以下是小编整理的人教版 高二 单元学习导航Unit13-15，本文共10篇，欢迎阅读分享。
篇1：人教版 高二 单元学习导航Unit13-15
Unit 13 The water planet
重点词汇
1. cube 1)立方形, 立方体, 方块; 2)立方;三次幂
Please bring me an ice cube (一块冰块)out of the fridge.
The cube of 2 is 8. 2的3次幂是8.
The cube root of 27 is 3. 27的立方根是3.
cubic立方的；立方形的
2. benefit 1) vt. “对…有利”, 后面接名词&代词, 但不接反身代词
Exercise benefit our health.
Your advice benefited me a great deal..
The fresh air will benefit you.
2) vi. “获益, 得益于”,后面可接from/ by
We benefit by/ from daily exercises.
The plants benefited from the rain.
3) n.益处, 好处(可数& 不可数)
I told them all the benefits of fresh air and exercise.
He got a lot of benefit from the holiday.假期让他受益匪浅！
Your advice was of great benefit to me. 你的忠告对我很有好处
4) for the benefit of 为了…的利益； be of benefit to sb. 对…有好处
3. property
1) 财产; 不动产; 所有权(不可数); (某处特定的)地产(可数)
This small house is my only property （唯一的财产）
With the city developing rapidly, property in the center is becoming more expensive.
He has a large property in the county. 他在这个县有一大宗地产。
2)性能, 特性(可数)
One property of steel is its hardness. 坚固是钢的特性之一
He is studying the medicinal properties of wild plants. 他正在研究野生植物的药物特性。
Many plants have medicinal properties.
4. range
1)vt.“排列, 归类”, 其宾语为排列对象,后接介词on/ in/ along表示方向或趋势
The teacher ranged the pupils along the curb. 教师叫学生沿着路边排队。
I ranged the books on the shelf by/ according to size. 我把书依照大小顺序排在书架上。
The cards are ranged in alphabetical order
2) vi. 在…范围内变动 & (山脉等)绵亘, 伸展, 排列, 延及
The temperature ranges between 30 and 40 degrees centigrade.
The road ranges westward from the lake. 这条路由湖边向西延伸
3)(不可数)“范围”, 指认知, 知识, 经验或能力方面的范围
be out of one’s range 某人所不能及的, 非自己知识范围之内的
beyond the range of human understanding超越人类理解的范围
within range of vision 在看得到的范围之内
The houses are sold out within this price range. 在这个价位范围之内的房子已售完。
5.pure 1)纯粹的；干净的；无有害物质的;纯洁的；清白的；无邪的
Is this cup made of pure gold?
The water in mountain rivers is usually pure.
2)“完全的；彻底的”，常用来加强语气
What you are saying is pure nonsense.
It is a pure accident.
6. mass n. & vi.
1) “质量”,不可数；“团、块、堆、片、群”，可数，常指聚成一体的没有具体形状的物质；“人民、群众”，常用作复数形式.
a mass of masses of 许多 ，大量的
A great mass of snow has fallen off the roof.
There are masses of dark clouds in the sky.
I wonder if they are truly concerned with the interests of the masses.
7. float
1) vi.“漂浮”，强调的是“保持悬在流体的表层内或表面上的状态而不沉下去”；“漂移，游荡”尤指随意地从一处移动到另一处，多作不及物动词用，后面可以加介词on.
Wood floats on water.
The empty boat was floating on the sea.
A balloon is floating in the sky.
2) vt.使悬浮或放入水中；使……下水
There was enough water to float the ship.
3) on the float漂浮着
8. absorb
1）vt. 吸收(水、热、光、知识、学问等)
Cotton gloves absorb sweat.
So many good ideas! It is too much for me to absorb all at once.
He was utterly absorbed in the book.
2)be absorbed in 全神贯注于…，热衷于
absorb one’s attention =attract one’s attention
9. sensitive 1)adj. 敏感的(to)；灵敏的； 容易生气的(about)
She is sensitive to the smell of smoking.
The child is sensitive to eggs. 那个孩子对鸡蛋过敏。
He is sensitive about his failure. 人家一提到他的失败，他就生气。
㈡主课文讲解:
1. life 生物(活的有机物的总称)无复数形式不加冠词，谓语用单数
There is no life on the moon.
Marine life swims in water.
2. range from … to… 从…分布到，在某一特定的范围内变化或变动
There are 200 boys ranging from 7 to 14 in age.
This plant ranges from Canada to Mexico.
Prices ranged from 5 dollars to 10 dollars.
3. all the way 自始至终，一直，一路上，从远道而来
All the way back, they talked about the persons and things that they could remember at school.
It is very kind of you to come all the way to see me.
4. whatever(=anything that)作为连接代词引导名词性从句，“无论什么，任何东西，一切事物” ，语气比what强烈。
Whatever is left over is yours.
You must do whatever is best for you.
Whatever book you want to read will be sent to your office.
She is against whatever I am fond of.
5. available adj. 可用的，可获得的，有效的，适宜的
sth.(受体)+ be + available + to + sb.
(主体) 某物对某人来说是可得的
The information is available to anybody.
The ticket is available to you for 3 days.（ 三天内有效）
sb.(主体) + be + available + for + sth.
(受体) 某人对…来说是合适的
He is not available for the job.
Are you available for a meeting tomorrow?
6. take advantage of 利用，很好地利用；投机取巧
Peter took advantage of his visit to Paris to improve his French.
I should like to take advantage of this opportunity to express my thanks for your help.
7. 动词不定式短语也可作结果状语，但只能表示消极的结果，通常用only来加强不愉快结果的语义：
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
Unit 14 Freedom fighters
学习目标
本单元以纪念马丁路德金为主线，向学生介绍了二十世纪六十年代美国黑人的状况，以及马丁路德金为争取黑人与白人同等权利所作的斗争。在语言知识方面，学会被动语态的用法。在语言运用能力方面，学会对人物的描写。
语言点讲解
1. graduation n. the receiving of a first university degree or an American school diploma 毕业（典礼）
graduate vt. to obtain a degree, esp. a first degree, at a university（从……）大学毕业；获得（学士）学位
She graduated from Oxford with a first-class degree in physics.她在牛津大学获得物理学一级荣誉学位。
注：graduate也可用作名词，意为“大学毕业生”，“学士学位获得者”。
a high school graduate高中毕业生
2. action n. ①the act or process of doing things, with the intention of gaining a desired result行动；活动；动作 eg:
The police had to take firm action to deal with the riots.警方不得不采取果断的行动来对付骚乱。
Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于语言。
②in/into action在活动（运转、工作） eg:
He is a very good tennis player; you ought to see him in action.他是个出色的网球手，你该看看他打球。
③out of action损坏；发生故障 eg:
The storm put the telephones out of action. 暴风雨使电话发生了故障。
④active adj. 积极的；有活动能力的 eg:
Although he’s over 80, he’s still very active.他虽然已年过八十，但活动能力仍然很强。
3. speech n.
①the act or power of speaking; spoken language 说话；言谈；说话能力；言语；说的话 eg:
Only human beings are capable of speech. 只有人类才具有说话的能力。
She had a speech impediment.她有言语障碍。
②an act of speaking formally to a group of listeners 演说；演讲
I had to give/ make/deliver a speech to the Press Club.我得向记者俱乐部发表演说。
4. put sb. in prison“把某人投入监狱”（in还可用into替换）相似短语还有throw…into prison; send…to prison eg:
He was put into prison for robbing the bank. 他因抢银行而被投入了监狱。
Law breakers will be thrown into prison. 犯法者都会被送进监狱。
prison n. 表示被监禁的状态，不指监狱的房子，一般不用冠词。
be in prison被监禁；坐牢 eg:
He has been in prison, so nobody wants to make friends with him.他蹲过监狱，所以没人想和他交朋友。
知识点讲解
1. dream vi. & vt. to imagine (something)梦想；想像；幻想（某事）
(1) vi.做梦 eg:
He dreams every night. 他每天晚上都做梦。
(2)dream of/about sth. 梦见 …… eg:
I dreamed of my grandma last night. 昨晚我梦见了奶奶。
(3)dream that 梦见…… eg:
I dreamed that I passed the exam. 我梦见我通过了考试。
(4)vt. 梦见；做…… eg:
He dreamed a strange dream. 他做了一个奇怪的梦。
(5)dream of doing sth.想要做某事 eg:
He often dreams of going abroad. 他经常想出国。
2. revolution n. ①(a time of) great, usu. sudden, social and political change, esp. the changing of a ruler and/or political system by force革命 eg:
the French Revolution法国大革命
②revolutionary n. a person who joins in or supports a revolution 革命者；革新者 eg:
The revolutionaries are attacking the palace.革命分子在攻打王宫。
3. join hands 携手；联手；合伙 eg:
We all joined hands and danced round in a circle.我们都拉起手来，围成一个圆圈跳舞。
4. not…but…是并列连词，在句中连接两个并列同等成分，表示对比，意思是“不是……而是……”。 eg:
The seagulls had come to eat not the crops, but the locusts.海鸥不是来吃庄稼，而是来吃蝗虫的。
He will come not today but tomorrow. 他不是今天来而是明天来。
Shakespeare was not a musician but a playwright. 莎士比亚不是音乐家，而是一位剧作家。
生词、词组讲解
1. forbid vt. order(sb.) not to do sth. 禁止；不许 eg:
Smoking is forbidden in the public. 公共场合禁止吸烟。
注：forbid后跟动词-ing形式做宾语，不接不定式。 eg:
He forbids taking books out of the library. 他禁止把书带出图书馆。
Forbid后面有人称代词时，则只能接不定式，即：forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。 eg:
He forbids us to take books out of the library. 他禁止我们把书带出图书馆。
2. runaway adj. out of control 脱离控制的；失控的 eg:
a runaway horse/ train 失控的马/火车； a runaway child 一个离家出走的孩子
We are suffering from runaway inflation.我们正经受着失控的通货膨胀之苦。
3. create v. (1) to cause(something new) to exist; produce (something new)创造；创建；创作 eg:
God created the world. 上帝创造了世界。
The regulations are so complicated that they will only create confusion. 条例如此复杂，只能造成混乱。
(2) creation n. something created; something produced by human invention or imagination创造物；作品；产物 eg:
an artist’s creation 艺术家的作品 the latest creations from Paris 巴黎来的最新时装
4. work as 担任……工作 eg:
When she finished school, she went to the north to work as a nurse.毕业以后，她到北方当了一名护士。
5. more than ①多于；超过 ②不仅仅 eg:
More than 300 workers were saved in the accident.在事故中三百多人幸免于难。
She is more than a teacher to us.她不仅仅是我们的老师。
more…than… it is more true to say … than … 与其说……倒不如说…… eg:
She’s more thoughtless than stupid. 与其说她笨倒不如说她粗心大意。
no more …than in no greater degree…than 与……同样不 eg:
He is no more fit to be a priest than I am!他和我都不适合当牧师！
Jack is no more diligent than John.约翰不勤奋，杰克也不勤奋。
I could do it no more than you.我和你一样都不能做那件事。
6. be active in 在……积极 eg:
take an active part in积极参加 be active in work工作积极
7. demand vt. ask for as if one has a right to do so; need; require要求；需求
（1）后跟名词或不定式做宾语。 eg:
This work demands great patience. 这种工作需要耐心。
We demanded to know where he had gone. 我们要求知道他去哪儿了。
（2）后接宾语从句
注：要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可省略。
eg: The blacks demanded that they(should) be treated as equal citizens.
黑人要求他们应当受到平等的公民待遇。
8. march
（1）v. walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps 行军；行进
eg: The soldiers marched on.战士们继续行军。
March against the enemy. 向敌人进军。
（2）n. the act of marching, procession as a demonstration行军；游行 eg:
the Long March长征 a rapid march急行军
Thousands of people joined in the march though they were warned of danger. 数以千计的人虽然被警告有危险还是参加了游行。
9. separate (1) v. divide分隔；把……分开来 eg:
Let’s separate the good apples from bad ones.咱们来把好苹果和坏苹果分开。
(2) adj. not shared with another; individual单独的；各自的 eg:
The children sleep in separate beds. 孩子们各睡各的床。
Some people only think of their own separate interests.有些人只考虑他们各自的利益。
10. set/give an example to sb. 给某人树立榜样 eg:
She has set an example of plain living to us all.她给我们大家树立了艰苦朴素的榜样。
Example还可当“例子”讲。 eg:
The teacher told us many examples of how to use the verb.老师给我们列举了许多怎样使用这个动词的例子。
for example例如；比方
11. give/make/deliver a speech发表演讲 eg:
The official gives/makes/delivers a speech on/about the Common Market to a receptive audience.这位官员就共同市场问题向能接受该政策的听众发表演说。
同、近义词辨析
1. divide与separate
（1）divide指把整体“划分”成若干份，其后接into, from, among, between, with等。 eg:
This island divided into two parts.这个岛屿被分成两部分。
（2）separate指把原来连在一起或靠近的“分隔”开来，也可指“离别”。 eg:
Please separate the white shirts from the colored ones.请把白衬衫与其他颜色的衬衫分开。
注：被divide的东西在一定条件下具有统一性；被separate的东西没有统一性。 eg:
The Pacific separates Asia from America.太平洋把亚洲和美洲隔开。
She divided the cake among the children. 她把这块蛋糕分给孩子们吃。
2. in prison与in the prison
（1）“in prison”意为“在坐牢”，中间无冠词，表示与法律有关。 eg:
He has been in prison for ten years.他已经坐牢十年了。
（2）“in the prison”意为“在监狱中”，只强调地点。中间有冠词。 eg:
There are two libraries in the prison.这座监狱中有两个图书馆。
英语中的类似结构 eg:
in hospital 住院 in church 做礼拜
in the hospital 在医院中 in the church在教学中
3. join, join in与take part in
(1)join通常做“参加（某个团体、组织等）”（become a member of）讲。 eg:
Do you know how many people joined the organization? 你知道有多少人参加了那个组织吗？
(2)join in常用于“参加（某种活动）”。 eg:
All the students joined in the discussion. 全体学生都参加了讨论。
The whole school will join in the concert. 全校都要参加音乐会。
(3)join in与take part in都有“参加（某种活动）”的意思。但join in多指正在进行的活动，如竞赛、娱乐、谈话等。而take part in只指参加活动。
eg: They watched the game, and then they were invited to join in it.他们先观看了比赛，后来又被邀请参加。
知识回忆
1. In the summer of 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr gave a speech to thousands of black people who marched on Washington DC, the capital of the USA. 1963年夏天小马丁路德金给在美国首都的华盛顿特区游行的成千上万的黑人作了一次演讲。
句中短语“march on”译作“前进；行进”。“on the march”译作“在行军中，在进行中”。 eg:
The soldiers were still on the march in spite of the heavy snow.尽管下着大雪，战士们仍在行军。
2. Blacks were not treated as equal citizens.黑人们没有被当作平等公民对待。
句中“be treated as”表示“被当作……对待”，主动结构为：treat sb./sth. as…
eg: Don’t treat me as your sister. 别把我当作你妹妹对待。
3. His message was that black people should not be separated but should be treated with respect in the same way as other people. 他主张黑人不应该被分开，他们应该和别人一样受到同样的尊重。
在这个句子中as是连词，和the same…一起构成定语从句。 eg:
I have the same trouble as you(have).我和你有同样的麻烦。
典型病句诊断
1.病句：The teacher forbids to smoke in his room.
诊断：The teacher forbids smoking in his room.
点拨：forbid作“禁止”解时，其结构为forbid sb. to do sth.即当有“禁止”之对象时，用不定式；无“禁止”之对象时，用动名词。不能说forbid to do sth.或forbid sb. doing sth.。
2.病句：He demanded me to return the book at once.
诊断：He demanded that I (should) return the book at once.
点拨：demand后接不定式作宾语，但不能跟带有不定式的复合宾语结构。若要表示“要求某人做某事”的意义时，只能通过宾语从句来表示，而且宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
3.病句：Everyone here is free expressing himself.
诊断：Everyone here is free to express himself.
点拨：“be free to do sth.”是固定搭配，即be free后接不定式，不接动名词。
4.病句：He was made begin his work from the midnight.
诊断：He was made to begin his work from the midnight.
点拨：当make, see, hear, watch, find等感官或使役动词在主动句中时，其后的不定式不带to，但在变为被动句之后必须加上to。
5.病句：Abraham Lincoln was made the president of the USA.
诊断：Abraham Lincoln was made president of the USA.
点拨：在独一无二的职务前，一般不加the。
6.病句：Slavery was finished in the U.S. in 1865.
诊断：Slavery was ended in the U.S. in 1865.
点拨：表“终止”应用end，不用finish或complete。
7.病句：I don’t imagine you are interested in politics.
诊断：I imagine (that) you are not interested in politics.
点拨：imagine和think不同，否定从句中的not不能移到主句中。
Unit15 Destinations
知识归纳
1.在英语中，do,have,make,take这四个动词，加上名词作宾语（名词前可有形容词）构成词组，可以表达许多不同含义，其意义相当于在名词前加上一个相关动词，现分述如下：
(1)do+名词
e.g. Mary has done (=has written) an article. 玛丽写了一篇文章。
He will do (=draw) a large portrain of Ren Changxia. 他要为任长霞画一幅大画像。
do computer study=study computer
do the room=clean the room
do the dishes=wash the dishes
do one’s hair=comb one’s hair
do one’s teeth=brush one’s teeth
do the fish=cook the fish
do the puzzle=work out the puzzle
do science=study science
do a comedy=act a comedy
do a concert=hear a concert
do the tower=visit the tower
do Japan=visit Japan
do 20 miles=travel 20 miles
do one’s guests well=serve one’s guests well 有时宾语也可用doing,并在doing前加some。
do some reading=read some books,read some pages
do some studying=study something
do some walking=walk for some time还有do most of the talking,do some morning shopping等。
(2)have+名词
e.g.We had a long talk(=talked for a long time) last Sunday.上星期天我们进行了一次长谈。
They’re having a rest(=resting).他们在休息。
此类结构常见的还有：
have a chat,have a look at…,have a drink,have an interview,have a smoke,have a fight,have a bath,have a dream
名词前可有修饰成分，如have no respect,have no wish,have some good laughs,have one more try等。
有时意义上等于在名词前加上一个相关的动词，如：
have a lesson (class)上一节课
have an X-ray进行X光检查
have a great success取得很大成功
have a small accident出了小事故
have a headache(a flu,cold)得头疼病（流感，感冒）
have a baby生孩子
have one’s advice听从某人的建议
have a telegram收到一封电报
have an answer有了答案
(3)make+名词（相当于名词的动词含义）
e.g.The police made an examination in her room.警察检查了她的房间。
The teacher made a clear explanation.老师清楚地作了解释。
We made a comparison of the two articles.我们把这两篇文章作了比较。
make an attempt=attempt
make a suggest=suggest
还有make a visit参观，make a long stay住了很长时间，make another start又重新开始了，make preparations作准备，make arrangements作安排，make decisions作决定，make a choice作选择，make a map画一张地图，make tea沏茶，make an expression留下印象
（4）take+名词（相当于名词相应的动词）
e.g.He took a look at(=look at) this book. 他看了一下这本书。
I want to take a nap(=nap).我想午休一会儿。
这类词组还有：
take a bath 洗澡
take a walk散步
take exercise进行锻炼
take an action采取行动
take an examination进行考试，进行检查
take a trip旅行
take a vacation度假
相当于“吃，喝，吸（入）”，如：
take the food,take pills,take medicine,take tea (coffee),take a glass of beer,take sugar,take a breath of fresh air,还有：take a taxi(bus,train…)坐出租车（公共汽车，火车……）
take a room要一个房间，租用一个房间
take one’s advice接受……的建议
take a job承担一项工作
take one’s degree接受……学位
take chemistry选学化学
2.with的一种用法
with之后可以加一个抽象名词，构成名词短语，作用相当于这一名词相对应的副词。
e.g.He looked at her with respect(=respectfully).他恭敬地看着她。
She told Tom the story with a smile(=smilingly).她微笑着给汤姆讲了个故事。
He accepted the invitation with pleasure(=pleasurably).他愉快地接受了邀请。
这类词组常见的还有：
with calmness=calmly冷静地
with curiosity=curiously好奇地
with surprise=surprisingly惊奇地
with ease=easily轻易地
with difficulty 艰难地
with amazement惊奇地
with sympathy同情地
with disapproval不满地
with fear害怕地
with delight (joy)高兴地
with envy妒忌地
with anger生气地
with efficiency有效地
with one accord voice异口同声地
with tears in one’s eyes含泪地
in+名词也可以这样用。例如：
“How did you come here?”He asked in surprise(=surprisingly).
“你是怎么到这儿的？”他惊奇地问。
Jack shut his eyes in fear(fearfully).杰克害怕得闭上了眼睛。
His sister stared at him in amazement(=amazingly).他的妹妹惊奇地看着他。
He came home in high cheerfulness(=cheerfully).他兴高采烈地回了家。
常见的这类词组还有：
in terror害怕地
in astonishment惊奇地
in anxiety焦急地
in amazement惊奇地
in confusion大惑不解地
in alarm惊慌地
in curiosity好奇地
in great happiness非常愉快地
in a hurry急忙地
in a low voice低声地
in hatred and despair满怀仇恨和绝望地
in earnest 认真地
同义词语辨析
1.murder, kill, massacre
(1)murder是“谋杀，杀害”的意思。英语意思是to kill unlawfully,especially on purpose。
e.g.The bandits murdered the man for his money.歹徒为了谋取他的钱而杀害了他。
Every two hours someone was murdered.每两个小时就有一人被谋杀。
(2)kill用于因凶器或在非常事故中死亡的场合。英语的意思是cause to die。
e.g.His father was killed in a railway accident.他父亲在一次火车事故中身亡。
Only a few people were killed in the earthquake.地震中只有少数人死亡。
He killed him with a spear.他用矛刺死了他。
kill还可作“使……难受之极，使……极其尴尬，使失去，消磨（时间）”解。
e.g.My back killed me.我的背非常难受。
It killed him to admit he is wrong.承认他错了使他感到极为尴尬。
The joy killed the audience.这个玩笑让观众笑得要死。
The train was late,so we killed time by playing cards.火车晚点了，我们就打牌消磨时间。
（3）massacre“大屠杀”，英语意思是to kill a number of people without mercy。
e.g.When the soldiers captured the town,they massacred all the inhabitants.
当敌兵占领这座城市后，他们屠杀了城里的所有居民。
另外，表示“为……而献出生命”的同义词组有：
devote one’s life to…
dedicate one’s life to…
give one’s life for…
lay down one’s life for…
lose one’s life for…
另外还有一些词组可以用来表示“死”，但此用法较委婉：
(sb.) pass away;one’s heart stop beating forever;
(sb.) sleep peacefully;those who have fallen;
(sth.) cost sb. his life;sb.is dead and gone;
(sb.) be in heaven for some time
2.ask for,require,demand
(1)ask for指要求得到具体的物质的东西，普通用词。也可用ask sb.to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”，语气较客气。
e.g.He asked for some money.他让了一些钱。
He asked his mother to wake him at six in the morning.他让他母亲早上六点叫醒他。
I asked that I (should be) was allowed to see her.我请求允许我看望她。
(2)require“要求，有必要”,语气不如demand强，一般强调从需要、规章、惯例出发，要求别人做某事，含有客观上必要的，缺此不可的性质。
e.g.He has done all that was required of him.凡需要他做的他都做了。
How many days will be required to finish this work? 完成这项工作需要多少天？
(3)demand“要求，需要”,指坚持要得到某物或坚持要做某事，用于人时，通常表示提出要求的一方认为他们有权这样做，语气较强烈，有时带有强制的意味；用于物时，指一般的“需要”，这时可和require,want,need等词互换。
e.g.The Iraqi people demanded that the USA soldiers should get out of Iraq.
伊拉克人要求美国兵从伊拉克撤退。
All his life he believed that it was right and necessary to demand changes in society if people did not have their civil rights.整个一生他都认为如果人民没有权利的话，要求社会变革是正确的，而且是必要的。
The work demands(=requires,wants,needs,etc,) great skill.这个工作需要熟练的技巧。
高考真题
1.(北京卷)The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics______by .
A.has been completed
B.has completed
C.will have been completed
D.will have completed
简析：选C。本句意思是：“北京市市长说所有北京奥运会的建设工作将在前完工。”“work”和“complete”是被动关系，句子应用将来完成时态，所以选C。
2.(2004上海卷)The flu is believed ______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A.causing
B.being caused
C.to be caused
D.to have caused
简析：选C。全句的意思是：“人们认为感冒是由病毒引起的，这种病毒喜欢在人的鼻子和喉咙中繁殖。”“感冒”和“引起”之间为被动关系。这里叙述一般情况，应选C。B为“正在引起”，D为“已经引起”。
3.(2004上海卷)The disc,digitally ______ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A.recorded
B.recording
C.to be recorded
D.having recorded
简析：选A。disc和record之间是被动关系，作定语时，不定式表示未来动作，及物动词的过去分词表示完成了的被动动作，故这里应选A。
4.（2004上海卷）
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A.persuade
B.will persuade
C.be persuaded
D.are persuaded
简析：选D。本句意为：“如果人们能被说明多吃些水果和蔬菜的话，死于心脏病的人数就会大大减少了。”“people”和“persuade”是被动关系，在if引导的条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来，故选D。
The First Period
△complaint n.投诉；申诉；抱怨，表示不满
△Iraq n.伊拉克
△Mexico n.墨西哥
△Greenland n.格陵兰
Airline n.航空公司;航线
uncomfortable adj.不服的，令人不自在的
△wanderlust n.漫游癖
The Second Period
every now and then不时地
△itch/it n.&vi. 渴望；痒
phenomenon n.现象；奇迹
△Rio de Janeiro n.里约热内卢（巴西港市）
Brazil n.巴西
△stretch/stret vt.&vi. 展开；伸展；延伸
△Cariocas n.里约热内卢人
downtown n.&adj. 城市商业区（的）
△historical adj.具有历史意义的
commercial adj.商业性的；商务的；商业的
△Copacabana n.科帕卡巴纳（巴西著名海滩）
△princess n.公主；王妃
△hundredth n.&adj. 第一百（个）；第一百的
get tired of对……感到厌倦；对……失去兴趣
avenue n.（城市中的）大街；通道；（通往乡间的）小路
disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的
△Carnival n.(四旬斋前持续一周或半周的)嘉年华会；狂欢节；欢宴
△Kitzbuhel n.基茨比厄（奥地利城市）
△paradise n.乐园；天堂
△skier n.滑雪者
altitude n.纬度
surrounding adj.&n.周围（的）；环绕（的）；环境；周围的情况
guarantee vt.保证……免受损失或伤害；确保
breath-taking adj.壮观的；激动人心的；惊险的
△resort n.胜地；常去之地
downhill adj. 快速下降滑雪的；下坡的；倾斜的
inexpensive adj.廉价的；便宜的
feast n.（感官、精神等的）享受；盛宴
dip n.（在江河湖海中）洗澡；游泳；蘸湿
gym n.体育馆
shore n.滨；岸
The Third Period
to do
1.The first thing would be to decide where to go.
2.The most important thing would be for you to decide where to go.
-ing
1.Every now and then we get the itch for travelling.
2.Kitzbuhel has the most challenging and exciting downhill slopes for skiers in the world.
3.Few visitors leave Rio feeling disappointed.
-ed
1.Amazed by the beautiful scenery at Copacabana Beach,he decided to come again next year.
2.Known as Carnival,the festival attracts visitors from all over the world.
Point out the function of the -ing form in each sentence.
1.Doing nothing is doing ill.
2.Be careful!The falling stones might hit you.
3.When you hang wet clothes near a fire,you will see steam coming from them.
4.Not knowing much English,I found it hard to understand them.
5.While walking along the shore,we saw that the water was very dirty.
6.Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.
7.Babies like tearing paper into pieces.
8.They went out of the club,talking and laughing loudly.
The Fourth Period
budget n.预算；预算案
rate n.价格；费用；速度；效率
visa n.签证
arrangement n.安排；准备工作；整理
passport n.护照；过境通行证
cheque n.支票
△photocopy n.&vt.复印（件）
currency n.货币；通货
sight n.景象，情景；视力，视觉
seasoned adj. 有经验的
accommodation n.住处；膳宿
篇2：人教版高二英语学习目标导航Unit12
Unit 12 Fact and fantasy
学习目标
本单元以谈论“科学与幻想”为话题，使学生了解科学与幻想的区别，认识到学习科学的重要性；同时通过对法国科学幻想和冒险小学家儒勒凡尔纳（Jules Verne）及其作品的介绍，激发学生探索宇宙奥秘的兴趣。学习英语构词法。在练习写幻想短文“创造一个类似人类的生物”的实践中，培养书面表达能力，同时拓展学生创造性思维。
单元要点
Word study
1.fantasy 2.league 3.distance 4.ballon 5.fiction 6.servant 7.whale 8.hunter 9.collision 10.permanent 11.guest 12.voyage 13.aboard 14.prisoner 15.gentle 16.marble 17.paraphrase 18.matter 19.phenomena 20.attention 21.labour 22.hesitate 23.butcher 24.curtain 25.lip 1.幻想作品；想象的产物 2.联盟；里格（旧时长度单位） 3.距离 4.气球 5.小说；虚构的事 6.仆人；公务员 7.鲸；巨大的人或事 8.猎人；搜索者9.碰撞；冲突 10.永久的；固定不变的 11.客人；客座教授 12.航海；航空 13.在船（飞机、车）上 14.俘虏；犯人 15.温柔的；有礼貌的 16.大理石 17.意译；释义 18.事情；物质 19.现象；奇迹 20.注意力；留心 21.努力；劳动果实 22.犹豫；踌躇 23.屠夫；买肉者 24.窗帘；幕 25.嘴唇；唇状物
Useful
expressions 1.make a sketch 2.science fiction 3.in the far future 4.come true 5.to make a living 6.lay the foundation 7.sea monster 8.set out to do sth. 9.turn out 10.from that day on 11.begin with… 12.extinct volcano 13.instead of 14.search for 15.dream of 16.throw light upon 17.attract one’s attention 18.slow down 19.in height 20.cut up 1.简单描述；列提纲 2.科幻小说 3.在遥远的未来 4.实现 5.谋生 6.奠定基础 7.海生怪物 8.着手做某事 9.结果是 10.自从那天起 11.以……为开始 12.死火山 13.而不是 14.找寻 15.梦到 16.阐明某事；使某事显得非常清楚 17.引起某人注意 18.使减速慢行 19.在高度上 20.切碎
Sentence
patterns &
Communicative
English 1.Jules spent many years in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
2.Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr.Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity.
3.By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.
4.He also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were considered impossible in his own time.
5.In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine.
6.Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.
7.Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper.
8.But I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that I would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature.
9.While unfinished, he was ugly, but now he was a living horror.
10.Under water travel and space travel have many things in common.
Grammar Word-formation
Topics &Writing Write a short passage about man’s great dream of creating life.
语言点讲解
1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法国作家儒勒凡尔纳写了很多著名书籍，比如《海底两万里》和《八十天环游地球》。
（1）Jules Verne 儒勒凡尔纳。法国科学幻想家和冒险小说家。
（2）such as
①like; for example 像；诸如；例如 eg:
Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了。
②everything that凡是 eg:
Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.我死后全部财产除了交税以外全部给你。
（3）league n.
① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格（旧时长度单位，约3英里或4.8公里）。 eg:
The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 这匹马一天能跑240公里。
②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 联盟；同盟 eg:
The League of Nations is an international organization.国际联盟是一个国际组织。
2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 试试下面的科学小测验，看看你是否了解得多些。
any better 更好
any adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑问句中，与faster, slower, better等连用；用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上；丝毫 eg:
I can’t run any faster. 我无法跑得更快了。
Is your father any better? 你父亲有所好转了吗？
3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距离是多少？
(1) distance n. [C, U]
① (amount of) space between two points or places 距离；间距
A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.自行车骑得好的人一天可以行驶一百多英里。
②distant place or point 远处；远方 eg:
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.距离六英里以外的东西很难看清。
(2) at a distance （稍）远处，表示一定的距离，近距离或用以说明具体的距离，其不定冠词a有时可以略去或改用some。 eg:
This picture looks better at a distance. 这幅画远看就好些。
(3) in the distance (far away) 在（较）远处，强调距离之远。 eg:
They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.他们期望着发现远处敌人的迹象。
(4) keep sb. at a distance 与某人保持一定距离；不愿与某人亲近eg:
He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他总是不愿与任何人亲近：
4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?
一只气球能走多快？一架飞机呢？还有一架航天飞机呢？
(1)ballon
①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration（用作玩具或装饰品的）气球 eg:
They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.昨天他们给他们的儿子买了很多气球。
②v. swell out like a balloon 如气球一般膨胀 eg:
Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子让风吹得鼓起来了。
③go ballooning 乘气球 eg:
They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他们周末喜欢乘气球玩。
(2)How/What about …？……怎么样？常常用来打听消息或提出建议，征求对方意见，后接名词，代词或动名词。 eg:
How about your mother? Does she feel better today?你妈妈怎么样听？她今天觉得好点儿了吗？
(3)space shuttle-spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飞机；太空穿梭机 eg:
I have never seen a space shuttle. 我从未看见过航天飞机。
知识点讲解
1. Fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.
填写下一页的图表并按他们看到的动物的样子给那种动物作一个速写。
sketch n.
①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描；速写；草图
②make a sketch of … 作一个……的速写 eg:
He was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅长作面部素描。
③short account or description, giving only basic details 简短的陈述或素描
④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:
Please give a sketch of your plans. 请概述一下你的计划。
2. description n. describing; picture in words 描述；描绘
（1）give sb. a brief description of …向某人简要地描述…… eg:
Can you give me a brief description of what has happened?你能向我简要描述一下所发生的事吗？
（2）beyond description 难以描述 eg:
Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌难以用语言来描述。
（3）give/make a description of …对……加以描述 eg:
He made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模样。
（4）describe v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常构成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:
Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美难以言传。
3. Why does Sam need to know the time? 为什么萨姆需要知道时间？
need的用法小结：
（1）need作情态动词，通常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句、whether/if名词从句或含否定意义的句子中。 eg:
I do not see why we need discuss it further.我看我们没有必要讨论下去了。
That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about.那已全部解决了，没有必要再讨论了。
（2）need又是实义动词，各种变化和用法与普通实义动词相同。 eg:
①They need a rest after a long walk.长距离行走后他们需要休息一下。
②I need you to work for me, young man! 小伙子，我需要你为我工作！
③I need to consult a dictionary. 我需要查字典。
（3）need接动名词主动形式，表示被动含义，这时动名词和主语之间有动宾关系，need doing可转换为need to be done结构，意思相同。
My hair needs washing badly.(=My hair needs to be washed badly.)我的头发非常需要洗一洗。
The garden needs watering.(= The garden needs to be watered.)花园需要洗水。
4. fiction n.
(1)[C] sth. invented or imagined 虚构之事；捏造的故事 eg:
The film was very good although it was a fiction.这部电影虽属虚构，但很好。
(2)[U] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances （作为文学之一分支的）小说 eg:
Truth is often stranger than fiction.事实往往比小说还离奇。
(3)science fiction 科幻小说
5. in the future, in future与in the far future.
(1)in the future意思是“将来，今后的时期”，但不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间。 eg:
No one can know what will happen in the future.没有人会知道将来会发生什么事。
(2)in future意思是“从今以后”（=from now on）。 eg:
In future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今后要注意你的发音。
(3)in the far future 在遥远的未来 eg:
It is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.
在遥远的未来，医生有可能找到一种使我们永远年轻的办法。
6. incomplete adj. not complete不完全的 eg:
The passage below is incomplete. Please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.
下面的文章是不完整的，请用正确的介词填空。
注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含义的前缀“in-“构成的，表达与complete相反的含义。
7. work with sb.与work with sth.
(1)work with sb.意为“和某人一道工作” eg:
I like to work with him. 我喜欢和他一块儿工作。
(2)work with sth. 意为“从事……方面的研究工作”，“用……工作” eg:
Professor Wang had worked with bees for many years.王教授多年从事蜜蜂的研究工作。
I would rather work with the bigger brush.我宁愿用那把大一点儿的刷子干活。
8. (1) beat, defeat, win与gain
①beat和defeat属一组同义词，它们的宾语必须是人或一个集体，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在战场上打败敌人；beat是游戏、比赛的专门用词。二者常可换。 eg:
We beat their team by 10 points. 我们赢了他们队十分。
In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他们的部队被击（打）败。
②win和gain属一组同义词。Gain表示获得需要之物，它常跟的宾语有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等；win表示在较强的竞争中取得胜利，它常跟的宾语有game, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:
We shall gain experience through practice.我们将通过实践获得经验。
They won the battle but lost many men.他们取得了这次战斗的胜利，但牺牲了很多人。
(2)beat, hit, strike与tap
beat着重“连续性地击打”，如殴打或体罚，也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方。此外，beat还可用来指心脏的跳动。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，还可指罢工，（钟）敲响之意。hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，着重敲打或打击对方的某一点。tap一般是轰轰拍打的意思。 eg:
The wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麦子被雨水打得伏倒了。
The stone hit him on the head.石头击中了他的头部。
It strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.它（蚂蚁）用前腿和触角敲打臭虫的背部。
It taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code.
它（蚂蚁）像使用一种电码的方式一样，用触角轻敲对方的头部。
9. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.医生可能会找到一种使我们永远保持年轻的办法。
（1）“way”意为“方式，方法”，在其后要用to do或of doing的形式作后置定语。 eg:
Cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.曹冲想出了一个称象的办法。
（2）此外，如果way之后跟定语从句，那么这个定语从句用in which或that引导，也可省略。 eg:
This was the way that/in which they solved the problem.这就是他们解决那个问题的办法。
10. believe sb. 与believe in sb.
believe sb.相信某人（所说的话是真的）
believe in sb.信任某人 eg:
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.我相信他的话是真的，但我不能信任他。
生词和词组
1. bulb n.
①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 电灯泡 eg:
If you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有时间的话，请换个灯泡。
②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants（eg the lily, onion, tulip） sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鳞茎；球茎（如百合、洋葱、郁金香的茎） eg:
We cooked onion bulbs for food. 我们烹调洋葱茎作为食物。
③object shaped like a bulb 球状物 eg:
The bulb of this thermometer is broken.这支温度计的球状顶端碎了。
2. foundation n.
①[U] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) （机构，组织等的）建立，创立，创办 eg:
He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.
他把全部精力都致力于这所大学的创办。
②[C,U] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis（作为某事的）基本原则、思想或事实；基础 eg:
This success laid the foundation of his career.这次成功为他的事业奠定了基础。
③foundation course 基础课
④ foundation-stone 奠基石
⑤found v.建立，创立
⑥founder n. 建立者；缔造者
3. servant n.
①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 仆人；佣人 eg:
He had a lot of servants work for him. 他让很多仆人为他工作。
②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 雇员（尤指忠心耿耿的）；公务员 eg:
He was a trusted servant of the company. 他是这个公司里的一个可靠雇员。
4. whale
(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鲸 eg:
A whale is not a fish.鲸不是鱼。
(2)have a whale of a time（习语）玩得非常愉快 eg:
The children had a whale of a time at the fairground.孩子们在游乐场玩得很高兴。
(3)v. hunt whales 捕鲸 eg:
They are whaling at sea. 他们正在海上捕鲸。
(4)whaler n.捕鲸；捕鲸的人
5. hunter n. person who hunts 猎人；搜索者；搜寻者 eg:
The hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.
那个猎人那天去打猎的时候在森林里迷了路。
6. collision n. [C,U]
①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash（物与物或人与人）相撞，碰撞，撞坏
常构成：collision with sb./sth. 与某人/某物相撞
collision between A and B A与B相撞 eg:
The collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 两车相撞造成三人死亡。
②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.抵触；（相反的目的、看法、意见等的）冲突 eg:
Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.她的政治活动触犯了法律。
7. overboard adv.
①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 从船上落（或抛）入水中；在船外 eg:
The sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手从船上跳入水中。
②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 对（某人/某事）极感兴趣或过分感兴趣 eg:
He goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.他对年轻的女子见一个爱一个。
③throw sth./sb. overboard 抛弃某事物；除掉或不再支持某人 eg:
After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.该党惨败落选后罢免了党魁。
8. submarine n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潜水艇 eg:
A submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潜水艇在海面下行驶。
9. permanent adj.
①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的；永恒的；长久的；长期的 eg:
She is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。
②not likely to change 不大可能改变的 eg:
She wrote down my permanent address. 她写下了我的固定地址。
10. guest
(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense宾客；客人 eg:
We are expecting guests this weekend. 我们本周末要来客人。
(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅馆、寄宿处等的人；旅客 eg:
This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.这旅馆能接待500位客人。
(3)客座教授 eg:
Professor Wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on DNA.
我们的客座教授王教授，今晚要给我们作一个关于DNA的演讲。
(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme（在电视或广播节目中）客串 eg:
She often guests on a radio programme.她经常在一个广播节目中客串。
11. voyage (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行；（尤指）航海，航天 eg:
They made a voyage across the Atlantic.他们作了一次横越大西洋的航行。
(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行；航海；航天飞行 eg:
A plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.一架飞机作航天飞行时坠毁了。
(3)voyager n. 航行者；航海者；航天者
12. aboard adv. On or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. U.S.) a bus在船（或飞机、车）上；上船；登机 eg:
We went aboard. 我们上了船。
13. prisoner n.
①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人；囚犯 eg:
He was kept as a prisoner.他作为一个囚犯被关了起来。
②person that has been captured被抓起来的人；俘虏；失去自由的人 eg:
You are our prisoner now.你现在是我们的俘虏了。
14. gentle adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 温和的；慈祥的；小心的；温柔的；文雅的；轻轻的 eg:
I met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一个慈祥的老太太。
15. extinct adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence（尤指某种动物等）不再存在的；绝种的；灭绝的 eg:
If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct.
我们若继续破坏乡村环境，将会有更多的动物绝种。
②(fire or hope) ge out（火，希望等）熄灭了的 eg:
The fire was extinct.火灭了。
16. layer [′leI (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division层（尤指数层之一） eg:
Several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.穿几层薄的衣服总比穿一层厚的衣服暖和。
②person who lays sth. on… 铺设者
17. marble
(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:
These steps are made of marble. 这些台阶是大理石建造的。
(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品；大理石艺术品
(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:
She has marble skin. 她有着大理石般光洁的皮肤。
18. paraphrase
(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand将（一段文字等）释义或意译（尤指为易于理解） eg:
He paraphrased a speech in colloquial English.他用通俗英语意译了一篇演讲稿。
(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand
（对一段文字等的）释义，意义（尤指为易于理解） eg:
The paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.该十四行诗的意译易于理解。
19. definition [U] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)（词语等的）释义 eg:
Dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.
辞书编纂者必须精于给词语下定义的技巧。
20. misbehave v. behave badly or improperly 行为不端；举止不当 eg:
She misbehaved. 她行为不端。
21. subtitle n. (usu. pl. 通常作复数) (esp. cinema 尤用于电影)
words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:
Without the subtitles I would not understand the film.没有字幕的话我就理解不了这部电影。
22. interchangeable adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交换的，可互换的，可交替的（尤指不影响操作的） eg:
The two words are interchangeable. 这两个单词是可互换的。
23. underpants n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body（男用）内裤 eg:
He stood there in his underpants. 他只穿内裤站在那儿。
24. study law study 研究；学习；求学。 study law意为“研究法律”，law前不加冠词，类似的用法还有study medicine“研究医学”。 eg:
He wanted to study law. 他想学法律。
25. make a living与make one’s living意为“谋生”，这里的make也可换成earn/gain/get。在表达“靠做……以谋生”之意时，常用短语earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:
Before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爷爷靠给一个地主干活为生。
26. …allow man to do things … ……允许人类做……, allow可构成以下结构：
allow sb. to do sth.→被动：sb. be allowed to do sth.
allow doing sth.允许做某事 eg:
Mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 妈妈不允许我晚上外出。
They didn’t allow smoking here. 这儿不允许吸烟。
类似用法的动词还有：advise, permit, forbid等词。
27. set out与set off
(1)set out意为“出发/启程”，表达“动身去某地”时用“set out for sp.”此时可与“set off for sp.”互换。 eg:
They set out for town at dawn.他们在拂晓动身进城了。
(2)set out to do sth.意为“开始做某事”。 eg:
When everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切准备就绪，医生就开始动起手术来了。
28. on board上船（或飞机、火车、汽车等）；在船上（或飞机上、火车上、汽车上）。 eg:
As soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.我们一上船，船就出港了。
29. from that day on从那天起，“from+时间+on”表示“从……时候起”，如“from then/now/ on”表示“从那时/现在/起”之意。可与现在、过去、将来的时态连用。 eg:
From then on she knew she would win. 从那时起她就知道她将取胜。
30. defend … against/from …保护/保卫/防御……抵御/免遭 eg:
The soldiers defended their country against enemies.战士们保卫他们的祖国抵御敌人。
It is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.保护自己的孩子不受伤害是一个母亲的天性。
同、近义词辨析
1. electric与electrical
(1)electric电的；用电的；带电的；发电的
an electric current/torch/iron 电流/电筒/电熨斗 eg:
He bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他买了一个手电筒。
(2)electrical关于电的
electrical engineering电机工程学 eg:
He majored in electrical engineering in the college.他在大学里主修电机工程学。
2. discover, find out与invent
(1)discover指“发现”某种本来存在，而以前未被发现的事物或未为人所知的东西。
(2)find out常用来指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”，做“发现”讲时，是指发现一种无形而隐藏的东西。
(3)invent表“发明”之意，意思是发明出以前没有的东西，往往是物质性的东西。 eg:
Gilbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb.吉伯特发现了电，而爱迪生发明了灯泡。
Think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.仔细想想，你就会发现你错了。
3. instead与instead of
instead是副词；instead of为介词短语，后接名词，代词，动名词或介词短语，从句等形式。一般情况下，含有instead of的句子可以改写为含有instead的句子。 eg:
He stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
=He didn’t go to school. Instead, he stayed in bed all day.他没去上学，而是在床上躺了一整天。
I didn’t drink water. I drank juice instead.
=I drank juice instead of water. 我没有喝水，而是喝的果汁。
4. late, lately, latest, later与latter
(1)late指比预料的或正常的时间晚。 eg:
I was late for work again.我上班又迟到了。
(2)lately“近来”，常用于疑问句，否定句，或与only连用或用于as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:
Have you seen her lately?你最近看到过她吗？
(3)latest adj.“最近的”、“最新的” eg:
Have you got the latest news about him? 你有他最近的消息吗？
(4)later“后来”，“较晚的时候”，也可和段时间连用，表示从过去或将来某一时间起，多长时间以后。 eg:
Later the boy found his mother. 后来那个男孩找到了他妈妈。
(5)latter用来表示两事物之间的顺序，意为“后一个/后者”，与the former（前者）相对。 eg:
Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.此二人中前者已死，但后者仍活着。
5. at the beginning与in the beginning
(1)at the beginning通常接of短语，表示“在……初”，“在……开始的时候”，它的反义短语是at the end of。 eg:
Great changes took place at the beginning of the century.在那个世纪初发生了巨大的变化。
(2)in the beginning表示“起初”，“开始的时候”，不与of介词短语连用。但at the beginning偶尔也可单独使用，在意思上与in the beginning区别不大。 eg:
In the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.起初没人理睬他的话。
6. finally, at last与in the end
(1)finally一般指一系列事物或论点按排列的最后一项内容，或用在动词前，表示等了好久才……，没有感情色彩。 eg:
Finally, let’s do some exercises.最后我们来做一些练习吧。
(2)at last往往表示经过一番努力或曲折的过程之后的意思，常常有较浓的感情色彩。 eg:
At last, he got hold of the elephant’s tail. 他最后终于抓住了大象的尾巴。
(3)in the end可与finally和at last通用。 eg:
The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.
这场战争持续了四年，最后北方取得了胜利。（但in the end可预卜未来。）
知识点讲解
1. Jules spent many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
儒勒在巴黎图书馆花费很长时间研究地质学，物理学和许多其他的学科。
spend“花费”，常用于下面的结构：
spend money/time on sth./(in) doing sth. 在某事/做某事方面花费钱/时间
eg: He does not spend much time on his homework.他在做作业上花费不了多少时间。
注意区别spend与take。
Take的用法是：It takes/took/will take sb. Some time to do sth.“做某事花费某人多少时间” eg:
It took him two hours to finish the work. 完成这份工作花费了他两个小时。
2. Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity. 他小说里所提到的许多设备会让读者想起本杰明富兰克林用电做的实验。
remind提醒；使想起；可构成以下结构：
(1)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
Please remind me to answer that letter.请提醒我回复那封信。
(2)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
He reminds me of his brother. 他使我想起他哥哥。
(3)remind sb. that从句。 提醒某人某事 eg:
He reminded me that I didn’t finish my work.他提醒了我，说我没完成自己的工作。
3. By taking the scientific developments of his day on step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction. 通过将他所处时代的科学发展向前推进一步，儒勒凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。
by在本句是介词，说明手段或方式，可译作“通过，用，以，由于”等，其后常跟名词或动词-ing形式。 eg:
This pair of shoes is made by hand. 这双鞋是手工做的。
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves. 帮助他们就等于救了我们自己。
注意by表达这种含义时与with和in的区别；表示使用有形的工具或器官时要用with，其后的名词前一般应用冠词。使用某种语言，表示用墨水、颜色、颜料等“原料”或“材料”都用in，且名词前不用冠词。 eg:
It is my practice（习惯） to do my writing with a pencil. 我习惯用铅笔写。
Can you sing this song in English? 你能用英语唱这首歌吗？
It is impolite to write a letter in red ink. 用红墨水写信是不礼貌的。
4. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他们努力求生时，发现自己就在怪兽身体的表面上，结果怪兽竟然是一艘潜水艇。
(1)这里的which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the monster itself。
(2)in their efforts中的in表示“正在进行的动作或状态”。 eg:
He is always in action.他总是在行动中。
W seem to be in agreement on the matter.在这件事上我们的意见看来是一致的。
(3)turn out to be“结果是……”，“最后情况是……” eg:
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.尽管今早看起来要下雨，最后却是晴天。
The meeting turned out to be very successful. 结果那个会议很成功。
5. They are taken on board and Captain Nemo decides not to kill them but makes them his permanent guests.
他们被带到了艇上。尼莫船长决定不杀死他们而是使他们成为他永久的客人。
(1)decide to do sth. 决定做某事；decide not to do sth.决定不做某事 eg:
We decided not to go abroad for the time being. 我们决定暂时不出国了。
(2)not…but…“不是……而是……”，连接两个并列成分，如连接两个并列宾语，两个并列表语或两个并列主语等。注意当not…but…连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要采用就近一致的原则，即与but后的主语保持一致。 eg:
He can speak not Chinese but Japanese.他不会讲汉语会讲日语。
He is not a poet but a writer. 他不是诗人而是作家。
Not I but he is fond of football. 不是我而是他喜欢足球。
(3)…makes them his permanent guests中的his permanent guests用来作them的补足语。
6. The furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world. 摆设很精致，巨大的玻璃窗可以打开或关上，让人看到水下世界。
(1)这里的that引导一个定语从句(that can be opened and closed)用于修饰先行词huge glass windows.
(2)a view of …“……的景色”或“看；眺望；观察”之意。 eg:
There’s a view of the river from my windows.在我的窗前可看到河上风光。
If you stand here you’ll get a better view of the procession.如果你站在这里，就可以更清楚地看到游行队伍。
7. All that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean.艇上所有生活所需全部来自于海洋。
That is needed for life on board是定语从句，修饰先行词all。
注：（1）当先行词是不定代词all, everything, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等时，宾语从句只能由that引导。 eg:
The boy handed in everything that he had picked up in the street to the police. 那个男孩把他在大街上捡到的一切东西都交给了警察。
（2）all that=what eg:
All that the said was true.=What he said was true.他所说的一切都是真的。
8. Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship. 他们穿着潜水衣，在船上灯的照射下在这个魔幻世界中四处走动。
(1)dress ①vt. “给某人穿衣服”用于“dress sb.”结构中。dress oneself意为“给自己穿衣服”；be dressed in意为“穿着……”。 The gentleman is dressed in a modern coat.那位先生穿着一件很新潮的衣服。
②vi. “穿着/打扮”之意 eg:
She dressed well. 她穿得很好。
(2)walk around四处走动 eg:
He walked around in the room. 他在房间里走来走去。
9. (1)They find themselves surrounded by colorful rocks, fishes, shells and plants, all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters. 他们发现自己被彩色的岩石、鱼、贝壳和植物包围着，这些东西在蓝色的海域中慢慢地摇曳移动着。
(2)But at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk. 但是在其他时刻，当他为了那些随着沉船一起被淹死的人而哭泣时，你又会发现他温柔又脆弱。
上面两句中的find themselves surrounded和find him gentle and weak都是find的常见用法。这里surrounded是过去分词，gentle和weak是形容词，它们都用来做宾补。find的此种用法可归纳为：find+sb./sth.+adj./介词短语/doing/done/adv./n. 。 eg:
I found the ground covered with snow when I opened the door.当我打开门的时候我发现地面铺满了雪。
When he came in, he found a thief stealing his money.他进来的时候，他发现一个小偷天在偷他的钱。
10. Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper. 穿过煤层和大理石层他们走得越来越深了。
deeper and deeper越来越深
这种“比较级+and+比较级”结构表达“越来越……”之意。 eg:
summer comes, the weather is hotter and hotter.夏天已经到了，天气越来越热了。
典型病句诊断
1.病句：We are not allowed playing with fire.
诊断：We are not allowed to play with fire.
点拨：把句中的playing改为to play。本句使用的是allow sb. to do sth.的被动语态，应该是sb. be allowed to do sth.
2.病句：He has set out to Beijing.
诊断：He has set out for Beijing.
点拨：把句中的to改为for。“动身去某地”用“set out for sp.”是固定搭配。
3.病句：This machine has an electric fault.
诊断：This machine has an electrical fault.
点拨：把句中的electric改为electrical。Electric是“用电的/带电的/发电的/电的”之意，而electrical表达“有关于电的”之意。根据本句之意，应表达“有关电的毛病”，所以要把electric改为electrical。
4.病句：Columbus found out America.
诊断：Columbus discovered America.
点拨：found out表示“弄明白，搞清楚”之意。而“哥伦布发现了美洲”很明显应是发现本来就存在而以前未能发现的美洲，应用discover表达这种含义。
5.病句：We’ll have a party in the open air instead in the house.
诊断：We’ll have a party in the open air instead of in the house.
点拨：instead是副词，而介词短语instead of后面才能跟介词短语。若用instead，上句可改为：We won’t have a party in the house. Instead we will have it ni the open air.。
6.病句：What have you been doing latest?
诊断：What have you been doing lately?
点拨：“latest”是adj. ，表达“最新的；最近的”之意，而句中需要一个副词表达“最近”之意。
7.病句：I took 3 hours doing my homework.
诊断：I spent 3 hours doing my homework.
点拨：spend表“花费”之意，其结构是“sb. spend(s)/spent/will spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.”。而take当“花费”讲时，结构是“It take/took/will take sb. some to do sth.”。
8.病句：These old pictures reminded me my childhood.
诊断：These old pictures reminded me of my childhood.
点拨：remind不能跟双宾语，即不能构成remind sb. sth.结构，表达“提醒某人某事”时要用“remind sb. of sth.”结构。
9.病句：What have you done by the old things?
诊断：What have you done with the old things?
点拨：by之后加手段或方式，with之后加有形的工具或器官。The old things是工具，所以用with。其次，do with还有“处理”，“放置”之意。
10.病句：All which she did made us very surprised.
诊断：All that she did made us very surprised.
点拨：当先行词为不定代词时，定语从句应由that引导，不能用which。all为不定代词。其他的不定代词如everything, something, little, much等也符合这种用法。
单元语法知识归纳：构词
在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种，即合成、转化和派生。
1.合成法：把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法叫合成法，也叫合词法。
（1）合成名词highway 公路
（2）合成形容词hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深蓝
（3）合成动词ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大规模生产 safe guard 保卫
（4）合成副词however 然而 downstairs 在楼下
（5）合成代词 anybody nobody something
2.转化法：转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。
（1）动词转化为名词
常用give, take, have, make等动词与其搭配构成动词词组，表示一个动作。 eg:
give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 have a talk谈话 make a wish 许愿
（2）形容词转化为副词
How long is the road？那条路有多条？（形容词）
How long have you been working there? 你在那里工作了多久？（副词）
（3）形容词转化为动词 eg:
The storm slowed down to half its speed. 风暴速度减慢了一半。
The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子们慢慢安静了下来了。
（4）名词转化为动词 eg:
The hall can seat two thousand people.大厅能坐人。
The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客们已经订了飞机票。
（5）形容词转化为名词
Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了点毛病。（形容词）
Little children didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.小孩子不能辨别是非。（名词）
3.派生法
派生是由词根加词缀（前缀、后缀）构成新词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般只改变词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般只改变词性，不引起词义的变化。
前 缀 例 词
a-构成形容词、副词 Alive（活着的）, abroad（在国外）, alone
dis-（否定） discourage, disagree
en-（使可能） enrich, enable(使成为可能)，endanger
in-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非） invisible(看不见), illogical（不合逻辑的）, impossible, irregular（不规则的）
inter-（相互，之间） international, interchange
mis-（误） mislay, misunderstand（误会）,mislead（误导）
re-（重复，再） recycle（循环）,remarry, rewrite
tele-（远程） telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（电信）
un-（不），non-（不，非） unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非导体）
后 缀 例 词
名
词 -er……者 foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader
-ese……地方的人 Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ian 精通……的人，……地方的人 musician, technician（技术员）， African, Asian
-ist 专业人员 pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist
-ment性质，状态 movement（运动）, development, encouragement
-ness性质，状态 illness, shyness, sadness, business
-or器具，……者 tractor, visitor, professor, actor
名
词 -tion表示动作、过程、结果 ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action
形
容
词
practical（实用的）,international, final
American, Italian, Australian
southern, northern, eastern
helpful, useful, harmful
reasonable, capable, eatable
foolish, British, English selfish
active, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptive
windy, sleepy, healthy, sunny
careless, selfless（无私心的）,harmless, useless
动
词 -fy使……化 simplify（简化）, terrify（恐吓）, satisfy
-ize使……成为 realize（实现）, organize, stabilize, modernize
副
词 -ly表示方式、程度 badly, truly, angrily, suddenly
-ward(s)表示方向 toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）
数
词 -teen十 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty整十位数 forty, fifty, eighty, twenty
-th序数词 twelfth, twentieth, fourth
知识记忆
1.collision n.碰撞，冲突
a head-on collision正面冲突或相撞
He was killed in a car collision.他在一次汽车相撞中死亡。
His car had a collision with a bus.他的车与公交车相撞了。
A collision with Parliament could ruin the government’s plans.与议会的冲突可能会破坏政府的计划。
be in collision (with)/come into collision (with)(与……)冲突，相撞，发生矛盾
The two ships came into collision.那两只船相撞了。
People with revolutionary ideas may find themselves in collision with the forces of the law.
想革命的人会发现他们自己与法律的势力水火不相容。
2.permanent adj.永久的，固定的，长期不变的
permanent peace 长久的和平
a permanent job 固定的职业
The drug may cause permanent brain damage.这种药可能会引起永久性的脑部伤害。
This is my permanent address.这是我的固定居所。
After doing odd jobs for a week, he got a permanent job.做了一个星期的零工后，他找到了一份固定工作。
3.voyage n.航海，航行
The ship set out on a long voyage.那艘船出发进行长途航行。
The voyage to England took seven days.这次去英国的航行时间是七天。
We made a voyage to Australia.我们航行到了澳大利亚。
He is now on the voyage home.他正在返航途中。
David went on a voyage around the world.大卫作了环游世界的航行。
When I give up work I shall make/take a long sea voyage.我离职后要作一次长途航海旅行。
4.aboard adv.在船(飞机、车)上，上船，上飞机
All aboard! 各位请上船(飞机、车)!
Welcome aboard! 欢迎大家乘船(飞机、车)!
All 257 aboard died in the airliner crash.那次飞机失事中，机上的257名乘客全部遇难。
We got aboard though the boat was crowded.虽然船上很拥挤，我们还是上了船。
He came running along and climbed aboard just as the train was to pull out.
就在火车即将开动时，他跑过来了并爬上了火车。
5.gentle adj.温和的，温柔的，有礼貌的，文雅的
Mothers are always gentle with their children.母亲对待孩子总是温柔体贴。
My new teacher is both gentle and encouraging toward me.我的新老师对我既温和又鼓励。
Mary is very gentle; she never talks roughly.玛丽很文雅，她从来不说粗话。
She was small, and gentle in her voice and movements.她小巧玲珑，声音温柔，动作文雅。
She gave the baby a gentle pat on the back.她在小孩的背上轻轻地拍了一下。
6.throw light on/upon使……显得非常清楚
The modern scientific development has thrown light on this question.现代科学的发展已使这个问题明朗化。
Can you throw any light on the problem? 你能把这个问题阐述清楚吗？
The information throws light upon the mystery of Dr Bake.这个信息可以解开贝克医生之迷。
7.matter n.事情，问题[C]；物质，内容[U]
a private matter 私事
the matter under discussion 讨论中的问题
Political matters interest him greatly.他对政治问题深感兴趣。
It’s no laughing matter.这不是开玩笑的事。
The world is made up of matter.世界是由物质组成的。
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.物质以三种形态存在，即固体、液体
篇3：Unit 11 单元学习导航(人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)
学习目标导航
XUE XI MU BIAO DAO HANG 学习提示
话
题 1.Talk about science and scientific achievement.
2.Write a persuasion essay. 1.重点掌握与中心话题“科学成就”有关的语言知识和技能。
2.学会写说明文。
功
能 1.If I got the money, I would…
I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to…
I hope that…; My plan is to…
2.I’ d like to…
I’ m thinking of… 练习表示intentions（意图）和wishes（愿望）的常用句型，熟练掌握其用法。
词
汇 likely, overseas, grasp, master, arrange, rely, failure, achieve, announce, locate 1.掌握本单元单词的常见用法，注意其构成。
2.重点掌握并能熟练运用所列词组的用法。
set foot, rely on, put forward, come to life
语
法 Word Formation (abbreviation) ：
ad (advertisement) 广告
CSA (Chinese Space Agency) 中国航天局
IT (information technology) 信息技术
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北大西洋公约组织 1.了解英语中最常用的派生法、复合法和转换法三种构词方法。
2.重点掌握下列四种缩略构词法：截断词，首字母连写词，首字母拼音词和拼缀词。
单元要点
Word
study
1.engineering 2.solar 3.significant 4.mankind 5.constitution 6.zone 7.private 8.grasp 9.master 10.perfect 11.arrange 12.rely 13.failure 14.locate 15.valley 16.brand 17.luggage 18.achieve 19.organ 20.boom 21.breakthrough 22.agency 23.announce 24.evolution 25.supercomputer 26.likely 1.工程；工程学 2.太阳的；日光的 3.意义重大的 4.人类 5.宪法 6.区域；地带 7.私人的；非公开的 8.抓住；理解 9.硕士；主人 10.完美的；理想的 11.安排；整理；布置 12.依靠；指望 13.失败；失败的人 14.把……设置在；使……坐落于；指出……的位置 15.山谷 16.商标；牌子 17.行李 18.大道；实现；完成19.器官；机关；风琴 20.繁荣期；迅速发展期 21.重大突破 22.代理（机构） 23.宣布；宣告 24.发展；展开 25.超级计算机 26.可能的；预期的
Useful expressions 1.genetic engineering 2.the theory of gravity 3.nuclear science 4.solar energy 5.great scientific achievements 6.have something in common 7.the first person to travel in time 8.a cure for AIDS 9.a manned space ship 10.start a company 11.spend time doing sth. 12.in store 13.it is likely that 14.more than 15.set up 16.in the late 1990s 17.the Chinese Academy of sciences 18.within the next ten years 19.a growing number of
1.基因工程 2.万有引力理论 3.核科学 4.太阳能 5.伟大的科学成就6.有共同之处 7.时间旅行第一人 8.艾滋病治疗方法 9.载人飞船 10.开办一家公司 11.花时间做某事12.存储 13.很有可能…… 14.不仅仅，多于 15.建立 16.在20世纪90年代末 17.中科院 18.在接下来的十年里 19.不停增加数量的
Useful expressions 20.make it possible for sb.to do sth.21.follow one’s dreams 22.top scientists 23.master’s degree 24.a dream come true 25.set foot in… 26.run a small company 27.have a positive effect on… 28.rely on 29.build the future 30.deal with 31.learn from… 32.be excited about… 33.be located in… 34.contribute to… 35.in the near future 36.be filled with 37.enjoy a boom 38.put forward a plan 39.make many breakthroughs 40.sth.be used to do 41.manned space flight 42.allow sb.to do sth.43.human genetic project 44.for the first time ever 45.the deadly disease 20.使某人做某事成为可能 寻某人的梦想 22.顶级科学家 21.追23.硕士学位 24.一个梦想实现 25.涉足于…… 26.开办一家小公司 27.对于……有积极影响 28.依靠于 29.创造未来 30.处理 31.向……学习32.对于……很兴奋 33.位于…… 34.作贡献于…… 35.在不久的将来 36.充满 37.经历迅速发展期 38.提出一个计划 39.取得许多突破 40.某物被用来做41.载人太空飞行 42.允许某人做某事 43.人类基因组计划 44.第一次 45.致命的疾病
Sentence
patterns &
Communicative
English 1.If I got the money,I would …
2.My plan is to …
3.I hope that …
4.I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to …
5.I’d like to …
6.I’m thinking of …
Grammar Word-formation:
1.prefix and suffix
2.compounds 构词法:
1.前缀，后缀
2.合成词
Topics &Writing 1.Talk about science and scientific achievement.
2.Practise expressing intensions and wishes.
3.Learn about Word-formation.
4.Write a persuasion essay.
Language points.
1．constitution
1) 宪法the Constitution of the United States / the American Constitution
2) 体格，体质He has a weak constitution
3) 构造，构成the constitution of starch (淀粉的构成)
2．achievement (U)取得，完成（C）成就，成绩（V）achieve
development government movement equipment
vt 完成 达到（目的），得到
1） By hard working we can achieve anything.
2） We have achieved success in developing the product.
3．Mankind 人类 manmade (adj) Manly 有男子气概的；刚强的
4．in store(for sb./sth.):coming in the future;about to happen
e.g.There is a surprise in store for you.
I can see trouble in store.
5．Likely 1) be likely to do sth 很可能（发生某种情况）Our team is likely to win the game.
2) it is likely that + 从句
It is likely that we’ll go on a picnic in the forest tomorrow.
辨析：likely, possible与probable
Likely 常用词，指“从表面现象看很有可能”
Possible 指“由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到”，强调“客观上有可能”，但“实际希望很小”。
Probable 语气比possible 强，指“有根据、合情理、值得相信的事物，带有大概，很可能的意思”
Likely 之后常跟不定式（be likely to do sth） 而possible与probable之后通常不跟不定式；
Likely 的主语可以是人，而possible与probable的主语不能是人。
6．set up
1) 建立，成立 Set up home
Edison set up a chemical lab of his own at the age of ten.
2) 树立起来Let’s set up the tent first.
3) 使（自己或他人）从事某职业（as）
He has set himself up as a bookseller. 他开始经营书籍。
set about doing sth 着手做 set out to do sth Set an example
set fire to 点火；放火Set off 出发，动身Set foot in (on) 登上；涉足；访问
set foot in/on sth.: enter or visit(a place);arrive
e.g. Don’t ever set foot in this house again!
Who was the first man to set foot on the moon.
7．Private adj 私人的；私立的；不公开的
Private property Private school
a private door 便门in private 在私下，秘密地in public 公开地
8．grasp vt
1) 抓住 grasp sb by the arm
2) (= understand ) 掌握， 领会
Grasp sb’s meaning
3) n (常用单数) 紧握；把握；理解；理解力
Beyond sb’s grasp 力量达不到 Grasp all, lose all. 样样都要，全数失掉。 Within sb’s grasp 力量达得到
9．Master n 硕士；（男）主人；能手；雇主；大师
Mistress n 女主人 Masterless adj 无主的
Mastermind n 非常聪明的人 Masterkey n 万能钥匙
Masterpiece(masterwork) n 杰作 The master of the house 家长
Master and man雇主与雇工 A master in literature 文学大师
Master of Arts (MA) 文学硕士 Master of Science (MS) 理学硕士
Bachelor 学士 doctor 博士
vt 掌握；精通；控制；统治
Master a foreign language
Man can master nature.
10. perfect adj 理想的；完美的；绝对的；完全的；（动词的）完成的
His reading is perfect.
He is a perfect stranger to us.
The perfect tense
vt 使完美
They worked hard to perfect their dance.
Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧
Be perfect in English 精通英语
11．arrange
vt 安排，筹划；整理，布置
1） We have arranged a party.
2） He arranged the books on the shelf.
n arrangement
(C pl) 安排；准备工作 （U，C）整理；排列；布置
12. have an effect on 对……产生影响
Take effect 开始生效；开始实行
In effect = in fact 实际上
13. rely on / upon : depend on…依赖，依靠；信赖，信任
We should rely on our own efforts. 我们应该自力更生。
You may rely on it that she won’t be late.你可以放心，她不会迟到的。
14．make it clear （that）…表明，讲清楚
e.g. She made it clear that she objected to the proposal.
She made clear her objections.
15．Failure (v fail) 失败(U)，失败的人或事（C）
Failure is the mother of success.
He is a failure as an artist, but a success as an art teacher.他不是一个成功的艺术家，但是个成功的美术老师。
16．come to life: back to normal state, esp. of mind苏醒过来，恢复生气，活跃起来
After three hours’ saving, the injured man came to life.
When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids came back to life at once.
17. mark
n 痕迹；符号；商标；分数；特征
an ink mark a question mark full marks make a mark 作标记
vt 做标记；留痕迹于；表明；批分数，评成绩
a dirt road marked with footprints 留有脚印的泥路
be marked with 标着……；(人、动物等身上)具有
Her face is marked with sadness. 她面露悲哀。
mark examination papers.
18. outstanding
1) 杰出的，突出的 （ stand out ）一名杰出的学生 an outstanding student
2) 未完结的；未清的；未付的
Outstanding debts 未付清的欠款
19．Breakthrough n 重大突破，突围；突破性的发现，成就
A military breakthrough 军事突破A scientific breakthrough 科学成就
20．enable
en-使+able能……的
enrich enlarge
strengthen strength(力量)+ en (使) vt 加强，增强 vi 变强
they strengthened the city wall..
the wind strengthened.
deep--deepen
Sharp-sharpen
Wide--widen
21. organ n 器官；风琴；机构，机关
The eyes are the organ of sight.
state organs
a government organ
adj organic 有机物的；有机体的
n organism (C)生物，有机体，有机组织
vt organize 组织
N organization 团体，机构，组织
22. put forward 提出（建议、意见）；推荐，提名
He put forward a better plan.
We put her forward as chairman of the committee.
23. aim (sth) at sth/doing sth (把……)瞄准；目的在于；企图
He aimed his gun at the target.
Those girls worked out every morning, aiming at losing weight.
知识点讲解
1． You and your team are working on a cure for Aids. 你和你的队员正在从事艾滋病的治疗工作。
（1）work on “从事于（某项工作）”；“设法说服” eg:
They worked on the old car late into the night. 他们修这辆旧汽车一直修到深夜。
What are you doing? We are working on some wood-cuts. 你们在干什么呀？我们正在创作一些木刻。
Can you work on him to change his mind?你能说服他改变主意吗？
（2）work at “学习，研究，致力于……” eg:
They have worked at this subject for many years. 他们研究这门科学好多年了。
（3）work out 做出；算出；设计出 eg:
This problem will not work out. 这道题算不出来。
They have worked out a method of sending a spacecraft to Mars.
他们已经设计出一种向火星发射宇宙飞船的方法。
2．extremely adv. to a very high degree 极端地；极度地 eg:
It was an extremely difficult and dangerous task. 这是一项极度困难和危险的工作。
extreme adj. reaching the highest degree 极度的 eg:
extreme patience/kindness 极度的耐心/仁慈 in extreme pain 在极度痛苦中
3． cure (1)n. ①[C] curing or being cured 治疗；治愈。 eg:
His cure took six months. 他的病花了六个月治疗。
②[C]substance or treatment which cures 治疗的药物；治疗法 eg:
Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 迄今对癌症有治疗方法吗？
（2）vt. & vi. bring sb. back to health; get rid of one’s illness/habits eg:
This medicine will cure your headache. 这药可以治好你的头痛。
A few days’ rest will cure you. 休息几天你就痊愈了。
③（词组） cure sb. of one’s illness or bad habits 治愈疾病，改掉坏习惯 eg:
Moving to the country cured her of asthma. 搬到乡下她的哮喘病就好了。
He was cured of his habit of smoking. 他改掉了吸烟的坏习惯。
4． You are working on sending a manned spaceship to Mars. 你正在从事向火星发射载人宇宙飞船的工作。
（1）manned adj. (of machines esp. in space) having men on board （飞船等）载人的 eg:
the development of manned from unmanned space craft从无人向载人飞船的发展
（2）man-made adj. produced by the work of men; not found in nature 人造的 eg:
The lake is a man-made one. 这是个人工湖。
We have sent up many man-made satellites. 我们发射了多少颗人造卫星。
生词和词组
1．likely adj. (1) that is expected 很可能发生的；有希望的 eg:
Is he likely to win? 他有可能获胜吗？
The most likely result is a draw. 最可能的结果是不分胜负。
(2)that seems reasonable, suitable or right for a purpose 似乎合理的 eg:
That’s a likely excuse. 那似乎是个合理的借口。
(3)be likely to do… 很可能会……
It’s likely that… 可能会（有，发生）…… eg:
He is not likely to succeed. 他大概不会成功。
It is likely that he will be late. =He is likely to be late. 他可能会迟到。
2． grasp vt. , vi. & n.
(1)v. ①seize firmly with hand(s) or arm(s) 抓住；抱住；紧握 eg:
The boy grasped his mother’s hand firmly. 那个小男孩紧握住妈妈的手。
He grasped the rope and pulled it. 他抓紧绳子用力拉。
②understand with the mind 领悟；理解 eg:
I couldn’t grasp the teacher’s meaning. 我没领悟老师的意思。
(2)n. firm hold or grip; power of grasping 紧握；抓紧；领悟力 eg:
He doesn’t have a thorough grasp of the problem. 他没有彻底理解这个问题。
(3)短语：beyond/within a person’s grasp 为某人所不能/能抓到的；为某人所不能/能理解的。
3． master vt. , vi & n.
(1) vt. ①become the master of; overcome 成为……的主人；征服；控制
eg: master one’s temper/feelings 控制脾气/感情
It’s difficult to master nature. 征服大自然是困难的。
②gain as a skill 精通；熟练 eg:
master English 精通英语 master foreign affairs 精通外交事务
He never mastered the art of the public speaking. 他从未掌握当众演讲的艺术。
(2)n. ①man who has others working for him 主人，雇主
②male head of a household 家里的男主人
③captain of a merchant ship 商船的船长
④male teacher 男教师 eg:
the master of the house 一家之长
the maths master 数学教师 a master’s degree 硕士学位
4．arrange vt. & vi.
(1)put in order 安排；排列；布置 eg:
She is good at arranging flowers. 她擅长插花。
Before going away, he arranged his business affairs. 他离开之前，他把业务都安排好了。
(2)make plans in advance 预做计划 eg:
The Tourist Bureau arranged everything for our journey to Rome. 旅游局为我们去罗马的旅行准备了一切。
(3)arrange+ n. +for +n. 为……安排…… eg:
Mother arranged an appointment for me with the dentist. 母亲替我向牙医预约挂号。
(4)arrange sb. to do … 安排某人做…… eg:
I have arranged him to meet her. 我安排他和她见面。
(5)arrange with sb. to do … 约定与某人做…… eg:
We arranged with his team to play a game of baseball. 我们约好和他们队打一场棒球。
(6)arrange that … 商定，安排。 eg:
He arranged that the meeting (should) be put off for a week. =
He arranged for the meeting to be put off for a week. 他安排把会议延后一周召开。
5． failure n.
(1)[U] failing; lack of success 失败；不成功 eg:
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
(2)[C] instance of failing; person, attempt or thing that fails 失败的事例；失败的人，企图或失败的事物 eg:
He was a failure as a teacher. 他不是个好老师。
Success came after many failures. 失败多次之后终于成功。
6． locate vt. & vi.
(1)discover, show the locality of 找出……的位置，指出……的位置 eg:
locate a town on a map 在地图上找出一城市的位置
(2)establish in a place 在一地点设置 eg:
a new school to be located in the suburbs 将设置在郊区的一所新学校
(3)be located 位于 eg:
Our school is located in the center of the town. 我们学校坐落于市中心。
(4)比较location n.
[U] locating or being located 指定位置
[C] position or place 位置；地方 eg:
The hill is a good location for the new church. 那山丘是建筑新教堂的好地点。
7． organ n.
(1)any part of an animal body or plant 动植物器官 eg:
the organs of speech, the tongue, teeth, lips, etc. 语言器官（如舌、牙、唇等）
(2)organization 组织，机构 eg:
Parliament is the chief organ of the government. 国会是政府的主要机关。
(3)musical instrument from which sounds are produced by air forced through pipes, played by keys pressed with the fingers and pedals pressed with the feet 风琴
同、近义词辨析
1．likely, possible 与probable
（1）三者均表可能性，但意思有别。possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；probable比possible可能性稍大，有“较为可能、大概”，指有实际依据；likely是从外表迹象判断有可能发生的事。 eg：
It’s possible, though not probable, that he will come tomorrow. 他明天可能来，但也不一定准来。
She is likely to ring me tonight. 今晚她很可能给我来电话。
（2）possible 不能用人做主语。possible 常用于下列句型：
It is possible to do sth. It is possible for sb. to do sth.
It is possible that … eg:
Is it possible to say so?可能这样说吗？
It is possible for me to do it. 我可能做那件事。
（3）probable 也不能用人做主语。一般只用于下面句型中：
It is probable that … eg:
It is probable that he will come. 他很可能要来。
（4）likely 既可用人作主语，也可用物做主语。通可用于“It is likely that …”句型中。 eg:
He is likely to come. = It is likely that he will come. 他可能要来。但不能说：It is likely for him to come.
（5）impossible, improbable, unlikely 用法与上述类似。
2．catch, grasp, seize 与snatch
catch是普通用语，用“设法抓住，捉住”的意思； grasp表示牢牢地“抓住”；seize指“突然用力抓住使不逃脱”；snatch 表示迅速的拉扯动作、出其不意地“抓取”。 eg:
The police caught the thief as he ran. 小偷逃跑时被警察抓住了。
He grasped his gun and rushed out. 他抓起枪就冲了出去。
He seized the gun from the enemy soldier. 他从敌人士兵手中夺过了枪。
The thief snatched her handbag and ran off. 小偷抢走了她的手提包就跑了。
知识点补充
1．Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. 无论中国将来会有什么样的成就，其中许多可能就诞生在北京的西北部。
（1）in store 就要到来，必将发生 eg:
Who knows what the future has in store for us? 谁知道我们将来注定如何？
（2）in store 也有储存着，备用的意思 eg:
The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at the end. 那名赛跑的人为最后冲刺贮存精力。
2． Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the late 1990s and quickly became the leader of China’s hi-tech industry. 在20世界90年代末中关村作为高新科技特区被创立并迅速成为中国高科技工业的先锋。
（1）set up-establish 建立 eg:
The government has set up a working party to look into the problem. 政府成立工作组调查此问题。
（2）in the late 1990s 又可写成in the late 1990’s 二十世纪九十年代末
in the early 1980s 二十世纪八十年代初
（3）hi-tech= high technology 高科技，高技术
3． When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return home but couldn’t find a company where I could use what I had learnt. 当我获得硕士学位时，我想回到家乡，可是我没能找到学有所用的公司。
（1）本句是一个复合句。When I got my master’s degree 为时间状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词wanted。wanted和couldn’t find为并列谓语动词，由并列连词but连接。where I could use what I had learnt为定语从句，修饰先行词company。what I had learnt 为宾语从句。
（2）a master’s degree 硕士学位 a doctor’s degree 博士学位a bachelor’s degree 学士学位
又如：Master of Arts 文学硕士 Doctor of Law 法学博士Bachelor of Science 理学学士
4．I will never forget how happy I was when I set foot in China again and was back with my friends and family. 我永远不会忘记当再次踏上中国土地和我的朋友及亲人团聚时，那种感觉有多幸福。
（1）本句是复合句。How happy I was …为宾语从句。when I set foot in China again and was back with … 为时间状语从句。
（2）set foot in/on 进入，踏进 eg:
She said she wouldn’t set foot in the room until it had been properly cleaned.
她说直到这屋子收拾好了她才住进去。
No man has ever set foot on that deserted island. 没有人曾光顾过那个荒芜的岛。
5． “Relying on science, technology, and knowledge to increase economic power”- makes it clear that science and business can and must work together to build the future. “依靠科学，技术，知识发展经常”，它阐明了科学和商业能够且必须结合在一起共创未来。
（1）此句为复合句。it为形式宾语，代表that引导的宾语从句。
（2）rely on/upon信赖，依赖 eg: He can always be relied upon or help. 他的帮助是永远可依赖的。
You may rely on my early arrival. 你放心好了，我会早到的。
（3）make…clear 表明，讲清楚 eg:
Have I made myself clear? 我讲清楚了吗？
They wanted to make it clear that they did an important and necessary job. 他们想说明他们做着一项重要且必要的工作。
6． …but we are excited about all the new technology and great ideas that are coming to life in Zhongguanzun. 但是我们为所有这些在中关村富有活力的新技术和卓越的想法而感到激动。
（1）that are coming to life in Zhongguancun 为定语从句，修饰先行词ideas。
（2）come to life 苏醒；恢复生气 eg:
We all thought he was drowned, but after an hour’s artificial respiration he came back to life.
我们都以为他淹死了，但经过一小时的人工呼吸后，他又苏醒了。
When I told the students the good news, they all came to life.
当我告诉学生们这个好消息时，他们都活跃起来了。
典型病句诊断
1． 病句：Yufang has come to China for three years.
诊断：Yufang has been in China for three years.
点拨：come为终止性动词，用于现在完成时时态，不能与表一段时间的状语连用。
2． 病句：Where has he gone is to be found out.
诊断：Where he has gone is to be found out.
点拨：主语从句应用陈述句语序。
3． 病句：When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return back to China.
诊断：When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return to China.
点拨：return意思是“come back”，不与back连用。
4． 病句：I would rather you tell me the truth.
诊断：I would rather you told me the truth.
点拨：would rather 后面带的宾语从句表示一种愿望，动词要用过去式来表示虚拟语气。
5． 病句：The old man stays very health.
诊断：The old man stays very healthy.
点拨：stay为系动词，意为“保持（状态）”，后用形容词作表语。
6． 病句：Great changes have been taken place in China.
诊断：Great changes have taken place in China.
点拨：take place “发生，举行”，不用被动语态。
7． 病句：This lesson is more easier than that one.
诊断：This lesson is much easier than that one.
点拨：形容词比较级前不可用more, 而可以用much, even, still, a great deal, a lot, far等加强语气。
8． 病句：All the answers are not correct. I can’t find one correct answer.
诊断：None of the answers are correct. I can’t find one correct answer.
点拨：all…not和not all…表示部分否定，意为“并非都……”，而none表示全部否定，意为“都不……”。
9． 病句：I don’t like the way which you speak to me.
诊断：I don’t like the way that you speak to me.
点拨：在way后面引导定语从句时，可用that, in which 或省略。
10． 病句：Zhongguancun has had a positive affect on business as well as science.
诊断：Zhongguancun has had a positive effect on business as well as science.
点拨：affect vt. “影响”； effect n. “影响”，have a good/bad effect on 意为“对……有好/不良的影响”。
典型例题精析
<1>Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China.
A.enjoyment B.appreciation
C.entertainment D.reputation
解析：enjoyment意为“快乐，高兴”；appreciation意为“欣赏”；entertainment意为“招待，对待”；reputation意为“名誉，名声”，根据句意来看选B项。答案：B
<2>The environmentalists said wild goats, ________ on the vast grasslands was a good phenomenon of the better environment.
A.escape B.absence
C.attendance D.appearance
解析：该题也是一个词汇辨析题，同时也考查构词法知识。escape意为“逃跑，避免”，absence意为“缺席”，attendance意为“到场、出席，护理、照料”，这三个词都与句意不相符，只有appearance“出现”符合题意。答案：D
<3>Mr. Smith used to smoke ________ but he has given it up now.
A.seriously B.heavily
C.badly D.hardly
解析：该题考查词义辨析、动词搭配和构词法知识。从词义上看，hardly为频度副词，要放在谓语动词的前面，首先应将D选项排除掉。另外三个词均为方式副词，虽然都可以置于不及物动词之后，但含义搭配各不相同。只有heavily习惯上与 “drink, smoke, rain, snow” 等动词搭配。故B为正确选项。答案：B
思路开拓
1.(高考全国卷Ⅰ)Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to before the party.
A.get changed B.get change C.get changing D.get to change
解析：本题考查get的用法。题意是“萨拉，快点吧!恐怕在宴会前你没时间换衣服”。get可用作系动词，后接过去分词，表示被动语态，如：get lost“迷路”，get dressed“穿上衣服”，get injured“受伤”，get paid“领取工资”等。此处get changed意为“换衣服”。答案为A。又如本单元课文中的一句话：The centre itself got started in the early 1980s, when Chen Chunxian, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, opened a private research and development institute.答案：A
2.(20高考湖南卷)I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A.how B.which C.where D.that
解析：本题考查定语从句。题意是“我在一家公司上班，在这里几乎每个人都在等待着飞黄腾达的机会”。句中almost everyone is waiting for a great chance是一个定语从句，修饰前面的先行词business。由句子的结构可知，business在定语从句中应是作地点状语，即almost everyone is waiting for a great chance in the business，故引导词要用关系副词where。答案为C。又如本单元课文中的一句话：I want to return home but couldn’t find a company where I could use what I had learnt.答案：C
3.(年高考北京卷)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A.had considered B.has been considering
C.considered D.is going to consider
解析：本题考查动词的时态区别。从题干中的is和hasn’t decided两个动作来看，句子用的是现在时态，根据时态一致原则，可先排除A、C两项。题意是“露西失业了，她一直在考虑回去上学，但还没有最终决定”。可知应用现在完成进行时，表示一段时间以来一直在做某事。故答案为B。又如本单元课文中的一句话：Since the early 1990s, China has been enjoying a boom in scientific and technology development. 答案：B
4.(2004年上海春招)Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage the girl and took her away, into the woods.
A.seizing;disappeared B.seized;disappeared
C.seizing;disappearing D.seized;disappearing
解析：本题考查识别句子结构的能力以及非谓语动词的用法。题意为“突然，一个驾驶着一辆金色马车的男人抢走了那个女孩，之后消失在那片树林里”。句子的主语是a tall man；driving a golden carriage是分词短语作定语；句中的and连接的是谓语动词seized和took；因为逗号不能起连接作用，故第二个空白处的动词与前面的seized和took不是并列的谓语动词，而应是作结果状语；因为disappear与man是主动关系，故用其现在分词形式作状语。答案为D。又如本单元课文中的一句话：In , Chinese scientists announced that they had completed mapping out their part of the international human genome project, proving that Chinese scientists are among the world’s best.答案：D
5.(高考上海卷)The discovery of new evidence led to .
A.the thief having caught B.catching the thief
C.the thief being caught D.the thief to be caught
解析：本题考查动词短语lead to的用法。lead to意为“导致，引起”，其中to是介词，后接名词或动名词。题意是“新证据的发现导致了那个贼的被捉”。显然，catch与the thief之间是被动关系，故要用动名词的被动式。答案为C。又如本单元中的一句话：The programme was started in March 1986 and has led to several breakthroughs in science and technology.答案：C
能力提升
§6.1 单项填空
1.The theory by Einstein was later to prove true, but at that time few people could accept it.
A.put out B.put together C.put aside D.put forward
解析：“爱因斯坦提出的理论”。put out“扑灭”；put together“组合；整理”；put aside“搁置；存放”；put forward“提出；推荐”。答案：D
2.I don’t think Jack is a man to be when we are in trouble and need his help.
A.hoped for B.related to C.expected from D.relied on
解析：“杰克是一个不可靠的人”。rely on“依靠；信赖”。答案：D
3.An earthquake shook the city last night and hundreds of houses .
A.got to damage B.got damaged C.got damage D.got damaging
解析：“get+done”是被动语态的一种形式，get damaged意为“被毁坏”。答案：B
4.Later, I wanted to return home but couldn’t find a company I could use I had learnt.
A.that;what B.when;what C.where;what D.where;that
解析：“在公司里我可以使用我所学的知识”。where引导定语从句；what引导宾语从句。答案：C
5.Mr.White is now in Beijing and runs a company in Zhongguancun together with some Chinese friends.
A.to base B.basing C.to be based D.based
解析：公司坐落在中关村，即以中关村为基地，用过去分词based作定语，相当于which is based。答案：D
6.The earliest influences upon children will most likely have the strongest effects their personalities.
A.toward B.on C.over D.for
解析：have effect on/upon是固定搭配，意为“对……有影响”。答案：B
7.Now there is just one point I wish you to make quite clear.
A.where B.which C.whether D.when
解析：point在后面的定语从句中作make的宾语，故引导词用which。答案：B
8.Just as the doctor , your wife is not exactly fat, but rather well-built for her age.
A.gets it B.makes it C.puts it D.means it
解析：get it“明白了，知道了”；make it“到达；成功”；put it“说，表达”；mean it“说话算数”。答案：C
9.They say the recorder costs 150 dollars. But I don’t think it’s worth much.
A.that B.as C.even D.rather
解析：“不值那么多钱”，用that much，此时that相当于so。答案：A
10.When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids life at once.
A.came to B.got to C.return to D.went to
解析：come to life是固定短语，意为“变得活跃起来”。答案：A
11.He got full marks in this math exam, that he was among the class’ best.
A.to prove B.proved C.having proved D.proving
解析：此处用现在分词作结果状语，相当于and proved。答案：D
12.Firemen said the fire wasunder control, but they warned that the change in the weather might new fires.
A.lead to B.bring in C.result from D.break out
解析：天气的变化可能引起新的火灾。lead to“引起，导致”；bring in“引进，赚钱”；result from“起因于”；break out“爆发，发生”，是不及物动词短语。答案：A
13. great progress we have made, we should not be conceited.
A.However B.How C.Whatever D.What
解析：whatever引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter what。因progress是名词，故前面不能用however。
答案：C
14.He is the only one of the students who a winner of scholarship for three years.
A.is B.are C.have been D.has been
解析：此处定语从句修饰the only one，故从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。答案：D
15.The success you have achieved today may be for your whole future.
A.accessible B.significant C.temporary D.challenging
解析：你今天取得的成功或许对你整个人生都很重要。accessible“可使用的”；significant“重要的”；temporary“暂时的”；challenging“具有挑战性的”。答案：B
课文译文
中关村
不管中国将来会创造出多么伟大的成就，他们很有可能就诞生在北京的西北部。中关村，在北京海淀区，是中国科技的新中心。它是中科院以及北京大学、清华大学等十几所著名高校的所在地。
中关村在20世纪90年代末的时候才建为一个特别经济区，但很快就成了中国高新技术工业的领导力量。该中心本身创办于20世纪80年代初，中科院研究员陈春贤首先在此开办了一家私人研究发展学院。在接下来的里，大约有一百多家科技公司搬到这个地区来，这样，新的科技中心围绕着当初的中关村花园发展起来了。他们都有自己的特色，但他们也都有共同点，即:使得中关村成为一个成功典范的创新精神和科学技术。
中关村也拥有一批人数正在逐年增长的海外归来的学子，他们抓住机会来实现他们的愿望。项余方就是在海外学习工作后归国的学子之一。中关村实现了利用自己所学为国效力的梦想。
“我在国外求学是因为我想多看一看世界，能和我所研究领域的顶级科学家们一起工作。在国外，我从没感到很舒适，我想念在中国的一切。获得硕士学位的时候，我想回国，但苦于找不到一家公司施展我的才学。我在国外工作了几年，后来我听说了中关村，我知道它很适合我。”
项余方和几个在北京的大学同学说了这事，他们安排他回国。他辞去了在外国公司的工作，回到了北京。
“我非常高兴，太棒了，就像一个梦想实现了一样。我能做我想做的并且能为国家作贡献的事情了，我将永远不会忘记当我第一脚踏上中国的土地，再次见到我的朋友和家人时我是多么的兴奋！”
余方现在已在中国四年了，做得很棒。他住在北京，和两个朋友以中关村为基地开办了一家小公司。
中关村不仅对商业，对科学也有积极的影响。现在，中关村大约有八千多家高新技术公司，其中一半以上与IT（信息技术）产业有关。该园里也有中国电脑产业巨头“联想”和“方正”以及20多家知名国际公司。中关村的著名格言之一“依靠科学、技术、知识来增强经济实力”，说明科学和商业能够并且一定要联合在一起共建未来。另外一句格言帮我们解释该园的成功秘诀:“鼓励创造性工作，接受失败”。伟大的科学成就都是多年失败的结晶，多年的尝试创造以前从未存在的东西。
中关村的科学研究人员都知道，如果他们勇于面对失败，并且从失败中学习，他们就能够达到顶峰。不是所有的公司都能成功的，但他们所代表的创造精神是比金钱都还重要的。正如余方所说:“我们还没有挣很多钱，但对于中关村所激活的新技术和伟大的想法我们激动不已”。
综合技能
火热的成就
中国的历史充满了科技方面的伟大成就。自从20世纪90年代以来，中国的科技迅猛发展。中国政府提出“科技兴国”战略；在科技方面已经获得了许多重大突破。结果是显而易见的。
空间探索
CSA，中国航天部，已经成功地研发了长征系列火箭。这些火箭很安全，已经用来向太空发射卫星，并且准备发射我们国家第一次载人太空飞行。
探索生命奥秘
中国在利用基因技术提高农业产量方面一直都处于领先位置。最重要的成就之一就是一种能增加产量的水稻。在过去的二十年时间里，中国加入了研究人类身体的国际组织。，中国科学家宣布，他们已经成功地完成了他们那一部分的国际人类基因组测序工程，再一次证明中国科学家是全球最棒的。
电子革命
中国可以说是一眼就爱上了比特。互联网正在越来越受欢迎，一种新的宽带互联网即将问世。中国计算机工程师们研发了神威级超级计算机，运算速度，世界第48位，还研制了第一代人工智能机器人。
战胜癌魔
人类历史中第一次，科学家能创造出一种战胜癌细胞的化学元素。
知识记忆
1.significant adj.意义重大的，重要的，有意义的a significant date 一个重要的日期
It is a significant change in the system.这是制度上的重大改变。
The Olympic Games is a significant event for the country.举办奥运会是对该国具有重大意义的事件。
Penicillin was an extremely significant medical discovery.青霉素是一项极其重要的医学发现。
He gave her a significant look.他意味深长地看了她一眼。
be significant of… 意味着，表示……
His silence was significant of his displeasure.他的沉默显示了他心中的不快。
The laughter was significant of the crowd’s respect for the speaker.这笑声表示观众对演讲人的尊敬。
2.likely adj.很可能的
①sb./sth.is likely to do sth. “某人或某事可能会……”
He is likely to win.他可能会赢。
Are we likely to arrive on time?我们会按时到达吗？
It is likely to rain tonight.今晚可能下雨。
An accident is likely to happen if you are not careful enough.如不小心，你就可能出事故。
②It is likely that… “很可能会……”
Is it likely that he will arrive so late?他可能会来得很晚吗？
It is not likely that she should have said so.她不可能这么说。
adv.大概，或许，很可能；通常与most, very, quite等连用。
He will very likely pass the exam.他可能会通过考试的。
Most likely his attempt will fail.很可能他的尝试会失败。
3.private adj.私立的，私人的，非公开的
He attended a private school in town.他曾就读于城里的一所私立学校。
You can get a private doctor to operate on him.你可以找个私人医生为他做手术。
This is my private view.这是我个人的看法。
He is here on private business.他是因私事来这里的。
It’s wrong to read people’s private letters without permission.未经允许看私人信件是不对的。
I wish to have a private talk with you.我想私下与你谈谈。
in private“私下地，秘密地，不公开地”
It isn’t the sort of thing one should talk of in private.这不是那种可以私下谈论的事情。
He can be very rude in private, though in public he’s usually polite.他虽然在公共场合彬彬有礼，但私底下却很粗野。
4.grasp vt.抓住，抓牢，理解
He reached out, grasped my hand, and shook it.他伸出手，抓住我的手握了一下。
He grasped her firmly by the arm.他紧紧抓住她的手臂。
If you grasp the rope I will pull you up.你抓紧绳子，我把你拉上来。
Grasp your chances while you can.只要有可能，就要抓住你的机会。
You must grasp this opportunity to study abroad.你要抓住这次出国学习的机会。
I didn’t quite grasp what he was talking about.对他所讲的，我不太理解。
I grasped the main points of the speech.我理解了这次讲话的要点。
5.set foot in到达，进入，踏上
I left him, determined never to set foot in that house again.我离开了他，决心再也不踏进那个家门。
She had never set foot in a place as grand as this before.她以前从没到过这么大的地方。
I’ll never set foot in Tokyo again.我再也不会踏进东京一步。
6.failure n.失败[U]；失败的事或人[C]
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
His plans ended in failure.他的计划以失败而告终。
It was clear that the policy was a failure.很明显，那项政策失败了。
But this plan, too, can be nothing but a failure.但这项计划也只能会失败。
Gary was a failure as a football player.作为一个足球运动员，加里是个失败者。
Success comes after many failures.成功是源于很多次的失败后得来的。
7.locate vt.设置(机关、店铺等)，设立(工厂、办公室等)；确定……的位置
They decided to locate their new office in Hong Kong.他们决定在香港设立新的办事处。
We located the island on the map.我们在地图上确定那个岛的位置。
be located in/on… 坐落于……，位于……
Our school is located in the centre of the town.我们学校坐落于市镇的中心。
The country is located in the southern part of Africa.该国位于非洲南部。
8.luggage n.(总称)行李
He did not have much luggage.他没有很多行李。
You are only allowed to take one piece of hand luggage onto a plane.你只可携带一件手提行李上飞机。
They left their luggage at the station.他们把行李忘在了车站。
注：luggage是不可数名词。
9.put forward提出，建议，推荐
He had no desire to put forward his plan.他不想提出他的计划。
Are you serious in putting forward such a view?你真的要提出这种观点吗？
The theory was laughed at when it was first put forward.这个理论刚提出时，就受到了嘲笑。
We put him forward for the position of chairman.我们推举他当主席。
10.announce vt.宣布，宣告，显示
He phoned me to announce his decision.他打电话给我，宣布了他的决定。
The government announced its new economic policies.政府发布了新的经济政策。
We have announced our engagement to some friends only.我们只告知某些朋友有关我们订婚的事。
It has been announced that he will resign.他已经将辞职的消息宣布了。
He announced that he would pay his debts.他宣布他将偿还债务。
Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.请告知你们班的学生明天不上课。
A warm sunshine announces the coming of spring.温暖的阳光显示春天即将来到。
发散思维
1.rely on 依靠，依赖，信赖，指望
We may rely on his promises.我们可以信赖他的诺言。
The man is not to be relied on.这个人不可靠。
We must rely on our own efforts.我们一定要靠自己的努力。
They rely heavily on us for help.他们很依赖我们的帮助。
rely on sb.to do sth.指望某人做某事，相信某人会做某事
You can rely on Peter to do what he promises.你可以相信彼特会做他答应做的事的。
I rely on her to pay back the money.我相信她会还钱。
rely on one’s doing sth.指望某人做某事，相信某人会做某事
Don’t rely on my seeing you off.不要指望我为你送行。
We can’t rely on his coming in time.我们不能指望他会按时来到。
rely on it that… 相信……，指望……
You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.你放心好了，他会来接见你的。
2.arrange vt.安排，筹划，整理，布置
I have to arrange my affairs before going away.在走之前，我得把我的事情安排好。
Please arrange the books on the shelves.请把架子上的书整理好。
She helped me arrange the flowers.她帮助我养花。
The travel agency has arranged everything for our trips to Canada.旅行社已为我们的加拿大之行准备好一切。
arrange to do sth. 安排做某事，预定做某事
I’ve arranged to see her tomorrow morning.我安排明天上午会见她。
He arranged to meet us at the hotel at one o’clock.他预定1点到宾馆与我们见面。
arrange for 安排，准备
I have to arrange for everything.我必须准备好一切。
I’ll arrange for a car to pick you up at the airport.我会安排一辆汽车到机场去接你。
They have arranged for another man to take his place.他们已安排另一个人去接替他的位置。
篇4：Unit 12 单元学习导航(人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)
学习目标
本单元以谈论“科学与幻想”为话题，使学生了解科学与幻想的区别，认识到学习科学的重要性；同时通过对法国科学幻想和冒险小学家儒勒凡尔纳（Jules Verne）及其作品的介绍，激发学生探索宇宙奥秘的兴趣。学习英语构词法。在练习写幻想短文“创造一个类似人类的生物”的实践中，培养书面表达能力，同时拓展学生创造性思维。
单元要点
Word study
1.fantasy 2.league 3.distance 4.ballon 5.fiction 6.servant 7.whale 8.hunter 9.collision 10.permanent 11.guest 12.voyage 13.aboard 14.prisoner 15.gentle 16.marble 17.paraphrase 18.matter 19.phenomena 20.attention 21.labour 22.hesitate 23.butcher 24.curtain 25.lip 1.幻想作品；想象的产物 2.联盟；里格（旧时长度单位） 3.距离 4.气球 5.小说；虚构的事 6.仆人；公务员 7.鲸；巨大的人或事 8.猎人；搜索者9.碰撞；冲突 10.永久的；固定不变的 11.客人；客座教授 12.航海；航空 13.在船（飞机、车）上 14.俘虏；犯人 15.温柔的；有礼貌的 16.大理石 17.意译；释义 18.事情；物质 19.现象；奇迹 20.注意力；留心 21.努力；劳动果实 22.犹豫；踌躇 23.屠夫；买肉者 24.窗帘；幕 25.嘴唇；唇状物
Useful
expressions 1.make a sketch 2.science fiction 3.in the far future 4.come true 5.to make a living 6.lay the foundation 7.sea monster 8.set out to do sth. 9.turn out 10.from that day on 11.begin with… 12.extinct volcano 13.instead of 14.search for 15.dream of 16.throw light upon 17.attract one’s attention 18.slow down 19.in height 20.cut up 1.简单描述；列提纲 2.科幻小说 3.在遥远的未来 4.实现 5.谋生 6.奠定基础 7.海生怪物 8.着手做某事 9.结果是 10.自从那天起 11.以……为开始 12.死火山 13.而不是 14.找寻 15.梦到 16.阐明某事；使某事显得非常清楚 17.引起某人注意 18.使减速慢行 19.在高度上 20.切碎
Sentence
patterns &
Communicative
English 1.Jules spent many years in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
2.Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr.Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity.
3.By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.
4.He also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were considered impossible in his own time.
5.In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine.
6.Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.
7.Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper.
8.But I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that I would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature.
9.While unfinished, he was ugly, but now he was a living horror.
10.Under water travel and space travel have many things in common.
Grammar Word-formation
Topics &Writing Write a short passage about man’s great dream of creating life.
语言点讲解
1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法国作家儒勒凡尔纳写了很多著名书籍，比如《海底两万里》和《八十天环游地球》。
（1）Jules Verne 儒勒凡尔纳。法国科学幻想家和冒险小说家。
（2）such as
①like; for example 像；诸如；例如 eg:
Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了。
②everything that凡是 eg:
Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.我死后全部财产除了交税以外全部给你。
（3）league n.
① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格（旧时长度单位，约3英里或4.8公里）。 eg:
The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 这匹马一天能跑240公里。
②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 联盟；同盟 eg:
The League of Nations is an international organization.国际联盟是一个国际组织。
2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 试试下面的科学小测验，看看你是否了解得多些。
any better 更好
any adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑问句中，与faster, slower, better等连用；用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上；丝毫 eg:
I can’t run any faster. 我无法跑得更快了。
Is your father any better? 你父亲有所好转了吗？
3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距离是多少？
(1) distance n. [C, U]
① (amount of) space between two points or places 距离；间距
A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.自行车骑得好的人一天可以行驶一百多英里。
②distant place or point 远处；远方 eg:
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.距离六英里以外的东西很难看清。
(2) at a distance （稍）远处，表示一定的距离，近距离或用以说明具体的距离，其不定冠词a有时可以略去或改用some。 eg:
This picture looks better at a distance. 这幅画远看就好些。
(3) in the distance (far away) 在（较）远处，强调距离之远。 eg:
They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.他们期望着发现远处敌人的迹象。
(4) keep sb. at a distance 与某人保持一定距离；不愿与某人亲近eg:
He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他总是不愿与任何人亲近：
4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?
一只气球能走多快？一架飞机呢？还有一架航天飞机呢？
(1)ballon
①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration（用作玩具或装饰品的）气球 eg:
They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.昨天他们给他们的儿子买了很多气球。
②v. swell out like a balloon 如气球一般膨胀 eg:
Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子让风吹得鼓起来了。
③go ballooning 乘气球 eg:
They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他们周末喜欢乘气球玩。
(2)How/What about …？……怎么样？常常用来打听消息或提出建议，征求对方意见，后接名词，代词或动名词。 eg:
How about your mother? Does she feel better today?你妈妈怎么样听？她今天觉得好点儿了吗？
(3)space shuttle-spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飞机；太空穿梭机 eg:
I have never seen a space shuttle. 我从未看见过航天飞机。
知识点讲解
1. Fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.
填写下一页的图表并按他们看到的动物的样子给那种动物作一个速写。
sketch n.
①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描；速写；草图
②make a sketch of … 作一个……的速写 eg:
He was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅长作面部素描。
③short account or description, giving only basic details 简短的陈述或素描
④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:
Please give a sketch of your plans. 请概述一下你的计划。
2. description n. describing; picture in words 描述；描绘
（1）give sb. a brief description of …向某人简要地描述…… eg:
Can you give me a brief description of what has happened?你能向我简要描述一下所发生的事吗？
（2）beyond description 难以描述 eg:
Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌难以用语言来描述。
（3）give/make a description of …对……加以描述 eg:
He made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模样。
（4）describe v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常构成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:
Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美难以言传。
3. Why does Sam need to know the time? 为什么萨姆需要知道时间？
need的用法小结：
（1）need作情态动词，通常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句、whether/if名词从句或含否定意义的句子中。 eg:
I do not see why we need discuss it further.我看我们没有必要讨论下去了。
That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about.那已全部解决了，没有必要再讨论了。
（2）need又是实义动词，各种变化和用法与普通实义动词相同。 eg:
①They need a rest after a long walk.长距离行走后他们需要休息一下。
②I need you to work for me, young man! 小伙子，我需要你为我工作！
③I need to consult a dictionary. 我需要查字典。
（3）need接动名词主动形式，表示被动含义，这时动名词和主语之间有动宾关系，need doing可转换为need to be done结构，意思相同。
My hair needs washing badly.(=My hair needs to be washed badly.)我的头发非常需要洗一洗。
The garden needs watering.(= The garden needs to be watered.)花园需要洗水。
4. fiction n.
(1)[C] sth. invented or imagined 虚构之事；捏造的故事 eg:
The film was very good although it was a fiction.这部电影虽属虚构，但很好。
(2)[U] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances （作为文学之一分支的）小说 eg:
Truth is often stranger than fiction.事实往往比小说还离奇。
(3)science fiction 科幻小说
5. in the future, in future与in the far future.
(1)in the future意思是“将来，今后的时期”，但不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间。 eg:
No one can know what will happen in the future.没有人会知道将来会发生什么事。
(2)in future意思是“从今以后”（=from now on）。 eg:
In future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今后要注意你的发音。
(3)in the far future 在遥远的未来 eg:
It is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.
在遥远的未来，医生有可能找到一种使我们永远年轻的办法。
6. incomplete adj. not complete不完全的 eg:
The passage below is incomplete. Please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.
下面的文章是不完整的，请用正确的介词填空。
注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含义的前缀“in-“构成的，表达与complete相反的含义。
7. work with sb.与work with sth.
(1)work with sb.意为“和某人一道工作” eg:
I like to work with him. 我喜欢和他一块儿工作。
(2)work with sth. 意为“从事……方面的研究工作”，“用……工作” eg:
Professor Wang had worked with bees for many years.王教授多年从事蜜蜂的研究工作。
I would rather work with the bigger brush.我宁愿用那把大一点儿的刷子干活。
8. (1) beat, defeat, win与gain
①beat和defeat属一组同义词，它们的宾语必须是人或一个集体，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在战场上打败敌人；beat是游戏、比赛的专门用词。二者常可换。 eg:
We beat their team by 10 points. 我们赢了他们队十分。
In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他们的部队被击（打）败。
②win和gain属一组同义词。Gain表示获得需要之物，它常跟的宾语有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等；win表示在较强的竞争中取得胜利，它常跟的宾语有game, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:
We shall gain experience through practice.我们将通过实践获得经验。
They won the battle but lost many men.他们取得了这次战斗的胜利，但牺牲了很多人。
(2)beat, hit, strike与tap
beat着重“连续性地击打”，如殴打或体罚，也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方。此外，beat还可用来指心脏的跳动。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，还可指罢工，（钟）敲响之意。hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，着重敲打或打击对方的某一点。tap一般是轰轰拍打的意思。 eg:
The wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麦子被雨水打得伏倒了。
The stone hit him on the head.石头击中了他的头部。
It strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.它（蚂蚁）用前腿和触角敲打臭虫的背部。
It taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code.
它（蚂蚁）像使用一种电码的方式一样，用触角轻敲对方的头部。
9. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.医生可能会找到一种使我们永远保持年轻的办法。
（1）“way”意为“方式，方法”，在其后要用to do或of doing的形式作后置定语。 eg:
Cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.曹冲想出了一个称象的办法。
（2）此外，如果way之后跟定语从句，那么这个定语从句用in which或that引导，也可省略。 eg:
This was the way that/in which they solved the problem.这就是他们解决那个问题的办法。
10. believe sb. 与believe in sb.
believe sb.相信某人（所说的话是真的）
believe in sb.信任某人 eg:
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.我相信他的话是真的，但我不能信任他。
生词和词组
1. bulb n.
①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 电灯泡 eg:
If you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有时间的话，请换个灯泡。
②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants（eg the lily, onion, tulip） sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鳞茎；球茎（如百合、洋葱、郁金香的茎） eg:
We cooked onion bulbs for food. 我们烹调洋葱茎作为食物。
③object shaped like a bulb 球状物 eg:
The bulb of this thermometer is broken.这支温度计的球状顶端碎了。
2. foundation n.
①[U] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) （机构，组织等的）建立，创立，创办 eg:
He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.
他把全部精力都致力于这所大学的创办。
②[C,U] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis（作为某事的）基本原则、思想或事实；基础 eg:
This success laid the foundation of his career.这次成功为他的事业奠定了基础。
③foundation course 基础课
④ foundation-stone 奠基石
⑤found v.建立，创立
⑥founder n. 建立者；缔造者
3. servant n.
①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 仆人；佣人 eg:
He had a lot of servants work for him. 他让很多仆人为他工作。
②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 雇员（尤指忠心耿耿的）；公务员 eg:
He was a trusted servant of the company. 他是这个公司里的一个可靠雇员。
4. whale
(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鲸 eg:
A whale is not a fish.鲸不是鱼。
(2)have a whale of a time（习语）玩得非常愉快 eg:
The children had a whale of a time at the fairground.孩子们在游乐场玩得很高兴。
(3)v. hunt whales 捕鲸 eg:
They are whaling at sea. 他们正在海上捕鲸。
(4)whaler n.捕鲸；捕鲸的人
5. hunter n. person who hunts 猎人；搜索者；搜寻者 eg:
The hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.
那个猎人那天去打猎的时候在森林里迷了路。
6. collision n. [C,U]
①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash（物与物或人与人）相撞，碰撞，撞坏
常构成：collision with sb./sth. 与某人/某物相撞
collision between A and B A与B相撞 eg:
The collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 两车相撞造成三人死亡。
②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.抵触；（相反的目的、看法、意见等的）冲突 eg:
Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.她的政治活动触犯了法律。
7. overboard adv.
①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 从船上落（或抛）入水中；在船外 eg:
The sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手从船上跳入水中。
②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 对（某人/某事）极感兴趣或过分感兴趣 eg:
He goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.他对年轻的女子见一个爱一个。
③throw sth./sb. overboard 抛弃某事物；除掉或不再支持某人 eg:
After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.该党惨败落选后罢免了党魁。
8. submarine n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潜水艇 eg:
A submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潜水艇在海面下行驶。
9. permanent adj.
①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的；永恒的；长久的；长期的 eg:
She is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。
②not likely to change 不大可能改变的 eg:
She wrote down my permanent address. 她写下了我的固定地址。
10. guest
(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense宾客；客人 eg:
We are expecting guests this weekend. 我们本周末要来客人。
(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅馆、寄宿处等的人；旅客 eg:
This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.这旅馆能接待500位客人。
(3)客座教授 eg:
Professor Wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on DNA.
我们的客座教授王教授，今晚要给我们作一个关于DNA的演讲。
(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme（在电视或广播节目中）客串 eg:
She often guests on a radio programme.她经常在一个广播节目中客串。
11. voyage (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行；（尤指）航海，航天 eg:
They made a voyage across the Atlantic.他们作了一次横越大西洋的航行。
(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行；航海；航天飞行 eg:
A plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.一架飞机作航天飞行时坠毁了。
(3)voyager n. 航行者；航海者；航天者
12. aboard adv. On or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. U.S.) a bus在船（或飞机、车）上；上船；登机 eg:
We went aboard. 我们上了船。
13. prisoner n.
①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人；囚犯 eg:
He was kept as a prisoner.他作为一个囚犯被关了起来。
②person that has been captured被抓起来的人；俘虏；失去自由的人 eg:
You are our prisoner now.你现在是我们的俘虏了。
14. gentle adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 温和的；慈祥的；小心的；温柔的；文雅的；轻轻的 eg:
I met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一个慈祥的老太太。
15. extinct adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence（尤指某种动物等）不再存在的；绝种的；灭绝的 eg:
If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct.
我们若继续破坏乡村环境，将会有更多的动物绝种。
②(fire or hope) ge out（火，希望等）熄灭了的 eg:
The fire was extinct.火灭了。
16. layer [′leI (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division层（尤指数层之一） eg:
Several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.穿几层薄的衣服总比穿一层厚的衣服暖和。
②person who lays sth. on… 铺设者
17. marble
(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:
These steps are made of marble. 这些台阶是大理石建造的。
(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品；大理石艺术品
(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:
She has marble skin. 她有着大理石般光洁的皮肤。
18. paraphrase
(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand将（一段文字等）释义或意译（尤指为易于理解） eg:
He paraphrased a speech in colloquial English.他用通俗英语意译了一篇演讲稿。
(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand
（对一段文字等的）释义，意义（尤指为易于理解） eg:
The paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.该十四行诗的意译易于理解。
19. definition [U] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)（词语等的）释义 eg:
Dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.
辞书编纂者必须精于给词语下定义的技巧。
20. misbehave v. behave badly or improperly 行为不端；举止不当 eg:
She misbehaved. 她行为不端。
21. subtitle n. (usu. pl. 通常作复数) (esp. cinema 尤用于电影)
words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:
Without the subtitles I would not understand the film.没有字幕的话我就理解不了这部电影。
22. interchangeable adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交换的，可互换的，可交替的（尤指不影响操作的） eg:
The two words are interchangeable. 这两个单词是可互换的。
23. underpants n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body（男用）内裤 eg:
He stood there in his underpants. 他只穿内裤站在那儿。
24. study law study 研究；学习；求学。 study law意为“研究法律”，law前不加冠词，类似的用法还有study medicine“研究医学”。 eg:
He wanted to study law. 他想学法律。
25. make a living与make one’s living意为“谋生”，这里的make也可换成earn/gain/get。在表达“靠做……以谋生”之意时，常用短语earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:
Before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爷爷靠给一个地主干活为生。
26. …allow man to do things … ……允许人类做……, allow可构成以下结构：
allow sb. to do sth.→被动：sb. be allowed to do sth.
allow doing sth.允许做某事 eg:
Mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 妈妈不允许我晚上外出。
They didn’t allow smoking here. 这儿不允许吸烟。
类似用法的动词还有：advise, permit, forbid等词。
27. set out与set off
(1)set out意为“出发/启程”，表达“动身去某地”时用“set out for sp.”此时可与“set off for sp.”互换。 eg:
They set out for town at dawn.他们在拂晓动身进城了。
(2)set out to do sth.意为“开始做某事”。 eg:
When everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切准备就绪，医生就开始动起手术来了。
28. on board上船（或飞机、火车、汽车等）；在船上（或飞机上、火车上、汽车上）。 eg:
As soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.我们一上船，船就出港了。
29. from that day on从那天起，“from+时间+on”表示“从……时候起”，如“from then/now/ on”表示“从那时/现在/起”之意。可与现在、过去、将来的时态连用。 eg:
From then on she knew she would win. 从那时起她就知道她将取胜。
30. defend … against/from …保护/保卫/防御……抵御/免遭 eg:
The soldiers defended their country against enemies.战士们保卫他们的祖国抵御敌人。
It is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.保护自己的孩子不受伤害是一个母亲的天性。
同、近义词辨析
1. electric与electrical
(1)electric电的；用电的；带电的；发电的
an electric current/torch/iron 电流/电筒/电熨斗 eg:
He bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他买了一个手电筒。
(2)electrical关于电的
electrical engineering电机工程学 eg:
He majored in electrical engineering in the college.他在大学里主修电机工程学。
2. discover, find out与invent
(1)discover指“发现”某种本来存在，而以前未被发现的事物或未为人所知的东西。
(2)find out常用来指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”，做“发现”讲时，是指发现一种无形而隐藏的东西。
(3)invent表“发明”之意，意思是发明出以前没有的东西，往往是物质性的东西。 eg:
Gilbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb.吉伯特发现了电，而爱迪生发明了灯泡。
Think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.仔细想想，你就会发现你错了。
3. instead与instead of
instead是副词；instead of为介词短语，后接名词，代词，动名词或介词短语，从句等形式。一般情况下，含有instead of的句子可以改写为含有instead的句子。 eg:
He stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
=He didn’t go to school. Instead, he stayed in bed all day.他没去上学，而是在床上躺了一整天。
I didn’t drink water. I drank juice instead.
=I drank juice instead of water. 我没有喝水，而是喝的果汁。
4. late, lately, latest, later与latter
(1)late指比预料的或正常的时间晚。 eg:
I was late for work again.我上班又迟到了。
(2)lately“近来”，常用于疑问句，否定句，或与only连用或用于as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:
Have you seen her lately?你最近看到过她吗？
(3)latest adj.“最近的”、“最新的” eg:
Have you got the latest news about him? 你有他最近的消息吗？
(4)later“后来”，“较晚的时候”，也可和段时间连用，表示从过去或将来某一时间起，多长时间以后。 eg:
Later the boy found his mother. 后来那个男孩找到了他妈妈。
(5)latter用来表示两事物之间的顺序，意为“后一个/后者”，与the former（前者）相对。 eg:
Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.此二人中前者已死，但后者仍活着。
5. at the beginning与in the beginning
(1)at the beginning通常接of短语，表示“在……初”，“在……开始的时候”，它的反义短语是at the end of。 eg:
Great changes took place at the beginning of the century.在那个世纪初发生了巨大的变化。
(2)in the beginning表示“起初”，“开始的时候”，不与of介词短语连用。但at the beginning偶尔也可单独使用，在意思上与in the beginning区别不大。 eg:
In the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.起初没人理睬他的话。
6. finally, at last与in the end
(1)finally一般指一系列事物或论点按排列的最后一项内容，或用在动词前，表示等了好久才……，没有感情色彩。 eg:
Finally, let’s do some exercises.最后我们来做一些练习吧。
(2)at last往往表示经过一番努力或曲折的过程之后的意思，常常有较浓的感情色彩。 eg:
At last, he got hold of the elephant’s tail. 他最后终于抓住了大象的尾巴。
(3)in the end可与finally和at last通用。 eg:
The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.
这场战争持续了四年，最后北方取得了胜利。（但in the end可预卜未来。）
知识点讲解
1. Jules spent many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
儒勒在巴黎图书馆花费很长时间研究地质学，物理学和许多其他的学科。
spend“花费”，常用于下面的结构：
spend money/time on sth./(in) doing sth. 在某事/做某事方面花费钱/时间
eg: He does not spend much time on his homework.他在做作业上花费不了多少时间。
注意区别spend与take。
Take的用法是：It takes/took/will take sb. Some time to do sth.“做某事花费某人多少时间” eg:
It took him two hours to finish the work. 完成这份工作花费了他两个小时。
2. Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity. 他小说里所提到的许多设备会让读者想起本杰明富兰克林用电做的实验。
remind提醒；使想起；可构成以下结构：
(1)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
Please remind me to answer that letter.请提醒我回复那封信。
(2)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
He reminds me of his brother. 他使我想起他哥哥。
(3)remind sb. that从句。 提醒某人某事 eg:
He reminded me that I didn’t finish my work.他提醒了我，说我没完成自己的工作。
3. By taking the scientific developments of his day on step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction. 通过将他所处时代的科学发展向前推进一步，儒勒凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。
by在本句是介词，说明手段或方式，可译作“通过，用，以，由于”等，其后常跟名词或动词-ing形式。 eg:
This pair of shoes is made by hand. 这双鞋是手工做的。
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves. 帮助他们就等于救了我们自己。
注意by表达这种含义时与with和in的区别；表示使用有形的工具或器官时要用with，其后的名词前一般应用冠词。使用某种语言，表示用墨水、颜色、颜料等“原料”或“材料”都用in，且名词前不用冠词。 eg:
It is my practice（习惯） to do my writing with a pencil. 我习惯用铅笔写。
Can you sing this song in English? 你能用英语唱这首歌吗？
It is impolite to write a letter in red ink. 用红墨水写信是不礼貌的。
4. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他们努力求生时，发现自己就在怪兽身体的表面上，结果怪兽竟然是一艘潜水艇。
(1)这里的which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the monster itself。
(2)in their efforts中的in表示“正在进行的动作或状态”。 eg:
He is always in action.他总是在行动中。
W seem to be in agreement on the matter.在这件事上我们的意见看来是一致的。
(3)turn out to be“结果是……”，“最后情况是……” eg:
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.尽管今早看起来要下雨，最后却是晴天。
The meeting turned out to be very successful. 结果那个会议很成功。
5. They are taken on board and Captain Nemo decides not to kill them but makes them his permanent guests.
他们被带到了艇上。尼莫船长决定不杀死他们而是使他们成为他永久的客人。
(1)decide to do sth. 决定做某事；decide not to do sth.决定不做某事 eg:
We decided not to go abroad for the time being. 我们决定暂时不出国了。
(2)not…but…“不是……而是……”，连接两个并列成分，如连接两个并列宾语，两个并列表语或两个并列主语等。注意当not…but…连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要采用就近一致的原则，即与but后的主语保持一致。 eg:
He can speak not Chinese but Japanese.他不会讲汉语会讲日语。
He is not a poet but a writer. 他不是诗人而是作家。
Not I but he is fond of football. 不是我而是他喜欢足球。
(3)…makes them his permanent guests中的his permanent guests用来作them的补足语。
6. The furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world. 摆设很精致，巨大的玻璃窗可以打开或关上，让人看到水下世界。
(1)这里的that引导一个定语从句(that can be opened and closed)用于修饰先行词huge glass windows.
(2)a view of …“……的景色”或“看；眺望；观察”之意。 eg:
There’s a view of the river from my windows.在我的窗前可看到河上风光。
If you stand here you’ll get a better view of the procession.如果你站在这里，就可以更清楚地看到游行队伍。
7. All that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean.艇上所有生活所需全部来自于海洋。
That is needed for life on board是定语从句，修饰先行词all。
注：（1）当先行词是不定代词all, everything, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等时，宾语从句只能由that引导。 eg:
The boy handed in everything that he had picked up in the street to the police. 那个男孩把他在大街上捡到的一切东西都交给了警察。
（2）all that=what eg:
All that the said was true.=What he said was true.他所说的一切都是真的。
8. Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship. 他们穿着潜水衣，在船上灯的照射下在这个魔幻世界中四处走动。
(1)dress ①vt. “给某人穿衣服”用于“dress sb.”结构中。dress oneself意为“给自己穿衣服”；be dressed in意为“穿着……”。 The gentleman is dressed in a modern coat.那位先生穿着一件很新潮的衣服。
②vi. “穿着/打扮”之意 eg:
She dressed well. 她穿得很好。
(2)walk around四处走动 eg:
He walked around in the room. 他在房间里走来走去。
9. (1)They find themselves surrounded by colorful rocks, fishes, shells and plants, all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters. 他们发现自己被彩色的岩石、鱼、贝壳和植物包围着，这些东西在蓝色的海域中慢慢地摇曳移动着。
(2)But at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk. 但是在其他时刻，当他为了那些随着沉船一起被淹死的人而哭泣时，你又会发现他温柔又脆弱。
上面两句中的find themselves surrounded和find him gentle and weak都是find的常见用法。这里surrounded是过去分词，gentle和weak是形容词，它们都用来做宾补。find的此种用法可归纳为：find+sb./sth.+adj./介词短语/doing/done/adv./n. 。 eg:
I found the ground covered with snow when I opened the door.当我打开门的时候我发现地面铺满了雪。
When he came in, he found a thief stealing his money.他进来的时候，他发现一个小偷天在偷他的钱。
10. Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper. 穿过煤层和大理石层他们走得越来越深了。
deeper and deeper越来越深
这种“比较级+and+比较级”结构表达“越来越……”之意。 eg:
summer comes, the weather is hotter and hotter.夏天已经到了，天气越来越热了。
典型病句诊断
1.病句：We are not allowed playing with fire.
诊断：We are not allowed to play with fire.
点拨：把句中的playing改为to play。本句使用的是allow sb. to do sth.的被动语态，应该是sb. be allowed to do sth.
2.病句：He has set out to Beijing.
诊断：He has set out for Beijing.
点拨：把句中的to改为for。“动身去某地”用“set out for sp.”是固定搭配。
3.病句：This machine has an electric fault.
诊断：This machine has an electrical fault.
点拨：把句中的electric改为electrical。Electric是“用电的/带电的/发电的/电的”之意，而electrical表达“有关于电的”之意。根据本句之意，应表达“有关电的毛病”，所以要把electric改为electrical。
4.病句：Columbus found out America.
诊断：Columbus discovered America.
点拨：found out表示“弄明白，搞清楚”之意。而“哥伦布发现了美洲”很明显应是发现本来就存在而以前未能发现的美洲，应用discover表达这种含义。
5.病句：We’ll have a party in the open air instead in the house.
诊断：We’ll have a party in the open air instead of in the house.
点拨：instead是副词，而介词短语instead of后面才能跟介词短语。若用instead，上句可改为：We won’t have a party in the house. Instead we will have it ni the open air.。
6.病句：What have you been doing latest?
诊断：What have you been doing lately?
点拨：“latest”是adj. ，表达“最新的；最近的”之意，而句中需要一个副词表达“最近”之意。
7.病句：I took 3 hours doing my homework.
诊断：I spent 3 hours doing my homework.
点拨：spend表“花费”之意，其结构是“sb. spend(s)/spent/will spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.”。而take当“花费”讲时，结构是“It take/took/will take sb. some to do sth.”。
8.病句：These old pictures reminded me my childhood.
诊断：These old pictures reminded me of my childhood.
点拨：remind不能跟双宾语，即不能构成remind sb. sth.结构，表达“提醒某人某事”时要用“remind sb. of sth.”结构。
9.病句：What have you done by the old things?
诊断：What have you done with the old things?
点拨：by之后加手段或方式，with之后加有形的工具或器官。The old things是工具，所以用with。其次，do with还有“处理”，“放置”之意。
10.病句：All which she did made us very surprised.
诊断：All that she did made us very surprised.
点拨：当先行词为不定代词时，定语从句应由that引导，不能用which。all为不定代词。其他的不定代词如everything, something, little, much等也符合这种用法。
单元语法知识归纳：构词
在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种，即合成、转化和派生。
1.合成法：把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法叫合成法，也叫合词法。
（1）合成名词highway 公路
（2）合成形容词hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深蓝
（3）合成动词ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大规模生产 safe guard 保卫
（4）合成副词however 然而 downstairs 在楼下
（5）合成代词 anybody nobody something
2.转化法：转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。
（1）动词转化为名词
常用give, take, have, make等动词与其搭配构成动词词组，表示一个动作。 eg:
give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 have a talk谈话 make a wish 许愿
（2）形容词转化为副词
How long is the road？那条路有多条？（形容词）
How long have you been working there? 你在那里工作了多久？（副词）
（3）形容词转化为动词 eg:
The storm slowed down to half its speed. 风暴速度减慢了一半。
The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子们慢慢安静了下来了。
（4）名词转化为动词 eg:
The hall can seat two thousand people.大厅能坐人。
The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客们已经订了飞机票。
（5）形容词转化为名词
Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了点毛病。（形容词）
Little children didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.小孩子不能辨别是非。（名词）
3.派生法
派生是由词根加词缀（前缀、后缀）构成新词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般只改变词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般只改变词性，不引起词义的变化。
前 缀 例 词
a-构成形容词、副词 Alive（活着的）, abroad（在国外）, alone
dis-（否定） discourage, disagree
en-（使可能） enrich, enable(使成为可能)，endanger
in-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非） invisible(看不见), illogical（不合逻辑的）, impossible, irregular（不规则的）
inter-（相互，之间） international, interchange
mis-（误） mislay, misunderstand（误会）,mislead（误导）
re-（重复，再） recycle（循环）,remarry, rewrite
tele-（远程） telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（电信）
un-（不），non-（不，非） unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非导体）
后 缀 例 词
名
词 -er……者 foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader
-ese……地方的人 Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ian 精通……的人，……地方的人 musician, technician（技术员）， African, Asian
-ist 专业人员 pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist
-ment性质，状态 movement（运动）, development, encouragement
-ness性质，状态 illness, shyness, sadness, business
-or器具，……者 tractor, visitor, professor, actor
名
词 -tion表示动作、过程、结果 ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action
形
容
词
practical（实用的）,international, final
American, Italian, Australian
southern, northern, eastern
helpful, useful, harmful
reasonable, capable, eatable
foolish, British, English selfish
active, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptive
windy, sleepy, healthy, sunny
careless, selfless（无私心的）,harmless, useless
动
词 -fy使……化 simplify（简化）, terrify（恐吓）, satisfy
-ize使……成为 realize（实现）, organize, stabilize, modernize
副
词 -ly表示方式、程度 badly, truly, angrily, suddenly
-ward(s)表示方向 toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）
数
词 -teen十 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty整十位数 forty, fifty, eighty, twenty
-th序数词 twelfth, twentieth, fourth
知识记忆
1.collision n.碰撞，冲突
a head-on collision正面冲突或相撞
He was killed in a car collision.他在一次汽车相撞中死亡。
His car had a collision with a bus.他的车与公交车相撞了。
A collision with Parliament could ruin the government’s plans.与议会的冲突可能会破坏政府的计划。
be in collision (with)/come into collision (with)(与……)冲突，相撞，发生矛盾
The two ships came into collision.那两只船相撞了。
People with revolutionary ideas may find themselves in collision with the forces of the law.
想革命的人会发现他们自己与法律的势力水火不相容。
2.permanent adj.永久的，固定的，长期不变的
permanent peace 长久的和平
a permanent job 固定的职业
The drug may cause permanent brain damage.这种药可能会引起永久性的脑部伤害。
This is my permanent address.这是我的固定居所。
After doing odd jobs for a week, he got a permanent job.做了一个星期的零工后，他找到了一份固定工作。
3.voyage n.航海，航行
The ship set out on a long voyage.那艘船出发进行长途航行。
The voyage to England took seven days.这次去英国的航行时间是七天。
We made a voyage to Australia.我们航行到了澳大利亚。
He is now on the voyage home.他正在返航途中。
David went on a voyage around the world.大卫作了环游世界的航行。
When I give up work I shall make/take a long sea voyage.我离职后要作一次长途航海旅行。
4.aboard adv.在船(飞机、车)上，上船，上飞机
All aboard! 各位请上船(飞机、车)!
Welcome aboard! 欢迎大家乘船(飞机、车)!
All 257 aboard died in the airliner crash.那次飞机失事中，机上的257名乘客全部遇难。
We got aboard though the boat was crowded.虽然船上很拥挤，我们还是上了船。
He came running along and climbed aboard just as the train was to pull out.
就在火车即将开动时，他跑过来了并爬上了火车。
5.gentle adj.温和的，温柔的，有礼貌的，文雅的
Mothers are always gentle with their children.母亲对待孩子总是温柔体贴。
My new teacher is both gentle and encouraging toward me.我的新老师对我既温和又鼓励。
Mary is very gentle; she never talks roughly.玛丽很文雅，她从来不说粗话。
She was small, and gentle in her voice and movements.她小巧玲珑，声音温柔，动作文雅。
She gave the baby a gentle pat on the back.她在小孩的背上轻轻地拍了一下。
6.throw light on/upon使……显得非常清楚
The modern scientific development has thrown light on this question.现代科学的发展已使这个问题明朗化。
Can you throw any light on the problem? 你能把这个问题阐述清楚吗？
The information throws light upon the mystery of Dr Bake.这个信息可以解开贝克医生之迷。
7.matter n.事情，问题[C]；物质，内容[U]
a private matter 私事
the matter under discussion 讨论中的问题
Political matters interest him greatly.他对政治问题深感兴趣。
It’s no laughing matter.这不是开玩笑的事。
The world is made up of matter.世界是由物质组成的。
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.物质以三种形态存在，即固体、液体和气体。
The matter in your essay is excellent.你文章的内容写得很好。
8.phenomena n.[pl.]现象，奇迹(单数形式是phenomenon)
Rain and snow are phenomena of the weather.下雨和下雪是天气现象。
The phenomena were observed by astronomers throughout the world.全世界的天文学家都观测到了这种现象。
That’s a natural phenomenon.那是一种自然现象。
An eclipse is an interesting phenomenon.日食是很有趣的现象。
Beethoven was a phenomenon among musicians.贝多芬是音乐家中的奇才。
A child who can play the piano at the age of two would be called a phenomenon.两岁就能弹钢琴的小孩可称为奇才。
9.labour n.努力；劳动，劳动果实
mental labour 脑力劳动 physical labour 体力劳动
Workers are paid for their labour.工人以劳动获得报酬。
His new book is the product of some three years’ labour.这本新书是他大约三年努力的成果。
It is labour to read the Bible through.读完圣经是件相当吃力的工作。
10.hesitate vi.犹豫，迟疑，踌躇
She hesitated before picking up the phone.她在拿起听筒前犹豫了一下。
She’s still hesitating about sending her son to college.她对于要不要送儿子进大学一事仍然犹豫不决。
We seldom hesitate about where to stay in Paris.去巴黎要住哪儿，我们很少有拿不定主意的情况。
Don’t hesitate to tell me if you have any requests.如果你有什么要求，请告诉我，不要犹豫。
I hesitate to ask you, but will you recommend me for the post?
向你提要求真不好意思，请你推荐我去担任那项职务好吗？
hesitation n.犹豫，踌躇
without hesitation毫不犹豫
I had no hesitation in telling the truth.我毫不迟疑地说出了实情。
发散思维
1.distance n.距离
当询问距离是多少时，要用what提问。
What’s the distance to London? 到伦敦的距离是多少？
distance的修饰语常用some,good,great,long,short等。
It’s a good distance away.离得很远。
The villagers have to walk a long distance to get water.村民们要走很远去取水。
distance常构成下列短语：
within walking distance“在步行可及的地方，几步之遥”
The park is within (easy) walking distance of my house.公园离我家只有几步之遥。
My parents live within walking distance of me.我父母住在我家附近。
at/from a distance (of)“从远处”
This picture looks better at a distance.从远处看，这张画更好看。
Now and then he stepped back to look at his work from a distance.他不时地退后几步从远处看一看他的作品。
One can see the ancient ruins at/from a distance of 20 miles.人们从20英里之处就能看到这个古迹。
in the distance“在远处，远方的”
A ship could be seen in the distance.可以看到远方有一艘船。
I made out three figures moving in the distance.我看到远处有三个黑影在活动。
keep sb.at a distance “与某人保持一段距离，不很亲密”
Mr.Smith is kind to the workers in his store, but after work he keeps them at a distance.
史密斯先生对他商店的工人很好，但下班后却与他们不很亲密。
It was difficult to get to know her because she always kept everyone at a distance.
很难搞懂她，因为她总是与人保持一定的距离。
2.attention n.注意力，注意，留心，关心
It is difficult to hold the students’ attention for more than an hour.
要让学生们持续集中注意力达一个小时以上，真是很难。
This matter requires our close attention.这件事我们必须密切注意。
He drew attention to the rising unemployment.失业率日渐升高引起了他的注意。
We listened with attention to what he said.我们倾听他所说的话。
My grandfather is over eighty and needs a lot of attention.我的祖父年过八十，需要经常照顾。
The patient needed immediate attention.这位病人需要立即治疗。
常构成的短语：
pay/give attention to 注意 attract/catch/draw/get one’s attention 吸引某人的注意
focus one’s attention on 集中注意力于 devote one’s attention to 专心于
turn one’s attention to 将注意力转向
背景知识
Jules Verne
Jules Verne(1828~1905),French writer and pioneer of science fiction,whose best known works today are Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea(1870)and Around the World in Eighty Days(1873).
Jules Gabriel Verne was born on February 8,1828,in Nantes,France.His parents were of a seafaring tradition,a factor which influenced his writings.As a boy,Jules Verne ran off to be a cabin boy on a merchant ship,but he was caught and returned to his parents.In 1847 Jules was sent to study law in Paris.While there,however,his passion for the theatre grew.Later in 1850,Jules Verne’s first play was published.His father was outraged when he heard that Jules was not going to continue law,so he discontinued the money he was giving him to pay for his expenses in Paris.This forced Verne to make money by selling his stories.
After spending many hours in Paris libraries studying geology,engineering,and astronomy, Jules Verne published his first novel Five Weeks in a Balloon(1863).Soon he started writing novels such as Journey to the Center of the Earth(1864),From the Earth to the Moon(1866),and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea(1873).
Because of the popularity of these and other novels,Jules Verne became a very rich man.In 1876,he bought a large yacht and sailed around Europe.His last novel The Invasion of the Sea appeared in 1905.
Jules Verne died in the city of Amines on March 24,1905.
课文译文
儒勒凡尔纳：科幻小说的鼻祖
儒勒凡尔纳在1828年出生于法国。他的父亲送他去巴黎学习法律，但儒勒却对戏剧产生了热爱。为了谋生，儒勒不得不从事写作并卖掉自己的作品。凡尔纳花了好多时间在巴黎图书馆研究地质学、物理学和其他学科。在他的书中他应用了他那个时代最新的理念和科学发明。他小说中出现的好多工具都会使读者想起本杰明富兰克林有名的关于电的实验。通过把他那个年代的科学发展再往前推一步，儒勒凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。他还提出发明在将来会得到怎么样的应用，而这些用法在他那个年代是被认为不可能的。儒勒凡尔纳死于19，远远早于他任何一个梦想的实现。
在《海底两万里》这本书的一开始,那是他的一部有名的小说,世界各地的船只突然失踪,而且这被认为是一只大海怪造成的。艾瑞纳克斯博士，他的仆人以及一位加拿大的捕鲸者开始去寻找那个怪物。在好几个月的搜寻之后,他们终于找到了它。在随后的搏斗中他们三个人被扔进水中。在他们挣扎求生当中，他们发现自己在一个怪物的表面上，而那怪物其实是一艘潜水艇。他们被带上船，尼莫船长不打算杀掉他们,相反却和他们结成永久的朋友。从那天起,他们就计划逃离。
尼莫船长带着他们在海洋里航行。诺特拉斯是一只非凡的船。里面的家具非常的珍贵。大大的窗户可以打开也可以关闭,这使我们能欣赏到海底世界。这只船还非常结实，外面被厚厚的铁板保护着。船上所需要的一切都来自于海洋。电被用来照明,取暖,提供动力和使船抵御外来袭击。
身穿潜水衣，被船的灯光照明，他们行走在这个魔幻世界里。他们发现自己被五彩的岩石、各种各样的鱼、贝类和海底植物所包围。这些海底生物在碧蓝的海水中摇曳和慢慢移动。
自从这本书一出版，读者们就对尼莫船长的性格感到扑朔迷离。你很难说喜不喜欢他。你或许认为他是一个残酷的人，因为他不仅把艾瑞纳克斯和其他人囚禁起来，还破坏船只。然而在其他时候，比如说当他为在沉船中溺死的人哭泣的时候，你又会认为他很温柔和脆弱。
另外一部精彩小说是《地心探险记》。这部小说是以一部古书里的古老文献的发现为开始的。他向人们解释了怎样发现去地心的路。两位男子决心去冰岛冒险，在那里他们通过一个死活山口走进了地底。他们的导游带着他们穿越一个狭长的通道来到了地下。经过一个煤层和大理石层，他们已经走得越来越深了。他们喝地下河流的沸腾的水。几天过后，他们来到了地下湖和地下海洋。沿着它们的岸边走，他们穿越了一个大森林，里面的蘑菇和植物已经在地球上生存了几百万年了。为了穿越海洋，他们造了一个小筏子但是在海上还是受到了古代海怪的袭击。最后，他们的小筏子被卷入了急流。伴随着越来越高的速度和温度，他们被位于意大利南部的火山口喷出。
弗兰肯斯坦的故事
没有人会比我有一个更加快乐的童年。不同于其他孩子的玩耍和冒险，我有一种强烈的求知欲。我对于语言结构和法律一点都不感兴趣。我想知道地球和天空的奥秘。我的父亲没有科学方面的专业知识，所以我必须在没有人指点迷津的基础上自己去寻找出路。我开始寻求智慧，并梦想找到治愈我疾病的办法。
我阅读了所有有关这件事的书籍。我研究了数学和物理还有其他知识渊博的作者的书。在我17岁的时候，我的父母送我上了大学。但是我发现大学里所教的东西非常地令人失望。因而我决定开创一种新的方法，探索未知的力量，并把大自然最为神奇的秘密揭示给世人。
一个吸引我注意力的现象是人类的身体构造，和任何活着的动物的身体构造。我经常问自己，生命的法则是来自于哪里呢？在无数个日日夜夜的极辛苦劳碌中，我发现了人类的起源和怎样从死去的物质中创造新生命。
当我发现我手中拥有这样神奇的力量之后，我犹豫了好久究竟应怎样用它。尽管我知道怎样创造生命，怎样为这个生命准备好它的肌肉和器官，这仍然是一项困难的工作。一开始我还犹豫是否要创造一个像我一样的人，或者只是几个简单的器官。但是很快我便什么也不想，只想创造一个像人一样完整和神奇的生物。
正是怀着这些情感我开始了我创造人的过程。由于人的身体的各部分过小延误了我的速度，我决定把这个人的尺寸做的比平常人更大一些:高有八尺。在这种想法的引导下，花了好几个月搜集和整理材料，我才真正开始。
谁能想到我这项秘密工作的恐怖？我从坟墓里搜集死人的骨头，并把死人的尸体切开。我的好多工具都是来自于肉铺和医院。是在一个11月份的夜晚，我看到了我工作的结果。我把我的器具放在我的身旁，用这些器具，我可以使我脚底下的这个死了的生物复活。直到第二天一早，我的蜡烛快熄灭的时候。我才看到那个生物睁开他那黄色污浊的眼睛。
我看着我创造的这个怪物。它揭开了床单，而且它的眼睛，如果能被称之为眼睛的话，看着我。他的头发很黑，牙齿像雪一样白，但是皮肤焦黄。当它的薄薄的黑色嘴唇张开的时候，只有一些怪异的声音发出。当他还没被完工的时候它就够丑陋的了，而现在它就是一个活生生的活着的梦魇。
篇5：人教版高二英语学习目标导航Unit 11 Scientific achievements
学习目标导航
XUE XI MU BIAO DAO HANG 学习提示
话
题 1.Talk about science and scientific achievement.
2.Write a persuasion essay. 1.重点掌握与中心话题“科学成就”有关的语言知识和技能。
2.学会写说明文。
功
能 1.If I got the money, I would…
I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to…
I hope that…; My plan is to…
2.I’ d like to…
I’ m thinking of… 练习表示intentions（意图）和wishes（愿望）的常用句型，熟练掌握其用法。
词
汇 likely, overseas, grasp, master, arrange, rely, failure, achieve, announce, locate 1.掌握本单元单词的常见用法，注意其构成。
2.重点掌握并能熟练运用所列词组的用法。
set foot, rely on, put forward, come to life
语
法 Word Formation (abbreviation) ：
ad (advertisement) 广告
CSA (Chinese Space Agency) 中国航天局
IT (information technology) 信息技术
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北大西洋公约组织 1.了解英语中最常用的派生法、复合法和转换法三种构词方法。
2.重点掌握下列四种缩略构词法：截断词，首字母连写词，首字母拼音词和拼缀词。
单元要点
Word
study
1.engineering 2.solar 3.significant 4.mankind 5.constitution 6.zone 7.private 8.grasp 9.master 10.perfect 11.arrange 12.rely 13.failure 14.locate 15.valley 16.brand 17.luggage 18.achieve 19.organ 20.boom 21.breakthrough 22.agency 23.announce 24.evolution 25.supercomputer 26.likely 1.工程；工程学 2.太阳的；日光的 3.意义重大的 4.人类 5.宪法 6.区域；地带 7.私人的；非公开的 8.抓住；理解 9.硕士；主人 10.完美的；理想的 11.安排；整理；布置 12.依靠；指望 13.失败；失败的人 14.把……设置在；使……坐落于；指出……的位置 15.山谷 16.商标；牌子 17.行李 18.大道；实现；完成19.器官；机关；风琴 20.繁荣期；迅速发展期 21.重大突破 22.代理（机构） 23.宣布；宣告 24.发展；展开 25.超级计算机 26.可能的；预期的
Useful expressions 1.genetic engineering 2.the theory of gravity 3.nuclear science 4.solar energy 5.great scientific achievements 6.have something in common 7.the first person to travel in time 8.a cure for AIDS 9.a manned space ship 10.start a company 11.spend time doing sth. 12.in store 13.it is likely that 14.more than 15.set up 16.in the late 1990s 17.the Chinese Academy of sciences 18.within the next ten years 19.a growing number of
1.基因工程 2.万有引力理论 3.核科学 4.太阳能 5.伟大的科学成就6.有共同之处 7.时间旅行第一人 8.艾滋病治疗方法 9.载人飞船 10.开办一家公司 11.花时间做某事12.存储 13.很有可能…… 14.不仅仅，多于 15.建立 16.在20世纪90年代末 17.中科院 18.在接下来的十年里 19.不停增加数量的
Useful expressions 20.make it possible for sb.to do sth.21.follow one’s dreams 22.top scientists 23.master’s degree 24.a dream come true 25.set foot in… 26.run a small company 27.have a positive effect on… 28.rely on 29.build the future 30.deal with 31.learn from… 32.be excited about… 33.be located in… 34.contribute to… 35.in the near future 36.be filled with 37.enjoy a boom 38.put forward a plan 39.make many breakthroughs 40.sth.be used to do 41.manned space flight 42.allow sb.to do sth.43.human genetic project 44.for the first time ever 45.the deadly disease 20.使某人做某事成为可能 寻某人的梦想 22.顶级科学家 21.追23.硕士学位 24.一个梦想实现 25.涉足于…… 26.开办一家小公司 27.对于……有积极影响 28.依靠于 29.创造未来 30.处理 31.向……学习32.对于……很兴奋 33.位于…… 34.作贡献于…… 35.在不久的将来 36.充满 37.经历迅速发展期 38.提出一个计划 39.取得许多突破 40.某物被用来做41.载人太空飞行 42.允许某人做某事 43.人类基因组计划 44.第一次 45.致命的疾病
Sentence
patterns &
Communicative
English 1.If I got the money,I would …
2.My plan is to …
3.I hope that …
4.I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to …
5.I’d like to …
6.I’m thinking of …
Grammar Word-formation:
1.prefix and suffix
2.compounds 构词法:
1.前缀，后缀
2.合成词
Topics &Writing 1.Talk about science and scientific achievement.
2.Practise expressing intensions and wishes.
3.Learn about Word-formation.
4.Write a persuasion essay.
Language points.
1．constitution
1) 宪法the Constitution of the United States / the American Constitution
2) 体格，体质He has a weak constitution
3) 构造，构成the constitution of starch (淀粉的构成)
2．achievement (U)取得，完成（C）成就，成绩（V）achieve
development government movement equipment
vt 完成 达到（目的），得到
1） By hard working we can achieve anything.
2） We have achieved success in developing the product.
3．Mankind 人类 manmade (adj) Manly 有男子气概的；刚强的
4．in store(for sb./sth.):coming in the future;about to happen
e.g.There is a surprise in store for you.
I can see trouble in store.
5．Likely 1) be likely to do sth 很可能（发生某种情况）Our team is likely to win the game.
2) it is likely that + 从句
It is likely that we’ll go on a picnic in the forest tomorrow.
辨析：likely, possible与probable
Likely 常用词，指“从表面现象看很有可能”
Possible 指“由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到”，强调“客观上有可能”，但“实际希望很小”。
Probable 语气比possible 强，指“有根据、合情理、值得相信的事物，带有大概，很可能的意思”
Likely 之后常跟不定式（be likely to do sth） 而possible与probable之后通常不跟不定式；
Likely 的主语可以是人，而possible与probable的主语不能是人。
6．set up
1) 建立，成立 Set up home
Edison set up a chemical lab of his own at the age of ten.
2) 树立起来Let’s set up the tent first.
3) 使（自己或他人）从事某职业（as）
He has set himself up as a bookseller. 他开始经营书籍。
set about doing sth 着手做 set out to do sth Set an example
set fire to 点火；放火Set off 出发，动身Set foot in (on) 登上；涉足；访问
set foot in/on sth.: enter or visit(a place);arrive
e.g. Don’t ever set foot in this house again!
Who was the first man to set foot on the moon.
7．Private adj 私人的；私立的；不公开的
Private property Private school
a private door 便门in private 在私下，秘密地in public 公开地
8．grasp vt
1) 抓住 grasp sb by the arm
2) (= understand ) 掌握， 领会
Grasp sb’s meaning
3) n (常用单数) 紧握；把握；理解；理解力
Beyond sb’s grasp 力量达不到 Grasp all, lose all. 样样都要，全数失掉。 Within sb’s grasp 力量达得到
9．Master n 硕士；（男）主人；能手；雇主；大师
Mistress n 女主人 Masterless adj 无主的
Mastermind n 非常聪明的人 Masterkey n 万能钥匙
Masterpiece(masterwork) n 杰作 The master of the house 家长
Master and man雇主与雇工 A master in literature 文学大师
Mast
篇6：人教版高二第二单元知识点
Unit 2 News media知识归纳
P11-12
1. What do you think of…? 你觉得……怎样?
2. What’s your opinion? 你有什么看法?
3. I don’t think we should choose… 我想（觉得）我们不应选择……
4. more than 多于；不仅仅
5. experienced editors and reporters 有经验的编辑和记者
6. make informed decisions about…… 根据已知情况决定……
7. make sure 确保
8. relate to the stories 理解故事
9. talented journalists 有才华的记者
10. agree to switch roles 同意转换角色
11. for once 就这（那）一次
12. a feature story 专题故事（报道）
13. contact the people to be interviewed 联系被采访的人
14. get people to talk about the topic 让人们谈论这个话题
15. present the material 陈述材料
16. reflect events and opinions truthfully 真实地反映事件和观点
17. cultural relics 文化遗产；文物
18. adapt to a new life 适应新生活
19. explore the mysteries in life 探索生活中的奥秘
20. the importance of spiritual fulfillment 精神满足之重要性
21. be addicted to… 沉溺于
22. solve social problems 解决社会问题
23. suffer from 遭受
24. draw attention to 吸引注意力
25. on all sides (on every side) 在各方面；四面八方
26. a critical reader 一位持批评态度的读者
27. current affairs 时事
28. comment on a “hot topic” 就“热点问题”进行评述
P13-14
1. the publishing company 出版公司
2. be concerned with / about （使）担心；（使）挂念，（使）关心
3. collect information on the product 收集有关产品的信息
4. Let’s try the bookstore that was opened
last month. 让我们到上个月开业的书店试试。
5. nine out of ten 十分之九 / 百分之九十
6. be located in 坐落于
7. burn down 烧毁
8. a research center 研究中心
9. look up to 尊敬；钦佩
10. I’m all the more surprised. 我越发感到奇怪了。
11. fall in love with 爱上
12. attitude towards soccer 对于足球的态度
P15-16
1. cause trouble 制造麻烦
2. protect the earth 保护地球
3. angry men armed with sticks 手持棍棒的愤怒的人们
4. be similar to… 与……相似
5. be different from 与……不同
6. learn from 向……学习
7. on the other hand 在另一方面
8. focus on 聚集于
P88
1. the chief editor 主编
2. a daily newspaper 日报
3. fill in the chart below 填写下面的表格
4. take turns to do… 轮流做……
P89-90
1. reflect social problems 反映社会问题
2. surf the Internet 网上冲浪
3. glance through the titles 浏览标题
4. pick up 检起，起；收拾，整理；获得，得到，
学会,取（物），接（人）
5. be responsible for… 对……负责
6. prevent…from 阻止……做……
P91
1. an unexpected interview 一次出乎意料的采访
2. inform sb. of sth. 告诉（通知）某人某事
3. happen to do sth. 碰巧做……
4. make a public speech on TV 在电视上作一次公开演讲
Page 92-93
1. be described as 被描述成……
2. be ready for 做好了……的准备
3. become popular 开始受欢迎 / 开始流行
4. get a Master’s degree 获得硕士学位
5. make up one’s mind 决定
6. Shows that are both entertaining
and educational. 既有娱乐性又有教育意义的节目。
7. produce a feature show 制作一个专题节目
8. discuss social issues 讨论社会问题
9. deal with 处理，对付，应付
10. to educate through entertainment, 寓教于乐
11. to illuminate through information 通过传递的信息来启发
篇7：人教版高二第一单元知识点
Unit I Making a difference 知识归纳
P1-2
天才就是百分之九十九的 Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine
汗水加上百分之一的灵感。percent perspiration.
如上引用 the quotes above
关于科学的引言 quotes about science
使得一名科学家成功 make a scientist successful
在他自己的内心中 within himself
对…充满热情/激情 be on fire for
换句话说 in other words
被授予诺贝尔物理奖 be awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics
准确地说 to be exact
与…类似 be similar to
由于…而出名 be known for
有共同之处 have sth. in common
代表一个科学分支 represent a branch of science
对社会最重要、最有用 the most important and useful to society
辩论开始 let the debate begin
毫无疑问… There is no doubt that
很难说 It’s hard to say
我怀疑… I doubt if/ whether…
P3-4
壮心无涯 no boundaries
试想 imagine this
很有发展前途的研究生 a promising graduate student
世界一流大学 the top universities in the world
患不治之症 have an incurable disease
最多活12个月 may not have more than twelve months to live
大多数人会感到非常伤心 Most of us would probably feel very sad.
放弃对未来的梦想和憧憬 give up our dreams and hopes for the future
做某事没有意义 There did not seem much point in doing…
There is no point in doing sth.
取得博士学位 work on my PhD
我不盼望活那么久 I did not expect to survive that long.
过去 go by
情况转好 go rather well for
订婚 be/ get engaged to
从事 be engaged in (doing) sth.
阻碍某人做某事 stop… (from) doing…；keep…from doing；
prevent…(from) doing…
梦想 dream of
作报告 give lectures
给大学生作演讲 speak to university students
通过计算机说话 speak through a computer
对重大问题的看法 thoughts on some of the greatest questions
黑洞 black holes
二十世纪七十年代初 in the early 1970s
做出新的发现 make new discoveries
探索宇宙本质问题 seek answers to questions about the nature of
the universe
普通人 ordinary people
科学如何运作 how science works
科学发现 make scientific discoveries
改变世界 change the world
霍金认为 according to Hawking
永无止境 be never finished
另一方面 on the other hand
证明是错误的 prove/ turn out to be wrong
科学方法的产物 the result of the scientific method
创立理论 build the theory
预测未来 predict the future events
实际测试 test sth. in a practical way
直接观察 observe directly
测试理论 test the theory
发觉深奥难懂 find it difficult to understand him
对…满意 be happy/satisfied with
提高我的英语水平improve my English
P5-6
用光(完) use up
采取措施解决问题 take measures to solve the problem
破坏我们的星球 ruin our planet
查明 find out
犯罪现场 the crime scene
P7
有所作为 make a difference
向…学习learn from
世界上顶尖人物的头脑 the best minds in the world
对…感到满意 be satisfied with
始终在寻找新的问题 are always looking for new questions
更仔细观察大大小小的事物 take a closer look at things both great and small
通过探寻所以然，如何然 by asking why, how
设想前因后果 ask what if
知识就是力量。 Knowledge is power.
被描述成 be described as
运用那种力量的能力 the ability to use that power
始终 all the time
画天体图 draw a map of the heavens
随季节变化 change from season to season
相信 believe in
取笑 laugh at
承认他的伟大 recognize his greatness
而不是相反的 not the other way around
讨论观察结果 discuss his observations
公认的科学界先驱 be known as scientific pioneers
帮助我们更好地认识了世界 help us better understand the word
达到目标 reach our goals
真正有所作为 truly make a difference
提出新的观点 come up with new ideas
P83-84
对什么感到好奇 be curious about
我的目标是今天把这件事做好。My goal is to get this done today.
说服某人做某事 talk sb. into doing sth.
说服某人不做某事 talk sb. out of doing sth.
得了一种叫艾滋病的疾病 suffer from a disease known as ALS
我们荣幸地跟霍金教授谈话。 We’re honoured to talk to Professor Hawking.
你觉得《时间简史》这本书 What do you think of the book A brief History of Time?
怎么样？
P85-86
从…毕业 graduate form…
随着电脑和英特网的发展 with the development of computers and the Internet
计算出 work out
获得瑞士国籍 take Swiss nationality
从那时起 from that time on
当政(权) come into power
篇8：人教版 高二第三单元知识点
Unit 3 Art and architecture 知识归纳
P17-18
1. be free to design… 自由设计……
2. dream house 梦想屋
3. share your ideas with… 与……分享你的
4. visit a shop 逛商店
5. prefer one thing to another 喜欢一件事胜过另一件事
6. a traditional house 传统住宅
7. It is also convenient to live
close to your work. 住在离工作场所近的地方很方便。
8. all the same = just the same 都一样，无所谓；仍然，还是
9. personal style 个性化
P19-20
1. in one’s opinion 在某人看来
2. look at 看；关注，考虑,看待,观察
3. living environment 生存环境
4. Every great culture in the past had its 以往历史上的每一种伟大的文化，都
own ideas of beauty expressed in art 有用建筑和艺术来表达自己审美观念
and in art and architecture. 的做法。
5. ideas of beauty 审美观念
6. in art and architecture 用艺术和建筑
7. in different styles 以不同的风格
8. go against 违背，违反
9. people’s feeling of beauty 人们的审美情趣
10. To many people modern architecture
equals progress. 在许多人看来，现代建筑就等于进步。
11. developing countries 发展中国家
12. act as 充当，扮演
13. You don’t feel invited to enter the buildings. 你并不想走进这些建筑物。
14. the Temple of Heaven 天坛
15. stand much closer to nature 更接近大自然
16. in fact 事实上
17. fill up…with… 用……装满；用……填满
18. be full of 充满
19. refer to 提到，谈到；查阅，参考；指的是
20. scan the text 浏览课文
P21-22
1. make use of 利用
2. Water is to fish what air is to men. 水之于鱼就如空气之于人。
3. succeed in doing… 成功做了……
P23-24
1. pull down 拆毁
2. decorate…with 用……装饰……
3. remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
4. remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
5. set…aside 把……放在一边
6. stand empty 保持空空的情形 / 状态
7. far from the city 远离城市
8. turn into 变成
9. the advantages and disadvantages 优缺点
P95-96
1. differences between Chinese and Western architecture 中西方建筑方面的差异
2. similarities between Chinese and Western architecture 中西方建筑方面的相似
3. valuable art objects 珍贵的艺术品
4. cultural exchange 文化交流
5. play one of the roles 扮演其中的一个角色
6. discuss the issue 讨论这个问题
7. reach an agreement 达成共识；达成一致
8. be acceptable to all 为大家所接受
P99-100
1. on display 陈列；展览
2. classical art 古典艺术
3. be open to the public 对公众开放
4. have a history of ages 具有悠久的历史
5. in the case of architecture 就建筑来说；至于建筑
6. serve the purpose 为目的服务
7. place art works in parks 在公园里摆放艺术品
8. at first glance 第一眼就……
9. enrich real life 丰富真实的生活
10. instruct the audience 教育观众
11. set goals for oneself 为自己设定目标
12. present different ideas 提出不同的观点
13. project developer 项目开发者（商）
补充：
1. prefer (doing) sth. to (doing) sth. 喜欢（做）什么胜过（做）什么
2. preferred to do… rather than do… 宁愿做……也不愿做……
3. have a preference for sth. 偏爱某物
4. have a preference of sth. to / over another 喜爱某物甚于喜爱另一物
5. give preference to 给……优先权
6. in preference to 优先于……
7. take examples from 借鉴、仿效
8. take sth /sb for example 拿某人/物为例
9. fill up sth. with sth.
fill sth. up with sth. 用……填满……
10. impress sth. on sb. / impress sb. with sth. 使某人铭记某事
11. make a （good） impression on sb. 给某人留下（好）印象
12, inspire + sb. + to sth. / to do 激励某人做
13. inspire + sth. + in sb. = inspire + sb. + with + sth. 激起某人的……
14. Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气之于人就如同水之于鱼一样。
15. Reading is to mind what food is to the body. 读书之于头脑如同食物之于身体。
篇9：高二人教版语问单元检测及答案
高二人教版语问单元检测答案
一、(18分)
1.D(A舸gěB踟chí斓lánC溯sù)
2.D(莫—寞，眩—炫，荫—阴) 3.A 4.D 5.D 6、C
二、(12分)
7.B 8.C 9.B 10.A
三(12分)
11.D(全诗写“思念”，表达感情是含蓄的、深沉的，这也是舒婷诗歌的一个特点)
12.D13.B(“上帝„„”一句表达的是对光明追求者对光明的渴望，并没对上帝埋怨的责问)
14.C(赞叹的是人，而非树)
四、(18分)
15.(1)忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠(2)到中流击水，浪遏飞舟(3)战地黄花分外香(4)我达达的马蹄是美丽的错误
16.九月九日 每逢佳节倍思亲
17.(1)一切在重压下痛苦挣扎而不觉悟;为他人创造财富却不计自身遭遇而心甘情愿
(2)冷酷(残忍) 倔强、坚忍
(3)刻画出老马负重受压的惨状和受压迫的深重。咏物抒情(或“托物言志”)
五、(19分)
18.(1)取舍、剪裁。 (2)自然(答“人生世相”亦可);艺
篇10：高二人教版语问单元检测及答案
高二人教版语问单元检测
一、(18分，每小题3分)
1.选出加点词注音全对的一组 ()
A.青荇(xìng) 彳亍(chú) 漪(yī)沦 百舸(kě)争流
B.踟蹰(zhí) 荡漾(yàng) 斑斓(nán) 浪遏(â)飞舟
C.疲惫(bâi) 絮语(xù) 漫溯(sùo) 跫(qióng)音不响
D.粗糙(cāo) 簇(cù)新 佝偻(gōu) 挥斥方遒(qiú)
2.下列句子中没有错别字的一句是 ()
A.你的心如小小的寂莫的城，恰若青石的街道向晚。
B.绝不像攀援的凌霄花，借你的高枝眩耀自己。
C.绝不学痴情的鸟儿，为绿荫重复单调的歌曲。
D.从明天起，做一个幸福的人：喂马，劈柴，周游世界。
3.填入关联词正确的一组是 ()
一篇优秀的抒情诗，抒的是个人之情，总会打上时代的烙印，体现时代的精神。这是，杰出的诗人总是把诗的触角伸向人民和社会的深处，成为时代脉搏的忠实感应者。
A.虽然 但 因为 B.虽然 然而 因为
C.尽管 但 由于 D.尽管 然而 由于
4.下面四个句子，没有语病的一句是 ()
A.《致橡树》诗人以阴柔的木棉自喻，对于阳刚的橡树倾诉自己内心的幻想。
B.《再别康桥》的作者是“新月诗派”的代表人物著名诗人徐志摩写的。
C.诗人艾青自抗日战争以来，目睹祖国河山惨遭践踏，人民蒙受深重苦难的历史，在《我爱这土地》中喷发出强烈的爱国之情。
D.《面朝大海，春暖花开》表达了诗人对尘世幸福生活的向往。
5.下面关于文学常识的表述，有误的一项是 ()
A.词是我国古代的诗体，它可配乐演唱，句式长短不一，又名长短句、曲子词、乐府等。
B.“沁园春”是词牌名，它规定了一首词的字数、平仄、押韵等。“长沙”是词的标题，它揭示词的内容。
C.按字数的多少，词可分为小令、中调和长调。以是否分段来划分，词又有单调、双调、三调、四调的区别。
D.毛泽东常用旧体诗的形式来反映现代生活和思想感情。这类诗歌仍属古典诗歌。
6.下列诗句的抒情方式不是直抒胸臆的一项是 ()
A.祖国啊，我亲爱的祖国!
B.我热爱秋天的风光。
C.曾记否，到中流击水，浪遏飞舟?
D.为什么我的眼里常含泪水?因为我对这土地爱得深沉„„
二、(12分，每小题3分)
阅读《再别康桥》，完成7~10题。
轻轻的我走了，
正如我轻轻的来;
我轻轻的招手，
作别西天的云彩。
那河畔的金柳
是夕阳中的新娘
波光里的艳影，
在我的心头荡漾。
软泥上的青荇，
油油的在水底招摇;
在康河的柔波里，
我甘心做一条水草
那树荫下的一潭，
不是清泉，是天上虹
揉碎在浮藻间，
沉淀着彩虹似的梦。
寻梦?撑一支长篙，
向青草更青处漫溯，
满载一船星辉，
在星辉斑斓里放歌
但我不能放歌，
悄悄是别离的笙箫;
夏虫也为我沉默，
沉默是今晚的康桥!
悄悄的我走了，
正如我悄悄的来;
我挥一挥衣袖，
不带走一片云彩。
7.对开头的三个“轻轻的”的分析，正确的是 ()
A.语意重复，不符合诗歌高度凝炼地表达思想感情的特点。
B.表达诗人不忍惊扰大自然的宁静与和谐的心境，创造出轻盈柔和的气氛。
C.将作者孤独、彷徨的心情传达得淋漓尽致。
D.形象地表达了作者对康桥的怀念。
8.对本诗意境的分析不正确的一项是 ()
A.诗人把自己康桥时代的憧憬与即将离别的情绪融进康桥的景物中，创造了清丽、柔和却又带着淡淡的哀愁、无奈与失落的情调。
B.全诗情因景生，景因情变，情景交融，形成了一种独特的意境。
C.全诗表现了诗人真挚、热情、奔放、细腻，又略带感伤和飘逸的浪漫主义个性。
D.全诗围绕一个“别”字写景抒情。诗人把淡淡的离愁与康桥的美景融合在一起，创造出令人回味无穷的优美意境。
9.对诗中比喻句作用的分析，不正确的一项是 ()
A.“那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘”，运用暗喻手法，既写出了晚霞中眼前的美景，又表达出作者的赞美之情。
B.“那榆阴下的一潭，不是清泉，是天上虹”，这个奇特比喻，唤起诗人回忆当年那些彩虹般美妙的理想。
C.“那榆阴下的一潭，不是清泉，是天上虹”，这个优美的比喻，既形象地再现了康桥美景，又形成了壮阔的艺术画面。
D.少年、壮年、老年，这是人生必由之路。回首往事，既有淡淡的喜悦，也有理不尽的哀怨。
10.第一节与最后一节，语言相似，节奏相同，只更换了几个字。然而并不让人感到重复累赘，对其原因的分析，正确的一项是 ()
A.将第一节的“轻轻”改为“悄悄”不仅无重复之感，而且更增哀怨气氛，显得平中见奇，前后呼应。
B.将第一节的“轻轻”改为“悄悄”不仅无重复之感，而且更能表现作者的依依惜别之情。
C.“不带走一片云彩”与“作别西天的云彩”相呼应，不仅结构完整，而且深化了文章的意境。
D.诗的旨意在于启迪我们积极地对待人生，对人的生存、人的生命意识要有深刻的思考，因而要不懈地追求、进取。诗歌揭示“一场风暴、一盏灯”和“另一场风暴、另一盏灯”的关系，告诉我们正确面对和排解前进中的困难和痛苦。
11.对下面一首词的赏析，不恰当的一项是 ()
菩萨蛮•黄鹤楼
毛泽东
茫茫九派流中国，
沉沉一线穿南北。
烟雨莽苍苍，
龟蛇锁大江。
黄鹤知何去，
剩有游人处。
把酒酹滔滔，
心潮逐浪高。
[注]九派：水的支流叫派。长江在湖北江西一带，分为很多支流，叫九派。
A.作者在上阕从茫茫奔腾的大江，写到了贯串南北的铁路。由西到东，由南到北，气象雄伟，
B.“烟雨莽苍苍”给眼前的景象布上了一层朦胧的诗意，使词的意境显得幽深、耐人寻味。
C.这首词上阕写景，下阕生情，最后以乐观高昂的情调收束。
D.词中“酹滔滔”来自苏轼“一尊还酹江月”，苏轼“酹江月”是凭吊“千古风流人物”，诗人这里“酹滔滔”也是来凭吊古人。
12.默写(5分)
(1)携带来百侣曾游。。
(2)曾记否，，?
(3)今又重阳，。
(4)/我不是归人，是个过客„„
13.填空(2)
重阳指农历，在古典诗词中，与重阳有关的名句有(只写一句)
14.阅读下面两首诗，回答问题
老马
臧克家
总得叫大车装个够，
它横竖不说一句话，
背上的压力往肉里扣，
它把头沉重地垂下!
这刻不知道下刻的命，
它有泪只往心里咽，
眼里飘来一道鞭影，
它抬起头望望前面。
病牛
李纲
耕犁千亩实千箱，
力尽筋疲谁得伤?
但得众生皆得饱，
不辞羸病卧残阳。
(1)臧诗中的“老马”象征了的人;李诗中“病牛”象征了的人。(4分)
(2)臧诗中“总得叫大车装个够”、“它横竖不说一句话”和“它有泪只往心里咽”等句子从侧面表现出牛的主人的____，同时写出老马____、____的性格。(3分)
(3)简析臧诗中“扣”字的表达作用，并写出这两首诗写作上的一个共同点。(6分)
答：
★人教新课标高二unit 16 Reference for Teaching
★unit 3 going places 人教新课标 ┆ 高一
★人教新课标 高一Unit 10 The world around us
★人教新课标 高一Unit 17 Great woman 本单元教材内容分析和处理
★九年级英语上unit 1 section A-2（人教新目标）
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