托福英语考试阅读理解考题实例分析

时间：2022-09-26 08:26:24 阅读理解收藏本文下载本文

以下是小编收集整理的托福英语考试阅读理解考题实例分析，本文共10篇，仅供参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

托福英语考试阅读理解考题实例分析

篇1：托福英语考试阅读理解考题实例分析

托福英语考试阅读理解考题实例分析

In the 1600's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi , and Zuni peoples. These ancestors, known variously as the Basket Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in the area for at least 2,000 years. They were an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D., the Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the Spanish called pueblos or villages. Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos known as kivas or chapels were set aside for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms.

The Anasazi family was matrilinear, that is, descent was traced through the female. The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female, but the ritual ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women owned the rooms in the pueblo and the crops, once they were harvested. While still growing, crops belonged to the man who, in contrast to most other Native American groups, planted them. The women made baskets and pottery, the men wove textile and crafted turpoise jewelry.

Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects. The cohesive political and social organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for

篇2：阅读理解答题技巧及实例分析

阅读理解答题技巧及实例分析

阅读理解试题主要用来测试学生的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。有的采用一个句子，有的采用一段文章或整篇文章。内容广泛，题材各异。

以题目的难易程度分析，人们常常把它们分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表层理解就是对文中的客观事实的感知和记忆，深层理解是根据文中的客观事实，在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括，得出结论，或从上下文、字里行间悟出文中没有直接表达出来的而可能存在的和必然的结果来。

以题材或体裁论，大致有下述几种：

（1）记叙文（故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等）。

（2）说明文（科普文章、说明书等）。

（3）论说文（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）。

（4）应用文（书信、广告、通知等）。

做阅读理解时要注意以下几点：

1.要判断出所给文章的类别，根据各类文章的性质，在开始阅读后有意识地着重去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。这样既抓住了要害，又节省了时间，避免了在若干细节及无关全局的问题上纠缠，初中阶段，碰到的主要是记叙文。如果是故事或传记，就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。故事传记主要是叙述主人公的主要特征，他与其他重要人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍，往往是一人一事地介绍，比故事、传记要简单，但也离不开记叙文的基本特点，对于上述要求它们同样适用。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性，因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。

2.解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案，因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理解的效果，尤其是对于深层理解的文章。应浏览全文，了解全文的概貌。看完后，应记住文章的要点，重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字（不同的人名、地点可用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号，以便查找）。

3.要注意找出主题句，利用主题句来查找有关信息。一般说来，论述性较强的文章或说明文，每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后，便能知道这一段大致的中心内容，因为主题句概括了全段的. 主要内容，而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。

4.一定要掌握好解题速度，有效地控制考试时间，先易后难是考试时答题的一般方法。碰到难题时，千万不要钻牛角尖，耽误太多时间。一时做不出的题，要果断舍弃，以免影响解别的较有把握的题。待全部题解完后，如有剩余时间再回来做放弃的题。

5.对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词，可以放过去，不必务求理解。遇到重要生词时，不要着急，也不要轻易放弃，我们可以采取根据上下文来猜词或根据构词法来猜词等方法来猜出这个词的大致意思。

6.有的学生要用“顺读法”，就是先读短文后读题目，然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的学生采用“倒读法”，就是先读题目（四个选项不读）后读短文，最后寻找答案。我比较赞成“倒读法”，因为这种阅读方法是带着问题阅读，目的明确，容易集中，能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息，从而节省了阅读时间。“倒读法“对表层理解的题目（提问时间、地点、原因等）效果最好，对深层理解的题目，要从短文的整体内容出发，进行概括和总结，分析所提供选项，作出准确的判断。

总之，解答这类题的中心步骤就是阅读，既要阅读短文，又要阅读题目。阅读时要注意阅读技巧，提高阅读效率。在做到以上几点的基础上，就可以对文章后面所给的问题，分别用”一次判断“、”逐个分析“以及 ”排除法“等方式来进行判断解答了。

实例分析：

一、单句理解方面

We arrived too late to get good seats. A.When we arrived,the good seats were already taken. B.We were late,but we found some good seats. C.We got good seats some time after we arrived. D.We had to stand for the whole show.

分析与答案：所给句子的意思是“我们到达太晚了而没能坐上好位子”。而这四个选项的句意分别是：A. 当我们到达时，好位子已被别人占了；B.我们去晚了，但是我们找到一些好位子；C.我们到达后的一段时间才坐上好位子；D. 整个演出时间我们不得不站着。由此可见，选项A更接近所给句子的意思，因而选项A是正确答案或最佳答案。

二、语篇理解方面

1.试用”倒读法“解下面各题：

（1 ）The great ship, ”Titanic “set off from Englandto______. A.Australia B.the USA C.Arabia D.Europe

（2）People then thought it was safe to be on the shipbecause__________. A.it had 16 compartments B.it had more lifeboats than other ships C.it could not sink even if 4 compartments wore broken D.both A and C

（3）The ship was hit_______. A.when it started to cross the sea B.when a very large iceberg was suddenly seen ahead C.soon after it turned quickly on time D.soon after it had crossed the sea

（4）About 1,500 people were dead because________. A.the ship was the largest and finest B.4 of those compartments were broken C.hundreds of people jumped out into the water D.there were not enough lifeboats

（5）Which is the best title（标题）for the passage （短文）？ A.How Does the ”Titanic“Go Down? B.How Was the Great Ship Sinking? C.The Sinking of the ”Titanic“ D.The Sinking of a Ship

分析与答案：利用倒读的方法，我们可以从（1）到（4）中迅速了解到the ship ”Titanic“从英国航行到

某地去，为什么那么多人丧生等。在阅读短文时，很快就能抓住有关信息，轻而易举地找出正确答案（分别是 B、D、C、D）。短文如下

篇3：阅读理解答题技巧及实例分析

阅读理解答题技巧及实例分析

阅读理解试题主要用来测试学生的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。有的采用一个句子，有的采用一段文章或整篇文章。内容广泛，题材各异。

以题材或体裁论，大致有下述几种：

（1）记叙文（故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等）。

（2）说明文（科普文章、说明书等）。

（3）论说文（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）。

（4）应用文（书信、广告、通知等）。

做阅读理解时要注意以下几点：

1.要判断出所给文章的类别，根据各类文章的性质，在开始阅读后有意识地着重去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。这样既抓住了要害，又节省了时间，避免了在若干细节及无关全局的问题上纠缠，初中阶段，碰到的`主要是记叙文。如果是故事或传记，就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。故事传记主要是叙述主人公的主要特征，他与其他重要人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍，往往是一人一事地介绍，比故事、传记要简单，但也离不开记叙文的基本特点，对于上述要求它们同样适用。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性，因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。

3.要注意找出主题句，利用主题句来查找有关信息。一般说来，论述性较强的文章或说明文，每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后，便能知道这一段大致的中心内容，因为主题句概括了全段的主要内容，而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。

6.有的学生要用“顺读法”，就是先读短文后读题目，然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的学生采用“倒读法”，就是先读题目（四个选项不读）后读短文，最后寻找答案。我比较赞成“倒读法”，因为这种阅读方法是带着问题阅读，目的明确，容易集中，能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息，从而节省了阅读时间。“倒读法”对表层理解的题目（提问时间、地点、原因等）效果最好，对深层理解的题目，要从短文的整体内容出发，进行概括和总结，分析所提供选项，作出准确的判断。

总之，解答这类题的中心步骤就是阅读，既要

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

篇4：托福阅读解题代入技巧实例分析

托福阅读解题代入技巧实例分析原来词汇题可以这么做

托福阅读词汇题可用代入法推断

这种方法相当于万无一失的万金油了。不论你遇到什么情况，把四个选项带入到原文中看是否语义通顺符合逻辑。是个正确率比较高的方法。

代入法解题思路实例讲解

原题实例

the deserts, which already occupy approximately a forth of theearth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasingly at an alarmingpace. the expansion of desert--like conditions into areas where they did notpreviously exist is called desertification. it has been estimated that anadditional one-fourth of the earth's land surface is threatened by this process。

the word threatened in the passage is closet in meaning to ----

A、restricted B、endangered C、prevented D、rejected。

思路解析

这道题目问的是threatened这个单词的意思。大部分背了单词的同学都知道是威胁的意思，很容易的就可以选择b答案。但是如果你不认识这个单词呢，我们来看下单词所在这个句子，“估计另外的四分之一的土地被这种进程所-------。”那么这个进程讲的就是前面所提到的沙漠化的进程。我们来看下四个选项，A受限制的， B被威胁的，C被阻止的，D被拒绝的。把这四个单词带入的话，我们得出b 被威胁的这个选项是最合适的。

托福阅读撩题必备技能——后置定语

常见的后置定语表现形式：

The leaders (present at the meeting) are very famous

His lover (for his country) is very great

The kid (running on the ground) is cute

The girl (punished by the teacher) cried

She has a meeting (to attend)

Ilike the chocolate (that you bought for me yesterday)

Paragraph4: Forehead rubbing by male deer on buckrubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the samespecies. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second,because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus, the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crudemeasure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactorysignals on a buck rub makes it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred fromparagraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?

○Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

○Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to convey information about their identity.

○Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

○Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

这是一道推断题，较有难度，根据题干定位后发现解题区间在原文的最后2句话，都是长难句，我们来逐一分析一下;根据trumpeting先是定位到最后一句，这个句子包含了后置定语conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub,读到这里发现并不是句子重心,后面的makes it social equivalent才是句子重心，由此能感觉到作者意在做类比，非常符合推断题的解题思路哦，比较对象分别是通过olfactory (rub) 传达的信号和通过auditory(trumpeting)传达的信号，这两种信号具有相同的社会功能;

上一句依然包含了后置定语，being in the general vicinity ........in a given area，所以句子重心在前，讲的是rub的出现代表着周围有older, higher-status的buck

最后我们尝试联系一下这2句话，得出的结论是:olfactory(rub)→higher status buck

=auditory(trumpeting)→higher status bull elk,选择A

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since theentry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlerstold of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath be moaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia Riveron November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:” The deer which once pictures quely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.“

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.

○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.

○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

这是一道细节题，解题策略会相对更简单粗暴一些，根据题干1832我们定位到and his final contact with the fort in 1832，这里读一下发现并没有回答题目，那下一句应该继续再讲1832年之后的故事，由此往下看是一个长难句，出现了后置定语which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort,并不是句子重心，句子重心在were gone, 表示这些鹿都消失了，以此为线索可以确定包含destroyed的选项C为同义改写选项

The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundredrelated languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E.The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction,is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro,yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

All of the following are mentioned inparagraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT

○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages

○ avariety of fishing techniques

○ navigational skills

○ knowledge of plant cultivation

这是一道排除题，几个正确选项在第一句话里都分别有提及，而错误选项A并非完全没有提到，它的位置在第二句话的前半个分句,这里依然出现后置定语speaking Austronesian languages,用以修饰people,而不是A选项提到的中心词knowledge,所以选A

■There is a danger, of course, that playmay be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leadingto aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors.■Thus, many species have evolved clear signalsto delineate playfulness.■Dogs, for example, will wag their tails,get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “what follows is just for play.”■

With messages such as those, evendogsthat are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes

再看一道插入题，插入题我们一般会关注插入句中的逻辑词比如这里有even,那我们换个角度看一下，这里发现了后置定语that are strangers to each other用以修饰前面的dogs,所以插入句中提到的狗不是泛泛而指的狗哦，而是互相不认识的狗。回到原文发现最后一句话开始提到Dogs，是泛指,插入句中的dogs被后置定语限定过，是特指，特指放在泛指后面，选D

The raising of live stock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.

○Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation insemiarid lands.

最后这是一道段落小结题，该段落第一句话为段落主题句，同时出现了后置定语where grasses aregenerally the dominant type of natural vegetation，句子重心在前，强调家畜的饲养为主要经济活动，中心词是the raising of livestock,后面的内容也是围绕着这个词展开的，讲的是这种活动对于该地区产生的影响，不再涉及后置定语中有关grass的讨论;所以这个选项就自然排除啦。

托福阅读：寻找题干能力对于highlighted sentences解题过程的重要性

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

在这里要注意，highlighted sentences的题目是直接给出明确的做题指导的，那就是错误的句子会1)漏掉句子中的重要信息。2)曲解句子的意思。

在现实做题备考过程中，学生们往往很容易看出曲解句子意思选项，知道不可以选，但容易在一些信息全对的选项上犹豫。这几个选项的信息原文句子都有提到，那我究竟应该选择哪一个选项呢?

其实在托福考试的highlighted sentences题型中，其实有一条“潜规则”，那就是：那句highlighted sentence的主干其实就是句子的重要信息。所以，在这个时候，分析句子题干就成为了一个至关重要的能力。就让我们先一起看一道例题吧!

Paragraph3: The West had plenty of attractions: thealluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky,sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for$100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in papermoney. Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.

5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

O Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.

O The fertile soils ofthe West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.

O Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.

O The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.

这是TPO 20-1 Westward Migration 的 highlighted sentences 题，初看这道题，很多单词量不够大的学生是很有压力的，所以他们会觉得这道题很难做出来的原因是因为太多单词看不懂，比如alluvial,fecund, loam, prairies, sterile, depletion…… 但对于很多单词量大的同学，也很容易选择A或者D这两个选项，然后在我提示他们答案并不是A的时候表示惊讶：啊?那剩下还有别的选项能选吗?

其实，出现这两种情况的原因都是因为同学们没有从找题干的角度分析这道题。于是现在，就让我们先暂时不看选项，而是单独看这个highlighted sentence，找寻一下这个句子的主干。

其实，这个句子虽然复杂，但静下心里看，主干还是很明显的。这个句子的冒号前后是两句话，重点是冒号后面的那一句，仔细看的话，会发现the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies这一群很复杂的词组组成了主语，were tempting to… and to… 构成了谓语，New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land和southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.构成了宾语，所以整个句子的结构就非常清晰了，那就是：

.x were tempting to .x and .x.

翻译成中文就是：.x 正在引诱.x.

所以，这个句子的主干，是一定包含了.x正在引诱.x 这个意思的，如果选项中没有包含了这个意思，就不是正确选项。那么这时候，同学们再来看一看这道题，应该选择什么呢?

A选项虽然包含了很多句子中的信息，但它唯独没有.x正在引诱.x的意思，所以不是正确答案。

B选项虽然是最短的选项，语言也非常概括，但它是麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。其中的drew就有吸引的意思，所以其实这是一个可以选择的选项。

C选项整个意思倒过来了，不是西部农民，而是东南部农民更容易被soilerosion所影响。

D选项的信息也没有错，但跟A选项一样，它也不包含主干内容。

所以最后我们的答案是B选项。这个让大家都觉得太短了，信息太少的选项反而是正确答案，就因为它是唯一一个信息没错误又包含了句子主干内容的选项。所以，其实从某种意义上来说，就算同学们不认识那些生词，只要找到主干，知道temptto的意思，就也能运用我们的分析主干技巧来顺利选出B选项。

现在，同学们是不是已经掌握了托福的highlighted sentences 主干就是句子的重要信息的“潜规则”了?有了这样的技巧，大家就再来试一道题吧!

The frequency with which certain simplemotifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt adescriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from theextensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, whichare covered with motifs pecked into the surface.

6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave ways or leave out essential information.

○ The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.

○ Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites, the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.

○ Because the Panaramitee style is socommon in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.

○ The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.

这道题的答案是...

因为原句的主干是.X has led researchers to adopt a term。所以正确选项里面一定要包含.x让研究人员采用一个term的信息。纵观4个选项，A,D都没有这个信息，其实C选项也没有，described it most extensively并不是采用一个term，更何况extensive(ly)在原文中并不是修饰describe而是修饰rock pavements，所以这里还出现了信息错误。最后再让我们来看B选项，B选项虽然没提到researchers，但它包含了一个term被采纳的信息。所以B选项是毫无疑问的正确答案。

大家这道题都做对了吗?我相信有了找主干分析句子重点信息的能力，同学们应该很轻松就选出来了吧!所以，寻找题干这个能力能力对于highlighted sentences的解题过程是至关重要的，大家一定要好好记住这一点技巧。

篇5：托福阅读复杂句式从句实例分析

例1

Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.

句子成分分析：Scientists 做主语，felt 谓语动词，that从句做宾语。and并列连接词，and 后面的they 代指scientists. 整个句子是由and 连接的并列句。

例子翻译：科学家们感到他们通过确定一厘米厚的粘土的沉积时间可以能够知道灭绝的时间，并且科学家们认为沉积粘土的时间可以通过确定粘土中含lr这种元素的量来获得。

下面简单介绍下宾语从句。

宾语从句，简单来说就是做宾语的成分不是词或短语，而是一个句子，这个句子叫宾语从句。这个句子可以做动词的宾语也可以做介词的宾语。从句前还得有连接词来连接。我们熟悉的连词that、what可以充当连接词。举例来说明：

(1)动词的宾语从句

He told me that I had to attend the meeting.

他告诉我，我必须出席会议。

(2)介词的宾语从句

The boss was satisfied with what the young man did.

老板对那个年轻人干的工作很满意。

例2

Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults.

托福阅读文章句子成分分析：Hearing the stories，动名词做主语，may lead 做谓语动词，that 定语从句修饰events，同时that在从句中做主语，them 指代preschoolers.最后they can access as adults.实际上是they 前面省略了that，因为that 在从句中做宾语(如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语，通常把关系代词省略掉)。省略关系代词的例句：X is a good skirt (that )I have always wanted to buy.

托福阅读例子翻译：听故事可能使学龄前儿童编码事件，这些事件允许他们形成记忆，这些记忆在他们成年的时候能够提取出来。

下面就定语从句简单说一些。

托福阅读高分策略提到所谓的定语从句，就是作定语的成分由词变成了句子。这个句子叫做定语从句。定语从句有两种，一种是这个从句对所修饰的词很重要，不能省略这个句子，如果省略，整个句子的意思就会受到影响，这种定语从句叫做限制性定语从句。另一种，定语从句被去掉，对整个句子的理解不会受到很大影响，句子的意思还是清楚并完整的。它起到了附加说明的作用。通常定语从句和前面的句子用逗号隔开。下面我们给两个例子大家自已体会一下：

Do you know the girl who is speaking with Mr. Wang?

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a modern city.

例3

It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

句子成分分析：it 做形式主语，that 从句做真正的主语，第二个that 引导的从句做定语从句修饰the earliest living thing , 同时that 在从句中做主语，逗号后面a phenomenon 是解释symbiosis 的，that 从句修饰 phenomenon ,同时that 做主语，and 并列连词，连接 a phenomenon 和a principle , 最后一个that 是修饰 a principle，同时 that 从句的主语。

例子翻译：在这些岛屿上建立群落的最早生物体是共生关系的例子，这件事是很重要的。共生关系是一种现象，这种现象依赖两个或多个生命形式的密切合作，同时共生关系也是一种原则，是在岛屿群落中很重要的原则。

托福阅读材料：大苹果

大苹果纽约

纽约，世界最大的城市，在这里，摩天大厦林立，有著名的第五大道(Fifth Avenue俗称第五街)、对世界经济极具影响力的华尔街Wall Street，以及艺术家们响往的格林威治村Greenwich Village。

帝国大厦 Empire State Building

长时期来象征著纽约摩天大楼的高达102层超高层大厦。顶层高度达1，250英尺(381公尺)。在第86楼上有一展望台，气候晴朗时，可以眺望周围50英里以内的景色。【托福阅读】

洛克斐勒中心 Rockefeller Center

呈现美国典型的一面，在都市建筑学方面也颇饶兴趣的商业与娱乐中心。自第49街与第50街之间，通过第五街的Promenade Gardens内，四季花草茂盛，美丽如图画，公园四周是具有代表性意义的大厦，诸如PCA Building、Radio City Music Hall,Center Theatre等。NBC与ABC的制作室就是RCA大厦的第70楼。【托福阅读】

自由女神 Statue of Liberty

世界著名的自由女神像，位于纽约湾的利勃坦岛上，像高约46公尺。自由女神像内部中空，可搭电梯直达神像头部。此外，还有新设的移民博物馆Immigration Museum。

联合国 the United Nations

纽约的历史系由曼顿产生，而现代世界史则与联合国密切相关。自第42街起直到第48街上，在广达18英亩的地基上，就兴建着著名的联合国大厦。联合国容许观光客依到达先后次序入内参观会议情形。

中国城 Chinatown

中国城已具有百年以上的历史，城内居住的华裔第二代约有六千人。中国城位于ChathamSquare的西边一部份，城中主要街道为Mott。城内有中国博物馆。大都会美术馆The Metropolitan Museum of Art乃是世界最大美术馆之一。自由代东方到现代，有关美术史的重要事项，一一呈现眼前。内中有一美国馆，可由馆中陈列品窥知初期美国人的生活状况。【托福阅读】

华尔街 Wall Street

是全球金融中心。世界最大的银行大厦，除了大通银行之外，纽约股票交易所，美国股票交易所，以及收藏1789年华盛顿就任美国第一任总统时的史迹的国立纪念馆、联邦厅等，都在这条街上。

太空城

休士顿

休士顿是美国的第五大都市，人类第一次登上月球的阿波罗飞船11号就在这里升空，因而使它也成为全球闻名的城镇。这一城镇是在1836年当德克萨斯州自墨西哥获得独立时，随之而诞生。

通往墨西哥湾的休士顿港，是美国第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油产品，其数量占全美第一位。

自从美国国家航空太空总署NASA在近郊设置太空中心以来，休士顿正在继续不断地急速发展。

阿斯托洛圆顶运动场 Astrodome

耗资3，100万美元，于1965年兴建完成的这一运动场是目前世界上最大的一座室内运动场，内部装有冷暖气设备。棒球、足球、骞马，以至于马戏团表演，都可以在室内进行。紧邻的Astro World是一个规模极大的娱乐中心，游客可以观赏欧洲各种村落的景色，也能够欣赏各类表演。

圣哈新托古战场 San Jacinto Battle field

1836年，休士顿将军为了争取德州独立，率军与墨军激战的地方。现在已成为州立公园，纪念塔高达174公尺，可乘电梯登上塔项。塔下是历史博物馆。距休士顿市约26公里。

美国航空太空总署太空飞行中心 NASA Manned Spacecraft

因阿波罗11号在此升空而全球闻名。美国国家航空太空总署NASA于1961年设立于休士顿东南方45公里处的克利阿湖畔。附近有General Electric 和International Business Machines等重要的电子工业企业，是名符其实的航空太空科学中心。

展览馆Exhibit Hall的一号馆中，陈列着太空飞行员使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的岩石，对一般观光客公开。

太空飞行中心内部极为辽阔，可在进入中心的问讯处索取地图，备作参考。太空中心内也有礼品店，出售太空船模型、月球石头模型，以及阿波罗帽等。

托福考试阅读材料专题训练

【Introduction】

根据一份今在「英国医学杂志」刊出的报告指出，母乳虽然含有丰富营养，但长期吃母奶无助於降低幼儿罹患气喘和过敏症状风险。

【Section One】Article

The benefits of breast-feeding are many and varied. Studies suggest that breast-fed kids are smarter, taller, thinner, healthier and less stressed than babies on bottles. Plus, breast-feeding helps moms bond with their babies and may even lower their blood pressure. So, is there anything breast milk can‘t do? Apparently, yes, according to a new study published Tuesday by BMJ Online: It doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

That‘s a question researchers have long debated. Until now, the evidence has been mixed: Some studies have suggested that exclusive, prolonged breast-feeding helps stave off asthma and allergies later in life; other studies have shown no protection, or even an increased risk. But most of the available data has come from observational studies. The new BMJ paper, in contrast, was a large, long-term randomized trial that involved more than 17,000 breast-feeding women and babies, 13,889 of whom were tracked until age 6 1/2. Researchers recruited the moms in maternity hospitals and clinics in Belarus. About half of them — those who had already begun breast-feeding — were encouraged to continue breast-feeding exclusively; the control group got no such extra urging.

Researchers report that women in the intervention group breast-fed significantly longer than women in the control group: at three months, 73% of the intervention group was breast-feeding, compared with 60% of the control group, and the number of women breast-feeding exclusively was seven times higher. By a year after birth, rates of breast-feeding had dropped across the board; but still, 20% of the intervention group was breast-feeding versus 11% of the controls.

In general, about 10% of the children had ever suffered wheezing in their lives, though less than 1.5% had had full-blown asthma. Roughly 3% to 5% had had hay fever, and about 1% had suffered bouts of eczema. Researchers also performed skin-prick tests on the children; again, there was no significant difference between incidence of allergy — to dust mites, cats, pollen, grass and Alternaria, a common fungus — between the groups. In the breast-fed group, about 9% were allergic to pollen and Alternaria, 12% to cats and grass and 15% to dust mites. Absolute rates of all allergies were slightly lower in the control group, but the variations weren‘t statistically relevant.

The BMJ study is ”to our knowledge.. the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation,“ write the study‘s authors. But it‘s not likely to be the last. Science will continue to debate the discrete pros and cons of breast-feeding, but doctors unanimously agree that breast, in general, is best for babies‘ health, growth and development. Mothers should breast-feed newborns for at least 12 months — and exclusively for at least 6 months — according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.

【Section Two】Vocabulary

limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or group

extend the duration of.

to fend off, to ward off

enlist (someone) in the armed forces.

the period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirth

action taken to improve a medical disorder.

so as to include or affect all classes or categories

to maintain contact with (a person) so as to monitor the effects of earlier activities or treatments

a set of printed questions, usually with a choice of answers, devised for a survey or statistical study.

10. wheeze

breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. (of a device) make an irregular rattling or spluttering sound.

possessing or exhibiting all the usual or necessary features or symptoms

12. bout

a short period of intense activity.

13. eczema

a medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding.

14. prick

press briefly or puncture with a sharp point.

15. mite

a minute arachnid with four pairs of legs, several kinds of which are parasitic.

16. pollen

a powdery substance discharged from the male part of a flower, each microscopic grain containing a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule.

is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.

18. fungus

any of a large group of spore-producing organisms which feed on organic matter and include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

a disadvantage of or argument against something.

fully in agreement.

a branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of children

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion, and itching and watering of the eyes

【Section Three】Homework

1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.

When the infants were about 6 1/2 years old, researchers followed up with standard questionnaires about asthma, hay fever and eczema. Rates of each condition were similar in both groups.

2. What is the main idear of this Article?

3. What is the main reason that the author is confident with the conclusion of the study?

4. Which word is the ”best“ synonym of ”recruit“ here ?

A. recover B. renovate C. refresh D. draft E. enroll

5. Which kinds of allergies are described in the article?

参考答案：

1. 当小婴儿六岁半时，研究员以一致的问卷来追踪哮喘、花粉病和湿疹。两组各项过敏的比例都很接近。

2. Although breast-feeding has many advantages, it doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

3. The conclusion is drawn from the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation.

4. E

5. asthma, hay fever and eczema

篇6：英语六级阅读理解备考题

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.

Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a starling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.

In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.

Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.

In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the passage above.

It can be concluded from the passage that”academic mobility“_____.

A.means the friendship formed by scholars on the trip

B.is a program initiated by governments

C.has been put great emphasis on in the world

D.means going abroad in search of the best teacher

2.The word ”eccentric" in the second paragraph most probably means_____.

A.a rather strange person

B.a person of no exceptional ability

C.an ambitious person

D.peculiar or unusual

3.In the eyes of the author,what happens to a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues?

A.He risks his ideas being stolen.

B.He gains recognition for his achievement

C.He is considered as an eccentric.

D.He is credited with a startling discovery.

4.According to the passage,the recent growth in air travel has meant that_____.

A.travel around the world becomes realistic and affordable

B.more students from remote areas can attend universities

C.all kinds of information can be shared by more people

D.scholars can meet each other more easily

5.The author thinks that it's important for scholars to be able to travel because_____.

A.their laboratories ate in remote places

B.there is too much stress at universities

C.their fellow experts are scattered around the world

D.there are so many people working in similar fields

文章摘要

议论文。本文主要论述了“学术流动”的诸多现象和引起“学术流动”的因素。

斟词酌句

in search of 寻找

Newton,the great scientist,spent his whole life in search of truth. 伟大的科学家牛顿一生都要寻求真理。

2.stimulating adj. 刺激的，有刺激性的

To win a prize is always stimulating. 获奖总是令人激动的。

3.simultaneous adj. 同时发生的，同时存在的，同步的

The two simultaneous shots sounded like one. 同时发出的两声枪响听起来像一声。

4.reassure vt. 使放心

When the child was afraid in the storm,his parents reassured him. 孩子害怕风暴时，他的父母安慰他。

指点迷津

It must also have been reassuring to know [that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines], and [that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect].在本句中，两个方括号里“that”引导的从句都是“know”宾语。

2.In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, [which (by widening the total area of advanced studies) has produced an enormous number of specialists (whose particular interests are precisely defined)].在本句中，方括号里“which”引导的定语从句修饰“thevery considerable multiplication of disciplines”;该从句的谓语动词是“has produced”;该从句中还包含了一个由“whose”引导的定语从句修饰“specialists”。

试题精析

选C.本题为主要细节正误题。第一段第二句说“'academic mobility' is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world”，由此可知，人们认为“学术流动”非常重要，C选项与其意思一致;D选项为干扰项，由第一段可推断“going abroad in search of the best teacher”只是“学术流动”的表现之一，并不是它的含义。

2.选A.本题为词义推断题。“eccentric”在文中作名词，指“古怪的人;有怪癖的人”，所以A选项为正确的答案。

3.选B.本题为观点态度推断题。从第二段最后一句可推断，当一位学者和他的同事分享其想法观点时，他知道“one was not quite alone”，他会得到对他的成就的认可。

4.选D.本题为主要细节正误题。第三段最后一句说“……the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible……”，D选项与其意思一致。

5.选C.本题为观点态度推断题。文章最后一句说“These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.”，所以C选项为正确答案。

全文翻译

学者和学生一致都是伟大的旅行者。在全世界，人们现在经常称“学术流动”为经济和社会进步的必备基础，但显然，这已不是什么新事物了。认真的学生时刻准备着出过，以寻求最棒的老师和最着名的学府，寻求最纯粹的哲学，最有效的医学和最有可能找到金矿的道路。

这种流动也是思想的流动，它们穿越国界，同事影响着各种不同的人群。学习的关键在于分享――不管是和学生还是和同事分享。有人认为只有偏执狂才对由惊人的发现或一项新技术带来的荣誉感感兴趣。但是要知道，在世界上的其他地方有其他人和我们有同样的发现或是以同样的方式思考着。虽然我们面临质问、讥讽和漠视，但我们并不孤独。这一点会让人宽慰不少。

在20世纪，特别是在最后里，那些漫游流浪的学者们以前走的小路已经变成了宽广的大陆。当然，是飞机这种交通工具让这成为可能，它让远隔重洋的学者们迅速取得联系，为知识的迅速传播提供条件。

除了交通工具这个因素，要确认引起最近学术运动大爆炸的因素也是比较容易的。有一些仅仅只是数量上的，不需要的学习中心，和比以前多得多的学者和学生。

另外，我们必须承认，学科门类以相当快的速度增加，特别是在科学领域。通过拓宽整个高深研究的领域，已经出现了大量研究兴趣严格限定的专家学者。如果这些专辑不和其他国家同样鼓励的群体保持联系，他们会在一种与世隔绝的状态下工作。

1.12月英语六级阅读理解模考题及详解

2.英语六级复习准备

3. 12月英语六级作文常考题型

4.12月英语六级阅读理解预测题

5.20英语六级阅读理解复习计划

6.英语六级阅读理解解题技巧

7.2016英语六级阅读理解：只眼看球迷

8.英语六级阅读理解6大技巧

9.月英语六级阅读理解练习

10.2016英语六级阅读理解满分技巧

篇7：托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析

托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析

托福阅读说明文结构讲解

一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段，结构也很清晰：主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析：

官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

留下 these troops had a considerable impact on Britain;也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。之后2～4句其实交代前提，开始具体的说开，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，到底有哪些影响：军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻，人民不满而反抗，最后军事镇压。

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

所以总共7句话的段落，分层三个层次，主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上，段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的：英国被罗马帝国征服+ 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

通过上文实例讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读说明文的基本结构和解题思路也有了一定了解。之后大家在通过一些练习加深对说明文的认识和解题方法，以后面对这类高频阅读文章类型就能顺利解答确保得分了。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870's, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.

Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South, Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains, and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.

Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.

Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.

1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainly

discuss?

(A) The influence of science on literature

(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers

(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism

2. The word prevailed in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) dominated

(B) transformed

(D) generalized

3. The word they in line 8 refers to

(A) authors

(B) dialects

(D) relationships

4. According to the passage , a highly significant factor in the development of realist and

naturalist literature was

(A) the Civil War

(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular

(D) an economic depression

5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT

(A) human relationships

(B) characteristics of different regions

(D) social and historical theories

6. The word depicted in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) emphasized

(B) described

(D) classified

7. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?

(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers

(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors

(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style

8. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?

(A) Ellen Glasgow

(B) Sarah Orne Jewett

(D) Mark Twain

9. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he

(A) was the first realist writer in the United States

(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach

(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech

10. The word foremost in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) most difficult

(B) interesting

(D) leading

11. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage ?

(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.

(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.

(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.

PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C

篇8：托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析

托福阅读说明文题材详细解析实例分析从结构开始学习解题思路

托福阅读说明文结构讲解

官方真题Official-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。

托福阅读：词汇题分析整理

例题1 Passage:

“In the animal world the task of moving about is fulfilled in many ways. For some animals locomotion isaccomplished by changes in body shape…” The word locomotion in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.evolution

B.movement

C.survival

D.escape

正确答案是B。

例题2 Passage:

“Some poisonous snake bites need to be treated immediately or the victim will suffer paralysis…” In stating that the victim will suffer paralysis the author means that the victim will

A.lose the ability to move

B.become unconscious

C.undergo shock

D.feel great pain

正确答案是A。

托福阅读：易混淆的词组

1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地

2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响

3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行

4) angel 天使 angle 角度

5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记

6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛

7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则

8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的

9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文

10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打

11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下

12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水

13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近

14) costume 服装 custom习惯

15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的

16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的

17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)

18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变

19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音

20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役

21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓

22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式

23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续

24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物

25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房

26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴

27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳

28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉

29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏

30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物

31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从

32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照

33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事

34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛

35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹

36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水

篇9：托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析

托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析句子简化题做法介绍

托福阅读句子简化题怎么做?

托福阅读的句子简化题要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。解答句子简化题其实有一个规律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了，但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。知道这个规律，解开这道题就变得简单了。

托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧实例讲解

下面，我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.

B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land.

C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involved in the effort.

D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.

很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。

正确的做法是：

1.找出句子的主谓宾，也就是谁做了什么，然后关注句子的逻辑关系。例题的主语是：seriousness of desertification，逻辑关系词是表示原因的：result from，所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项，他们中若有正确答案，那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。这样做不仅快，而且效率高。我们不难发现：A选项中有because;B选项中有because of;所以我们先看这两个选项。

2.我们还发现原因用as well as相连，说明是两个原因，一个是影响land和people，一个是reverse和slowthe process很难。A选项正确表达了句意，而B选项把原文中并列的两个原因变成了因果关系，很明显是错的。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Successin colonization...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Successin colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.

结构划分：

Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- (a safe site) (where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) (at which the invading species can become established.)

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

Success in colonization depends (to a great extent) on there being a site (available for colonization)

注意depend on被短语to a great extent(很大程度)隔开了，断句不要出现问题，后面还有一个放在后面的形容词短语(available for colonization)修饰a site

修饰一：(a safe site) ，同位语，解说说明前面的a site

中文：一个安全的地点

修饰二：(where disturbance by fire or bycutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) ，从句

这个从句有点复杂：

where disturbance (by fire or by cutting down of trees) has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

(by fire or by cutting down oftrees)，介词修饰放在后面disturbance

注意这里有一个并列结构，either or

either removed competing species

or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

中文：在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么减低了竞争水平和其它负面的物种间相互影响的水平

修饰三：(at which the invading species can become established.) ，从句

中文：入侵物种能够定居下来。

参考翻译：

成功的移居很大程度上依赖于有一个可用的移居的地点，即一个安全的地点，在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么把物种间的竞争和其他负面的物种间相互影响减少到让入侵物种能够定居下来。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Many prehistorians believe...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.

结构划分：

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently (in several different areas of the world) (when small communities, (driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources), began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

Many prehistorians believe that从句

从句中的主干是：

farming may have emerged dependently

修饰一：(in several different areas of the world)，介词短语

中文：在世界几个不同地区

修饰二：(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词修饰small communities

中文：迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减

修饰三：(when small communities began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival)，从句

请大家注意此处的断句问题。

从句的主谓被非谓语给隔开了。就是它：

(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)

中文：当一些小的群落开始在地里种植种子去努力保证他们生存时

参考翻译：

许多史前学家认为：当一些小的群落迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减少压力，开始在地里种植种子去努力保证他们生存时，农业可能在世界几个不同地区就独立出现了。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Chinese papermakers...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chineseand the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulosepulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward.

词汇讲解：

cellulose /'selj?l??z/ n. 纤维素

pulp /p?lp/ n. 果肉;纸浆

extract /?k'str?kt/ vt. 取出，拔出;压出, 榨出(汁液等);选录，摘录

suspend /s?'spend/ vt. 悬挂或吊起某物;使(某物)悬浮;使(某事物)暂停

screen n. (筛煤﹑ 砾石等的)筛子

flexible /'fl?ks?bl/ adj. 易弯曲的，柔韧的，有弹性的

结构划分：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners (capturedin a battle)(fought near Samarqand)(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751), and the technique of papermaking - (in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets) - slowly spread westward.

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

It has been said that + 从句

从句的主干是：

Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners and the technique of papermaking slowly spread westward

修饰一：(captured in a battle)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰the prisoners

中文：在战争中被俘

修饰二：(fought near Samarqand)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰battle

中文：在撒马尔罕附近

修饰三：(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751)，介词短语

中文：在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间

修饰四：(in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of severalplants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets)，从句，修饰the technique of papermaking

注意：从句里面还有一个非谓语动词修饰cellulosepulp

cellulose pulp (extracted from any ofseveral plants) is first suspended in water

中文：首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张

参考翻译：

据说在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间，在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸匠被虏成为囚犯，这样造纸术(首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张)才缓慢向西方传播。

篇10：托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析

托福阅读4大类文章主要结构实例分析提速从了解结构开始

1、Problem/Solution(问题与解决方法)

Problem/Solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题，而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案。此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题，然后下面给出几种可能的解释。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章，开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易，但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上贸易，可是又存在一系列的问题。接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的。主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最后的文章内容小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关的。

2、Classification(分类)

Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，文章在第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述这3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点。这样的结构对于我们做文章内容小结题非常有利，因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来。把握住了文章中3种共生关系的主要特点，最后一题也就手到擒来了。

同样属于分类结构的文章还有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》，TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》，TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，读文章时要注意记录各个类型的主要特点，这样在面对最后一题时即便时间有限也可以从容不迫。

3、Comparison/Contrast(比较)

Comparison/Contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关的事物，将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较，其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类。比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the Desert》，文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水，将其中的河流分为两大类：Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征。

在碰到这种类型的文章时，往往最后会出一道表格题，要求考生总结两个比较对象的特征。表格题区别于文章内容小结题的一大特点是，选项中包含的细节比较多。不同于小结题的选项高度概括，表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题，需要看的内容比较多，所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记，将文章主要行文结构弄清楚：这两类事物的本质区别是什么?分别在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架，最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱。

类似的文章还有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。

4、Cause/Effect(因果)

Cause/Effect又称现象解释型文章，所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象，就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍。最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南中的《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因，最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来，所以概括时主要关注每个段落的中心句即可。官方指南中的《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章。

托福考试阅读技巧指代题解析

一、指代关系题可以分为两类：代词指代题和词汇指代题。

1. 代词指代题：

对于代词指代题，简单句中的这类题目可以采用就近原则来解决：先读整个句子，以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。而对于主从复合句，采用后指代前的方法。一般来说，从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。这个与主从复合句的类型没有关系。

例如：

The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.

The word “they “refers to

A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments

这个句子为复合句，前半句的主语为skeletons，所以按照上面的原则A为正确答案。

2. 词汇指代题：

这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语，而不是指代。

例如：代词指代题的常问方式为： The word “they, it, their...” refer to …

词汇指代题的常问方式为: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中，“W ”为词汇或者短语。

其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样，采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。

我们来看一个例子：

In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.

The word “process” in refer to

A. The righting of tumbling cat

B. The cat’s fall slowed down

C. High-speed photography

D. A scientific experiment

这是个主从复合句，从句的主语为process，所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair，但是答案中没有相同的选项。根据代词指代的特点，本句中找不到所指代的对象，所指代的对象通常出现在上一句话中，所以正确答案为A。

二、解答指代关系题的三大步骤：

1. 看题干，确定指代类型

2. 带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围

3. 采用排除法，确定答案。

总之，正确理解原文是解决这类问题的关键，之后按照这三个步骤，采用就近原则和后指代前的技巧进行解答。

托福考试阅读技巧插入题的解题步骤

插入句子题是IBT阅读中的新题性。这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。

掌握衔接词是解答插入句子题的关键

掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。);关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词;表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。

我们来具体来一个例子：

1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.

Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.

These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.

Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.

A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4

具体的解题步骤：

1. 理解要插入的句子：These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我们看这个句子是主、谓、宾结构，其中宾语为一些列的并列名词和短语。

2. 寻找衔接词：这个句子的衔接词为：These tales

3. 分析这个句子和上下文的关系：位置1 不可能，因为它后面的句子是一个主题型句子，即，提出论点，而我们要插入的句子为一个小点，属于论据。然后看位置2，这里出现了和我们要加入句子一样的信息点Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。显然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是对其前面句子for their own sake的进一步解释。所以最后只能是位置4了。

4. 把这个句带入各个位置。

5. 检查每个位置，位置4是最恰当的。

总之，把握这五大步骤是我们解决插入句子题的一个便利小窍门，具体的应用方法因人而议。理解需要插入句子的结构，找出衔接词是解题关键。同时要注意整个段落的结构以及上下文逻辑关系。

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法介绍

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法一：顺序做题

在这样的方法中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章，而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间，就会从题目的第一题顺序做到最后一题。也就是说，文章应对题目，看了一段题目后，找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于，可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握，同时，容易理解文章的细节信息，建立阅读的自信。当然，其中的确定就是，很难控制好答题的时间，另外在做最后一题时候，往往会需要我们在重新阅读一下整篇文章。

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法二：最后一题优先

而针对以上这样的问题，很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的问题。也就是是说，在阅读完整篇文章之后，先做最后一到小结题，然后再从第一题做到倒数第二题。当然，这样方法有着一定的好处，因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象，在完成最后一题是能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿，也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。

托福阅读考试练习题目做题方法三：先题后文

用题目还原到文章这样的解题，目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说，我们可以花上15分钟做第一题。然后，先题后文，读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后，进行这句话和选项内容的比对，找到最终的答案。而最后的5分钟，我们就可以留给最后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题，同时，也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是，想要使用这种方法，我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧，必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟，否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。