,所以选A
The word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning to
Difficult Necessary Skilled Shared
词汇题一直是难点超爱错,猜出来的,如果有时间检查一定要再看一下,从ETS出题的角度考虑。
托福阅读备考细节技巧指点
篇3:托福阅读备考做题细节指点
托福阅读备考做题细节指点 刷完题后切记做好这几件事
托福 阅读备考要做错题分析
尽管题目都是读懂了才能做对、读不懂就会做错,但毕竟,每个题目有自己的问法和常见的回答角度,那么在这个过程中,我们应该按不同的题型来进行不同的分析。
托福阅读词汇题
1. 背住题目中出现的所有词汇题的题目单词及正确答案
2. 搞不懂的词汇题,务必要看看单词的英文释义
托福阅读细节题&排除题&推断题
对于这些题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)题目的中文意思是什么?
2)根据题目所问,原文中哪句话能够回答题目?找到并翻译这句话。
3)先不看选项,试着根据上一步中理解的句意,自己回答这道题目。
4)阅读选项,翻译中文意思并找到符合自己回答的选项。
5)分析其他选项的错误原因。
托福阅读句子简化题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)题目句子的中文意思。
2)每个选项的中文意思。
3)分析选项的正确和错误原因。
托福阅读修辞目的题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)题目的中文意思是什么?
2)题目问及的原文句子以及其上下文语境的中文意思是什么?
3)先不看选项,试着根据上一步中理解的句意,体会作者的意图。
4)阅读选项,找到正确选项并翻译中文意思。
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托福阅读插入句子题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)待插入句子的中文意思是什么?
2)这个句子有哪些关键词/关键信息,能够帮助我们确定正确位置前后的信息?
3)这个句子插入正确位置后,与前后文构成了什么样的联系?
托福阅读小结题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)选项的中文意思是什么?
2)正确选项对应原文的哪段/那几段的主要内容?
3)错误选项为何错误?
错题分析这个步骤必然需要字典的帮助,依靠自己的努力想出来的题目、句子,才算是自己吸收了。解析什么的,请到万不得已的时候再使用。(还要有对解析好坏的判断能力)
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:木卫四金属含量较少
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
结构分析:
复合句,其中包含that 引导的宾语从句。
句子分析:
主句中this作主语,tells谓语,us宾语,that引导宾语从句。宾语从句中,Callisto作主语,has...(谓语1)和must be an icy body(谓语2)为并列谓语。谓语1中,has 为动词, less of the rocky metallic materials 作宾语,found in the inner planets是后置定语修饰rocky metallic materials。本部分的意思:这告诉我们,在内行星中,木卫四的岩石金属物质含量较少。
谓语2为系表结构,an icy body为表语,through much of its interior为状语。本部分意思:相反,它内部的大部分物质一定以冰态存在。
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参考翻译:
这告诉我们:在内行星中,木卫四的岩石金属物质含量较少;相反,它内部的大部分物质一定以冰态存在。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:海草系统沉积性环境
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Since most seagrass systems are deposit ional environments, they eventually accumulate organic material that leads to the creation of fine-grained sediments with a higher organic content than that of the surrounding unvegetated environment.
结构分析:
复合句。Since 引导原因状语从句,主句中包含that引导的定语从句。
句子分析:
原因状语从句Since most seagrass systems are depositional environments中,most seagrass systems 作主语,are depositional environment为系表结构。本部分意思:因为大多数的海草系统属于沉积性环境。
they eventually accumulate organic material… surrounding unvegetated environment为主句。其中,they是主语,accumulate是谓语,organic material是宾语。本部分意思:它们最终会积累有机物质。
that引导的定语从句修饰organic material,其中,that作主语,leads to为谓语,the creation是宾语,of fine-grained sediments with a higher organic content为定语修饰宾语。本部分意思:会产生有机物质含量更高的细颗粒沉淀物。
介词短语than that of the surrounding unvegetated environment作定语。其中,that是代词,指的是organic content,of the surrounding unvegetated environment 定语,修饰that。本部分意思:比起周围无植被区的细颗粒状沉淀物的有机物质含量。
参考翻译:
由于大多数海草系统属于沉积性环境,它们最终会积累有机物质,进而形成有机物质含量高于周围无植被区的细颗粒状沉淀物。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:石油是有机物分解产物
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter.
结构分析:
复合句。句子主干为:主语+谓语+宾语,宾语后有一个同位语从句;冒号后为主语的同位语。
句子分析:
Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter,其中,two additional kinds of evidence为主语,support为谓语,the hypothesis为宾语。that引导the hypothesis的同位语从句,其中,petroleum为主语,is a product 为系表结构;介词短语of the decomposition of organic matter作定语,修饰表语。本部分意思:还有另外两种证据能支持石油是有机物分解的产物这一假设。
(1)oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter and (2)oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter
这两部分为主语Two additional kinds of evidence的同位语,对主语进行解释说明。
部分1中,oil为主语,possesses作谓语,optical properties作宾语。 过去分词短语known only in hydrocarbons作后置定语,修饰properties, derived from organic matter为后置定语,修饰hydrocarbons. 本句意思:石油具有光学特性,这些特性只有源自有机物的碳氢化合物中才有。
部分2中,oil为主语,contains为谓语,nitrogen and certain compounds为并列宾语。后置定语believed to originate only in living matter修饰compounds。本句意思:石油含有氮和某些化合物,人们认为这些化合物只能来源于有生命的物质。
参考翻译:
还有另外两种证据能支持石油是有机物分解的产物这一假设:一是石油具有光学特性,这些特性只有源自有机物的碳氢化合物中才有;二是石油含有氮和某些化合物,人们认为这些化合物只能来源于有生命的物质。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:火毁灭书面材料
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable.
结构分析:
复合句,结构较为简单,全句只含一个which 引导的定语从句。
句子分析:
主句主语fire, 谓语bakes, it 宾语(这里指代上文出现的clay,本句中没出现这个单词),hard,宾语补足语。for example为插入语,which 引导的定语从句修饰fire。从句中,which指代fire,充当主语。is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials为谓语部分, such as leather and wood,举例说明有哪些materials。现在分词短语thereby making it even more durable作结果状语,it为宾语,even more durable 为宾补。
参考翻译:
例如,火只是将粘土烤硬,从而使其更耐用,而对于纸莎草纸或其他书面材料(如皮革和木材),火意味着毁灭。
篇4:GRE阅读备考技巧指点
GRE阅读备考精华技巧指点
什么是意群训练
在进入正题之前,先来看看意群的概念,对意群的解释目前流行几个版本,从阅读的意义上来讲,意群就是指大家平时阅读一篇文章时,视线每停留一次,进入视界范围的单词会有多个。这些单词不带有任意性,单词与单词之间的逻辑意义紧密相连,所以可以暂且将这种意义紧密相连的多个单词视为一个意群。
要想将这种方法运用到实际的阅读当中,那就有必要知道,语篇的构成单位为段落,段落的构成单位则是句子,而句子的最终构成单位为语言意义的基本载体单元词汇。而意群训练,是指按照对词汇之间意义的紧密性及对英语句子的结构进行拆分的阅读方法,这样不仅利于阅读速度的提升还可以提高一个人对语篇环境的适应能力。
实例讲解意群训练法
例句1
The primary method previously used by paleontologists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles [新世纪冰川周期] was the determination of 18O/16O [18O与16O分别为氧元素] ratios in calcareous fossils.
这个句子读完第一遍之后,如果发现自己没有读懂这个句子是因为当中所出现的生词所造成的,那你错了,如若使用意群法对此句进行结构拆分,反而会发现其实这个句子读起来并是那么晦涩难懂。换句话说,如果将单词扩大到一个短语成分,分句,乃至整个句子,这样对文章理解起来更深刻也更全面。上面的那个句子,可以将其解构为:一个主干结构,4个意群:
本句主干:Method[主语] Be[系动词] Determination [表语]
四个意群分别为:1) The primary method previously used by paleontologist; 2) to estimate climatic changes that occurred; 3) during Pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18O/16O ratios in calcareous fossils. 在这句话中,意群的划分依据为词语与词语之间的联系紧密度,意群1应解释为: method前有The primary, 后有previously used by paleontologist,分别起到修饰method的作用,而意群2则在此处用作动词use的目的状语,用来说明这种方法的用途所在, 意群4为系动词表语结构,整个句子的结构也随之开始变的清晰起来。
例句2
In the Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and styles.
中文释义:
在<<忧郁的蓝调>>一诗中,休斯选择改变这样一些传统:即,那些曾经规定美国黑人文学必须以倡导种族容忍及种族团结为宗旨的文学传统,并规定为实现这一目标,美国黑人文学还须反映出对西欧文学技巧及风格的理解和娴熟运用能力的文学传统.
这段话中出现了,三个That,往往考生会在这几个that之间踌躇不定,尤其是第三个that后面的意群,in order to do so作为一个插入成分将that与紧跟that后的宾语从句分隔开来,第一个that起引导定语从句的作用,且第一个that可用which 来替代,而第二与第三个that起引导宾语从句的作用,第三个that前省略了动词decreed。当句子当初出现复合句时,尤其是宾语从句或定语从句,会以that为标志出现,而只要将that及其所引导的成分视为一个意群进行分析,读时才不会出现那种不得要领的阅读感觉。
例句3
The petition asked that during June, July, and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch
中文释义:此申请书请求6,7,8三个月份间的工作时间应从原来早8晚5改为现在的早7点上班晚3:30下班的工作时间制,而午餐时间则由原来的1小时改为现在的半小时。
如果能够分清此句的意群,就不会读不懂整句话,本句结构为:The petition [主语] asked[谓语] that[后接宾语从句]。当我们看到be change时,便会一眼看到change 后的from...to...to...to,这时,问题便出现了,这里存在两个意群:1. 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2. 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 当理清这两个意群以后,整个句子开始变得流畅了许多。
在新GRE阅读中,大家如果能够将句子按照意群方法进行句子结构的重新划分,将句子分为几个意义理解单位,不但能够提升阅读的速度,而且还会对句子的结构及段落进行清晰的把握。这就是进行意群训练的意义,希望大家按照本上文的方式进行新GRE阅读练习,以提高自己的新GRE阅读成绩。
GRE阅读怎样迅速提高能力
1.gre阅读复习掐时间读一篇文章,长文章1.5—2分钟,短文章1—1.5分钟,然后以平均每题1分钟的速度解完后面的题。注意是“平均”,即你只要控制在比如7题在7分钟内作完即可!
2.gre阅读复习然后看哪些题作错,为什么会作错。主要有以下两类供参考:①看错,主要分为:定位错误;题干词NOT,EXCEPT,LEAST,ERR等看错;选项没看懂,诸如untreated理解成“无可救药”的,其实是“未经治疗的”,无可救药的应该是untreatable!②想错:中国式思维≠美国式思维≠的思维,我们所要作的就是中国式思维与的思维间建立直觉联系。
3.gre阅读复习把文章不计时间地仔细研究一遍,主要研究层次结构,起承转合,语言套路及选项特征,“以其所正正其所不正”。
4.此时对后面的所有问题作如下三个工作:
①不论作对或作错,想一下此题的解题思路是什么,是否具有多种解题方案,自己距离某种解题方案还有什么缺陷或不足,什么样的方法最适合我。
②最短的一条路是什么。
③把每道题的五个选项都找出对或错的理由来,一定要是让自己信服的理由。可能有人达到一定高度觉得没必要,太费时,但是有些看来现在很友好的错误项只要改动一点就能要你的命,你信不信?所以你不要这么做,一定要仔细看过,找到它的弱点,其中有什么困难。
5.找出文中自己不熟悉的抽象词与难句,反复操练。所谓“抽象词”,《难句》一书有介绍,这里从略。永远记住:阅读是读“意思”,不要用“中文翻译思维”(看到一组词就用中文词义理解)去读,更别去用语法,“意思”是种比爱情更朦胧的东西,你说不准,但你作题时你就是知道答案是什么,答案长啥样,记住啊!
GRE阅读:不同解题攻略
现象解释型首先给出一种自然或社会现象,通常很古怪,接着对现象进行解释,解释手段有引用理论、实验验证、举例证明、分层说明以及过程描述等。最后还可能有对解释理论的态度,态度的类型分为支持、反对、无态度(客观公正)以及无明确态度,如果文中解决了问题,可以将之认为作者持正面态度。
结论解释型首先是判断句,然后做出转折。写作方法有:
(a)首句正/负评价,后面的相反评价是结论。
(b)判断句后加情境背景。
(c) 先叙述别人的观点, 最后才是作者的评价(结论)。
问题解决型首先出现设问句,接着给出解决方法。写作方法有:
(a)若有多种解决方案, 注意新老解决方案的区别。
(b)写出解决的原则和手段。
(c)用试验证明解决。
(d)引用原理解决。
掌握了GRE阅读的套路,接下来就是如何提升其阅读速度问题,阅读习惯的培养相当重要,阅读过程中绝对不可以出声朗读,也不可以不出声在脑子里面朗读,因为眼睛拍摄文字把它传向大脑的速度远远大于嘴巴逐字逐句念给大脑的速度,人的大脑可以直接用字形图像来理解含义,而用字音再理解反而会多一道程序。也不能单单对一个词进行死抠,要知道阅读考的是句子和文章。
具体有四个训练项目:一是意群训练,即以几个相邻的词为阅读对象。二是不回视训练,保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力,避免回视。三是合理化训练,根据文章上下文进行逻辑推理。四是速度与理解力的平衡点训练,首先找出自己的速度与理解力的平衡点,然后在阅读中根据所读内容的难度和重要程度,调整自己的现场阅读速度。
篇5:GRE阅读备考技巧指点
GRE阅读备考精华技巧指点 ,做好意群训练看懂文章更轻松
什么是意群训练
在进入正题之前,先来看看意群的概念,对意群的解释目前流行几个版本,从阅读的意义上来讲,意群就是指大家平时阅读一篇文章时,视线每停留一次,进入视界范围的单词会有多个。这些单词不带有任意性,单词与单词之间的逻辑意义紧密相连,所以可以暂且将这种意义紧密相连的多个单词视为一个意群。
要想将这种方法运用到实际的阅读当中,那就有必要知道,语篇的构成单位为段落,段落的构成单位则是句子,而句子的最终构成单位为语言意义的基本载体单元词汇。而意群训练,是指按照对词汇之间意义的紧密性及对英语句子的结构进行拆分的阅读方法,这样不仅利于阅读速度的提升还可以提高一个人对语篇环境的适应能力。
实例讲解意群训练法
例句1
The primary method previously used by paleontologists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles [新世纪冰川周期] was the determination of 18O/16O [18O与16O分别为氧元素] ratios in calcareous fossils.
这个句子读完第一遍之后,如果发现自己没有读懂这个句子是因为当中所出现的生词所造成的,那你错了,如若使用意群法对此句进行结构拆分,反而会发现其实这个句子读起来并是那么晦涩难懂。换句话说,如果将单词扩大到一个短语成分,分句,乃至整个句子,这样对文章理解起来更深刻也更全面。上面的那个句子,可以将其解构为:一个主干结构,4个意群:
本句主干:Method[主语] Be[系动词] Determination [表语]
四个意群分别为:1) The primary method previously used by paleontologist; 2) to estimate climatic changes that occurred; 3) during Pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18O/16O ratios in calcareous fossils. 在这句话中,意群的划分依据为词语与词语之间的联系紧密度,意群1应解释为: method前有The primary, 后有previously used by paleontologist,分别起到修饰method的作用,而意群2则在此处用作动词use的目的状语,用来说明这种方法的用途所在, 意群4为系动词表语结构,整个句子的结构也随之开始变的清晰起来。
例句2
In the Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and styles.
中文释义:
在<<忧郁的蓝调>>一诗中,休斯选择改变这样一些传统:即,那些曾经规定美国黑人文学必须以倡导种族容忍及种族团结为宗旨的文学传统,并规定为实现这一目标,美国黑人文学还须反映出对西欧文学技巧及风格的理解和娴熟运用能力的文学传统.
这段话中出现了,三个That,往往考生会在这几个that之间踌躇不定,尤其是第三个that后面的意群,in order to do so作为一个插入成分将that与紧跟that后的宾语从句分隔开来,第一个that起引导定语从句的作用,且第一个that可用which 来替代,而第二与第三个that起引导宾语从句的作用,第三个that前省略了动词decreed。当句子当初出现复合句时,尤其是宾语从句或定语从句,会以that为标志出现,而只要将that及其所引导的成分视为一个意群进行分析,读时才不会出现那种不得要领的阅读感觉。
例句3
The petition asked that during June, July, and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch
中文释义:此申请书请求6,7,8三个月份间的工作时间应从原来早8晚5改为现在的早7点上班晚3:30下班的工作时间制,而午餐时间则由原来的1小时改为现在的半小时。
如果能够分清此句的意群,就不会读不懂整句话,本句结构为:The petition [主语] asked[谓语] that[后接宾语从句]。当我们看到be change时,便会一眼看到change 后的from...to...to...to,这时,问题便出现了,这里存在两个意群:1. 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2. 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 当理清这两个意群以后,整个句子开始变得流畅了许多。
在新GRE阅读中,大家如果能够将句子按照意群方法进行句子结构的重新划分,将句子分为几个意义理解单位,不但能够提升阅读的速度,而且还会对句子的结构及段落进行清晰的把握。这就是进行意群训练的意义,希望大家按照本上文的方式进行新GRE阅读练习,以提高自己的新GRE阅读成绩。
新GRE阅读练习题
Stem borers are insect pests that often ruin North American corn crops. On some other continents, crop damage by stem borers is controlled by a certain species of wasp. Since these wasps eat nothing but stem borers, importing them into North America will keep crop damage from stem borers under control without endangering other North American insect species.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Corn is the principal food of stem borers that live on continents other than North America.
(B) The wasps are capable of surviving in North America long enough to eat significant numbers of stem borers.
(C) No wasp in North America is closely related to the species of wasp that eats stem borers.
(D) On continent other than North America, the wasps control stem borers more effectively than does any other pest control measure.
(E) Corn crops on continents other than North America are not damaged by any insect pests other than stem borers.
答案:B
新GRE阅读练习题
In the United States, average fuel efficiency of newly manufactured domestic cars, although remaining worse than that of newly manufactured imported cars, substantially improved between 1983 and 1988. Average fuel efficiency of new domestic cars has not improved since, but the difference in average fuel efficiencies of new domestic cars and new imported cars has steadily decreased. If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
(A) Average fuel efficiency of domestic cars manufactured after 1988 was better than that of imported cars manufactured before 1988.
(B) Average fuel efficiency of newly manufactured domestic cars has steadily worsened since 1988.
(C) Average fuel efficiency of newly manufactured imported cars has steadily worsened since 1988.
(D) Average fuel efficiency of newly manufactured imported cars has steadily improved since 1983.
(E) Average fuel efficiency of imported cars manufactured in 1983 was better than that of imported cars manufactured in 1988.
答案:C
新GRE阅读练习题
For many years, Benjamin Quarles' seminal account of the participation of African Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field. According to Quarles, the outcome of this conflict was mixed for African American slaves who enlisted in Britain's fight against its rebellious American colonies in return for the promise of freedom:the British treacherously resold many into slavery in the West Indies, while others obtained freedom in Canada and Africa. Building on Quarles' analysis of the latter group, Sylvia Frey studied the former slaves who emigrated to British colonies in Canada. According to Frey, these refugees-the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants-viewed themselves as the ideological heirs of the American Revolution. Frey sees this inheritances reflected in their demands for the same rights that the American revolutionaries had demanded from the British: land ownership, limits to arbitrary authority and burdensome taxes, and freedom of religion.
According to the passage, which of the following is true about the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution?
(A) Although they were politically unaligned with either side, they identified more with British ideology than with American ideology.
(B) While they were not immediately betrayed by the British, they ultimately suffered the same fate as did African American Revolutionary.War participants who were resold into slavery in the West Indies.
(C) They settled in Canada rather than in Africa because of the greater religious freedom available in Canada.
(D) They were more politically active than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Africa.
(E) They were more successful than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled Africa.
答案:E
新GRE阅读练习题
From a newspaper editorial:Many people who are addicted to heroin will eventually attempt to overcome their addiction, principally for two reasons:the expense of maintaining a heroin addiction and the fear of arrest. If heroin were legalized and made available cheaply, as some people advocate, neither of these reasons would apply.
The considerations above can best serve as part of an argument that
(A) legalizing the sale of heroin would cause the price of this drug to go down
(B) making it easier for heroin addicts to obtain treatment for their addiction would encourage many heroin addicts to attempt to overcome their addiction
(C) legalizing the sale of heroin would increase the number of crimes committed by heroin addicts to support their addiction
(D) making heroin available legally and cheaply would make it less likely that heroin addicts will attempt to overcome their addiction
(E) decreasing the severity of penalties for individuals who use heroin would not increase the number of new heroin addicts
答案:D
篇6:托福阅读备考要注意细节
托福阅读备考要注意细节 这4个常被忽视的问题别漏掉
托福阅读备考请提前准备词汇
如果基础一般的同学,想要参加托福考试 ,最好提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在,重要的是能够持之以恒,每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词,可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到,但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过:“Without grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。
托福阅读训练先看懂文章结构
接下来大家要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白,托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章,基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法,我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章,就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
托福阅读备考需重视积累背景知识
积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要,因此我们在做新托福 阅读的题目的同时,也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物,原版杂志。譬如,国家地理、自然等一些著名的原版杂志,这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识,同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
托福阅读备考考前也要做模考
在复习的最后阶段,做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话,最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron, Kaplan以及一些比较权威的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:教学过程中的反思实践
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involve d in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
词汇讲解:
paucity /?p?s?ti/ n.少量,少许,少数
结构划分:
This was justified (by the view) (that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.)
深度分析:
修饰一:(bythe view),介词短语,修饰justified
中文:通过这个观点
修饰二:(that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.),超级无敌长的同位语从句,解释view的内容,在从句中还有一个并列结构A and B
中文:反思实践可以帮助教师带着更多思考去融入他们在教学中的角色和工作,并使他们能在教学法中处理科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定。
参考翻译:
这是合理的,因为基于这样的观点:反思实践可以帮助教师带着更多思考去融入他们在教学中的角色和工作,并使他们能在教学法中处理科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:岛上生物群落共生关系
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends up on the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very importantin island communities.
词汇讲解:
community n. 社区,团体,社会,(动植物的)群落
symbiosis /s?mba?'os?s/ n. 共生
结构划分:
It is significant that the earliest living things (that built communities on these islands) are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon (that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life) and a principle (that is very important in island communities).
深度分析:
修饰一:(that built communities on theseislands),从句,修饰living things
中文:在这些岛上建立生物群落
修饰二:(a phenomenon and a principle),同位语,修饰symbiosis,注意这里的a phenomenon和a principle被从句隔开了,注意这里的断句
修饰三:(that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life) ,从句,修饰a phenomenon
中文:依赖两种或两种以上的生物紧密合作
修饰四:(that is very important in island communities)从句,修饰aprinciple
中文:在岛上生物群落非常重要
参考翻译:
在这些岛上建立生物群落的最早的生物以共生方式存在是非常重要的,共生是一种依赖两种或两种以上的生物紧密合作而生存的现象,也是在岛上生物群落非常重要的原则。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:有声电影的批判观点
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective , a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.
词汇讲解:
perspective /p?'spekt?v/ n. 透视法,透视图;远景;观点,看法
strain n. 品种,类型
结构划分:
(Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective),a strain of critical opinion inthe 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty (that would soon fade from sight),(just as had many previous attempts, (dating well back before the First World War),to link images with recorded sound).
深度分析:
这句话的主干就是a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that
修饰一:(Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective),从句
中文:虽然从以后的观点来看很难想象
修饰二:(that would soon fade from sight),从句,修饰a technical novelty
中文:不久就会从视线里消失 修饰三:( just as had many previous attempts to link images with recorded sound),从句,大家一定要注意这里的attempts to被插入语(dating well back before the FirstWorld War)隔开了,断句不要出问题
中文:就好像以前试图把图像和录音连接在一起的许多尝试一样。
修饰四:(dating well back before the First World War),插入语
中文:追溯到一战以前
参考翻译:
虽然从以后的观点来看很难想象,但在20世纪代有一种批判的观点预测有声电影将会是不久就会从视线里消失的技术创新,就好像一战以前试图把图像和录音连接在一起的许多尝试一样。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析:夸张乞讨造成的伤害
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging——such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories——but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share gene s with one another.
结构划分:
The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs (of exaggerated begging)——(such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories)——but rather in the damage (that any successful cheater would do to its siblings), (which share genes with one another).
深度分析:
这个句子主干是:The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs but rather in the damage,大家要注意这里的not…but结构,不是…而是
修饰一:(of exaggerated begging) ,介词短语,修饰costs
中文:夸张的乞讨
修饰二:—— (such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories) ,破折号,解释说明
中文:这些能量消耗相对于可能获得的能量相比是很少的
修饰三:(that any successful cheater would do to its siblings) ,从句,修饰damage
中文:任何一个成功的欺骗者会对它的兄弟姐妹造成伤害
修饰四:(which share genes with oneanother),从句,修饰siblings
中文:彼此拥有相同的基因
参考翻译:
答案明显不在于夸张的乞讨所增加的能量消耗——这些能量消耗相对于可能获得的能量相比是很少的——而是在于任何一个成功的欺骗者会对和它有同样基因的兄弟姐妹造成伤害。
托福阅读备考要注意细节
篇7:托福阅读高效备考细节
其实,当大家备考了一段时间后,你就会发现多数文章都是可以在文章标题中找到关键点的。但是只有把如此的关键点当成阅读全文指引,才能带来最大的收益。作为托福阅读的一种技巧,必须在清晰明了的审题后,再进入阅读。如果是为了形式化的“审题”,那对于全文阅读的效率依然是没有任何帮助的。
托福阅读背景之“外星人解密文件”
The CIA has released thousands of declassified documents on flying saucers, aliens and other unexplained phenomena.
美国中央情报局(CIA)日前公布了数千份有关飞碟、外星人及其他未解之谜的解密文件。
'We've decided to highlight a few documents both skeptics and believers will find interesting,' the agency said on its website.
中央情报局在官网上发表声明说:‘我们决定公开几份文件,它们将会引起怀疑者和信奉者的兴趣。’
The post continued: 'Below you will find five documents we think X-Files character Agent Fox Mulder would love to use to try and persuade others of the existence of extraterrestrial activity.'
声明称:“我们相信,接下来的五份文件会连《X档案》中的特别探员穆德也想要加以利用,试图说服他人外星活动真实存在。”
All of the documents are dated from the late 1940s to the 1960s, but were top-secret until now.
这些文件可追溯到20世纪40年代末到60年代,在此之前它们一直都是绝密文件。
One of the files attached to the post is a document from East Germany in 1952, where agents were called to investigate what witnesses described as a 'huge flying pan'.
在公布的文件中,有一份来自1952年的东德,文件记录了特工人员对目击者描述的“巨型飞盘”的调查。
The object was said to have a diameter of about 15 meters, according to the document.
据这份文件记载,该物体直径约为15米。
Similar flying saucers were also spotted in North Africa and Spain, the report said.
报告称,在北非和西班牙也发现了类似的飞碟。
'The picture [of the object] shows a diagonal stripe of diminishing width and lighter in shade than the sky over the dark bulk of a building cornice,' it was noted.
文件还记载道:“从照片来看,该物体表面呈宽度递减的斜条纹,它比飞檐上方的天空颜色更浅。”
Included with some of the documents were three pictures of the alleged extraterrestrials.
在部分文件中还附有所谓的外星生物的三张照片。
One of the photos - taken by British student Alex Birch in 1962 - claimed to show a group of flying saucers flying over the city of Sheffield in the UK.
其中一张照片是由英国学生亚历克斯·伯奇于1962年拍摄。这张照片展示了一群飞碟飞过英国谢菲尔德市的上空。
However the photo was proven to be a hoax.
然而,这张照片后来被证实是一场骗局。
The files also detail a case of flying saucers that were spotted over what was formerly Belgian Congo.
这些档案还对在比属刚果(刚果旧称)发现的飞碟事件进行了详细的记载。
The document reveals that two 'fiery discs' were seen over a uranium mine, and that the discs had 'glided curves and changed position many times'.
据文件披露,在铀矿上空发现了两个“火盘”,它们沿曲线轨迹滑翔,并多次变换位置。
It then adds: 'Suddenly, both discs hovered in one spot and then took off in a unique zigzag flight to the north east.
文件中写道:“突然,两个飞碟在一个地方盘旋,随即又沿独特的之字形轨迹向东北方飞去。
'A penetrating hissing and buzzing sound was audible to onlooker below. The whole performance lasted 10 to 12 minutes.'
“目击者听到一阵尖利的嘶嘶声和嗡嗡声。飞碟从出现到消失持续了10到12分钟。”
An aircraft was then set to investigate the object, and got with meters of the saucer and according to the pilot, the inner core of it remained totally still while the a knob opening could be seen from the outside.
一架飞机随后被派来侦查该物体,并飞到距飞碟几米远处。据飞行员说,飞碟内核区完全静止不动,从外部可以看到一个球形突出物。
The pilot then gave up his pursuit when the 'disc' appeared to disappear.
当“飞碟”消失后,飞行员也停止了他的追踪。
Also contained in the files is the case in Socorro, New Mexico in 1964, when police officer Lonnie Zamoraspotted a large flame rise from the ground and pierce the sky above a remote patch of desert.
这些档案中也包含了1964年发生在新墨西哥州索科罗的案例。当时警察朗尼·萨莫拉发现沙漠远处一团巨大火焰腾空而起,划破天空。
He went to investigate and found a shiny object the size of a sedan perched on the hilltop, which was oval in shape and aluminium in color.
他走过去想一探究竟,发现在山顶处有一个轿车大小的发光物体,椭圆状,呈金属铝的颜色。
The object then began to rise into the air and then sped away from him over the mountains and disappeared.
随即,该物体开始升上天,快速越过山头,然后从他眼前消失了。
The release of the documents coincide with the long-awaited return of The X-Files on Sunday.
这些文件的公开恰逢影迷期待已久的《X档案》在周日回归。
The beloved show was rebooted by the Fox Network after 10 years, with its two original stars reprising their roles.
这场深得观众喜爱的科幻剧时隔十年之后,由福克斯电视网续拍。原来的两大主演也将回归。
Vocabulary
reboot: 重新启动
reprise: 重演
托福阅读背景之外星人来地球度假
Government officials believe aliens may visit Earth and suggest harnessing UFO technology for UK defences, files say.
Documents from the Ministry of Defence classified archives show staff believed aliens could visit for “military reconnaissance”, “scientific” research or “tourism”.
In a 1995 briefing now published by the National Archives, a desk officer said the purpose of reported alien craft sightings “needs to be established as a matter of priority”, adding there did not appear to be “hostile intent”.
The unnamed official said it was “essential that we start with open minds”, explaining “what is scientific ‘fact’ today may not be true tomorrow”.
Clarifying he did not “talk to little green men every night”, he said: “We have a remit that we have never satisfied. That is, we do not now (sic) if UFOs exist.
“If they do exist, we do not know what they are, their purpose or if they pose a threat to the UK.
“If the sightings are of devices not of the earth then their purpose needs to be established as a matter of priority. There has been no apparent hostile intent and other possibilities are: 1) Military reconnaissance; 2) Scientific; 3) Tourism.”
He added that “if reports are taken at face value” they showed extraterrestrial vehicles had “a very wide range of speeds and are stealthy”.
Thus, he suggested, “we could use this technology, if it exists”.
His briefing document lists possible reasons for UFO sightings, including mass hallucinations, US aircraft, “atmospheric events” and hoaxes, but indicated none provide a fully convincing explanation.
It adds there are “some indications that the reported incidents are only the tip of an iceberg and many people do not wish to risk embarrassment and so do not report sightings”.
He also noted that the number of reports of “strange objects in the skies” increased dramatically after the Second World War, with most sightings coming from “farmers, policemen, doctors and lovers”.
在英政府公布的一批有关UFO的机密文档中,英政府官员称外星人可能造访地球,并提议利用外星人高超的飞行器技术为英国国防服务。
国防部机密档案的文件显示,有官员认为外星人造访地球可能是为了进行军事侦察,科学研究,或者度假观光。
在国家档案馆公布的一份1995年的简报中,一名事务员称应首先确认报告中的外星人乘飞行器到地球的目的,并称他们看起来并无“敌意”。
这位匿名官员还说:“重要的是,我们要有开放的思想,”并解释道“今天的科学‘事实’,到了明天可能并不正确。”
他澄清他从未“夜夜与小绿人谈话。”他说:“有一项工作我们一直没能实现。那就是,我们不知道UFO是否存在。”
“如果他们确实存在,我们也并不知道他们是什么物种,有什么目的,或是否会对英国造成威胁。”
“如果这些目击事件所观测到的装置不是地球上的,那么应首先确认这些外来者的目的。目前并未发现他们有明显的敌意,其他的可能目的有:1)军事侦察;2)科学研究;3)度假观光。”
他还说“若从表面上来看报告的内容”,外星人使用的交通工具速度奇快,而且应该具有隐形功能。
因此,他提议:“如果这种交通工具存在,我们可以利用它的技术。”
他在简报文件中列出了出现UFO目击事件的几种可能,其中包括集体幻觉,可能看到的是美国飞行器,可能是某种大气现象,甚至可能是恶作剧,但都没有做出能够完全令人信服的解释。
报告中还“暗示报告上来的UFO目击事件只是冰山一角,因为怕尴尬等原因,许多人并没有对政府报告自己的‘发现’。”
他还指出,在二战之后,报告“天空中出现奇异物体”的事件出现了迅猛增长,大部分报告者为“农民、警察、医生以及情侣”。
托福阅读背景之“俄政客自称遇见外星人”
A Russian MP has asked an eccentric regional leader to explain his behaviour after claiming on state television that he was visited at home by aliens in a UFO, media reported Thursday.
Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, head of the Buddhist Kalmykia region of southern Russia and president of the World Chess Federation (FIDE), announced without apparent irony on a high-profile chat show he had met the aliens in .
In an equally bizarre twist, Andrei Lebedev, an MP for the nationalist Liberal Democratic Party, has now written to President Dmitry Medvedev raising fears that secret information could have been disclosed in the close encounter.
“I ask you to say if the head of Kalmykia has made an official report to the Russian presidency about his contacts with representatives of an alien civilisation,” he said, quoted by tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda and other media.
“Is there an established procedure of informing about such contacts by high ranking people who have access to secret information like Ilyumzhinov?
”And did he in the course of his seemingly innocent conversation disclose secret information?“
Ilyumzhinov had said in his comments, broadcast in late April, that the aliens appeared in a transparent tube on the balcony of his apartment in Moscow.
”I was reading my book, watching television and had almost fallen asleep. Then I felt that someone was calling.
“I would not have believed it, if I had not had three witnesses -- my driver, my minister and my aide,” he said.
This is not the first time the chess-mad leader has spoken of extraterrestrial encounters. He had earlier claimed to have been shown round a UFO in
据媒体本周四报道,俄罗斯一名地区领导人日前在接受当地一个电视台的采访时语出惊人,宣称自己曾在家中遇见搭乘不明飞行物的外星人。一名杜马议员要求他对他的这一行为做出解释。
俄罗斯南部信奉佛教的卡尔梅克共和国领袖、国际象棋协会主席基尔桑·伊柳姆日诺夫日前在一档高端人物谈话节目中严肃宣称,他曾在见过外星人。
同样不可思议的是,俄罗斯民族主义政党自由民主党成员、国家杜马议员安德烈•莱比德夫竟致信总统德米特里•梅德韦杰夫,称外星人可能在与伊柳姆日诺夫“亲密接触”时窃取了俄罗斯国家机密。
俄罗斯小报《共青团真理报》和其它媒体援引莱比德夫的话说:“我想知道这位卡尔梅克共和国领导人是否已向俄罗斯总统正式汇报了与外星人接触一事。”
“像伊柳姆日诺夫这样有机会接触到国家机密的高级官员,是否有一个既定的程序来汇报此类事件?”
“在他与外星人貌似很普通的交谈中是否泄露了国家机密?”
伊柳姆日诺夫在上月末的一档电视节目中称,他曾看到外星人搭乘一艘透明的太空船降落在他位于莫斯科公寓的阳台上。
“当时我正一边看书一边看电视,几乎快要睡着,突然觉得有人在叫我。”
他说:“要不是有司机、政府部长和助理三个目击证人,我自己都不敢相信。”
这位国际象棋界领导人已经不是第一次宣称自己遇见外星人。他曾称自己在参观过一个不明飞行物。
篇8:托福阅读长难句应对技巧备考训练心得指点
托福阅读长难句应对技巧备考训练心得指点
训练阅读长难句应少看多做
如今市面上专门用来训练大家应对长难句技巧的教材并不少,同学们为了搞定长难句问题也常会使用这些教材来进行训练。但在实际训练过程中,大家常会犯的一个错误就是看得太多而实际练得太少。很多同学可能会觉得这些教材讲的东西似乎也不难,看看里面的实例结构分析以后就算是长难句好像也没那么复杂难懂了。然而看懂了并不代表会做了,在实际做题遭遇到新的长难句之后能否灵活运用书本教材上的句式结构分析等技巧来应对才是关键。而只是看懂但缺乏实际应用经验的同学遇到长难句就很容易出问题,也就是俗称的眼高手低。因此,对于备考中的各类长难句教程资料,小编建议大家还是多以实际练习为主,积累应对经验,这样到了考试中才不会空有理论知识而无法实际解决长难句问题。
不要死背长难句句式多学习应对思路
死记硬背的问题也很容易发生在中国考生身上。要说记忆力,可能全球所有地区的托福考生中还就是中国考生的水平最高了。因此,面对变化多样句式复杂的长难句,也有不少同学直接采取了最为简单粗暴的做法,那就是硬背。“看不懂不要紧,我背下来总可以了吧。”抱有这种想法的同学相信不在少数。然而这种做法也是存在弊端的,先不说托福考试阅读部分的文章本身涉及知识面和学科范围就相当广,长难句本身的变化也绝非只靠强行记忆就能彻底覆盖的。在小编看来,托福备考中想要提升应对长难句的能力,比起费时费力又不讨好的背诵方式,大家更应该学习的是具体的应对思路,比如如何划分长难句中的主体结构和修饰部分,不同句式在长难句里常会起到哪些作用等等。学会了快速抓住长难句主要框架分析成分的技巧,大家才能在考试中更为灵活地应对不同结构的长难句,游刃有余地找到解题核心信息。
注意训练限时应对长难句能力
还有一个训练长难句的问题小编需要提醒大家,那就是限时练习。众所周知托福考试的时间限时是比较严格的,特别是阅读部分,题目量大时间又短,实际考试过程中考生是很难有充足时间慢慢分析长难句结构的。而实际上在备考中能够在不限时的情况下看懂长难句也只能算是基础中的基础,考生还需要为了应对考试中的时限压力而进行一些限时看懂长难句的训练。而在大部分的长难句备考教材中,关于如何提升看懂长难句速度的技巧是很少介绍到的,这需要考生自己通过限时训练来进行摸索寻找方法。总而言之,应对长难句能看懂只是第一步,快速看懂适应考试的高强度时间压力才是大家最终需要达成的长难句备考训练目标。
综上所述,托福阅读中的长难句如何应对考生还是需要在备考中多花一些心思进行专门训练的,而上文提到的这些训练心得要点,小编希望大家能够认真学习并结合到自身的备考计划中。练好了长难句应对技巧,大家在阅读部分冲刺高分也会更有把握一些。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:Inequalities of gender...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
词汇讲解:
inequality n. 不平等
pastoralist /'p?st?r?list/ n. 田园诗的作者,畜牧者
steep /sti?p/ adj. 陡峭的;(价格或要求)过高的,不合理的
hierarchy /'ha??rɑ?k?/ n. 等级制度
结构划分:
Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened (by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth) (in most communities),and (also by the requirement) (that women acquire most of the skills of men),(including, often, their military skills).
深度分析:
这句话的重点其实就是:they seem to have been softened
修饰一:(by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth) ,介词短语
中文:没有严格的财富等级制度
修饰二:(in most communities) ,介词短语
中文:在大多数群落中
修饰三:(also by the requirement) ,介词短语,注意这里的also by the requirement和by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth是并列的
中文:也需要
修饰四:(that women acquire most of the skills of men),从句
中文:女性获得大多数男人的技能
修饰物:( including, often, their military skills),介词短语
中文:包括常用军事技能
参考翻译:
性别不平等也已经存在于畜牧主义社会,但由于在大多数群落中并没有严格的财富等级制度,以及要求女性获得大多数男人的技能像军事技能,这种不平等似乎已经被缓解。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:the constantly changing...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity——sleeping, feeding,moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.
词汇讲解:
metabolize /m?'t?b?la?z/ v. 新陈代谢
enzyme /'enza?m/ n.酵
hormone /'h??m??n/ n. 荷尔蒙,激素
rhythm /'r??(?)m/ n.节奏;节律,循环
internal /?n't??n(?)l/ adj.内在的,内部的
结构划分:
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity(——sleeping, feeding, moving,reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——)are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers (that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms).
深度分析:
这个句子主干部分:
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is insteaddependent somehow on internal timers.
大家要在读的时候要注意忽略那些细节,尤其是破折号后面的。
比较难理解的是the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers.
这里就是A or B的结构:
A= isdriven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset
or
B= isinstead dependent somehow on internal timers
中文:关键问题是,动物的作息是否是由外界条件比如日出日落驱使,或者相反,是以某种方式依赖于。
修饰一:(——sleeping, feeding, moving,reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——),破折号,解释说明
中文:例如,睡觉、喂食、活动、繁殖、新陈代谢以及产生酶与荷尔蒙
修饰二:(that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms) ,从句,修饰internal timers
中文:自身产生并遵循的生物循环
参考翻译:
一般来说,动物活动的不断变化的程度——例如,睡觉、喂食、活动、繁殖、新陈代谢以及产生酶与荷尔蒙——与环境的循环十分同步,但关键问题是,动物的作息是否是由外界条件比如日出日落驱使,或者相反,是以某种方式依赖于自身产生并遵循的生物循环。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The disorienting effects...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.
词汇讲解:
disorient /d?s'?r??ntet/ vt. 使(人)迷失方向,使(人)混乱
persist /p?'s?st/ vi.坚持;持续
jet lag时差反应
synchronize /?s??kr??na?z/ v. 同时发生,与...一致
结构划分:
The disorienting effects(of this mismatch)(between external time cues and internal schedules)may persist, (like our jet lag), (for several days or weeks) (until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) (to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment).
深度分析:
这个句子主干部分就是The disorienting effects may persist
修饰一:(of this mismatch) ,介词短语
中文:这种不匹配
修饰二:(between external time cues andinternal schedules) ,介词短语
中文:在外在信号与内在循环之间
修饰三:(like our jet lag) ,介词短语
中文:像时差反应一样
修饰四:(for several days or weeks) ,介词短语
中文:几天或几周
修饰五:(until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) ,从句
中文:直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟
修饰六:(to synchronize with the dailyrhythm of the new environment) ,非谓语动词
中文:以便和新环境的日常循环同步
参考翻译:
外在信号与内在循环不匹配引起的错乱反应可能会持续(像时差反应一样)几天或几周,直到一些外在信号像白天或黑夜重置了生物钟以便和新环境的日常循环同步。
篇9:托福听力做笔记3个细节技巧指点
托福听力做笔记技巧:确定记录内核心话题
IBT听力正式开始之前会有一个简短的内容介绍,之后屏幕上会出现一些和听力内容相关的,这些可以帮助我们确定下面所要听部分的核心话题。例如, listen to a conversation between a professor and student in a professor and student. 从这个介绍我们可以知道下面对话内容的场景:biology class,结下来会出现一个图片,里面文字为:Friends of the Earth, Biology class.后面还会出现一个对话内容的图片。通过这些文字和图片,我们可以推断这个对话的主题为与人类地球有关的一个结构,这样机构主要会负责环保事宜。确定主题可以让考生悬着的新慢慢落地。后面的长对话给出的文字和图片提示与对话类似。
篇10:托福听力做笔记3个细节技巧指点
1)主要记录实词:名词,动词,形容词。这次词语所包含的信息量大,也是重读和重复的核心词汇。
2)采用简写. 符号和缩写的速记法方法记录,例如:Q.=question,ltd.=limited, +=and/plus , ?=question ,/=or。此外,还可以用一些其它只有自己熟悉的速记符号来记录重要信息。
托福听力:高频俚语整理
1. born with a silver spoon in your mouth 生于富贵之家,生来享受富贵
2. by hook or by crook 不择手段,无论如何
3. burn one's bridges 破釜沉舟,自断后路
4. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder 情人眼里出西施
5. bite the hand that feeds you 忘恩负义
6. eat like a horse 吃得很多
7. go to pieces 破碎,沮丧,心碎
8. go Dutch 各付各的钱
9. get the axe: 被解雇,被开除
10. go in one ear and out the other 听了并不照办,左耳朵进右耳朵出
11. get carried away 得意忘形,失去理智
12. give somebody a ring 给某人打电话
13. give somebody a hand 帮助某人
14. have your cake and eat it 鱼与熊掌兼得
15. hold your horses 放慢,等一等
16. high and dry 让某人陷入困境
17. hit the hay 去睡觉
18. be hot and bothered 焦虑,不安
19. have one's hands full 很忙
20. have cold feet 紧张
托福听力:高频俚语整理
1. born with a silver spoon in your mouth 生于富贵之家,生来享受富贵
2. by hook or by crook 不择手段,无论如何
3. burn one's bridges 破釜沉舟,自断后路
4. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder 情人眼里出西施
5. bite the hand that feeds you 忘恩负义
6. eat like a horse 吃得很多
7. go to pieces 破碎,沮丧,心碎
8. go Dutch 各付各的钱
9. get the axe: 被解雇,被开除
10. go in one ear and out the other 听了并不照办,左耳朵进右耳朵出
11. get carried away 得意忘形,失去理智
12. give somebody a ring 给某人打电话
13. give somebody a hand 帮助某人
14. have your cake and eat it 鱼与熊掌兼得
15. hold your horses 放慢,等一等
16. high and dry 让某人陷入困境
17. hit the hay 去睡觉
18. be hot and bothered 焦虑,不安
19. have one's hands full 很忙
20. have cold feet 紧张
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