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英语语法略谈“not”用法种种

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下面是小编为大家整理的英语语法略谈“not”用法种种，本文共6篇，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

英语语法略谈“not”用法种种

篇1：英语语法略谈“not”用法种种

我们都知道not是一个否定副词,但在具体语言环境中并非一律译成“不”。在此将not常见的用法做以归纳,以供大家参考。

1. not通常与be动词、助动词、情态动词连用以构成否定,常略作-n't。如果否定非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词),则置于非谓语动词之前。如:

They are not (aren't) here.

Did she see him? No, she didn't.

He warned me not to be late.

Not allowed to work, he got very

angry.

2. not用在动词think、suppose、believe、expect、hope、seem等,副词probably、perhaps等,及词组be afraid等后面,代替that引导的表示否定意义的从句。如:

-Will they come tomorrow?

-I suppose not.(=I suppose they will not come tomorrow.)

-Will it rain this afternoon?

-Probably not.(=Probably it will not rain.)

-May I come in?

-I'm afraid not. (=I'm afraid you can't.)

注:如果是肯定回答,则一般用so代替that引导的表示肯定意义的从句。

3. not与all、both、every、always、entirely等连用时可表示部分否定。如:

All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的未必都是金子。

Every person cannot do it. 并非每一个人都能做到这一点。

He is not always so kind to people.他并非总对人那么友好。

注:表示全部否定时,常用none、no、neither、never、nowhere等,或者not与any、anything等连用也可表示全部否定,另外all、both、every等和带in-,un-,dis-等否定前缀的词连用时,也表示全部否定。如:

I know none of them. 他们中我一个人也不认识。

I don't know any of them. 我不认识他们中任何一个人。

All your answers are incorrect. 你的答案都不对。

4. 在主从复合句中,not一般根据需要对主句或从句进行否定。如:

He didn't say he would come. 他没说他要来。

He said he wouldn't come. 他说他不来了。

但表示看法的常用动词think、believe、suppose等后接宾语从句,或表示感觉的词语appear、seem、feel、feel like、look as if、sound like等后接从句时,这些从句如表示否定意义,一般将not放在主句中,这是英语的习惯用法。如:

I don't suppose that she will be back soon. 我想她不会很快回来。

It doesn't seem that we can win. 看来我们赢不了。

It doesn't look like rain. 看来不会下雨。

I don't feel I can stand it any longer. 我觉得再也受不了了。

Not 和 No 的用法差别

一般说来，no相当于not any或not a，但有时两者用法略有差别或有较大差别。

一. 在“be+not (或no)+表语”结构中，用 not 仅是一般的否定，而用 no 作“决不”、“丝毫不”讲，否定语气比 not 强

I am not a physicist. 我不是物理学家。

I am no physicist. 我对物理一窍不通。

二. 在“not more(或其他词的比较级) ...than... ”和“no more(或其他词的比较级)...than...”中，前者为一般否定，而后者不仅使than前面内容被否定，也使 than 后面的内容也被否定，但原文在 than 后却不出现任何否定词

1. a) He is not more wounded than you. 他的伤不如你的重。

b) He is no more wounded than you. 他和你一样，没有受伤。

2. He can no more swim than I can fly. 他不能游泳，如同我不能飞一样。[ 从本句中能明显地看出，more 是单独作比较级使用。本句直译为：“他能游泳绝不比我能飞的可能性大。““我不能飞”这是事实，但通过这种对比，却把“他不能游泳”也刻画出来了。同时必须指出，本句中还可用“not any more (= no more ) 和 than”连用的形式代替“no more 和 than”的连用，即可改写为：He cannot swim any more than I can fly. ]

This watch is not better than that one. 这块表不如那块好。

【注】上述前两句皆属于同类人或物进行对比。下例就不属于上述用法：

No one can be in China more than a few hours without sensing an enormous optimism. 任何人在中国只要呆上几小时，就会感到有一种巨大的乐观主义精神。[句中 more than a few fours 仅表示时间的数量，况且one (指人) 和 hours 不属于同类，无法进行对比。]

三. 与数字连用时，not more than ten 为“不超过10”(即至多10，也许低于10)，而 no more than 10则为“只有10”(着重表示“决不超过10，而只有10那么多”之意，给人以“数量不够大”的口气。not less than 50 为“至少50”(也许不止50)，而 no less than 50 则为“达到50”或“竟然有50”，并给人以“数量不小的”口气。因此，还可加译“竟然”或“高达”等字。注意这种用法还可推广到表示长、宽、厚等方面

1. no later than 11 o'clock 最晚11点钟(甚至不到11点钟)

2. His brother no less than you is wrong. (至少)跟你一样，他的兄弟也错了。

四. not 用于表示主句后面被否定的省略句

1. It is going to blow hard. 要刮大风吧。

We hope not. 我们希望不要刮大风。(不能说 We don't hope.)

2. Is there any doubt about it? 关于这件事还有什么疑义吗?

I think not. 我认为没有疑义。(不能用 I don't think so. 回答，因为对方并没有表明自己的任何观点。)

【注】具有上述用法的动词还有：suppose, believe, expect, fancy(设想)，seem, appear 等。

五. ”All, both 或 every (包括 everything, everybody, everywhere 等)+ 否定式谓语 + …… ”不是全部否定，只是部分否定

1. All the answers are not right. (部分否定) = Not all the answers are right. 答案未必全对。

不要按字面译为“所有答案都不对。”如果要表达这个意思，英语就用：“None of the answers are ( 或 is ) right. ”

再如：All is not lost. 并非全失。(部分否定)

2. Every one cannot answer. (部分否定) = Not everyone can answer. 并非人人都能答上来。只有改为“No one can answer”时，才能译为“没有一个人能答上来。”

【注】“not...at all”表示全部否定，作“一点也不…… ”讲。例如：

I don't know them at all. 我一点也不认识他们。

六. 当否定式谓语和 always，often，quite, entirely，wholly，altogether 连用时，一般都是部分否定

1. The old house is not quite what it should be. 这老房子并不十分合乎理想。

2. He does not wholly ( altogether 或 entirely ) agree. 他并不完全同意。

七. 注意有时英语否定主句，而汉语译成否定后面的宾语从句

1. I do not think (that) the test will end in failure. 我认为试验不会以失败而告终。

2. I don't suppose (that) she will come. 我猜想她不会来。

【注】具有上述用法的主句谓语还有：imagine(想象)，fancy(设想)，reckon (认为)，believe，feel 等。但含义相似的 hope，fear，surmise (猜测)，presume (推测)，assume (假定) 等却都不具有 think 那样的否定用法。

英语轻松学 | so和not的回指用法

替代已经提及的事物：使用SO和NOT

1. 用so替代形容词

在正式英语里，so有时用于替代已经提及的形容词。

They are wildly inefficient and will remain so for some time to come.

他们效率极其低下，并且在未来一段时间内仍会如此。

They are just as isolated, if not more so, than before.

他们仍像以前一样孤立

2. if后的so和not

如果谈论的行为或情况已经提及，可用so代替if后面的分句。

Will that be enough? If so, do not ask for more.

那够了吗?如果够了，就别再要了。

not用于代替否定的分句，表示与已提及情况相反的情况。

You will probably have one of the two documents mentioned below. If not, you will have to buy one.

你可能会获得下面提到的两份文件之一。如果得不到，你就必须购买一份。

3. so和not与引述动词连用

在一些常见的引述动词后面，so和not也用于代替分句。此外，so和not还可用在I’m afraid后面，转述一个不受欢迎的事实。

—Are you all right?

—I think so.

你没事吧?

我想是的。

—You’re a sensible woman.

—I’ve always said so.

你是个通情达理的女人。

我一直是这样说的。

—You think he’s failed, don’t you?

下面这些引述动词可后接so和not：

believe, hope, say, tell

expect, imagine, suppose, think

注意，not作替代词与think、expect和believe连用是罕见或正式的用法。not偶然与say连用时，say的前面有情态词。

—Is this a coincidence?

—I would say not.

这是巧合吗?

我会说不。

so偶然用在分句的首位。这常具有对有关事实的真实性产生怀疑的效果。

Everybody in the world, so they say, has a double.

世上每一个人，反正大家都这样说，都有一个替身。

4. do so

do so用于表示perform the action just mentioned(执行刚提到的动作)。动词do的各种形式都可使用。这种结构相当正式。

A signal which should have turned to red failed to do so.

本该变为红色的信号没有变。

Most of those who signed the letter did so under pressure from their bosses.

那些在信上签名的人大多数是迫于老板的压力才签的。

She asked him to wait while she considered. He did so.

她在考虑的时候要他等着。他照着做了。

Individuals are free to choose private insurance, and 10% of the population have done so.

个人可自由选择私人保险公司，有10%的人口已经这么做了。

—I’m afraid so.

你认为他失败了，对吗?

恐怕是的。，即使没有更孤立的话。

Why与Why not的用法

记得某年我教仁爱版英语九年级上册某单元某一Section时(因疫情在家，没找到相关课本，具体哪个Section遗忘)，我发现了一个Why在使用中的用法错误，于是给课本编辑打电话说明。第二天编辑打回电话，认为我的观点正确，并于再版时做了改正。然而，今年我教仁爱版英语八年级上册Unit 3，Topic 3中的Section B时，又发现了同样的问题。由此可见，Why与Why not的用法受汉语的影响是多么严重!现引述课本句子如下：

...

Jane: I saw it last week. It’s wonderful!

Michael: I don’t agree.

Jane: Why? Isn’t it interesting?

...

(仁爱版八年级上册第三单元 Topic 3 中Section B P73)

1. Why, as a question word, is used to ask about reasons and explanations:

Why did he leave home when he was 16?

Why didn’t you tell Tom about it?

--They've decided to move to Devon. 他们已经决定搬到德文了。

--Why? 为什么?

Note:

a. When we ask for reasons in speaking, we can use the phrase why is that? In informal conversations we often say why’s that?:

--She’s not going to college this year.

--Why’s that?

--She says she wants to travel for a while.

b. In informal contexts we sometimes use what for? with the same meaning of asking for a reason:

--Ann’s going to be really upset with me.

--What for?

--I forgot to call her back last night.

c. When we reply to a negative statement, we usually say why not?:

--I don’t like it here. 这里我不喜欢它。

--Why not? 为什么?

--He isn’t going to see her off at the station. 他不准备去车站送她。

--Why not? 为什么?

2. Why is used in indirect questions:

He asked me why I wanted to leave the job.

I wonder why he told nobody he was getting married.

3. Why is used on its own as a response:

--I’m going home now.

--Why?

4. Why ever or Why on earth is used to add emphasis and to show shock or surprise:

--Beth has decided to go on holiday by herself this year.

--Why ever would anyone want to go on holiday alone?

Why on earth has Julie bought me this expensive present?

5. That’s why …is used to give a reason:

--Frank and Ellen have three children now.

--That’s why they moved house. They needed more space.

--Ian’s not been feeling well recently, has he?

--No. That’s why he’s taken some time off.

6. Why should … is used when we are annoyed about something:

Why should old people have to worry about health insurance?

Note:Why should I? as a response is very direct and rude.

A is a mother and B is a child who is opening and closing the car window

A: Stop doing that.

B: Why should I?

7. “Why not ...?” is used to make a suggestion:

If you’re so unhappy, why not leave?

8. “Why not ...?” is used to express agreement:

--May I go with you? 我可以和你一起去吗?

--Why not? 可以呀。

--Let's go out for an Italian tonight.

--Yes, why not?

9. used to insist on his own opinions or ideas:

--Are you really going to sue them? 你真的要控告他们吗?

--Yes, why not? 是的，为什么不呢?

Note：We must use the infinitive without “to” in the questions beginning with “why not” or “why”. But Why not is used to make a suggestion and why is used to indicate that an action is unnecessary and meaningless.

--My girl-friend is in a bad mood. 我女朋友心情不好。

--Why not (Why don’t you) give her some flowers? 为什么不送给她一些花呢?

Why argue with him? He will never change his mind. 为什么跟他争论?他永远不会改变看法的。

根据上述why以及why not的用法，我们有理由可判断本文开头中所提仁爱版八上第三单第三话题中的Section B P73中的Why，应该是Why not。

英语语法略谈“not”用法种.种

篇2：have 用法种种

在英语单词中，have是一个用法相当广泛的动词。它不仅是一个实义动词，本身包含具体的词意“有”，还可以用作助动词。更重要的是have可以和很多单词构成短语，这是其它动词难以相比的。

从表面上看，have是一个开音节词，但它却是按闭音节来读的，即/hv/。还有一个与众不同之处是，它的单数第三人称不像其它动词的第三人称单数那样，在动词原形后面加-s，它的第三人称单数是has。

这个动词本身的词义是“有”。例如：

I have a pen.

Michael has a new soccer.

They have an expensive house.

在由have作谓语的句子变疑问句或否定句时，在美式英语中，无论何种情况，都要借助于助动词do或does。例如：

Do you have a dictionary?

He doesn't have any coffee.

在英式英语中，现在时的否定句、疑问句通常不用助动词do而用have not，Have you...?的形式，但最近受到美式用法的影响和一般动词一样，已渐有使用do的倾向。

have还可以和很多单词，特别是那些既是动词又是名词的词连用，构成很多短语，其词意则是由与其连用的词语来决定，它的活跃之处也就在于此。例如：

have a talk 谈话 have a tea 喝茶

have a rest 休息一会儿 have a class 上课

have a hike 远足 have a picnic 野炊

have a concert 举办音乐会 have a visit 参观；访问

have a look 瞧一瞧

have a sleep 睡一会儿觉

have的这类短语还有很多，只要大家留意，会在以前学习过的课文中发现很多。这种短语还有自己的宾语或其它成分。例如：

What a nice photo!Let me have a look (at it).

You'd better have a talk with him.

have还可以和表示疾病的名词连用，表示正在或曾经生过某种疾病。例如：

have a headache 头痛 have a stomachache 胃痛；肚子痛

have a toothache 牙痛 have a sore throat 喉咙痛

have a cough 咳嗽 have a cold 感冒

have a fever 发烧 have a sore back 背痛

如果我们回答医生询问病情时，一般这样来回答：

-What's the matter (with you)?

-I have a sore foot.

-What's the matter (with you)?

-I have a bad cold.

have的用法还有很多，由于大家尚未接触到，这里就不讲解了。

篇3：英语语法it用法

五、It 用作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)例I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.

2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)例I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.

3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)…verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)例I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.

4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)例The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.

5. v. +it + prep. + that…owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做take it for granted that …想当然keep it in mind that…例Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.

6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后例I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.

7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后(except that例外)例I'm for it that you will follow their advice.

篇4：英语语法：被动语态用法

英语语法：被动语态用法大全

概念

语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。

英语的语态包括两种形式：

主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。

Many people speak English.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。

巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

构成

His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built in .通过上面的例句，可以看出，“被动语态”的构成是：be + 过去分词 ( + by + 动作执行者)

形式

被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，强调动作是由什么人或什么东西而发出时，常用介词“by +行为发出者”，即be+done+by+行为发出者。

被动语态可用于各种时态，通过助动词be的变化来表示：

1、一般现在时的被动语态. am / is / are + 动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day.This car is made in China.

2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词His desk was cleaned just now.The station was built in 1928.

3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词A new factory is being built in our city now.Some trees are being cut down in the park.

4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词A new factory was being built in our city at that time.Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.

5、一般将来时的被动语态:(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词(B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.Some new factories will be built in our city this year.Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.

6、过去将来时的被动语态:(1)would / should + be + 动词的过去分词(2)was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.

7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.Your watch has been mended already.

8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词He said that some new factories had been built in the city.I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .

9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be + done(1)You must hand in your homework after class.Your homework must be handed in after class.(2)He can write a letter with the computer.A letter can be written with the computer by him.

初中英语八大时态
一般现在时	一般过去时	一般将来时
现在进行时	过去进行时	过去将来时
现在完成时	过去进行时

运用

第一种情况：不知道动作的执行者，就是不知道谁干的Dan's bike was stolen last week. 丹的自行车上周被偷了。My windows were broken yesterday. 我的窗户昨天被打烂了。

第二种情况：没有必要交代动作的执行者，就是说：不用说出来大家也知道谁干的Rice is also grown in North China. 华北地区也种水稻。A new railway station will be built next year. 明年要建一座新的火车站。

第三种：为了强调动作的承受者，这里我们比较一下主动和被动：Prisoners of War built the bridge. 战俘修建了这座桥。此句的主句是 Prisoners of War，是来回答 Who built the bridge? 这个问句，所以此句强调的是动作的执行者---战俘，交代战俘做了什么事。变被动之后：The bridge was built by Prisoners of War.这座桥是被战俘修建的。这样说的话，主语变成了“the bridge”---这座桥，此句是回答 What was built? 所以此句是强调“什么被建造”即强调动作的承受者。又如：The book was written by Shi Naian. 这本书是施耐庵写的。以上是被动语态使用的三种情况或者说时机，第三种虽然强调动作的承受者，但一般也要交代动作的执行者，用 by + 执行者来表达。

主动语态变成被动语态

1、从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。

主动语态：人们说英语。People speak English in many countries.被动语态：英语被说。English is spoken in many countries..主动语态：我们造这座桥。We built this bridge last year.被动语态：这座桥被建造。This bridge was built last year.2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。主动语态：小王邀请你(宾语)Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.被动语态：你(宾语)被邀请。You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.主动语态：你不准带走杂志(宾语)You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.被动语态：杂志(宾语)不准被带走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.主动语态：他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.被动语态：他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章.He was given a medal for his wonderful work.被动语态：一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.语态转换时所注意的问题

1. 把主动语态变为被动语态，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.A new computer have been bought. (错误)

2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was given to me yesterday.

注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.

2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。(1) A new skirt was made for me.(2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us.

3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。

(1) We always keep the classroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.

(2) She told us to follow her instructions.→We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。We often hear him play the guitar.→He is often heard to play the guitar.

5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。Nobody can answer this question.误：The question can be answered by nobody.正：The question can not be answered by anybody.

6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。They haven't done anything to make the river clean.误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

7. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote the story?误：Who was the story written?正：By whom was the story written?

8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。(1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。(2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。对比：The books sell well. (主动句)The books were sold out. (被动句)The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句)

9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。(1)— Do you like the material?— Yes, it feels very soft.误：It is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.误：The food is tasted delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。He entered the room and got his book.误：The room was entered and his book was got.She had her hand burned.误：Her hand was had burned.第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。The fire broke out in the capital building.误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.误：The sun had already been risen.After the earthquake, few houses remained.误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：I taught myself English.误：Myself was taught English.We love each other.误：Each other is loved.

初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型

1.be covered with被……覆盖

2.be made of由……制作(发生物理变化)be made from由……制作(发生化学变化)be made in由(某地)制造be made by被(某人)制造3.be used for被用来……be used as被当作(作为)……来使用be used to do sth.被用来做某事4.It is said that...据说……It is hoped that...希望……It is well known that...众所周知……例如：

几种特殊的被动语态

1.带不定式的被动语态。The child is sure to be punished for that. 那个孩子肯定会因为那件事受罚的。2. 带介词的动词短语的被动语态。Such a thing has never been heard of. 这件事前所未闻。3. 带副词的动词短语的被动语态。The radio has just been turned off. 收音机刚刚被关上。4. 当sell, wash, clean, run, ride, wear, write等动词若有状语well, easily, badly来修饰时，用主动形式表达被动意义。The pen writes well. 这枝钢笔写字流畅。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。

形式为主动，意义为被动。(中考难点)

1.由少数及物动词转化来的不及物动词(sell, clean, wash, cut, drive, wear, write等)，当句子的主语为物时，可用主动形式表被动意义。The car drives well.The cloth washes easily.2.在be worth doing, need doing中，主语是物，doing表示被动意义。The book is worth reading.The tree needs watering.3.形容词 cheap, dangerous, important, comfortable, interesting等接不定式做状语时，不定式的主动形式表被动意义。The old lady is easy to get along with.The question is difficult to answer.4.感官动词look, sound, taste, smell, feel等，主动语态表被动意义。You look unhappy.The cake tastes delicious.

口诀

一般现在时、一般过去时用be +及物动词的.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。

完成时态have(has)done，被动将been加中间。一般将来shall(will)do，被动变do为be done。将来进行无被动，shall(will)be doing。现在完成时，被动 have(has)been done。现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。

篇5：小升初英语语法：with用法

关于小升初英语语法推荐：with用法

1. 带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如：

Run with the kite like this.

2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如：

A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.

3. 和…… (某人)一起。

a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如：

Now I am in China with my parents.

Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.

He / She's talking with a friend.

b. 跟go, come 连用，有 “加入”到某方的意思。如：

Do you want to come with me?

4. 和play一起构成短语动词play

with 意为“玩耍……，玩弄……”如：

Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.

5. 与help 一起构成 help…with…句式，意为“帮助 (某人) 做 (某事)”。如：

On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.

6. 表示面部神情，有“含着……，带着……”如：

“I'm late for school,” said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.

7. 表示 “用……”如：

You play it with your feet.

What do the farmers do with your machines?

8. 表示 “对……，关于……”。如：

What's wrong with it?

There's something wrong with my computer.

篇6：英语语法：介词用法

一、介词to的常见用法

1.动词+to

a)动词+ to

adjust to适应，

attend to处理;照料，

agree to赞同，

amount to加起来达…，

belong to属于，

come to达到，

drink to为…干杯，

get to到达，

happen to发生在某人身上，

hold to紧握，

lead to通向，

listen to听，

occur to想起，

object to反对，

point to指向，

respond to回答，

refer to参考;指的是…;涉及，

reply to回答，

see to负责，

stick to坚持，

turn to求助，

write to给某人写信。

b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.

announce to通知某人， describe to向某人描述， explain to向某人解释， express to对某人表达， mention to提及， nod to向某人点头， report to报告， say to告知， shout to对某人大叫， suggest to对某人提建议，speak to与某人交谈， talk to跟某人谈话， whisper to和某人低声耳语。

c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.

add to增加， compare to比作， carry to运送至， devote to致力于，introduce to介绍给， invite to邀请参加， join to连接到， leave to委托给，reduce to下降至， sentence to判处， take to带到。

2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to

be alive to觉察;晓得，

be attentive to注意;留心，

be awake to知晓，

be blind to缺乏眼光，

be close to紧挨着，

be common to对某人来说很普通，

be contrary to违反;反对，

be devoted to致力，

be deaf to不愿意听，