下面是小编为大家整理的托福阅读题来源是哪里，本文共6篇，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
篇1：托福阅读题来源是哪里
从来源去找最“真”的真题：托福阅读文章都从哪儿来?
所谓”真“，也就是有”托福相“的文章，应该从两方面去考虑：内容和难度。内容就是文章在“讲什么”，而难度则是文章“怎样讲”。用内容和难度都与托福一样的文章练出来的能力，一定是最符合托福考试要求的。
出现在托福阅读考试中的文章，都是学术性文章，浑身上下都是科普范。它们基本都来自涉及自然、生物、人文、社科等各个领域的期刊或杂志，来源十分广泛。
下面送上整理好的托福阅读选材范围清单一份(附官方网址)：
1.《纽约时报》The New York Times: www.nytimes-se.com
2.《纽约客》The New Yorker: www.newyorker.com
3.《泰晤士报》 Times: www.thetimes.co.uk
4.《卫报》 The Guardian: www.guardian.co.uk
5.《观察家报》 The Observer: www.observer.co.uk
6.《星期日报》The Sunday Times: www.sunday-times.co.uk
7.《每日快报》 The Daily Express: www.express.co.uk
8.《每日邮报》 The Daily Mail: www.dailymail.co.uk
9.《世界新闻报》 The News of the World: www.newsoftheworld.co.uk
10.《国家地理》National Geographic: www.nationalgeographic.com/
11.《大西洋月刊》The Atlantic Monthly: www.theatlantic.com/
12.《经济学人》The economist www.economist.com
13.《旁观者》The Spectator: www.spectator.co.uk/
14.《新政治家》The New Statesman: www.newstatesman.co.uk/
15.《妇女界》The Woman’s Own: www.timeincuk.com/
16.《泰晤士报文学增刊》The Times Literary Supplement: www.the-tls.co.uk/
17.《新共和》The New Republic: newrepublic.com/
18《连线》Wired: www.wired.com/
19.《高等教育纪事报》The Chronicle of Higher Education: www.chronicle.com/
有了这些资源，我们从内容上已经离真题之源很近了，下一步就是再继续缩小范围，在这些文章里找到难度也跟托福类似的那些了。
托福阅读的出题来源
一、出题来源
事实上,托福阅读文章主要来自美国大学的教科书,一方面希望考生熟悉美国的教育,留学后可以更快地适应美国大学的课堂生活,另一方面也能让考生了解美国文化,毕竟文化的力量是很强的,一个民族的底蕴都是透过文化传达给人们的。
此外，部分题材来源于出题人对相关文章的整理，使所呈现出来的文章难度度能够与托福阅读题相匹配，能够有效区分和测试不同考生的英语水平。
托福阅读部分的内容涵盖了广泛的知识层面，从自然科学到生物科学，还有一定程度的美国历史和艺术，以及一些社会科学或人文学科。考生如果仔细研究就会发现托福阅读的考试内容就是人类的发展史，由最开始的自然界发展变化，包括地理、气候等，慢慢演变到对生物的探究，如动植物、微生物等。
自人类出现后，人们的生活逐渐变得越来越丰富多彩，他们渴望探索越来越多的领域。这不仅是文化的积淀，也是对历史的回顾和探索
二、阅读考点
1.词汇和语法
对于语言类考试来说，都会涉及到词汇和语法的考察，但不同的考试中，词汇和语法的考试形式会有一定的差异，如有的考试是在阅读中考察单词，有的考试是在单句填空中考察单词。因此，在备考托福阅读中，要科学背单词和语法。
2文章观点
在一篇文章中，所提供的信息并不是同等重要的。有些信息更重要，有些则不那么重要。因此，这部分其实是考察考生对托福阅读文章信息的甄别能力即认知能力。
大多数学生在阅读一篇文章时，大脑里都留下了一堆零碎的信息，但最终发现，所有的记住的信息都不是考试的内容，最直接的考察方法就是问因果，如：文章中提到了……是因为……。实际上考察的就是观点之间的关系。
3.组织结构
读完一篇文章之后，是否形成了清晰完整的文章结构框架，也叫作思维框架。托福阅读中的多项选择题，就是考察对文章架构的掌握，在此基础上，筛选主要信息的能力。
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析
托福阅读真题：
The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Natural
○Final
○Specific
○Complex
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
○They occur at the end of a succession.
○They last longer than any other type of community.
○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.
○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.
○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.
○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.
○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties
Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.
4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
○Pioneer communities
○Climax communities
○Single-crop farmlands
○Successional plant communities
Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?
○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.
○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “resilience.”
○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists.
○There are many different answers to ecological questions.
6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?
○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.
○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.
○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.
○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)
7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
○They become less stable as they mature.
○They support many species when they reach climax.
○They are found in temperate zones.
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increase
○Ensure
○Favor
○Complicate
9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?
○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example
○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity
○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increases proportionally
○Differs
○Loses significance
○Is common
Paragraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.
12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Foreign
○Stable
○Fluid
○Neighboring
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.
Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.
托福阅读真题参考答案：
1. ○3 2. ○3 3. ○1 4. ○2 5. ○3 6. ○2 7. ○3 8. ○2 9. ○1 10. ○3 11. ○4 12. ○4 13. ○2 14. ○2 3 5
托福阅读真题译文：
生态系统的长期稳定
植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用“演替”来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落，而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到5不等，植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变，但其变化周期超过500年。
现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换，但一年一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说，生态系统自身的性质比组成生态系统的单个生物体更为稳定。
生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定，生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点，长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是：顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子，在单一作物的农田中，一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反，在一个复杂的顶极群落里，如温带森林，他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的入侵。
不管怎样，生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先，不是所有的生态学家都赞同“稳定”的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话，顶极群落将被视为最稳定的，因为根据定义，他们随着时间推移而变化是最少。另外，稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度，比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下，顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。
即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。例如，红树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。总的来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性，生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一般来说，一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。
生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复，因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。
现在的很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来于自多样性，而是来自环境的“补缀”，随处变化的环境比统一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。即便是另一种不同的物种，他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺，并保持食物网的完整。
篇2：托福阅读插入题到底应该插在哪里
托福阅读插入题到底应该插在哪里?实例分析考点思路
托福阅读插入题到底考什么?
做题之前，我们先一起了解下，托福阅读题的出题意图是什么：
1、考查是否理解文章内部逻辑关系。
一般考查段落内部-句子之间的逻辑关系，有时也会考查段落之间的逻辑关系。
2、考查是否知道段落间重要的指示词和连词的作用。
只有了解起着文章衔接作用的连词的用法，才能紧随文章逻辑。
托福阅读插入题解题思路实操演练
例：
Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100 centigrade.
Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■【A】The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■【B】The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■【C】?By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■【D】Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces.More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
(官方真题Official-21: Geothermal Energy)
做句子插入题主要依赖的是语言线索，所以
第一步：仔细阅读待插入的句子，弄清含义，找出其中包含的衔接手段，预测可能存在的语境。也就是：In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100 centigrade.
句子中出现“either case”, either表示两者中“或者，任一”，意味着原文必提及两种“case”;
第二步：读原文，找线索
■ The water is usually occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■ The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■ By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relative low temperature of 80 to 180℃entigrade.■
我们发现原文首句提及“The water is usually occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock;”一种情况外，还提到了“less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface”这种情况，满足了“两种case”的猜测。
于是，我们把待插入句放到第二个小黑框前，检查一遍，逻辑通顺。
这道题中我们的解题突破口是一个叫“either”的词，除它以外，还有哪些词可能有逻辑衔接担当呢?
常见衔接手段：
1.语法衔接手段
语法衔接手段主要指代词，包括指示代词和人称代词。
指示代词：this, these, it, such, another, that, these, those
b. 人称代词：he, she, one, they, his, her, one’s, their
c. 定冠词：the
d. such, either, same等
说明插入句的内容上文有提到。
2. 逻辑衔接手段：
a. 因果: because, therefore, thus, consequently, so, as a result
b. 对比: however, on the contrary, nevertheless, unlike, in contrast, while, although, but
c. 递进: furthermore, also, as well, too, other, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun's energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.
1. The passage mainly discusses how heat
(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth's atmosphere
(B) is transported by ocean currents
(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists
(D) moves about the Earth's equator
2. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth's polar regions in which of the
following ways?
(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere.
(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun.
(C) The strength of their large scale winds.
(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.
3. The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) mix
(B) change
(C) adapt
(D) reduce
4. Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?
(A) To describe the heat of the Sun.
(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored.
(C) To show how energy is stored.
(D) To give an example of a heat source.
5. According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially
(A) around the higher latitudes
(B) in the tropics
(C) because of large-scale winds
(D) because of strong ocean currents
6. According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun's incoming energy
(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes
(B) is transported by ocean currents
(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere
(D) gets stored as latent heat
7. The word it in line 18 refers to
(A) square meter
(B) the Sun's energy
(C) latent heat
(D) the atmosphere
8. The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) chiefly
(B) originally
(C) basically
(D) clearly
9. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) essential
(B) dominant
(C) circular
(D) closest
10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) low latitudes(line 1)
(B) latent heat (line 5)
(C) evaporate (line 7)
(D) atmosphere (line 14)
PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must possess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for a certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.
The beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans. Ancient swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance. Many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation. The environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants and animals. The rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the water.
Only a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils. Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay. Although it seems that fossilization is common for some organisms, for others it is almost impossible. For the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because otherwise soil and water would soon become depleted of essential nutrients. Also, most of the fossils exposed on Earth's surface are destroyed by weathering processes. This makes for an incomplete fossil record with poor or no representation of certain species.
The best fossils are those composed of unaltered remains. Generally, it is the inorganic hard parts, composed mostly of calcium carbonate, that form the vast majority of unaltered fossils. Calcite and aragonite also contributed to a substantial number of fossils of certain organisms.
1. According to the passage , an organism without hard body parts
(A) is not likely to appear in the fossil record
(B) is not heavy enough to sink below the surface
(C) is not attractive to predators
(D) takes a long time to decay
2. The word agents in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) dangers
(B) examples
(C) areas
(D) causes
3. Why are marine organisms good candidates for fossilization?
(A) They have more fleshy structures than land organisms.
(B) It is likely that they will be buried rapidly.
(C) The water environment speeds the decay caused by bacteria.
(D) It takes longer for them to be preserved.
4. The fact that the land is largely the site of erosion (line 7 - 8) is significant because
(A) erosion is less destructive than sedimentation.
(B) fossils are most common in areas subject to erosion.
(C) erosion contributes to the destruction of skeletal remains.
(D) few organisms live in areas that experience extensive erosion.
5. According to the passage , why were the remains of organisms trapped in swamps better
preserved for the fossil record than those that were not?
(A) The swamp environment reduced the amount of bacterial decay.
(B) Swamp waters contained higher amounts of materials such as calcium carbonate.
(C) There were fewer sediments in swamps than in other bodies of water.
(D) Swamp vegetation accelerated the decomposition of organisms.
6. The word aided in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) reversed
(B) helped
(C) reformed
(D) counted
7. It can be inferred that flood plains, deltas, and stream channels (lines 14 - 15) are similar in
which of the following ways?
(A) Animals rather than plants have been preserved at such locations.
(B) Such locations are likely to be rich sources of fossils.
(C) Fossilized human remains are only rarely found in such locations.
(D) Rapid sedimentation in such locations makes it difficult to locate fossils.
8. What is the author's main point in paragraph 3?
(A) Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossils.
(B) Many fossils have been buried forever under the soil.
(C) Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organisms.
(D) It is easier to find the remains of plants than animals.
9. Why does the author mention aragonite in line 27
(A) To explain why fossils are rare
(B) To compare aragonite fossils and calcite fossils
(C) To argue that certain fossils are more informative than others
(D) To illustrate the kinds of inorganic hard parts that can form fossils
PASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD
篇3：托福阅读的材料来源于哪里
托福阅读的材料来源于哪里
《纽约时报》
创刊于1851年，是美国最有影响力的三大报纸之一。该报社位于纽约市中心的时代广场，由苏兹伯格(Sulzberger)家族所有。它的报纸基本上反映的是美国的外交政策和趋势。
《华盛顿邮报》
该报于1977年在华盛顿特区成立，是美国最有影响力的三大报纸之一，由格雷厄姆家族所有。政治上与国会关系密切，支持民主党，在参议院受到重视。
《洛杉矶时报》
它是美国西部最大的报纸，也是美国最有影响力的三大报纸之一。它成立于1881年，以其代表西方的利益和倾向共和党的观点而闻名，发行量是一百万份。
《华尔街日报》
《华尔街日报》成立于1889年，由美国主要的财经新闻和出版集团道琼斯出版，是一份具有影响力的全国性财经和专业报纸，发行量为140万份。
《纽约每日新闻》
创办于19，是美国发行量最大的报纸。
《时代》杂志
周刊，于1923年在纽约创办，有国内版和国外版，还有欧洲版、亚洲版和拉丁美洲版，该杂志因其及时的报道和新颖的写作而获奖。
同时有国外新闻、经济、宗教、科学、法律、人民、医学、影视评论、体育等专题报道，发行量约为300万份。
《新闻周刊》
创刊于1933年，是一本综合性杂志。除国内版外，还有大西洋版和太平洋版。和《时代》并排美国两大享有盛誉的全国性周刊，发行量约300万份。
《读者文摘》
该月刊成立于1922年，号称是全球发行量最大的杂志。它以15种语言出版39版，每期发行量3 000万册，政治上反映了美国保守派的观点。
《美国新闻与世界报导》
于1948年由《美国新闻》、《世界报道》和《美国周刊》合并而成。内容是关于政治、经济和军事的综合报道和评论，发行了300万册左右。
新托福阅读背景知识：马斯洛需要层次理论
马斯洛的需要层次理论
马斯洛认为，人类的需要是分层次的，由低到高。它们是：
自我实现的需要
尊重 的 需 要
社交 的 需 要
安全 的 需 要
生理 的 需 要
生理上的需要是人们最原始、最基本的需要，如吃饭、穿衣、住宅、医疗等等。若不满足，则有生命危险。这就是说，它是最强烈的不可避免的最底层需要，也是推动人们行动的强大动力。显然，这种生理需要具有自我和种族保护的意义，以饥渴为主，是人类个体为了生存而必不可少的需要。当一个人存在多种需要时，例如同时缺乏食物、安全和爱情，总是缺乏食物的饥饿需要占有最大的优势，这说明当一个人为生理需要所控制时，那么其他一切需要都被推到幕后。
安全的需要要求劳动安全、职业安全、生活稳定、希望免于灾难、希望未来有保障等，具体表现在：①物质上的：如操作安全、劳动保护和保健待遇等②经济上的：如失业、意外事故、养老等③心理上的：希望解除严酷监督的威胁、希望免受不公正待遇，工作有应付能力和信心。安全需要比生理需要较高一级，当生理需要得到满足以后就要保障这种需要。每一个在现实中生活的人，都会产生安全感的欲望、自由的欲望、防御的实力的欲望。
社交的需要也叫归属与爱的需要，是指个人渴望得到家庭、团体、朋友、同事的关怀爱护理解，是对友情、信任、温暖、爱情的需要。社交的需要生理和安全需要更细微、更难捉摸。它包括：①社交欲。希望和同事保持友谊与忠诚的伙伴关系，希望得到互爱等②归属感。希望有所归属，成为团体的一员，在个人有困难时能互相帮助，希望有熟识的友人能倾吐心里话、说说意见，甚至发发牢骚。而爱不单是指两性间的爱，而是广义的，体现在互相信任、深深理解和相互给予上，包括给予和接受爱。社交的需要与个人性格、经历、生活区域、民族、生活习惯、宗教信仰等都有关系，这种需要是难以察悟，无法度量的。
尊重的需要可分为自尊、他尊和权力欲三类，包括自我尊重、自我评价以及尊重别人。与自尊有关的，如自尊心、自信心，对独立、知识、成就、能力的需要等。尊重的需要也可以如此划分：①渴望实力、成就、适应性和面向世界的自信心、以及渴望独立与自由;②渴望名誉与声望。声望为来自别人的尊重、受人赏识、注意或欣赏。满足自我尊重的需要导致自信、价值与能力体验、力量及适应性增强等多方面的感觉，而阻挠这些需要将产生自卑感、虚弱感和无能感。基于这种需要，愿意把工作做得更好，希望受到别人重视，借以自我炫耀，指望有成长的机会、有出头的可能。显然，尊重的需要很少能够得到完全的满足，但基本上的满足就可产生推动力。这种需要一旦成为推动力，就将会令人具有持久的干劲。
自我实现的需要是最高等级的需要。满足这种需要就要求完成与自己能力相称的工作，最充分地发挥自己的潜在能力，成为所期望的人物。这是一种创造的需要。有自我实现需要的人，似乎在竭尽所能，使自己趋于完美。自我实现意味着充分地、活跃地、忘我地、集中全力全神贯注地体验生活。成就感与成长欲不同，成就感追求一定的理想，往往废寝忘食地工作，把工作当是一种创作活动，希望为人们解决重大课题，从而完全实现自己的抱负。
在马斯洛看来，人类价值体系存在两类不同的需要，一类是沿生物谱系上升方向逐渐变弱的本能或冲动，称为低级需要和生理需要。一类是随生物进化而逐渐显现的潜能或需要，称为高级需要。
人都潜藏着这五种不同层次的需要，但在不同的时期表现出来的各种需要的迫切程度是不同的。人的最迫切的需要才是激励人行动的主要原因和动力。人的需要是从外部得来的满足逐渐向内在得到的满足转化。
在高层次的需要充分出现之前，低层次的需要必须得到适当的满足。
低层次的需要基本得到满足以后，它的激励作用就会降低，其优势地位将不再保持下去，高层次的需要会取代它成为推动行为的主要原因。有的需要一经满足，便不能成为激发人们行为的起因，于是被其他需要取而代之。
这五种需要不可能完全满足，愈到上层，满足的百分比愈少。
任何一种需要并不因为下一个高层次需要的发展而告消失，各层次的需要相互依赖与重叠，高层次的需要发展后，低层次的需要仍然存在，只是对行为影响的比重减轻而已。第二页继续...
新托福阅读背景知识：小说《海狼》
The Sea-Wolf/海狼
体裁：长篇小说
写作时间：19
人物介绍：Wolf Larsen/海狼拉尔森，the schooner Ghost/魔鬼号船长;Humphrey Van Weyden/亨甫莱 凡 卫登，文学批评家;Maud Brewster/默德 布利斯特，女诗人
全文阅读：The Sea-Wolf/海狼
内容简介：一艘渡船在旧金山湾失事，三十五岁的文学评论家Humphrey被捕海豹船“魔鬼号”船长海狼Larsen救起。由于船上大副的死亡，缺少人手的Larsen强迫Humphrey在船上做茶房。Humphrey目睹了水手和猎人们的争斗，Larsen的冷酷无情。比一般水手都强壮的Larsen以自己的铁拳统治着这名符其实的“魔鬼号”。然而Humphrey也发现，Larsen也并非全无头脑，只是他那抛开任何微小的利他行为，只想到像酵母一样，大的吞掉小的，强的吞掉弱的，以获得个人的持续生存的人生理论是Humphrey这样满脑子理想、情操一类事物的文明人所无法接受的。Humphrey在船上学到了航海知识，身体也强壮起来。
魔鬼号偶然救起了在轮船失事中幸存的Maud Brewster。Humphrey心中燃起了爱的火花，他终于和Maud找机会逃走，由于偏离了航线，不得不在一个海豹聚集的小岛上暂时安顿下来，过了一段艰苦的努力生存的日子。众叛亲离的Larsen和魔鬼号也撞上了这个小岛。船上的水手和猎人不堪Larsen的压迫，又禁不住有人故意的金钱诱惑，全部抛开魔鬼号去为Larsen的敌人工作。Larsen也不再是那个身体强壮，坚不可摧的样子了，经常的头痛，可能是头部的瘤造成了他的迅速虚弱甚至失明。Humphrey和Maud努力将魔鬼号修好，其间受到Larsen多次阻挠。船终于修好了，Larsen则出现了偏瘫，生命之火慢慢地熄灭了。 Humphrey与Maud将Larsen海葬，不久之后，他们获救了。
《海狼》在直到的八十多年间中，曾十几次被搬上银幕，杰克伦敦在19的版本中，出演一位水手。
读书笔记：
《海狼》从纯文学的角度来讲，并不是一部非常成功的作品，海狼拉尔森是一个怪人，有强壮的身体和灵活的头脑，以野蛮人的方式与野蛮人欧斗，又以文明人的方式与文明人交谈。他的头脑中满是野蛮的思想，他读文明书只是为了从中找出可以支持自己观点的论据。情节上，几乎没有什么波动，只是讲船上争来斗去的琐事，尤其后期爱情的出现是那么突兀，与书前半部硬冷的基调完全不同。亨甫莱对拉尔森态度的变化也很奇怪，而且没有预兆，完全为爱情而爱情，使亨甫莱十足像个傻瓜。还有那莫名其妙的头疼加失明，为无坚可摧的拉尔森的失败找到了借口。
JL大多并不以情节取胜，他更善于细致刻划某一场景、画面或短小的一串动作，而不是错综复杂的人物关系和立体丰满的人物形象。
此书有诸多不足，但仍然值得一读。它谈到那永远无人可解的难题：“人为什么要活着?”按拉尔森的说法，“生命像是酵母，酶，一种活动的东西......大吞小才可以维持他们的活动，强食弱才能保持他们的力量。”“(水手)为了要吃要喝而活动，因为可以继续活动，就是这么样。他们为肚子而生活，为生活而吃饱肚子，这是一个循环。”
拉尔森有一套很奇怪的理论，亨甫莱称他为唯物主义者，而拉尔森的唯物主义不仅不相信上帝、永生的存在，甚至不相信人的精神。在他的眼里，人与世界上千千万万动物一样，纯粹是为生存而生存，什么理想、道德，一切不能用来补充力量的空谈都是屁话。
对于生与死，拉尔森秉持着JL一贯的态度，只不过表达方式有所变化：“蠕动是卑劣的，但是停止蠕动，像是泥土顽石，是不堪设想的......生命本身就是不如意，但是向前望到死亡，更是不如意。”--说句题外话，我无法相信持此种观点的JL会自杀，当然人的观点是可能变化的。
对拉尔森最好的总结是书中这句原话，“我相信他十足是个原人，生晚了几千年，或者说许多代，在这文明达到高峰的世纪，是一种时代错误。
不知不觉由拉尔森想到原始与文明的对立。文明使我们大多数人在作为一个自然人的层面上，变得柔弱，随着大脑的高度发达，与工具的不断发展，人类已经很退化了。而且文明不可避免地夹杂着虚伪、欺诈。原始与文明，到底怎样是进化，怎样是退化呢?
新托福阅读背景知识：石化林
石化林的一点背景知识
石化林存在于美国亚利桑那州的彩绘沙漠内，是广泛散布的石化木和石化树的集聚地。来自火山灰的氧化硅溶于水并且渗入树木中，变成晶体，此时石化木便形成了。人们现在所见到的石化木的鲜艳色彩是由其他矿物质所添加而形成的。
有些石化木看上去仿佛曾被斧子砍断以用作木柴，但它们可能是因地震断裂而形成的。玛瑙桥(玛瑙是一种半宝石)是跨越在一条12米宽的溪流上方的单根石化木。它在跨度上没有支撑，但两端埋在砂岩中。
宝石收藏者过去曾对石化林造成极大的破坏，如今石化木已受法律的保护，无人能再取走哪一片石头。
土著美洲人有一个解释石化林如何产生的故事。一位女神为生火做饭集木头，但木头很湿不能燃烧。女神很生气，便对一些木头施以恶咒语，把这们变成了石头，不能再为任何人所使用。
篇4：托福阅读文章出处是哪里呢
托福阅读文章出处是哪里呢
一、托福评分标准
托福阅读部分的考试满分30分，对于大家而言24分是一个比较高分的成绩了，那么想要拿到24分的话，托福阅读又能错多少呢?以下有这些分析，托福阅读有三篇文章，总共42道题。除每篇文末尾一题每题2分之外，其他题目都是每题一分。也就是说托福阅读的原始分是45分。原始分与结果成绩有个对应关系。根据分数对应关系，托福阅读如果想要拿到24分，原始分就要38分，想要38分的原始分，有以下几个情况，一是两分题都做对了的话，原始分39分基础题可错6道题，二是两分题都做错的情况下，已经扣6分，原始分得分为38分，在这种情况下托福阅读24分只能错3道大题，基础题一道都不能错。三是比较复杂了，如果其中一道题选错一个选项即扣一分，而其他两道题没错，那么错五个基础题就能拿到托福阅读24分;如果错两个选项扣两分，其他两道题没错，那么错四个基础题也能拿到托福阅读24分了。
二、选材出处
托福考试的阅读文章选材范围及其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：人类学、政治学、经济学、教育学、等交叉学科。
大家可以多关注一下报纸《纽约时报》、《纽约客》、《卫报》、《泰晤士报》、《每日快报》、《世界新闻报》，同时还有英语的主要期刊《国家地理》、《经济学家》、《旁观者》、《新政治家》、《高等教育纪事报》以及周刊《侦探》、《听众》、《科学美国人》、《发现》、《自然》等。这些都是备考托福考试阅读的好题材出处。
托福阅读推理题的解析
推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：
1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：
1.日期和数字。
2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福阅读句意解释题
这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解决这类题目的三种方法：
第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解题：
首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。
托福阅读如何应对文章难句
NO8-1，我们从“词--句-- 篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in ”incompatible elements“ (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、难词
spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的
plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱
xenolith:俘虏岩
percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、难句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in ”incompatible elements\" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。
三、文章结构
Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
篇5：托福阅读细节题是送分题
托福阅读细节题是送分题?掌握应对技巧才能避免出错
托福阅读细节题考什么?
在学习托福阅读细节题的解题思路之前，我们首先要了解细节题对于考生的能力考查到底在哪里。在小编看来，细节题考查的核心要点是大家在文章阅读过程中对于细节信息的敏感度以及考生准确返回原文定位到细节的能力，这种能力在考生以后研究生阶段学业中需要阅读大量文字类资料并准确寻找到其中关键性信息时会很有价值，因此细节题可以说就是针对考生是否具备这种能力而设置的题型。
托福阅读细节题出题思路实例分析
托福阅读细节题从提问方式上主要可以分为两类，第一类难度较高，要求考生对问题的所有选项都进行返回原文查找的步骤从而得出正确答案。这类题目小编称为多选项返回定位题，比如以下这道题目就是如此：
Asia is the largest land mass on Earth. It contains one-third of the world’s land. Much of the land is uninhabited. But Asia holds more than 60% of the world’s people. It has 48 different countries, including China and India. They are the most populous countries in the world. Asia is also the birthplace of the world’s five major religions. They are Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Which of the following is true of Asia?
A. It is the largest continent on Earth.
B. One-third of the world’s population lives there.
C. It takes up 60% of the world’s land mass
D. It is the home of 48 different religions.
可以看到这道题目本身并没有给出任何解题线索和关键词，考生需要把四个选项逐一返回原文核对查找以后，才能得出正确答案。这类题目之所以难度较高，就是因为它会消耗大家比较多的时间，本身考试时间不足答题节奏落后于原定进度的同学面对这类题目很容易因为心浮气躁，想要加速又加不了而出现错误。而且这类题目有个特点，那就是哪怕选项A就是正确选项，考生也会忍不住再去把其它选项也逐一核对确认一下再做出选择，这其实就是利用了考生患得患失的解题心理。以上题为例，A选项It is the largest continent on Earth.和文章第一句Asia is the largest land mass on Earth.其实就是一个意思，但哪怕考生心中已经比较有把握，也还是需要再看完其它选项才行。这样的题目相当消耗时间，大家如果遇到请务必注意时间分配方面的问题。
第二类细节题难度就比较低了，这类题目会给出明确的提示性线索和关键词，考生根据关键词直接返回原文就能找到对应题目的正确答案，在较短时间内就能做完。这类题目小编称为明确线索定位题，比如下面这道：
A routine vaudeville show usually began with a silly act, such as acrobats or trick bicyclists. This allow audience members to arrive late and find their seats. The show peaked in the middle with the “headliner”. This act was usually the best in the show. The show would conclude with a “chaser” act. This act was considered good enough to feature but dull enough to make audiences leave the theater.
According to paragraph 2, why did a vaudeville show usually start off with a silly act?
A. Because the audience needed time to arrive and find their seats.
B. Because the audience preferred to begin with silly acts.
C. Because silly acts got the audience ready for serious ones.
D. Because that was the only type of act the theater owner could find.
这道题目不仅给出了关键词线索a silly act，而直接给出了对应内容所在的段落位置，对于考生来说定位返回就变得相当简单了，考生只要带着问题读一下原文，找到答案以后再从选项中寻找出相应的内容就可以顺利解题。比如上面这道题问的是威慑呢么杂耍表演开场都要先来个silly act?考生从原文第二句This allow audience members to arrive late and find their seats.就可以直接找到答案，甚至不用读完整段内容就能获得自己需要的信息，接下来看到选项A也正好符合要求，那么答案一下子就能确定出来，整个解题过程不会超过30秒。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：非洲冶金技术发展
托福阅读长难句实例
Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron.
句子分析
本句的主句是Africans had iron from a relatively early date，句首出现unlike...提示了比较关系，这里是美洲与非洲作比较，在Americas之后有where引导的定语从句作修饰。而主句之后的developing ingenious furnaces则是现在分词作状语。本句还有两个不定式结构，分别是to produce the high heat和to control the amount of air，它们是前面furnaces的补语。句末that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的the amount of air。
词汇总结
metallurgy指的是“冶金术”。
ingenious表示“巧妙的“，比如：an ingenious way of making money 赚钱的妙法，an ingenious gadget 巧妙的小玩意，本句ingenious furnaces指的是“精巧的熔炉”。大家还要记下它的名词ingenuity，表示“心灵手巧;足智多谋”。
句子翻译
美洲的冶金技术发展得非常晚，而且有限。而非洲人则完全不同，他们从相对较早的时期开始就有了铁，并制造出了精巧的熔炉来产生冶金所需要的高温，熔炉还能控制与碳和铁矿石接触的空气用量以满足冶金的需要。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：古生物学家新理论
托福阅读长难句实例
In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.
句子分析
本句的主语是Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge，谓语动词是challenged, 宾语是conventional wisdom。而the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis则是an opposing viewpoint的同位语，用来进一步解释这个反对的观点。在同位语之后，有which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的equilibrium hypothesis，这个定语从句的谓语动词是posits。
词汇总结
conventional作形容词，表示“传统的;习惯的;常规的”，比如：She is a respectable married woman with conventional opinions. 她是一位可敬的观念传统的已婚妇女。We must reduce the danger of war by controlling nuclear, chemical, and conventional arms. 我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器来降低战争的危险。conventional是托福阅读词汇题所考查的高频词汇，与“traditional”, “customary”意思相近。
opposing作形容词，表示“相反的，对立的”，比如：The opposing armies were already preparing for war. 反对派的军队已经在备战了。May and Joe have opposing vies on the purpose of going to preschools. 玛丽和乔对于上学前班的目的持截然相反的观点。
punctuate作动词，表示“不时打断”，比如：The game was punctuated by a series of injuries. 那场比赛因不时有人受伤而中断。
equilibrium作名词，表示“平衡，均衡”，比如：The main task now is the maintenance of social equilibrium. 现在的主要任务是维持社会平衡。本句中的punctuated equilibrium是一个生物学科词，表示“间断平衡理论”，该理论认为：物种的进化是先处于一段时间的稳定状态，然后经历突然被打断的变化，最后再次恢复平衡。
posit作动词，表示“假定”，比如：He posited that the world economy is a system with its own particular equilibrium. 他假定世界经济是一个有其自身某种平衡的体系。
give rise to的意思是“引起，导致”，是写作可以经常使用的词组，比如：Our addiction to cellphones has given rise to many social problems. 我们对手机的沉迷引起了很多社会问题。
burst作名词，表示“爆发”，比如：bursts of violent temper 突然发大脾气。
lengthy作形容词，表示“(时间)过长的，冗长的”。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：太平洋岛屿火山
托福阅读长难句实例
A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral—that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.
句子分析
本句的主语是a glance，谓语动词则是reveals，在这个谓语之后由that引起了宾语从句。这个宾语从句比较长，在理解时，可以把破折号之间的插入语跳过，先理清楚三个定语从句，第一个that的定语从句，用来修饰前面的many islands，破折号之后that引导的定语从句，用来修饰前面的volcanoes，而本句最后还有一个that的定语从句，则是修饰前面的the Pacific Plate。读明白以上这些后，再读插入语，它其实只是对前面volcanoes作补充说明而已。
词汇总结
glance作名词，意思是“一瞥，看一眼”，比如：He gave her a quick glance as she walked into the room. 她走进房间时，他朝她看了一眼。take/give/show a glance at sth.是常用的词组，表示“看一眼……”。
reveal作动词，表示“显露;揭露”，是托福阅读词汇题所考查的高频词汇，与“show”的意思相近，比如：The curtains opened to reveal a darkened stage. 大幕拉开，露出一片漆黑的舞台。The newspaper story revealed a cover-up of huge proportions. 报纸的报道揭露了一件掩饰真相的事件，此事牵连甚广。
volcano作名词，表示“火山”。
overgrown作形容词，意思是“长满的”，比如：The garden will be overgrown with weeds by the time we get back. 我们回来的时候，花园里将是杂草丛生。
originate作动词，表示“发源;创始”，比如：a custom originating in Chinese culture 源自中国文化的一种习俗。
interior作形容词，表示“内部的”，比如：The interior lighting is not adequate. 内部照明不足。
plate在地理中指的是“板块”。
句子翻译
扫一眼太平洋的地图就能知道那里有许多在大海深处的岛屿，那些岛屿其实都是火山，其中许多已经不活动了，有一些还长满了珊瑚，这些火山起源于当时太平洋板块内部的地质活动，这样的板块形成了太平洋的海底。
句子翻译
1972年，古生物学家史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德和奈尔斯·埃尔德用相反的论点挑战了传统的认知，即间断平衡理论，该理论假定物种演变为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，而并非通过长时间的过渡时期。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：公路通行费的作用
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例：
Tolls on roads became high enough to finance what has been called a road revolution , involving new surfaces and bridges, new passes through the Alps, and new inns and hospices for travelers.
结构分析：
复合句。句中包含what引导的宾语从句。
句子分析：
Tolls on roads主语， became high enough为系表结构， to finance …为结果状语。在结果状语中，finance为动词，what为宾语从句，其中，what充当主语，has been called a road revolution 为谓语部分。
本部分意思：公路通行费足以资助所谓的道路革命。
involving后置定语修饰revolution, new surfaces and bridges作involving的并列宾语1, new passes为宾语2，through the Alps为定语, new inns and hospices为宾语3，for travelers 为定语。
本部分意思：包括新的路面和桥梁，穿过阿尔卑斯的新关口，以及为旅客新提供旅馆和收容所。
参考翻译：
公路通行费足以资助所谓的道路革命，包括新的路面和桥梁，穿过阿尔卑斯的新关口，以及为旅客新提供旅馆和收容所。
篇6：托福阅读词汇题词汇记忆是基础
托福阅读题型解析丨词汇题词汇记忆是基础
一.应对托福阅读词汇题要多背单词
单词记忆主要就是背单词。背单词是很多同学觉得非常痛苦的事情，经常会有学生问怎么背，背了一些又马上忘了另外一些。所以关于如何去背单词，在这里有几点建议：
1、利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。不过，为了保证效率，首先要确定哪些单词需要记忆。理论上，单词量越多越好。实际上，如果一味贪多，结果容易打疲劳战，而且效率低。所以，只记那些常考的核心词汇，而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词一般加以忽略。
2、进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。具体说来，就是每天背100个单词，将过一遍这些单词的时间控制在半个小时以内，每天过4遍，第二天再过一遍前的。如果程度不是很好的同学可以压缩到50个左右，但尽量不要低于50个。单词材料可以找一些相关的新托福阅读词汇书，或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。
3、把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法，并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。当一篇文章的生词量在5%左右的时候，这些生词的词义是可推的。所以我们在选择阅读材料的时候，应尽量将单词量控制在10%左右。单词太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。
二.托福阅读词汇题遇到不认识词汇如何应对
1.通过词根来猜测词汇意思
有了一定的单词基础，那么通过词根词缀去猜单词也不成问题了。而且除了单词有同义词，词根词缀也有同义关系。例如都是表达否定的同义前缀就有in-，un， non-，dis-等等，表示否定的后缀有-less，所以当看到题目中的单词有这类的否定含义，那么就可以去找选择项中也有否定前缀和后缀的词，也许就是正确选项，因为都是具有否定关系的。例如incalculable和unmeasured就是一组同义词。所以对于一些常见词缀词根是需要考生记忆的。具体有哪些可以参见一些英语字典的附录。
2.通过文章中的逻辑或者对应关系来猜测词义
逻辑关系主要是看上下文及背景内容。比较常见的逻辑关系是并列，转折，因果，递进等，所以考生要特别注意记忆逻辑关系连接词。例如这句话The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation，depriving some areas of rain while drenching others。
这句话中出现一个逻辑关系连接词while，这个词是表示一种转折，意思是然而，所以drenching和之前的动作depriving构成了反义关系，depriving意思是剥夺，所以drenching可以猜测其意可能与剥夺相反，前文为剥夺了一些地方的雨，那么相反就是给予另一些地方更多的雨，所以可以看到选择项中C。 Thoroughly wetting就是表达了多雨这个意思。而drenching本意就是湿透的意思。
3.将选项词汇带入到文章中验证
由于新托福的题目都是单选题，所以范围已经缩小到四选一，尤其是对词汇题来说，有一种方法就是将选项中的词放入到原文中去阅读，看意思与上下文是否合拍通顺，如文章中选择的单词前后有介词，就更能显出代入验证的好处。例如有这样一句话:When hoisted up in the sky， the microscopic particles act as...选择项则为A. Lifted B.Grouped C.returned D.pointed， 四个选项代入后，发现只有A选项能和后面的介词UP连接通顺，所以答案就是A选项，表示升起的意思。
托福阅读题型有很多，但是词汇题是亦难亦简单的题目，如果大家在做托福阅读词汇题的时候遇到的都是非常熟悉的单词，那么词汇题就能做的又快又对，这样也能为其他题目节省出不少时间，如果遇到了生词，那就要根据词根和逻辑来猜词，或者将选项词汇带入文章中去验证。
托福阅读备考的8个建议
托福阅读复习时，一定要扩大词汇量。词汇是做一切英语阅读的基础，就如同造房子如果说句型结构是房梁，那么词汇就是盖房子的砖块。特别是对于托福这样的考试，很多参与IBT考试的同学也是有出国读书的打算的因此多了解词汇对学生日后出国尽快适应国外大学的课文和学科内容也是有好处的。很多同学觉得托福阅读有难度，细细了解一下其实也就是有一连串的单词不懂，因此影响了对整篇文章的理解。
个人并不赞成题海战术，考好IBT需要用心准备但不能仅仅是做大量阅读。而是在于做完每篇文章后自己究竟得到了什么?这很重要。
托福阅读复习TIPS：
1.考试采取早签早考原则，所以对于害怕听力部分受到别人影响的同学尽量早到考场排队，早点开考。不过如果过早的话，就很难在厕所偷听口语题了。
2.一进考场在托福阅读之前就要调试话筒。捕获晚来的同学在其他同学开考阅读的时候调试话筒，会有些影响，一定要集中注意力;
3.每个人开始的时间不一样，所以具体休息的时间不一样，具体休息时间是在听力结束以后。
4.休息的时候就要缠住监考老师，因为上厕所原则上要求一个人回来，下一个人才能去，所以缠住老师为了让他会记住你，这样就会让你先出去，否则要等很长时间;
5.虽然每个人开始的时间不一样，但是各部分可以答题的时间是固定的，不要跨去做题，顺序是阅读、听力、口语、作文;
6.写完作文之后问你是否提交本次成绩，不要点错，否则就白考了。
7.中间根本没有时间吃东西，考试之前要吃饱。考下来很累，接近虚脱状态。
8.很多同学发现北美或者其他地区的已经考过的IBT考题在大陆地区有重复，甚至有位同学发现10月6号新加坡的新托福考试和10月8号大陆地区一模一样。我们姑且保守的猜测ETS在全球的考试时间排的时很满的，但是分配到每个国家，时间就分散了。所以请大家要注意观察机经，可能为我们的成功再增添一份筹码。
备考托福阅读的三个注意事项
一 单词
单词理解是文章的基础，如果单词过于生疏，就如同到了一个陌生的环境中，路标和指示牌上的文字都看不懂，既找不到方向，也看不清地形。因此，在准备考试的过程中，一定要积极贮备单词。但是，怎样才能贮备“有效单词”呢?所谓的“有效单词”，就是所背的单词和考试中出现的，是相同的意思。比如，suggest,题干中表示“表明”，impact在天文学文章中，表示“撞击”plate,考察的意思是“板块”。所以，单词的意思无需背多，有效足以。在这里，给大家一个建议，只要把24套TPO里面的词基本都弄明白就可以了。至于TPO里面很专业的一些名词，其实可以不用太在意，有个印象就好。另外，考试时遇到不认识词汇时 ，不要慌张也不要轻言放弃，有很多时，还是能够根据上下文的语境推断出来的。
二、长难句
文章的句子是长短句形式交替出现，但同学们的问题在于，一遇到比较长的句子就容易走神。主要原因是还不太习惯在繁杂的信息当中，扑捉到主要内容。或者是根本没有建立良好的读长句的习惯。一个句子的加长版，主要是由于修饰成分过多，或者是句式比较特殊，破获了我们中文的读句子的语序习惯。例如：1)Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times
点击索取，2014年托福阅读考试历年真题及答案
greater than at the Earth's surface,the deep ocean bottom is a hostile
environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of
outer space.这句话的句子主干是：the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to
humans,句首和句尾都附加了修饰the deep ocean bottom的成分，分清楚句子主干，句子的意思自然就明白了。2)Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the
country's impressive population growth.这句话由基础词汇构成，但句子意思却不是特别容易理解，原因是表语前置，整个语序发生了颠倒。我们只要将句子的语序正常化，就可以一目了然句意了。所以，大家要在平时多积累长难句的阅读经验，在考场中，才能提高自己阅读的效度和信度。此外，除了关注句子，还要注意文章结构，特别注意一个段落的首句和最后一句，因为往往可能体现了整个段落所要表达的中心含义。
三、时间分配
做题的节奏，在一定程度上能影响个人发挥。有的学生喜欢不看文章就做题，认为这样比较节省时间。的确，在托福阅读考试中，有一部分比例的题是不需要看上下文，通过定位，精读其中的几行，就可以顺利找到答案。但这样做题，好像看一部电视剧，在不知道前情提要的情况下，也可以明白当天的剧情，只是有的的地方会比较困惑。所以建议大家在做题之前，还是要能够大体了解一下文章的话题和主要内容，也就是注意题目的提示作用和第一段的铺垫引文作用，这样在自己头脑中有个整体框架，能够了解文章的整体走向思路，在对于某些题目的判断上，也会比较有据可循。因为，我们会注意到，托福阅读中的题目，还是会有上下文联系的情况出现。此外，不要过于执着于一道做不出来的题目，如果觉得太难就先跳过。到最后，还可以借助REVIEW键，来检查自己是否有漏题的现象，这样做的目的，是要给最后一题留足够的时间，因为只要有足够的时间，最后一题的正确率还是可以保证的。
托福阅读得高分的技巧与策略
想在托福阅读中取得好的成绩，那么你要了解托福阅读考试机制。在托福阅读中，一般选材会涉及自然科学(天文、地质、生物学等)、人文和社会科学(文学、历史、人类学、社会学等)以及艺术和商务等学科领域。多阅读这些文章，一方面可以了解相关的常识和背景知识，同时可借此机会熟悉不同学科的常用词汇。
一、信息定位能力
练习快速扫描，在文章或段落中定位并查找重要的事实和信息，包括主题信息、概念名称、日期、地点和数字等。经常反复地练习，可以提高阅读的速度和流利程度。
二、速读理解能力
[1] 在掌握语法知识(如：语句结构、代词等)以后，应采用各种手段，努力扩大词汇量，扫除阅读中存在的生字障碍。
[2] 练习速读，训练通过快速浏览而非逐句细读发现文章主旨的能力。托福阅读考试的选材，从文体角度看，大多是说明体和议论体的正式书面语文章。其语篇模式一般为导言、主题、支撑、结论四部分，并且每一段落的开头常可发现主题句。
根据英语语篇的上述特点，阅读时注意文章的首尾段落以及每一段落的开始一、二句话，常有助于迅速发现所读内容的主旨。同时，注意语篇中一些具有语义提示作用的信息词和短语(见漫谈六)，对于重要信息的快速查找和定位也是有帮助的。
[3] 还可以根据托福考试的题型有针对性地进行一些练习，包括就文章中出现的代词(he， they， that， these， it， one， others等)，找出它们所指代的名词;根据文章提供的信息，练习推理、预测和归纳结论的能力;选择阅读中遇到的生字，根据前后语句所提供的上下文线索猜测字义，例如：
Everyone faces times when one goal or another has to come first; deciding which goals are most important is setting priorities.(根据语句结构，划线单字的意义由is提示是指the most important goals)
A skyscraper， or building more than twenty stories high， is built on a foundation of concrete supported by piles driven into the ground.(句中or在这里表示“或者说”，提示划线单字的意义为building more than twenty stories high)
Unlike her gregarious sister， Jane is a shy， unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. (从Unlike所表示的对照关系，可以确定划线单字的意义正是shy， unsociable的反面，即sociable， friendly)
In spite of the fact that the beautiful egret is in danger of dying out completely， many clothing manufacturers still offer handsome prices for their long， elegant tail feathers， which are used as decorations on ladies’ hats.(从全句的意思，特别是描述其特征的feathers等词，可判断划线单字是指a type of bird)
三、研读整理能力
[1] 训练阅读除需要培养理解文章含义和增强查找信息的能力外，还应适当注意所读材料的组织结构及写作手法，例如：该文章的组织方式可能是比较对照、分类、因果等，某个例子在阐述过程中有何作用。这有助于理解把握文章内涵和归纳概括内容提要。
[2] 练习概括提要，区分主要与次要内容。对于描述过程的文章，可练习按顺序总结步骤，写出提要。若文章涉及信息分类，可尝试制作图表并将相关内容分类排列。虽然新托福考试并不要求自己设计分类图表，但这项练习有助于加强信息整理的意识，可以帮助考生更快适应此类题型。见下例：
Scholars’ opinion about why L. cave dwellers hid their art(学者关于L.洞居民为何藏匿其艺术发表的观点) Reasons to substantiate this opinion (证实此观点的理由) Reasons to disprove this opinion
(反证此观点的理由)
[3] 根据提要或图表对阅读内容进行口头或书面的总结概述，以配合口语和写作部分综合型考题的需要。
[4] 选取句子或段落练习释义解述(paraphrase)。一方面，阅读测试包含考查对解述语句的辨识能力;此外，在口语和写作部分的综合型考题中也需要运用此项技能。
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