欢迎来到千学网!
您现在的位置:首页 > 实用文 > 其他范文

托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

时间:2022-05-23 15:14:52 其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文

【导语】以下是小编帮大家整理的托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比(共6篇),仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

篇1:托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

和低调深沉的托福不同,雅思这货长期活跃在微博热搜榜中,难了要上榜,简单了还要上榜……托福考生看了唯有呵呵。很多人在横向对比这两个考试的时候,认为托福比雅思更难更学术。比如,除了阅读,托福的口语和写作也都包含听力环节,对大家的听力水平提出了更高要求。然鹅!唯有阅读这个部分,有人说雅思比托福难。此话当真?下面我们就来详细对比一下托福和雅思的阅读考试:

托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

托福阅读VS雅思阅读

托福雅思
时间54分钟(不含加试的情况)60分钟
题目数量3篇文章每篇10题一共30题3篇文章每篇13-14题一共40题
文章长度700词左右/篇800-1000词/篇
题型单项选择题、多项选择题(6选3、7选5等)选择题、填空题(形式多样)、判断正误题、标题匹配题、段落匹配题、信息匹配题、简答题等
文章来源由ETS考试中心根据学术材料撰写改编,市面上没有选自报刊、杂志、书籍、学术期刊的真实文本
题材学术文章题材广泛

根据总结,相比雅思,托福阅读呈现以下特点:

No.1 托福阅读题目考查更直观

托福基本所有题目均为ABCD形式的选择题,只不过题目内部考查的侧重点不同。而雅思阅读的题型较多,不同的题型需要学生有不同的应考策略。

比如,雅思有一类判断正误题,要求考生除了判断某个论述正确、错误还是NOT GIVEN(未提及)。这就很容易让过度推断的人被套路,通过文章的一些蛛丝马迹进行了判断,但其实文章并没有直接的内容证据提供支持。

No.2 托福阅读文章更强调学术性

正如上表所总结的,托福文章都是由出题人从学术研究中总结凝练改编而来,所以文章相对来说比较枯燥,语言很学术化,不生活化。而雅思的文章广度上更大,有杂志文章、书籍文章也有学术期刊文章,可读性明显要高很多。

也正因如此,托福文章的模式化程度更高,比如习惯在首段指明文章大意,每段段首句子写明段落大意。大家在答题时似乎也更有“套路”可寻。

那么,怎么判断托福和雅思哪个考试的阅读更难呢?韩冰老师通过蓝思指数(对文本复杂度进行衡量的工具)对比了雅思剑14的12篇文章和托福TPO59-62的12篇文章。

从结果来看,托福和雅思的阅读文章的蓝思指数综合平均值均为1290左右,相当于美国高中10-级(高一高二)的文本阅读难度;平均句长是21个单词;对考生的词汇量要求也十分相近。

唯有在文章长度上,雅思明显难于托福。雅思文章平均达到了862词,而托福稳定在700词左右。但考虑到托福考生是对着屏幕阅读,会降低大家的阅读速度,所以两者的文本阅读难度其实是差不多的。

托福雅思阅读分数换算
托福雅思
309
298-8.5
27-287.5
24-267
19-23(中国考生平均21)6.5
13-18

(中国考生平均6.15)6
8-125.5
4-75
34.5
0-20-4

根据ETS发布的《全球托福成绩报告》,中国大陆托福考生托福平均分为80分,其中托福阅读为21分。而《2018中国大陆地区雅思考生学术表现白皮书》显示,中国大陆地区雅思考生平均分为5.72分,其中雅思阅读平均分为6.15分。

托福阅读推断题实用解题思路实例分析

大家知道推断题最经典的一个定义是OG上有这么一句话,“……在文章中强烈暗示但并没有明确说明的。”

强调在文中暗示,意思是说你依然要回到原文中,也就是说他的作题步骤和信息题基本是一致的,要去把握原文给你的信息并加以判断。但是它又说文中没有明确说明,这是跟信息题最大的区别:文中没有明白地跟你说清楚。

在我们日常生活中有很多这样的例子,比如,“以前我在杭州的时候还是蛮帅的。”其实这句话的隐含意思是我不如以前帅。

还听过一个TED演讲,女嘉宾说“我们女人上完厕所是要洗手的,我们女人坐完公交车是要洗手的,我们女人点完钞票是要洗手的……总之我们女人干什么都要洗手。”听完之后大家什么感受呢?好像一直说男人不洗手一样。

所以你发现这些我们日常生活中很多讲话的例子都没有把话讲明白,但是我们能听得明白他说的是什么意思。在托福阅读中,这样的推断比比皆是。我给大家的建议是,在托福阅读当中的推断,都不是基于严格的判断,如果基于严格的逻辑判断,可能有多个意图,但如果从作者写作的意图判断,其实只有一个意思。我们用题目来理解。

托福阅读推断题实例讲解

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

· They become less stable as they mature.

· They support many species when they reach climax.

· They are found in temperate zones.

· They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

这个题目是个推断题,其中有infer。题目问的是redwood forests红木森林,可以在文中轻易定位。你发现那句话所在的句子表示一个例子,说一旦红木森林成熟了,那么生长在红木森林底部的物种.种类和数量反而减少了。

大家要注意,不管是什么题目,如果你读到一个例子,绝对不能孤立去读这个例子。因为这样我们就不明白为什么作者讲这句话,你要回到前句的观点中去明白作者用这个例子来说明什么。

前句的观点我们一起连着读,它说至少在温带地区生物的最大多样性不出现在群落最高峰的时候,而是在群落发展的中间阶段。下一句话说,红木森林当它成熟的时候数量跟种类反而减少了。这其实是很好的一个匹配的例子。最后答案大家会轻易选出C。

三段式推论实例介绍

在这里你发现其实作者运用了一个很常见的三段论的推论。什么叫三段论呢?由大前提和小前提推出一个结论。

举例来看:

大前提:三班同学学习很认真。

小前提:小明是三班的。

结论:小明学习很认真。

然而,如果换成:

大前提:三班同学学习很认真。

小前提:小明学习很认真。

结论:小明是三班的。

其实你发现并不能得出这个结论,他可能是四班的,他也很认真。所以我们再回来看刚刚的那个推断题。前面讲在温带地区有这么一个规律,然后说红木森林符合这样的一个规律,你能不能得出红木森林就一定是温带地区的呢?这是存在逻辑错误的,但是正确答案还是选C。

所以我们总结,托福阅读不是真正严格的逻辑考察,它是在考你作者讲话的意图。因为托福不像GRE,GMAT是严格的逻辑考试,托福是一种语言考试,它考察的是在语言交际中的讲话意图。

作者讲了一个温带地区的规律,举出的例子必是温带地区的例子。如果他举一个热带地区的例子,那有什么意义呢?这说明了在推断题中,你要理解作者的意图,作者的意图甚至比逻辑更加重要。

托福阅读考试误区

有些考生文章根本不读完,直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象,对文章只有局部的感觉,整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是,近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以,这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况,其一,考生已具备相当的阅读水平,长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二,某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容,细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说,大部分考生采用细读文章方法,做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记,阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。

在做词汇题时,许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关,认识单词能做对,不认识单词就会做错。事实上,那些认识的单词经常做错,不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是,做不认识单词时,考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时,忽略上下文的重要性,往往是装模作样的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉择。所以,做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文——词汇题的句子以及上下一句话,有时候,个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

托福阅读的文章脉络

一、托福阅读的文章出处以及选材范围

作为一项语言能力测试,托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力,以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此,其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材,以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛,涉及有自然科学包括:天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括:艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括:政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。从选材范围可见:托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求,但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业,对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质,因此为了遵守考试公平性原则,文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。

二、托福阅读的文章类型及 篇章段落结构

根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围,我们可以将这些文章归为三类:说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为:学术性文章。这种类型的文章,必须具备说理性特质,即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。

一句话:托福文章的 篇章结构有规律可寻,段落组成有原则可守:

1. 学术性文章的 篇章结构:

在学术性文章中,一般需要具备三个组成部分:

(1)Topic 话题:即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象,探讨某个历史事件;

在托福文章中,这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面:即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点,则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象,则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件,则方面为几段发展时期;

在托福文章中,往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系,将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落,共同组成行文主体;

(3)Attitude态度:即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定,或是消极否定,或是保持中立。

在托福文章中,态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A 篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构,考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向,再抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。

2. 学术性文章的段落结构

学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分:

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;

(2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

总结:当考生们了解了这种TAA 篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后,对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数,更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。

三、托福阅读考试的量化指标

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下,共有3篇文章,分为两个部分,第一部分为独立的1篇文章,考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章,考试时间为40分钟,期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和,即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下,在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上,再加两篇文章,并作为一个部分,共计40分钟,加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和,即100分钟。

托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

篇2:托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

很多人在横向对比这两个考试的时候,认为托福比雅思更难更学术。比如,除了阅读,托福的口语和写作也都包含听力环节,对大家的听力水平提出了更高要求。然鹅!唯有阅读这个部分,有人说雅思比托福难。此话当真?下面我们就来详细对比一下托福和雅思的阅读考试。

托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

托福阅读VS雅思阅读

托福雅思
时间54分钟(不含加试的情况)60分钟
题目数量3篇文章每篇10题一共30题3篇文章每篇13-14题一共40题
文章长度700词左右/篇800-1000词/篇
题型单项选择题、多项选择题(6选3、7选5等)选择题、填空题(形式多样)、判断正误题、标题匹配题、段落匹配题、信息匹配题、简答题等
文章来源由ETS考试中心根据学术材料撰写改编,市面上没有选自报刊、杂志、书籍、学术期刊的真实文本
题材学术文章题材广泛

根据总结,相比雅思,托福阅读呈现以下特点:

No.1 托福阅读题目考查更直观

托福基本所有题目均为ABCD形式的选择题,只不过题目内部考查的侧重点不同。而雅思阅读的题型较多,不同的题型需要学生有不同的应考策略。

比如,雅思有一类判断正误题,要求考生除了判断某个论述正确、错误还是NOT GIVEN(未提及)。这就很容易让过度推断的人被套路,通过文章的一些蛛丝马迹进行了判断,但其实文章并没有直接的内容证据提供支持。

No.2 托福阅读文章更强调学术性

正如上表所总结的,托福文章都是由出题人从学术研究中总结凝练改编而来,所以文章相对来说比较枯燥,语言很学术化,不生活化。而雅思的文章广度上更大,有杂志文章、书籍文章也有学术期刊文章,可读性明显要高很多。

也正因如此,托福文章的模式化程度更高,比如习惯在首段指明文章大意,每段段首句子写明段落大意。大家在答题时似乎也更有“套路”可寻。

那么,怎么判断托福和雅思哪个考试的阅读更难呢?韩冰老师通过蓝思指数(对文本复杂度进行衡量的工具)对比了雅思剑14的12篇文章和托福TPO59-62的12篇文章。

从结果来看,托福和雅思的阅读文章的蓝思指数综合平均值均为1290左右,相当于美国高中10-11年级(高一高二)的文本阅读难度;平均句长是21个单词;对考生的词汇量要求也十分相近。

唯有在文章长度上,雅思明显难于托福。雅思文章平均达到了862词,而托福稳定在700词左右。但考虑到托福考生是对着屏幕阅读,会降低大家的阅读速度,所以两者的文本阅读难度其实是差不多的。

托福雅思阅读分数换算
托福雅思
309
298-8.5
27-287.5
24-267
19-23(中国考生平均21)6.5
13-18

(中国考生平均6.15)6
8-125.5
4-75
34.5
0-20-4

根据ETS发布的《2018全球托福成绩报告》,中国大陆托福考生托福平均分为80分,其中托福阅读为21分。而《2018中国大陆地区雅思考生学术表现白皮书》显示,中国大陆地区雅思考生平均分为5.72分,其中雅思阅读平均分为6.15分。

托福阅读真题练习:篮球制作

托福阅读文本:

The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.

Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.

Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.

If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.

托福阅读题目:

1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets

from baskets of other groups?

(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs

(B) The unusual geometric

(C) The absence of decoration

(D) The rare materials used

2. The word “fashion” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) maintain

(B) organize

(C) trade

(D) create

3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT

(A) shells

(B) feathers

(C) leaves

(D) bark

4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?

(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.

(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.

(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.

(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.

5. The word “others ” in line 9 refers to

(A) masters

(B) baskets

(C) pendants

(D) surfaces

6.According to the passage , a weft is a

(A) tool for separating sedge root

(B) process used for coloring baskets

(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp

(D) pattern used to decorate baskets

7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?

(A) bullrush

(B) willow

(C) sedge

(D) redbud

8. The word “article” in line 17 is close in meaning to

(A) decoration

(B) shape

(C) design

(D) object

9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the

relationship between

(A) bullrush and coiling

(B) weft and warp

(C) willow and feathers

(D) sedge and weaving

10. The word “staples” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) combinations

(B) limitations

(C) accessories

(D) basic elements

11. The word “distinct” in lime 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) systematic

(B) beautiful

(C) different

(D) compatible

12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?

(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the

Pomo people.

(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.

(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.

(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.

托福阅读答案:

BDCBB CBDAD CA

托福阅读真题练习:水形成

托福阅读文本:

The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports,and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.

Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

托福阅读题目:

1. The word “modifying” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) changing

(B) traveling

(C) describing

(D) destroying

2. The word “which” in line 5 refers to

(A) clouds

(B) oceans

(C) continents

(D) compounds

3.According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water

(A) precipitating onto the ground

(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state

(C) evaporating from the oceans

(D) being carried by wind

4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the “hydrographic network” (line 8) is to

(A) determine the size of molecules of water

(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding

(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans

(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers

5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in

the third paragraph?

(A) The potential energy contained in water

(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds

(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents

(D) The relative size of the water storage areas

6. The word “rapidity” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) significance

(B) method

(C) swiftness

(D) reliability

7. The word “they” in line 24 refers to

(A) insoluble ions

(B) soluble ions

(C) soils

(D) continents

8.All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT

(A) magnesium

(B) iron

(C) potassium

(D) calcium

9. The word “efficiency” in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) relationship

(B) growth

(C) influence

(D) effectiveness

托福阅读答案:

AACCD CABD

托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比

篇3:托福阅读和雅思阅读哪个难度比较高

托福阅读和雅思阅读哪个难度比较高?如果你正好有这个苦恼,就可以看一看这篇文章寻找答案哦!想要了解的朋友赶紧来看一看吧!

托福阅读和雅思阅读哪个难度比较高

一、词汇要求

托福阅读词汇量要求是八千到一万,雅思的词汇量要求是六千到八千,单从数字上来看,托福考试对词汇量的要求略高一些。此外,托福阅读的文章基本上都是学术型文章,其词汇在难度上要比雅思词汇略难一些。

二、考试时间、文章长度及题量

正常来说,雅思阅读和托福阅读的考试时间都是60分钟。不同的是,托福阅读有可能遇到加试的情况,一旦遇到加试,考试时间就会延长到80分钟。

雅思阅读由3篇文章组成,每篇阅读平均900字以上,最多可达1500字左右,题目总数为40道;托福阅读包括3-4篇700字左右的文章,每篇文章设有12-14个题目。

三、文章题材和内容

托福阅读文章大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材,一般都是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容。内容更加学术化,其涵盖的题材也更加广泛,涉及自然科学、人文科学等,包括了历史、科学、教育、商业、社科、艺术文学、工程技术、体育文娱8个方面。

雅思学术类阅读文章主要选自杂志、期刊、书本、报纸等,内容涉及经济、教育、科技、环境、医学、能源、地质、海洋、动物等方面的问题;培训类文章则主要选自通告、广告、传单、报纸、说明书、杂志等;第一部分内容与生活化英语有关,第二部分和工作方面有关,第三部分为学术性文章。

通过文章题材对比不难发现,雅思阅读的文章更广泛一些,文章来自不同的层面;而托福阅读的文章是在同一个层面里介绍不同专业领域的内容,相对来说比较深入。

四、试题的形式及考察目的

雅思常考的题型有10种:判断题、选择题、配对题、总结题、标题配对题、句子完成题、表格题、图片题、简答题、流程图题。

托福常考题型有10种:事实信息题、否定事实信息题、推论题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题、句子简化题、句子插入题、文章总结题、表格填写题。

托福阅读和雅思阅读在题目的考查形式上略有不同:托福全部是选择题,雅思还会有填空题。但是,所有题型考查的都是文章细节、长难句的理解能力以及定位和同意替换的能力。同时,托福和雅思的各个题型也有各自的解题技巧,技巧不一而别。在这一方面两者还是不相上下,平分秋色的。

五、答题方式

托福阅读为网考,答案直接在电脑上进行选择;而雅思阅读采取笔试的形式,答案都必须用铅笔填写在答题纸上。

托福阅读:如何快速_排除题?

1、做题的基本思路

这种题型和阅读中的细节题考察的都是文章局部信息,只不过区别在于细节题问的是哪一个是对的,排除题问哪一个是不对的,所以做题方法和细节题有所区别。细节题基本的思路是直接拿题目中的关键词到文章中定位,然后仔细阅读相关内容,再选出正确答案,可是排除题这种方法就行不通了,因为答案可能分布文章某一整段或者好几段。所以做题的基本思路就是:直接拿着选项到文章里面去找答案,和文章一致的答案直接排除,和文章相矛盾或者文章未提及或者不符合文章要求的就是正确答案。下面可以看几个例子。

第 1 题

这道题很明显答案是第三个,它和文章是明显相矛盾的,所以就直接选这个。考试中,如果发现某个选项和文章某句话明显相矛盾,那就可以大胆选出来,其他选项看都不用看,直接到下一题。当然如果有时间,为了以防万一,还是抽时间把其他几个选项再看下,没时间就算了。

第 2 题

由这个例子就可以看出,第一个就是文章未提到的内容,其他几个选项在文中都有照应。一般未提及的内容往往是比较难看出来的,所以对于这种错误类型,在考试中如果遇见找不到的,可以先放一放,先看其他的选项,如果其他选项在文中都有而且都是对的,而且符合题目要求,那就可以直接选刚才那个没找到的。当然,在做题的时候,如果非常肯定某一个选项没有提及,那也可以直接选这个答案,其他默认的对的。有的时候,出题考官会把选项进行不同程度的同义替换,考生由于词汇的问题,没看出来,也有可能把原本有的选项当成未提及,所以为了以防万一,也还是检验一下其他选项为好。

第 3 题

在做题的时候,还有第三种错误特点,那就是虽然文章提到的,但是选项不符合题目要求:

上面这道题四个选项在文章中都可以找到,可是再看题干要求,发现后面三个选项正好对应第一句话,而第一个选项在后一句提及,与题目要求无关,所以正确答案就是这个。这种错误特点相对来说还是比较容易看出来的,只要把握清楚题目问的是什么。

2、选择答题的顺序

在选择答案时,可以按照先看有没有明显相矛盾的选项,再看有没有不符合题目要求的,再看有没有未提及的这种顺序。然后选出答案以后一定要拿选项来自我验证。比如选A 就要保证B, C, D 在文中都有,而且都是符合题目要求的。所以基本上这种类型题目还是比较简单的,答案都在文中就看能不能快速找到。

托福阅读提速小技巧

一、抓关键词,准确定位。考生在做题过程中,要熟练掌握根据关键词进行定位的技巧。这一技巧可以帮助大家加快解题速度,提高正确率。因为大部分托福阅读题目考查的是考生对文章细节的理解,答案基本上都能在文章中找到。拿到一个题目,我们先找题干中可以用来定位的关键词,比如专有名词、数字、符号等,然后根据关键词回到原文进行定位。有时候文章中不一定会出现和关键词一模一样的词,但很可能是关键词的同义替换词。

二、善于使用排除法。托福阅读中有些题目枝干信息太多,但都是干扰项,如果逐字阅读的话会很浪费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向,如果有几项答案自相矛盾或者意思明显相反,就可以直接排除,然后再对模糊选项进行确认,这时候再回到正文中细读相关信息就会很省力。一般情况下,排除法是比较容易培养的套路,考生要善于使用这一技巧提高答题速度。

三、掌握句子顺序上的变化。问句中所含信息与文章中相应句子中的信息在顺序上有时可能出现不同,甚至前后完全倒置。这种情况可能会导致迷失答题的方向。还应注意到文章中有关问句的信息并非全都能在每个句子中找到,甚至在关键词及短语之间存在一些不相关的信息,这些都会是寻找答案过程中的困难。

四、查找同义词、近义词、相关词。在托福阅读考试中,能否准确找出正确答案很大程度上取决于能否辩认出同义词、近义词、相关词及不同形式的短语。 1.词形完全相同; 2.词义相同,即同义词 ;3.词义相近,但并非同义 ;4.词义相关。上述四种词汇/短语表达方式中,第一种当然容易辩认,第二种同义词也相 对不难,但第三种与第四种形式则不易辩认,所以要在阅读过程中多加比较练习。如能攻破这一关,则一定能够取得好的考试成绩。

托福阅读考试的两大陷阱

陷阱一:细节题考查精确定位

托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

A. They occur at the end of a succession.

B. They last longer than any other type of community.

C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位,即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的,succession是在引号里面的,都非常醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干关键词不完全匹配,细节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即根据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言,根据定位的最后一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句矛盾,所以正确答案是C。综上所述,做新托福阅读的细节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。

陷阱二:无方向中隐藏方向。

新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的,这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊,考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水,费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子:

Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?

A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.

C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落,而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容,因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息,但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少,从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位,B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas,C项选1 percent, D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外,其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。经过定位,A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话,意思明显矛盾;B项不好找,可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到,这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一 ——无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确,但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力,且答案也是正确的。在考试中,这种情况往往会影响考生的心情,进而影响水平的发挥,但是只要我们了解了ETS出题的套路就能把它们轻松搞定。

篇4:雅思和托福阅读类型

托福阅读文章类型

一、托福阅读文章出处以及选材范围

作为一项语言能力测试,托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力,以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此,其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材,以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛,涉及有自然科学包括:天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括:艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括:政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。

从选材范围可见:托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求,但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业,对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质,因此为了遵守考试公平性原则,文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。

二、托福阅读的文章类型及 篇章段落结构

根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围,我们可以将这些文章归为三类:说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为:学术性文章。这种类型的文章,必须具备说理性特质,即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。

一句话:托福阅读文章的 篇章结构有规律可寻,段落组成有原则可守:

1、学术性文章的 篇章结构:

在学术性文章中,一般需要具备三个组成部分:

(1)Topic 话题:即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象,探讨某个历史事件;

在托福文章中,这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面:即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点,则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象,则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件,则方面为几段发展时期;

在托福阅读文章中,往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系,将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落,共同组成行文主体;

(3)Attitude态度:即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定,或是消极否定,或是保持中立。

在托福阅读文章中,态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A 篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构,考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向,再抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。

2、学术性文章的段落结构

学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分:

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;

(2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

总结:当考生们了解了这种TAA 篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后,对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数,更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。

三、托福阅读考试的量化指标

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下,共有3篇文章,分为两个部分,第一部分为独立的1篇文章,考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章,考试时间为40分钟,期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和,即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下,在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上,再加两篇文章,并作为一个部分,共计40分钟,加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和,即100分钟。

雅思阅读三类常见文章类型

雅思阅读文章题材一、 生物类话题

生物类的话题几乎是在雅思A类三篇文章中必然出现的一类话题,涉及到的内容有动物的生活习性、基因的研究、器官的研究、植物的光合作用、植物体内的叶绿素等。这些话题对于很多学生来讲并不十分熟悉,而且涉及到的专业术语多、句子复杂,因此很多学生感到做完题目都没弄懂文章的真正含义,这就需要我们在平时的阅读学习中积累这些话题的背景知识。

举一个简单的例子,阅读真题中曾经涉及过chlorophyll这样一个话题。很多考生认为chlorophyll给自己的解题造成了很大的障碍,因此认为这篇文章是典型的难度较高的考题。其实,从文章中的句子”Why some of the leaves turn red in autumn?” 就可以猜到这篇文章讲的是叶子秋天变红的原因。如果我们有生物学方面的知识,就能够猜出chlorophyll是叶绿素的意思。当我们在平时的背景知识积累中搜索到叶绿素的作用、叶绿素在植物叶子中的存在形式,以及随环境的变化叶绿素会产生变化这一类背景知识后,我们就能掌握这篇文章中很多段落的大意。在解决耗时较多的matching题时,就能节省更多的时间。

还有雅思考题中,涉及了动物如何建巢,动物居所的结构及作用这些内容,我们在平时积累生物学知识时,就要留心动物比如鸟类、昆虫是如何建造自己的巢穴的这些背景知识。

雅思阅读文章题材二、 地理类话题

地理类话题也是阅读文章中常常摘选的内容,不过相比于上面的生物类,地理类的文章难度较高,因为地理现象涉及的专业名称更多、地名和各种地质现象也更加复杂,在积累地理类知识时,工作量是比较大的。

地理类知识范围很广,常见的有厄尔尼诺现象、气象观测、沙漠化、欧洲冰川等。我们可以在以上提到的那个网站中查到这些内容,当然,也不要拘泥于一个雅思文章的来源,可以多参阅一些与科学相关的英文报纸、杂志和网站。

雅思阅读文章题材三、 社会科学类话题

社会科学是一个大类,包含了很多小的分支,比如教育、历史、考古、电脑、日历、垃圾问题、企业管理、音乐、数码产品等等。

这类文章的特点是,生僻词汇不如生物和地理类多,常识性的内容可以为我们解题提供很大的帮助,文章涉及的是我们平日生活的方方面面,但是范围广、细节知识多,喜欢出现数字、调查结果等。

在准备这类文章的背景知识时,建议考生可按照多多益善的原则,将社会科学类的话题进行筛选,把我们不太熟悉的历史、考古学等放在首位。比如 newscientist网站上最近刊登过的Great Pyramids Chamber of Secrets / How humans are driving evolution / People in threatened societies are more conformist等文章,都是非常好的素材,也是十分有可能出现在雅思阅读考试中的文章。建议大家在平时的阅读积累中,仔细研究一下这些文章,把自己陌生的社会科学领域着重看一看。

雅思和托福阅读的比较区别

首先,考试的用途,考试的时长以及形式。雅思(International English Language Testing System)考试是为申请赴英语国家(美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰等)留学、移民的非英语国家学生而设,用来评定考生运用英语的能力。托福(The Test of English as a Foreign Language)大多数的美国大学或研究所要求外国学生在申请时提出过一定标准的托福考试成绩。就考试时间而言,雅思的考试时间是较短的,总长两时四十五分钟,但是因为口语要分开考,所以考上需要一天或一天半的时间才能完成整个考试。托福的时长为4个小时,听说读写各项是接连完成的。所以对于学生的体力以及脑力都是一个很大的考验。对于备考托福的学生来说要做好心理以及身体的准备都是非常的必要的。

内容的长度。虽说阅读是中国学生接触英语是从阅读开始,自小便读过很多东西。阅读在听说读写四科当中也算是中国学子的一个的长项,但是大部分的学子对如雅思托福搬的阅读长度还是受惊不少。托福给出的官方说明文章的字数是700字左右,根据托福TPO,在线测试以及OG中的文章进行统计平均每篇文章是700.7字。所以不管是官方数据还是统计数据还都是很接近的。在这些文章当中单词数量最多的也不会超过750,最少的也在650字以上。可见托福为了达到在额定时间考察学生英语能力的目的还是在字数上做了很严格的规定的。雅思阅读的文章长度平均每篇是900字以上,最多可至1500字左右。从这点看来雅思的字数要更加的灵活一点。本人认为字数多少并不一定决定文章的难度。因为托福和雅思在一点上是很像的,那就是要做对题目并不一定要读懂或者读完全文的。但是在字数上的的变化对于考生来说也是一个易变的因子,在本人看来所以的易变因子都会对考生产生一定的影响。

对于试题的形式以及数量。雅思常考的题型是8种,托福虽说有10种,但是其中可以将否定事实信息题和事实信息题归为一中,图标题是不太常考的,所以也是8中。在题目的考查形式上是略有不同的。托福全部是选择题(最后一道小结题为多选题),雅思中还是会有填空。但是,所以题型的考查都是从文章细节以及长难句语言的理解的能力,以及定位和同意替换的技巧。同时,托福和雅思的各个题型也有各题型的解题技巧,各技巧也不一而别。在这一方面两者还是不相上下,平分秋色的。

阅读的词汇量要求方面。从这一方面来说,托福的词汇要求是八千,雅思的词汇要求是六千.但是数字上的比较托福就略微难了一点。而且托福阅读的选材更加注重生物类的考量,生物类的学科词汇在难度上也是值得一提的。所以数量上和“质量”上来说,托福的单词量要求是比较大的。而且,八千仅仅要求掌握的数量,实际在文章当中出现的数量远不止这些。如果对于猜词以及句子整理理解的能力不强的话,一些不需要识记的单词也会构成阅读的障碍,以至于成绩上会有很大的影响。

篇5:雅思阅读和托福阅读哪个难

【1】Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site. Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving. Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization—a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established. For a given rate of invasion, colonization of a moist, fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter. A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has beencompacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.

【2】Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species. Pioneer species—those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization—tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of dispersal (normally, wind).

【3】If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, then they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization ofsuch sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed bank on the forest floor.

【4】An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination (the beginning of a seed's growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions. This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.

【5】Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.

篇6:雅思阅读和托福阅读哪个难

1.According to paragraph 1, how does disturbance of a site influence its colonization by a plant species?

A.Disturbance reduces or eliminates competition by other species.

B.Disturbance increases negative interactions with other organisms on the site.

C.Disturbance prevents a plant species from colonizing a new site.

D.Disturbance reduces the fertility of a site.

2.The word “virtually” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

A.almost totally.

B.unusually.

C.consistently.

D.unnaturally.

3.Why does the author mention a plowed field and a construction site in the passage?

A.To argue that sites that have been affected by human activity tend to be colonized slowly.

B.To illustrate the kind of sites that may be invaded by weeds.

C.To contrast sites in terms of their suitability for colonization.

D.To explain that exposing or compacting the soil results in successful colonization.

4.The word “despite”(paragraph 1) in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.without.

B.almost never.

C.even though.

D.perhaps.

5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The seeds of pioneer species are usually carried by the wind to fertile sites, where they reproduce very efficiently.

B.Pioneer species are successful invaders because they produce lots of seeds that are dispersed effectively.

C.Pioneer species produce their largest numbers of propagules during the earliest stages of their colonization.

D.Pioneer species reproduce very quickly and efficiently because they produce very large number of seeds.

6.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the reason that large seeds are dispersed by birds or small animals rather than by wind?

A.Large seeds are easier for birds and animals to see than are the small seeds dispersed by the wind.

B.Large seeds are too heavy for the wind to disperse.

C.Large seeds cannot be eaten by birds and animals.

D.Large seeds are short-lived and thus require a more efficient means of dispersal than small seeds do.

7.The phrase “the latter adaptation” in the passage (paragraph 3) refers to

A.producing fewer seeds.

B.producing larger seeds.

C.dispersal by birds and small mammals.

D.producing long-lived seeds.

8.The word “viable” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.able to survive.

B.individual.

C.large.

D.remaining.

9.The example of the 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in paragraph to illustrates which of the following ideas?

A.It is uncommon for older seed to germinate.

B.Pioneer species tend to prefer forest floors for colonization purposes.

C.Long-lived seeds of pioneer species can successfully germinate over long periods of time.

D.Coastal British Columbia is particularly suited for pioneer species to develop.

10.According to paragraph 4, how do plants manage to germinate in areas with great climatic diversity and climatic extremes?

A.By producing seeds only during favorable climatic conditions.

B.By generating large numbers of seeds.

C.By colonizing only those areas where other plants have survived.

D.By producing seeds that have a wide range of germination dates.

11.The word "abundant〃 in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.new.

B.improved.

C.suitable.

D.plentiful.

12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following determines the sequence in which plant species will colonize a site?

A.The extent of growth of a species on a prior site before it begins to colonize a secondary site.

B.The differences in invasion and growth rates across species.

C.The degree of fertility of a site.

D.The kind of disturbance that the site has undergone.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? They require relatively little protection or nutrients.

Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species.■【A】Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession.■【B】The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.■【C】Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.■【D】

14. Prose Summary

The ecology of a site is changed through its colonization by new plants that arrive and grow there.

A.The species that first colonize a disturbed site are typically ones that produce a large number of efficiently dispersed seeds.

B.Plants that cannot successfully compete with other species can invade and colonize a site only if it is fertile and moist, such as a plowed field.

C.Pioneer species arrive at a site first but have lower survival rates than do species that arrive later.

D.Producing seeds that germinate at various times over long periods allows some plants to colonize sites that only occasionally present the right conditions for growth.

E.Large, long-lived seeds tend to result in large seed banks with short germination periods requiring favorable environmental conditions for development.

F.The successive appearance and disappearance of species on a site is a result of variation in species' rates of invasion, growth, and survival.

初中学习方法和小学学习方法对比详细

出国考雅思还是托福

托福听力四大场景详细解析

托福阅读推理题的对比取反情况

雅思和托福到底该pick哪一个

雅思写作思路解析之新旧媒体对比

超详细完整版托福写作笔记,提升托福写作成绩

详细雅思听力中的各种配对题

梦想改造家DreamHouse-托福雅思口语素材-住房/家

经典笑话——对比

《托福阅读比雅思阅读简单?详细对比(合集6篇).doc》
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑,方便收藏和打印
推荐度:
点击下载文档

文档为doc格式

点击下载本文文档