以下是小编为大家准备了倒装句与高考(June, ) 学案设计(人教版英语高考复习)，本文共8篇，欢迎参阅。
篇1：倒装句与高考(June, ) 学案设计(人教版英语高考复习)
教学目标：1、学习倒装句的形成条件；
2、分析倒装句的句子结构；
3、做好高考选择题，学会写作倒装句。
教学方法：典型高考题示范。
教学步骤：
（一）高考题导入：
1）、_______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.（福建）
A. So much B. Too much C. Too little D. So little
2）、Only then ______ how much damage had been caused.（陕西）
A. had she realized B. she realized C. did she realized D. she had realized
(二) 倒装句概述：
1、倒装的目的：由于结构和修辞的需要
2、倒装句分类：部分倒装和全部倒装。
3、语序：谓语的一部分或全部放在主语前面。
（三）倒装句分类及例析：
1、全部倒装：
1）直接引语的部分或全部在句首时用倒装。
“Who can answer the question?” asked the teacher.
2）、there, here 或there 开头的句子
There will be a football match this afternoon.
Here comes the bus
There goes the bell
3)表示方位的副词放句首时用倒装
Out rushed the students.
4)为了句子平衡，或使上下文衔接，把介词短语、副词、形容词等放句首。
On top of the books____ the photo album you are looking for.(上海春季)
A. is B.are C. has D. have
At the foot of the mountain _______ （20四川高考）
A. a village lie B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village
2、部分倒装：
1）“so + be / have -----+ 主语”或“neither / nor + be / have------ + 主语”，表示前面的情况也适用于另一人或事。
He is a teacher, so am I
Of the making of good books there is no end; neither____ any end to their influence on man’s lives.(广东)
there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
2)含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时，多用部分倒装。如：few, little, never, not, not until, nowhere, rarely, seldom, hardly------when, no sooner----than,等。
Never in the wildest dreams ____ these people are living in such poor conditions．（2006安徽高考）
A．I could imagine B．could I imagine
C．I couldn’t imagine D．couldn’t I imagine
Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else____ such a beautiful place.(20辽宁)
A．can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find
3）only 所强调的状语位于句首用倒装。
Only then ______ how much damage had been caused.（2006年陕西高考）
A. had she realized B. she realized C. did she realized D. she had realized
4）not until放句首时：not until +副词/状语从句+助动词 + 主语。
Not until recently _______he was a scientist.
A. I did know C. did I know C. I didn’t know D. didn’t I know
5)not only-----but also---在句首，强调的不是主语,用倒装。
_____ snacks and and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.(年上海)
A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring
C. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring
6）在虚拟条件句中，省略连词if ,把were, had, should 置于句首。
_______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（2006年湖北）
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you beD. Might you be
（四）高考题等精选：
1）______ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.（2006年浙江高考）
A. Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet
2).Only in this way ___ progress in your English.
A. you make B. can you make C. you be able to make D. will able to make
3）So difficult ______ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.（2006年广东）
A. I did find B. did I findC. I have found D. have I found
4）---It’s burning hot today, isn’t it?
---Yes. ________yesterday（2006年福建）
A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it
5). So little____ with each other that the neighbouring countries could not settle their difference.(20上海春季)
A. they agreed B. agreed they C. did they agree D. they did agree
6) The old couple have married for 40 years and never once ___ with each other.(全国)
A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled
C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled.
7) ____ so busy, I should go with you.
A. Were I not B. Was I not C. If I am not D. I were not
8).He likes swimming, but he doesn’t enjoy skating.
A. So do I B. It is so with me C. Neither do I. D. It is the same with me.
9).Hardly____ we ___ the lab when the power ___ off.
A. Had; left; was B. did; leave; broke; C. had; left; had been D. did; leave; had been
10). No sooner had he come back home____ the telephone began to ring.(高考)
A．than B. when C.then D.that
(五).Hemowork:Choose the best or right answer.
1).Not only ___ polluted but ___ crowded.
A. was the city; were the streets
B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were
D. the city was; the streets were
2) A)Not only food production is important but also taking care of the
environment (is important).
B)Not only is food production important but
also taking care of the environment (is important).
3)A)Not only there are some famous scientists in the museum, but also
there are some well-known artists.
B)Not only are there some famous scientists in the museum, but also
there are some well-known artists.
篇2：虚拟语气 学案设计(人教版英语高考复习)
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的。
一．在非真实条件句中
虚拟条件句（if从句） 主句
与现在事实
相反 主语 + 主语 + would/could/might/ should + do
与过去事实
相反 主语 + 主语 + would/could/might/should + have done
与将来事实
相反 ①主语 + did
②主语 +were to do
③主语 + should do 主语 + would/could/might/should + do
1 If I were you, I would buy it. 2 If she knew English, she would ask me for help now.
3 If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train yesterday.
注意：错综时间条件句：从句和主句发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要分别根据它所表示的不同时间作相应的调整。 5 If you had followed my advice (听从)yesterday, you would be better now.
6 If they had studied hard in the past, they would do it easily now.
二 省略if的情况: 虚拟条件句中含were , should, had 时，可省略if,把这几个词置于句首。
1 Were I you, I wouldn’t do that. （be） 2. Had you come earlier, you would have seen him.
3. Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
三 含蓄条件句 :使用with, without, but, or,or else, otherwise， but for(= if it were not for…与现在事实相反；if it had not been for…与过去事实相反)等代条件句。
1 We couldn’t have succeeded without your help.(没有你的帮助)
2 But for the rain（要不是） we would have finished the work.
3 He telephoned to inform me of your birthday. or (=If he hadn’t telephoned to inform me of your birthday)I would have known nothing about it.
但是： If it were not for the fact that she ____sing, I would invite her to the party. C
A. couldn’tB. shouldn’t C. can’tD. mightn’t
四 常用虚拟语气的句型
(一) 在下列句型中，常用“should + 动词原形”且should可以省略：
1 表示要求，建议，命令，提议，意愿等的主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中。
一坚持insist; 二命令order, command; 三建议suggest, advise,propose; 四要求demand,require,request,ask等后。
注意：当suggest作__________讲，insist作_________讲，后边that从句不用虚拟语气。
2 在It is + 形容词(necessary, natural, strange, etc. ) + that从句中。
在It is/was a pity（a shame, no wonder, etc. ） + that从句中。
1）We all agreed to his suggestion（that）we (should abandon the plan. 放弃那个计划.
2) It is suggested that the meeting should be put off next week.（被推迟）
3) It’s necessary/important/natural that we_______________________每天打扫房间.
但是1) Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. （从未偷过）
2) The look on his face suggested that he was angry.
但是： It is（high/about）time（that）sb.did sth /should do sth
Eg: It is high time we started / should start. 动身出发
(二) 用动词的过去式表示与现在事实（或将来事实）相反，用动词的过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的句型。
1)．wish后that引导的宾语从句中。(表示对将来的设想，用could/would/might+v.)
2)．as if（though）引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中。
3)．would rather后的宾语从句中。
4)．If only引导的感叹句中。
1 I wish I _______________________. 和你一样聪明。
2 I wish he ______________________ tomorrow. 再次尝试
3 He looks as if/though he ____________________. 他是一个艺术家
4 I’d rather you _________________ there yesterday. 不去
5 Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _______________ (follow) your advice.
篇3：高考文言文倒装句复习
高考文言文倒装句复习
1．宾语前置
（1）古之人不余欺也！（《石钟山记》）
（2）世溷浊而莫余知兮，吾方高驰而不顾。（《涉江》）
（3）自比于管佟⒗忠悖比四硪病＃ā堵≈卸浴罚?
（4）然而不王者，未之有也。（《齐桓晋文之事》）
（5）大王来何操？（《鸿门宴》）
（6）沛公安在？（《鸿门宴》）
（7）客何为者？（《鸿门宴》）
（8）默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉！（《论语》）
（9）豫州今欲何至？（《赤壁之战》）
（10）宋何罪之有？（《公输》）
（11）何功之有哉？（《信陵君窃符救赵》）
（12）何陋之有？（《陋室铭》）
（13）噫！微斯人，吾谁与归？（《岳阳楼》）
（14）臣舍人相如止臣曰：“君何以知燕王？”（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）
（15）问：“何以战？”（《曹刿论战》）
（16）余是以记之，盖叹郦元之简，而笑李渤之陋也。（《石钟山记》）
（17）人君无愚、智、贤、不肖，莫不欲求忠以自为，举贤以自佐。（《屈原列传》）
2．定语后置
（1）两岸青山相对出，孤帆一片日边来。（《望天门山》）
（2）村中少年好事者驯养一虫，自名“蟹壳青”，日与子弟角，无不胜。（《促织》）
（3）豫州军虽败于长坂，今战士还者及关羽水军精甲万人，刘琦合江夏战士亦不下万人。（《赤壁之战》）
（4）彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。（《师说》）
3．介词短语倒装句
（1）先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。（《出师表》）
（2）域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险。（《得道多助》）
（3）皆不可限以时月。缘土气有早晚，天时有愆伏。（《采草药》）
（4）及滑，郑商人弦高将市于周，遇之。（《崤之战》）
4．主谓倒装
（5）安在公子能急人之困也！（《信陵君窃符救赵》）
篇4：第七章：动词概述 学案设计(人教版英语高考复习)
d. He said it in a loud voice.
11.on / about表示 “关于”时的区别: on一般用于比较大或涉及比较广深的问题, 比较正式; 而about用于表示一般的问题
a. This is a little story about a little hero.
b. He will give us a talk an DNA.
动词的分类
动词按其在句中所充当的句子成分分为谓语动词和非谓语动词
一.谓语动词: 用于谓语中的动词称为谓语动词. 按照其能否独立作谓语, 谓语动词又可分为两类:
1.能独立作谓语的动词称为完全动词, 即实义动词;
2.不能独立作谓语的动词称为不完全动词, 包括: 连系动词, 情态动词, 助动词
连系动词有两种: ①.表示特征状态, 如: be, appear看起来, seem看来,似乎, look看起来, sound听起来, smell闻起来, taste尝起来, feel 摸起来, remain仍然是; ②.表示变化过程, 如: become变成, get成为, grow变得, turn变成, go变得, prove证明是
情态动词和助动词参看其他章节
二.非谓语动词: 不充当谓语的动词形式称为非谓语动词, 包括: 不定式, 分词(现在分词和过去分词), 动名词三种, 它们在句中可以充当主语, 宾语, 表语, 定语, 状语等, 具体细节参看第十一章.
三.使用实义动词时要注意的问题:
1.实义动词分为及物与不及物, 及物动词要求有宾语, 能用于被动语态; 不及物动词不能有宾语, 不能用于被动语态
2.实义动词还可分为持续动词与瞬间动词, 前者可以与表示段时间的时间状语连用, 而后者不可. 但瞬间动词的否定式表示“该动作没有发生”, 可视为一种可持续的状态, 并可与段时间状语连用
a. They watched the train leave for five minutes. ( watch是持续动词)
b. I received his letter yesterday. ( receive是瞬间动词)
c. How long have you joined the army ?(错误: joined是瞬间动词, 不能与段时间how long连用)
d. When did you join the army ? (正确)
e. How long have you been in the army ? (正确)
f. How long may I borrow the book ? (错误: borrow是瞬间动词, 不能与段时间how long连用)
g. How long may I keep the book ? (正确)
h. I haven’t received his letter for almost two months. (not receive表示“没有收到”, 这一意思可视为一种持续的状态, 因此可以和段时间two months连用)
四.短语动词的种类: 共有五种不同的短语动词
1. “动词+介词”: 相当于一个及物动词, 如: depend on, look for
2. “动词+副词”: 有的相当于及物动词, 如: look up(查找), 有的相当于不及物动词, 如: slow down(慢下来). 这类短语动词的宾语是代词时, 只能放在动词和副词之间, 如: call her up; 这类短语动词的宾语是名词时, 既可放在动词和副词之间, 也可放在副词之后, 如: call Tom up或call up Tom
3. “动词+副词+介词”: 相当于一个及物动词, 如: keep away from
4. “动词+名词+介词”: 相当于一个及物动词, 如: lose sight of
5. “be +形容词+介词”: 相当于一个及物动词, 如: be worthy of
动词的形式
一.动词的基本形式有: ①.原形; ②.单数第三人称现在时形式, 即词尾加 – s / - es; ③.过去式; ④.过去分词; ⑤.–ing 形式
二.动词第三人称单数现在时形式的构成规则:
①.一般情况加-s, 如: works, learns, comes
②.动词以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -o结尾时, 加-es, 如: passes, fixes, washes, teaches, goes
③.动词以辅音字母加y结尾时, 将y变为i, 再加-es, 如: carries, cries, flies, studies
三.动词的过去式和过去分词的构成规则:
1.规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成规则:
①.一般情况下词尾加-ed, 如: worked, wanted, opened, answered, played, obeyed
②.以不发音的-e结尾的词在词尾加-d, 如: hope –hoped, like –liked;
③.以辅音字母+y结尾的, 将y变为i, 再加–ed, 如: study –studied, try –tried;
④.以重读闭音节或-r音节结尾, 末尾只有一个辅音字母(x除外)的, 双写末尾的辅音字母, 再加-ed, 如: stop –stopped, clap -clapped, plan-planned, refer-referred, admit –admitted, permit –permitted
⑤.少数双音节动词, 尽管重音在第一个音节, 仍双写末尾的辅音字母, 然后再加-ed, 如: travel –traveled, program –programmed, 但美式英语不双写辅音字母
2.不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成: (参看不规则动词表)
四.动词的-ing形式的构成规则:
①.一般情况直接加-ing, 如: working, studying, going, seeing, staying
②.以不发音的-e结尾, 去掉-e再加-ing, 如: live –living, move-moving;
③.以重读闭音节或-r音节结尾, 末尾又只有一个辅音字母(x除外), 将末尾辅音字母双写, 再加-ing, 如: planning, starring, beginning, referring;
④.少数几个以-ie结尾的重读开音节动词, 应将-ie变成y, 再加- ing, 如: die –dying, tie –tying, lie –lying
⑤.少数双音节动词, 虽然重音在第一音节, 也双写末尾的辅音字母, 然后再加-ing, 如: travel –traveling, 但在美式英语中一般不双写
⑥.以非重读的元音字母加-l结尾的动词构成-ing时, l要双写, 再加-ing(美国英语不双写), 如: travelling, quarrelling
⑦.注意以下几个词的- ing形式: hoe –hoeing, picnic – picnicking, panic –panicking, dye –dyeing
篇5：第八章：谓语动词 学案设计(人教版英语高考复习)
总述: 谓语动词的变化形式取决于时态和语态: 英语的时态有十六种, 中学英语中有十二种常见的时态; 语态有两种, 即主动语态和被动语态
1.在主动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下:
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 do / does am / is / are doing have / has done have / has been doing
过去 did was / were doing had done had been doing
将来 shall / will do shall / will be doing shall / will have done X
如果谓语是be动词, 则可用be动词的适当形式( be / am / is / are / was / were / been)代替以上表格中的黑体字部分. 此外, 过去将来时的形式是: should / would do或should / would be
2.在被动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下:
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 am / is / are done am / is / are being done have / has been done X
过去 was / were done was / were being done had been done X
将来 shall / will be done X shall / will have been done X
另外, 过去将来时的被动语态形式是should / would be done
主动语态
在主动语态中, 高中英语中常见的有十二个时态
一.一般现在时:
1.构成: 通常以动词原形表示. 主语为第三人称单数时, 则用动词的第三人称单数形式来表示
2.用法:
①.表示现状, 性质, 状态, 经常的或习惯性的动作
a. It is fine today.
b. I am a student.
c. I get up at six every day.
d. My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.
②.表示客观事实或普遍真理
a. Japan is to the east of China.
b. The sun rises in the east.
c. A horse is a useful animal.
③.表示将来确定会发生的动作(如己安排好或计划好的动作或按时刻表将来一定会发生的动作), 可以这样使用的动词有: go, come, leave, start, arrive等
a. My train leaves at 6:30.
b. The football match is played the day after tomorrow.
④.在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时动词代替一般将来时动词
a. I will let you know as soon as I hear from him.
b. We will go if it is fine tomorrow.
c. I will be away when he arrives.
d. We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives.
e. Mother, I won’t go out unless you agree.
f. Don’t try to run before you begin to walk.
⑤.在某些以here / there开头的句子中用一般现在时动词表示现在正在发生的动作
a. Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.
b. There goes the bell.
⑥.在体育比赛过程中, 解说员叙述迅速, 短暂动作时, 可用一般现在时, 表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作
a. Ma Lianbao passes the ball to Mu Tiezhu, Mu shoots – a fine shot !
⑦.在剧本或图片的说明文字中, 用一般现在时表示动作
a. When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.
二.现在进行时:
1.构成: am / is / are doing
2.用法:
①.表示说话时正在进行着的动作, 或现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作
a. I am writing a letter.
b. My mother is making a dress these few days.
②.表示即将发生的动作(如在最近按计划或安排好要进行的动作), 常见的有这种用法的动词有: come /go / leave / start / arrive等, 常与表示将来时间的状语连用
a. They are going to Shanghai on Friday.
b. John is coming here next week.
③.现在进行时动词与always, continually, constantly等连用, 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作
a. The little boy is always asking questions.
b. You are always saying that sort of thing.
④.在一定的上下文中, 前一句用一般现在时动词表述现在发生的事实, 后一句用现在进行时动词来阐述这一事实的原因, 结果, 目的等
a. He frowns. He is worrying about his boy.他皱着眉头, 因为他在为他的孩子担心. (is worrying表示原因)
b. She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his wrong habits. 她批评他, 想纠正他的坏习惯. (is trying表示目的)
c. She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子, 把他惯坏了. ( is spoiling表示结果)
⑤.不表示持续的行为, 而表示知觉, 感觉, 看法, 认识, 感情, 愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时, 如: see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, think, love, hate, care, like, dislike, worry, forgive, want, wish, hope, refuse, feel like, belong to , possess, own, have, be, seem等
三.现在完成时:
1.构成: have / has done
2.用法:
①.表示动作在说话之前己经完成, 而后果或影响至今仍存在
a. He has gone to Shanghai. ( =He went to Shanghai and he is not here now. )
b. I have opened the window. ( =I opened the window and the window is now open.)
c. The concert has started. ( =The concert started and is now going on. )
d. I have had breakfast. (=I had breakfast and I am not hungry now. )
②.表示开始于过去, 持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态, 用于延续性动词, 且句中常带有表示段时间的时间状语
a. I have studied English since 1987.
b. He has lived here for two years.
c. He has been ill for ten days.
3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
①.现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去, 但前者将过去的动作与现在的结果或对现在的影响联系起来, 而后者只限于表示过去的动作本身, 与现在无关
②.现在完成时不能与表明确时间的状语如: yesterday, last year, two days ago, when I came in等连用, 但可与表示不明确时间的状语如: already, yet, sometimes, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever等连用, 也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语如: this morning, today, this week, this year等连用
a. She has already come.
b. I have met him before.
c. Ma Hong has always been a good student.
d. Have you ever been to the Great Wall ?
e. I have seen him this morning.
四.现在完成进行时:
1.构成: have / has been doing
2.特征: 现在完成进行时兼有现在完成时和现在进行时两者的特点
①.它具有现在完成时的特点, 即表示动作发生在过去, 延续到现在或对现在产生影响
②.它具有现在进行时的特点, 即可以表示此动作仍在进行或还会继续
a. Mr. Smith has taught English for twenty years. ( 至今为止教过二十年英语, 至于teach是否结束或是否延续, 不得而知)
b. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for twenty years.( 现在仍在教英语,而且将持续下去)
3.用法:
①.表示现在之前的一段时间里一直进行的动作, 此动可能仍在进行, 也可能刚刚停止
a. I have been reading the book all the morning.
b. He has been staying here for two hours.
c. I have been living in Beijing since 1972.
②.表示现在之前的一段时间里一再重复的动作
a. I have been calling you several times in the past two days.
4.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 前者着重表示过去动作对现在的影响或结果; 后者着重表示过去动作的持续进行
a. I have written six letters since I got back.我己经写了六封信 (强调结果)
b. I have been writing letter since I got back. 我回家后一直在写信 (强调“一直在写”)
c. I have read this book.我读过这本书了(强调“读过”这一结果)
d. I have been reading this book.我一直在读这本书 (强调“一直在读”)
五.一般过去时:
1.构成: 用动词的过去式表示
2.用法:
①.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况, 其中包括习惯性动作
a. I met him yesterday.
b. I used to go to school early every morning.
c. He entered the classroom, sat down at his desk and began to work.
d. Last night, I listened to the radio for two hours and went to bed at midnight.
②.在时间, 条件状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时
a. Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
③.用一般过去时的句子一般有过去的时间状语, 有时也用地点状语暗示动作的发生是在过去
a. Have you seen a pen ? I left it here this morning.
六.过去进行时:
1.构成: was / were doing
2.用法:
①.表示过去某一时刻正在进行或一段时间内一直在进行的动作或情况
a. This time yesterday we were having an important meeting.
b. A year ago we were living in Shanghai.
②.过去进行时常与always, continually, frequently等词连用, 表示过去经常发生或反复发生的情况
a. The old man was always losing his way.
b. The two brothers were frequently quarrelling.
③.表示过去将要发生的动作, 这一用法仅限于一些表示位置转移的动词, 如: go, come, start, stay, leave等
④.过去进行时经常与一般过去时配合使用, 过去进行时表示过去的时间背景
a. The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
七.过去完成时:
1.构成: had done
2.用法:
①.表示过去某时间或动作以前己经完成的动作或己存在的状态, 即“过去的过去”
a. When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.
b. Marx had learned some English before he got to England.
c. He said he had never been to Shanghai.
d. By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.
②.在带有after / before引导的时间状语的句子中, 由于after / before本身的词义己经表明了时间的先后, 所以这类句子中常用一般过去时代替过去完成时
a. We left the house before it began to rain.
b. I didn’t wait long before he came.
c. After we finished the tea, we all sat on the grass.
d. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
八.过去完成进行时:
1.构成: had been doing
2.用法: 表示一直持续进行到过去某一时刻的动作, 该动作可能刚刚结束, 也可能还在进行
a. I had been waiting for two hours before the manager came down to see me.
b. By the end of he had been learning English for five years.
九.一般将来时: 一般将来时有以下几种表现形式
1.shall / will do (shall用于第一人称), 此结构表示单纯的将来, 不涉及主语的主观意愿
a. I shall be twenty years old next year.
b. You will meet him at the station this afternoon.
c. The train will arrive soon.
2.be going to do sth, 此结构表示打算最近或将来要做某事, 或说话人根据己有迹象认为非常可能即将发生的事
a. I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
b. He is going to stay here for a week.
c. Look at these black clouds --- it is going to rain.
d. I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.
3.be +动词不定式, 此结构表示职责, 义务, 意图, 约定, 可能性等
a. You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
b. There is to be a sports meet next week.
c. We are to meet at the school gate.
4.be about to do sth, 此结构表示“立刻, 马上”要做某事或发生某情况
a. We are about to leave.
b. Autumn harvest is about to start.
十.将来进行时:
1.构成: shall / will be doing
2.用法:
①.表示将来某时间点或时间段内将在进行的动作
a. This time tomorrow we will be talking with the boss about this matter.
b. I will be studying in this university for the next four years.
②.表示说话人感到某事即将发生或预计要发生某事
a. I will be seeing him next month.
b. We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.
c. He will be arriving at six tomorrow morning.
十一.将来完成时:
1.构成: shall / will have done
2.用法: 表示在将来的某一时刻之前将要完成的动作, 这一动作也可能继续进行
a. By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have arrived in Shanghai if the train keeps good line.
b. Before noon we will have completed this work.
十二.过去将来时:
1.构成:
①.should / would do
a. He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.
b. He told me that I should succeed.
②.was / were going to do
a. They were going to have a meeting.
b. The students were going to plant some trees around the playground.
③.was / were (about) to do
a. We were to finish the work in three days.
b. I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.
2.用法: 过去将来时表示相对过去某一时刻来说将要发生的动作或呈现的状态, 以上各形式的具体用法与一般将来时各形式的用法相似
被动语态
一.被动语态的构成: 见“总述”部分
特别说明: 将来进行时和各种完成进行时态没有被动语态形式
带有情态动词的被动语态的构成: 情态动词 + be +过去分词
a. The work must be done right now.
b. That prisoner may be sentenced to death.
二.用法: 被动语态主要用于
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者时, 用被动语态
a. His bike has been stolen.
b. This window was broken last night.
2.没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时, 用被动语态
a. China was liberated in 1949.
b. I was told you were late this morning.
3.强调或突出动作的承受者时, 用被动语态
a. The plan has already been made.
b. Yao Ming was elected MVP of the last week.
三.主动句变被动句:
1.主动句中的宾语转换成被动句的主语, 时态不变
a. The manager gave me ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
→I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
2.带有宾语从句的主动句变被动句时, 宾语从句变成主语从句, 通常不位于句首, 句首用形式主语it
a. We can learn from the text that delicious apples are big.
→It can be learned from the text that delicious apples are big.
3.带有双宾语的主动句变被动句时, 将直接宾语或间接宾语变成被动句的主语都可
a. My brother gave me a birthday present.
→I was given a birthday present. / A birthday present was given to me.
4.带有复合宾语 (即宾语+宾补) 的主动句变被动句时, 宾补的形式一般不变, 只是名称变成了主补, 但当宾补是不带to的不定式时, 要变成带to的不定式
a. I saw him play near the river. He was seen to play near the river.
5.含有短语动词的主动句变成被动句时, 不要遗漏短语动词中的介词或副词
a. The children must be taken good care of. / Good care must be taken of the children.
四.应注意的问题:
1.“be+过去分词”不一定是被动语态, 也可能是系表结构
a. The children were excited at the news.
b. We are interested in the English novel.
c. The mother was worried about her son’s absence.
2.有些动词形式上用主动语态时含有被动意思
a. This book sells well.这本书很畅销
b. This kind of cloth washed very well.这种布很耐洗
c. This pen writes quite smoothly.这支笔很好使
d. This dish tastes good.这道菜味道不错
e. This kind of cloth feels smooth and soft.这料子摸起光滑柔软
3.不是所有的及物动词都有被动语态, 某些表示状态或关系的动词或短语动词只有主动语态, 而无相对应的被动语态. 常见的这类动词有: cost花费, fit适合, have有, hold容纳, lack缺乏, own拥有, suit适合, fail失败, belong to属于, agree with同意
篇6：英语中考复习倒装句 (人教版英语中考复习)
英语倒装句
英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序，按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。
之所以出现倒装，一方面是因为语法结构的需要，另一方面为了强调，有时两种原因兼有之。
倒装分为两种：一是完全倒装，即整个谓语完全被置到主语之前；二是部分倒装，通常是将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。
部分倒装
部分倒装就是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句子中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。即…+助/情态动词/do的形式/has的形式+主+谓语动词+其它。
(一). only所修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：
only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
Only through education can we rise in the world.
注意：only修饰主语时，不需要倒装。
1. Only in this way ________to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
2．Among all the people, only you know the truth.
(二).含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时。如：never, little, seldom, not, not only, not until, no sooner (…than), hardly (…when), rarely, scarcely, in no way等。
We seldom get up at four in the morning.
= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.
(1) hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…
Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。
The bell hardly had rung when the class began. = Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.
(2) not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装。
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.
Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.
1．I finally got the work I dreamed about. Never in all my life________ so happy!
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
2．Not until I began to work ________how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realized
3．No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
(三).在so…that, such…that句型中，若把so, such引导的结构放在句首时。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
So difficult _____it to live in an English-speaking country that I was determined to learn English well.
A. I've felt B have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel
(四).把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或物。
I like reading English, so does he.
(五).把neither, nor放在句首，表示前面的否定内容也适用于另一个人或物。
If you won't go, neither will I.
-I don't think I can walk any further.
-________, let's stop here for a rest.
A. Neither and I B. Neither can I C. I don't think so D. I think so
(六)用于形容词/副词/名词/动词+as (though)引导的让步状语从句中。
注意：当表语为名词时，则名词前不加任何冠词；主谓并不倒装。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
8．________, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much
C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much
(七).由however, no matter how引导的让步状语从句中，把however+形容词/副词，no matter how+形容词/副词放在句首时。
9．________, mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he B. However he is late
C. However is he late D. However late he is
5 always often particularly many times many a time放在句首时，句子进行部分倒装。
Always am I amazed when I hear people saying that computers can replace teachers.
二、全部倒装
就是把整个谓语部分放在主语之前。注意：谓语动词的数要与后面的主语保持一致。常见于几种情况：
(一).用于地点副词here, there,方位副词out, in, up, down及时间副词now, then等开头的句子里，以示强调。
There goes the bell.
Look! Here they come.
这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。
Here it is.
Away he went.
Here we go
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.
(二).当表示地点的介词短语放句首时。注意：谓语多为be, lie, sit, stand, come, walk等不及物动词；倒装时不需要助动词。
Under the table are three white cats.
In front of the tower flews a stream.
10．Under a big tree ________, half asleep.
A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat
C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man
(三)there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。
There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.
(四).表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。
(1)形容词+系动词+主语
Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.
(2)过去分词+系动词+主语
Hidden behind the door were some naughty children.
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
(3)介词短语+系动词+主语
In front of the playground is a newly-built house.
(五).有时由于主语较长，谓语很短，为保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时。
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.
(六).在一些表示祝愿的句子里。
Long live the Communist Party of China!
May you all be happy.
CLASS EXERCISE
1. Look,________.
A. here the bus comes B. here is the bus coning
C. here comes the bus D. here the bus is co
2-Where is Kate? -Look，_______, she is at the school gate.
A. there she is B. there is she C. here you are D. here it is
3. Which of the following sentences is correct?
A. In the teacher came B. In did come the teacher
C. In did the teacher come D. In came the teacher
4. Out _____, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush
B. rushed he
C. he rushed
D. he did rush
5. _______, he is honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he
C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he
6. ________, he knows a lot of things.
A. A child as he is B. Child as he is C. A child as is he D. Child as is he
7. _____, you can’t lift yourself up.
A. Even you’re strong B. Strong as you are
C. How strong you are D. In spite you’re strong
8. So carelessly ________that he almost killed himself.
A. he drives B. he drove C. does he drive D. did he drive
9. Early in the day ____the news _____the enemy were gone.
A. come; that B. came; that
C. comes; that D. came; what
10. Only when you realize the importance of foreign languages_____ them well.
A. you can learn B. can you learn C. you learned D. did you learn
11. Only after liberation _____ to be treated as human beings.
did they begin B. they had begun C. they did begin D. had they begun
12. Not only ____ to stay at home, but he was also forbidden to see his friends.
A. he was forcing B. he was forced C. was he forcing D. was he forced
13. Not until his father was out of prison____ to school.
A. can John go B. John can go C. could John go D. John could go
14. Never before _____ seen such a stupid man.
A. am I B. was I C. have I D. shall I
15. Rarely ____such a silly thing.
A. have I heard of B. I have heard of C. am I heard of D. had I heard of
16. Little _____ about his own health though he was very ill.
A. he cared B. did he care C. does he care D. he cares
17. Only when _____ in the afternoon _____ able to leave.
A. the match was over; they were B. was the match over; were they
C. was the match over; they were D. the match was over; were they
18. Hardly ____ down ____ he stepped in.
A. had I sat; than B. I had sat; when C. had I sat; then D. had I sat; when
19. No sooner _____asleep than she heard a knock at the door.
A. she had fallen B. had she fallen C. she had fell D. had she fell
20. She did not see Smith. ________.
A. Neither did I B. Nor didn’t I C. Neither I did D. So didn’t I
篇7：高考英语作文倒装句
一，not onlybut also句的部分倒装not onlybut also前后连接两个句子时，not only后的句子要用部分倒装，但but also后的分句不用倒装。
例如：Not only had the poor man been fined,but also he had been sent to prison. 这个可怜的人不仅被罚款，而且还被送进了监狱。
二，only加状语放在句首时的部分倒装“only+状语”位于句首时，要用部分倒装，only后的状语可以是副词、介词短语、从句等。
注意：在only后作状语的是从句时，从句不要用倒装，要部分倒装的是主句。
例如：Only in this way can we achieve greater success.
Only in this way can everyone involved benefit from the student loans.
Only when your identity has been checked, will you be allowed in.
Only when you pay attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.
Only when the war was over did the young soldier return to his hometown.
三，So放在句首时的部分倒装Who will win the match is stillunknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。(不倒装)
So the new policy still has a long way to go.(倒装,体会still倒装)
[高考英语作文倒装句]
篇8：非谓语动词总结 学案设计(人教版英语高考复习)
第一节 概述
英语中动词有谓语和非谓语之分。谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致，而非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词主要包括：动词不定式，动词的-ing形式和过去分词三种。
学非谓语动词必须要了解它们的形式和在句子中的功能，请看下面两个表格：
1.非谓语动词的时态和语态形式（以动词do为例）：
动词不定式 动词的_ing形式 过去分词
一般式 主动 to do doing 动词的过去分词只有一种形式即done。及物动词的过去分词常表示被动和完成，而个别动词(多数是不及物动词)只表示完成
被动 to be done being done
完成式 主动 to have done having done
被动 to have been done having been done
进行式 to be doing ×
完成进行式 to have been doing ×
2. 非谓语动词在句子中的功能：
主语 宾语 表语 定语 补语 状语 同位语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ ×
_ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
过去分词 × × √ √ √ √ ×
第二节 非谓语动词的时态和语态
一． 动词不定式的时态：
不定式的一般式通常表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后或与谓语动词同时发生；不定式的进行式（通常用于动态延续性动词）表示不定式动作与谓语动作同步发生；不定式的完成式通常表示不定式动作先于谓语动词而发生或表示一个实际未发生的动作；不定式的完成进行式往往强调不定式动作在谓语动词之前一直在进行。例如：
1. When I spoke to him, he pretended ___________(look) for something here and there.
2. He looked tired. He seemed ______________(work) all night.
3. Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________(invent) the first computer.
4. I would love _________ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
5. He ordered the man __________ (go) there at once.
二． 动词不定式的语态：
一般情况下，在一个含有不定式的句子中，如果有不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）该不定式常用主动形式；如果出现的是不定式的逻辑宾语（即不定式动作的承受者），该不定式常用被动形式。但是，下面几种结构却常用主动表示被动：
(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性质特征的形容词之后的不定式或用这些词修饰一个名词后跟的不定式常用主动表示被动；
(2).少数动词如blame(责备), let(出租)等的不定式作表语时常用主动表示被动。
6. This sentence is easy ___________ (understand).
7. I can’t go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_________ (wash).
8. “Have you any clothes __________ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女佣).
9.Our school is a nice place _________ (visit).
10. I found the chair comfortable _________ (sit) in.
11. I think the question difficult ________ (answer).
12. It’s I who am ________ (blame).
13. The officer ordered the soldiers ________ (fire) the guns.
14. The officer ordered the guns _________ (fire).
三._ing形式的时态:
_ing形式的一般式通常表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语之后；完成式则表示
动作先于谓语动词而发生。如：
15. ________ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.
16. He was praised for __________ (teach) for 60 years.
17. I heard him __________ (sing) when I passed his room.
18. _________ (Finish) the work, he went home.
19. He insisted on _________ (join) the army.
四._ing形式的语态：
一般情况下，需要找准-ing动词的逻辑主语，若它们之间是主谓关系，-ing动词常用
主动；若它们之间是动宾关系，-ing动词就要用被动。但在动词need, want, require,及形容
词worth之后的-ing必须用主动表示被动。如：
20. He won’t come without __________ (invite).
21. The flowers in the garden need _______ (water).
22. Thank you for _________ (give) us so much help.
23. The building ________ (build) now will be a hospital.
24. ________ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?
25. The book is well worth ________ (read).
第三节 非谓语动词的用法比较
一、作主语
动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主语。
（1）、一般来说，不定式作主语时，通常表示一次性的、特指的、具体的或将来的动作；而_ing形式作主语时，通常表示一个经常性的、泛指的、或不具体的动作。如：
26. ________ (refuse) him is not easy this time.
27. _________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.
28. ________ (teach) English is my job.
29. ________ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future.
（2）、当句子的主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，两者在形式上一般保持一致；比较状语从句中的主语形式通常也取决于主句里的主语形式。如：
30. ______ (see) is to believe.==________ (see) is believing.
31. ________ (say) is easier than to do.
32. ________ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it.
（3）、在日常英语中，为了句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式主语而将不定式或-ing放在句末
这时候要注意下面的习惯句型：
It + be + 形容词或名词+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.
It + be + no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.
There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)
33. It was foolish of you _________ (give) up what you rightly owned.
34. There is no ________ (hold) back the wheel of history.
35. I think it’s no good _______ (argue) with your parents.
二、作宾语
动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作宾语。
（1）、有些及物动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语，不能接-ing形式，常见的有：hope, wish, expect, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, pretend, plan, refuse, fail 等等。
（2）、有些及物动词后只能接动词的_ing形式作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有：enjoy, imagine, risk, appreciate, suggest, advise, admit, miss, practise, forbid, avoid, resist, escape, delay, finish, permit, allow, mind, keep, consider, excuse 等等。
（3）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作宾语，意义相同，常见的有：begin, start, continue, intend, bear, attempt等等。但要注意，begin, start 如遇下面三种情况时接不定式为最佳：
A. 句子的主语是物而不是人时，如：The ice began to melt.
B. 当begin, start 用了进行时态时, 如：He’s beginning to understand it.
C. 当begin, start 后作宾语的动词属于心理活动、精神状态类动词（如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等）时，如：It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home.
（4）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作宾语，意义有细微差别，常见的动词有：like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一个特定的、一次性的、将来的动作)
like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、习惯性的、或正在进行的动作)
36. I like _________ (swim) but I don’t like _______ (swim) today.
37. Would you love ________ (go) to the zoo with us?
38. I felt like _______ (cry) at the news.
（5）、有些动词后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作宾语，意义完全不同，常见动词有：
39. We must try ________ (finish) the work on time.
Let’s try _______ (work) out the maths problem in another way,
40. I remember ______ (see) her somewhere before.
You must remember _______ (post) the letter for me.
41. He forgot ______ (pay) and asked to be paid again.
Don’t forget _______ (turn) off the light when you leave.
42. I regret _______ (miss) such a good chance.
I regret _______ (say) that I can’t lend you so much money.
43. Doing like that means _________ (cheat).
I didn’t mean ________ (hurt) your feeling that day.
44. I can’t help ________ (do) housework today. I’m busy preparing a report.
I couldn’t help _________ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.
45. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _______ (talk).
As he was very busy that day, he didn’t stop _______ (talk) with me.
46. Though it was raining, the peasants went on ________ (work) in the fields.
After listening to the text, we went on _______(read).
47. The baby needs ______ (look) after. =The baby needs ________ after.
You don’t need _______ (look) after the baby today.
48. Our school is well worth ________ (visit).
Our school is well worthy ________ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _________.
（6）、介词后的宾语一般用动词的-ing形式，但要注意：but和except之后通常接不定式；介词之后若有连接词时也要接不定式。如：
49. I have no choice but _______ (wait).
50. He gave me some advice on how _______ (study) it well.
51. He has no idea of what _______ (do) next.
52. I was about ______ (go) out when it began to rain.
注意：A. 下面短语中的to是介词，后面要接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式。
devote---to---, look forward to, pay attention to, prefer---to---, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(习惯于------),等等。
B.有些短语中介词经常省略，这时要注意接动词的-ing形式，如：be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop ---(from) doing sth.,等等。
（7）、当不定式和_ing形式作“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”句型中的宾语时，要用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语置于补语之后，常见句型有：
主语+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
主语+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.
三、作表语
所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中作表语，其区别在：
（1）、不定式作表语通常表示一次性、特指的、将来的或具体的动作，有时还可以表示计划安排将要发生的事或一种命令要求。
（2）、-ing形式作表语通常表示习惯性、泛指的、不具体的动作或表示主语的性质特征（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“令人感到……的”）
（3）、过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态，常具有被动含义（主要是一些表示感情情绪的词，译为“感到……的”），这样的动词常见的有：surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如：
53. No one is ______ (leave) this building without the permission of the police.
54. My job is ______ (teach) English and my wish is ______ (be) a lawyer.
55. The president is ______ (visit) our country next month.
56. The speech was very _________ (move) and we were all _______ (move) to tears.
四、作定语
所有的非谓语动词都可以作定语，其区别在：
（1）、不定式作定语常放在被修饰的名词之后，通常可以表示：
A. 一个发生在谓语动词之后的动作。如：
The building to be built next month will be a hospital.
B. 被修饰的名词与用作定语的不定式之间可能是逻辑上的“主+谓”关系，也可能是逻辑上的“动+宾”关系。如：
Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+谓”关系)
I have nothing to write. (“动+宾”关系) 我没有什么东西可写。
C. 如果是“动+宾”关系，动词不定式之后有时需要添上适当的介词，而在名词time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所带的介词可以省略，如：
I have nothing to write on. 我没有什么东西可以上面写字。
I have nothing to write with. 我没有什么东西可以用来写字。
I have no time to rest.
注意：这种带介词的不定式短语常可以转换为“介词+which / whom+不定式”的结构。例：They had only a cold room to live in.==
They had only a cold room in which to live.
D. 下列情况常用不定式作定语：
当句子中的谓语是一些特定的动词，如：be, find, get, give, have, need, want等，它们后面的名词（宾语或表语）常用不定式修饰。
当名词前有特定的定语，如：first, last, next, only, second以及形容词最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。
在There be句型中，主语之后常用不定式作定语。
有一些特定的名词之后常用不定式作定语，常见的有：time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。
例：You have no right to speak here.
He is the only person to know the truth.
There is nothing to worry about.
My parents had no chance to go to college.
（2）、动词的_ing形式作定语时，如果是单个词，常放在被修饰名词之前；如果是-ing短语，要放在名词之后。_ing作定语通常可以表示：
A. 被修饰名词的用途，如：a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.
B. 被修饰名词的性质特征，如：exciting news, a moving story, etc.
C．被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling water, etc.
（3）、过去分词作定语通常表示：
A. 被动，如：He is a man loved by all the people.
B. 完成，如：The building built last year is our classroom building.
a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled water
C. 被修饰名词所处的状态，如：an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.
五、作状语
所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中充当状语，其区别在：
（1）、不定式（短语）常在句子中作目的、结果和原因状语，常见句式有：
目的：to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.
结果：so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; too…to do sth.; only to do sth.
原因：be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.
（2）、_ing形式和过去分词位于句首时常作时间、原因、条件状语，位于句末时主要作方式、伴随或结果状语。究竟该用_ing还是过去分词，主要取决于句子的主语，若它们之间是主动关系就用_ing形式，若是被动关系，就用过去分词。
57. He raised his hand ________ the taxi stop. (have)
58. _______ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)
59. The parents died, _______ him an orphan. (leave)
60. ______ to college, he works very hard. (go)
61. I’m not such a boy as ______ him. (believe)
62. _______ ill, he was sent to a hospital. (be)
注意：A. 非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，如：
（×）Being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）As it was a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）It being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(×) Hearing the news, tears came to my eyes.
（√）Hearing the news, I burst into tears.
（√）When I heard the news, tears came to my eyes.
B．有些非谓语动词可以相当于独立成分、介词或连词使用，这时候它们常有自己固定的形式，与句子的主语不存在任何的逻辑关系，常见的有：
to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, (老实说)
to make things worse (更糟糕的是)
to begin with / start with (首先)
generally / strictly / exactly speaking (一般/严格/准确地说)
judging from / by (根据/从……判断)
talking of (谈到…… )
considering (考虑到……)
including (其中包括……) compared with / to… (与……相比)
六、作补语
所有的非谓语动词都可以作补语，在使用中要注意下面几种情况：
（1）、有许多动词，如：ask, tell, allow, force, cause, encourage, 等之后都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。
（2）、在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at之后可以接三种非谓语动词作补语，其区别在：_ing作补语表示与谓语动词同时进行的动作，如果这个动作与宾语是被动关系，还要用其被动形式being done；过去分词作补语常表示一个完成被动的动作；不定式作补语可以表示一个全过程、一个具体的、将来的、或经常性的动作。如：
63. I saw the classroom ________ (clean) when I passed by it.
64. The missing children were last seen ______ (play) by the river.
65. I often hear him ________ (sing) in the next room.
66. I saw the room _________ (clean). Everything was put in order.
67. I saw him ________ (open) the door, _______ (walk) into the room, and ______ (sit) down at the desk.
（3）、注意使让动词之后的补语用法：
A．have sb. do sth.==get sb. to do sth. “请/叫/让某人做某事” 与宾语的关系是主动的。
B．have sb./ sth. doing sth.“使某人一直做某事/容许某人做某事”，强调主动和进行。
C．get sb. doing sth.“使某人开始做某事”。
D．have sb./sth. done ==get sb./sth. done“使某人/某物被……或使……遭受……”，表示被动
E．make /let sb. do sth.表主动。
F. make /let sb. /sth. /oneself done 表示被动。
（4）、有些动词后不能接非谓语动词特别是不定式作宾语补足语，常考的动词有：agree, refuse, hope, suggest, demand, etc.
(5)、有些动词后需要接_ing作宾语，而接不定式作宾语补足语，常见的动词有：advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage等。
例：68.You’d better have someone else _______ (help) you. I’m too busy.
69.He already had his eyes ________ (examine) in the hospital yesterday.
70.The speaker explained it again to make himself _______ (understand).
71.We don’t allow _____ (smoke) in our classroom.
72.He didn’t allow his son _____ (play) computer games.
七、作同位语
动词的_ing形式常被用来解释一个名词的具体内容，在句子中充当同位语，如：
His habit, studying at night, remains unchanged.
The gesture for “OK”, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meaning in different countries.
第四节 非谓语动词的几种特殊结构
一、 否定结构：
所有非谓语动词的否定结构都是在非谓语动词前直接加否定词not或never等构成。
例：Excuse me for not coming back in time.
Not having received a reply, He decided to writer again.
He advised me never to go out alone at night.
二、 动词不定式的复合结构
不定式复合结构是指带有主语的动词不定式，其形式有以下两种：
（1）、for sb. to do sth.(侧重动作), 可以用于各种句子结构中。
（2）、of sb. to do sth.(侧重对逻辑主语品行的评价)，这种结构主要用于下列形容词之后：bad, brave, careful careless, clever, foolish, cruel, kind, rude, polite, stupid等。
73.It’s very important ____ us to learn English well.
74.It’s very foolish ____ you to believe him. == You are very foolish to believe him
75.There are a lot of difficulties ____ them to overcome.
76.I stepped aside ____ her to pass.
三、 动名词的复合结构
由动名词的逻辑主语和动词_ing一起构成，在句子中主要作主语和宾语，其形式有：
（1）、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动词的_ing
（2）、人称代词宾格或名词普通格+动词的_ing
注意、A、当句子的主语就是_ing动词的逻辑主语时不能用复合结构。如：
Would you mind opening the door? (You open the door.)
Would you mind my / me opening the door? (I open the door.)
B、_ing作主语放在句首时，只能用第（1）种形式的复合结构。如：
His being ill made us very sad.
C、当无生命的名词或两个以上的名词/代词并列作_ing的逻辑主语时，只能用第（2）种形式的复合结构。如：
Can you hear the noise of the machine running.
Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?
四、 独立主格结构
（1）、由“名词或代词主格+动词的_ing形式或过去分词”构成，在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或方式。主要用于句子的主语不是非谓语动词的逻辑主语时。如：
77.All the work_______ (do), he had a rest. （时间状语）
78.Weather ________ (permit), we will go outing tomorrow.（条件状语）
79.The boy stood there, his right hand _______ (raise). （伴随情况）
80.He _____ (be) ill, we sent him to a hospital. （原因状语）
81.There ______ (be) no buses, we had to walk home.（原因状语）
（2）、由“with/without +名词/代词宾格+动词_ing /过去分词/不定式/介词（短语）/形容词/副词”等构成，在句子中可以作状语或定语。如：
82.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ (tie) behind his back.
83.With a lot of work ____ (do), I can’t go to the cinema with you.
84.He left without anybody ______ (know).
五、“连接词+ to do”，“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done /doing”结构的区别
（1）、“连接词+to do”相当于一个名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，常可以转换成由该连词引出的从句。
(2)、“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done/doing” 在句子中只能作状语，主句的主语是此结构中doing和done的逻辑主语，如果它们之间的关系是主动的，就用doing，是被动的就用done。
85. Please tell me what _______ (do ) next. ==Please tell me what I should do next.
86. The problem is whether _______ (go) by bus or by plane.
87. When ______ (start) the project hasn’t been decided yet.
88. Be careful when / while ________(cross) the street.
89. When________ (heat), ice will melt.
90. He won’t go to the party unless _______ (invite).
第五节 动词不定式的两种省略情况
一、 省略不定式符号to的情况：
(1).不定式在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, 和使让动词have, make, let 之后作宾语补足语时，符号to必须省略。但是当这些动词用于被动语态时，动词不定式变为主语补足语，符号to不能省略。
例：We often hear him sing the song at home.→ He is often heard to sing the song at home.
(2).在动词help之后作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式，符号to可有可无。
(3).两个或两个以上的不定式由连词and / or / than / but 等连接时，从第二个不定式起的符号to常常省略。
例：The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
注意：如果要强调对比，不能省略to。
例：It’s more difficult to do than to say.
The teacher came not to punish you but to help you.
I wondered whether to stay or to leave.
(4).不定式作表语，用来解释主语部分中do的内容时可以不带to。如：
What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.
The first thing she did was go up to her trainer and thank her.
(5).在why或why not引起的表示建议或责问的省略问句中不能带to。
Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us?
(6).在一些类似情态动词的词组如：had better, would rather … than … , can’t (help / choose) but 等之后的动词不带to。
(7).不定式作but或except的宾语时，若前面有实意动词do / does / did / to do等形式，不带to。如：
I did nothing but / except do my homework last night.
She had nothing to do but wait.
(8).当助动词do / does / did用来加强语气或构成倒装句时，其后的动词不能带to。如：
Seldom does he go home this term. I did tell him the news.
(9).当dare用作实意动词时，后面的不定式有时也不带to，特别是在否定句中。
She didn’t dare (to) ask the teacher.
(10).在美国口语中，用在祈使语气中表示目的，在动词come / try / go / run等之后的不定式可以不带to。如：
Come tell me if he arrives. Go tell your mother. Try open the door again.
二、 省略to之后的动词部分的情况：
一般说来，当不定式内容是重复前面的内容时，to后的成分可以承前省略，但要保留符
号to，此时省略的成分相当于do so，这种结构一定要有上文或一定的语境。如：
_ Will you go with me? _ Well, I’d like to.
_ Why didn’t you bring an umbrella with you? _ I meant to, but I forgot about it.
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.
He can’t eat as much as he used to.
注意：当不定式内容是助动词be / have时，to后要保留原形的be / have。如：
He hasn’t succeeded in the exam, but in fact he ought to have.
She is no longer what she used to be.
第六节 非谓语动词综合练习
1. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _______ at the meeting by my boss. (2004)
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
2. Helen had to shout _______ above the sound of the music. (2004 Ⅲ)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
3. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live. (2003)
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
4. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______ .(1996)
A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to
5. Victor apologized for ______ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004)
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able
6. _ Mum, why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
_ ______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (NMET1999)
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
7. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult. (NMET1999)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
8. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET1998). A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
9. Don’t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth. (2004)
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
10. With two exams _______ , I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004)
A. worrying about B. worried about C. to worry about D. to worry
11. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. (2004)
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
12. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party. (2004)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
13. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. (2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
14. Alice returned from the manager’s office, _______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. (2004). A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
15. _______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004) A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have wait
参考答案：1~5 CDBCC 6~10 CBABC 11~15 CABDC
非谓语动词总结练习参考答案
第二节：1. to be looking 2. to have been working 3. to have invented 4. to have gone
5. to go 6. to understand 7. to wash 8. to be washed
9.to visit 10. to sit 11. to answer 12. to blame
13. to fire 14. to be fired 15. Walking 16. having taught
17.singing 18. having finished 19. joining 20. being invited
21. watering 22. giving 23. being built 24. Given
25. reading
第三节：26. To refuse 27. Walking 28. Teaching 29. To be
30. To see; Seeing 31. To say 32. Reading 33. to give
34. holding 35. arguing 36. swimming; to swim 37. to go
38. crying 39. to finish; working 40. seeing; to post 41. being paid; to turn 42. missing; to say 43. cheating; to hurt 44. to do; thinking 45. talking; to talk
46. working; to read 47. looking/to be looked; to look 48. visiting; to be visited/being visited 49. To wait 50. to study 51. to do 52. to go 53. to learn
54. teaching; to be 55. to visit 56. moving; moved 57. to have 58. Seen
59. leaving 60. to go 61. to believe 62. Being 63. being cleaned/cleaned
64. playing 65. sing 66. cleaned 67. open; walk; sit 68. help
69. examined 70. understood 71. smoking 72. to play
第四节：73. for 74. of 75. for 76. for 77. done 78. permitting
79. raised 80. being 81. being 82. tied 83. to do 84. knowing
85. to do 86. to go 87. to start 88. crossing 89. heated 90. invited
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