下面是小编为大家整理的雅思阅读技巧盘点之多快好省做对Summary，本文共7篇，以供大家参考借鉴!
篇1：雅思阅读技巧盘点之多快好省做对Summary
雅思阅读技巧盘点之：多快好省做对Summary
一、无选项雅思阅读Summary的特征
1、主要针对文章的某一段或某几段的主要内容进行概括或改写，上下句之间有一定的联系。
2、每个空格的间隔时近时远，例如剑7 T1 P1的summary就定位在D段一段中，而剑5 T1 P1的则分散在四个段落中，由此可见定位准确是解题的关键步骤。但考生们不用着急，一般summary的定位还是比较容易的，且大部分是涉及到原文的两三段。即使某道题比较难找到，也可以先做summary的其他题，切勿因小失大。
3、一般是顺序原则，较少乱序。
4、填的答案多是原文原词，很少需要改变语态和词性，相对简单。
二、雅思阅读Summary的解题步骤
1、阅读文章的大标题和小标题。其实拿到一篇文章，不论有哪些题型，第一步都要阅读文章的大标题和小标题，大致掌握文章主题和推测文章的写作思路和结构。
2、仔细审题。 (1)注意字数限制(Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. )，一般有只能填一个、不超过两个和不超过三个单词。(2)有时题目会明确告知summary在原文中的起始段落。
3、根据summary的小标题或者首句，回原文确定起始位置。
4、划出第一题的定位词和关键词(指紧挨着空格的并且肯定会被同义替换的单词)。
5、通过关键词及空格前后的逻辑关系来推测所填词的语法特征。(1)常考词性有名词、形容词、动词和副词，但主要以“名词和形容词”为主，在剑桥真题5-9中的summary共63个，名词58个占92%，形容词5个占8%。(2)如果所填词是名词，还可以进一步去预测是人还是物，单复数，有时甚至能推测出是具体物还是抽象物，但还是要根据实际情况而定，不要为了预测而硬预测。
6、回到原文，通过略读定位到题目位置。
7、精读定位词所在的句子，一定要读完整。
8、对应关键词和逻辑关系后，通过语法来确定答案。
9、继续下一题。
二、雅思阅读Summary解题小贴士
1、一定要注意字数限制。有不少考生会因为初次考试紧张而忘记审题，同样的问题在判断题的TRUE和YES中也有体现。
2、如果在题目或者原文中看到this，that，those，these，it等指代词，一定要把指代词的内容搞清楚，因为指代词往往是考点，或者通过指代词所指内容能提示解题。
3、如果定位词所在句子找不到关键词的同义替换或逻辑关系，一般可以往下看一句，最多往下看两句。
4、因为是顺序出题，所以实在是有定位不到的题要学会放弃，先做下一题，然后在上下两题的定位之间再寻找一次。
总而言之，无选项summary是考生必须要得到分数的题型。解题步骤大致为了解文章主题，审题，圈划定位词和关键词，预测语法特征，回原文精读。除了熟练掌握做题步骤和技巧之外，基础语法和同义替换也是加快做题速度，提高正确率的利剑。每次做完题都要认真分析错误原因，是定位不准确，同义替换没背出还是句意或逻辑关系理解错误，并积累每道题目(不论对错)和题目对应原文句子的生词和同义替换。考生不能太过沉迷于技巧，毕竟扎实的基本功和踏实的学习态度才是通过雅思，成功打开国外理想大学大门的钥匙。
雅思阅读小范围预测
文章题目 Aquaculture in New Zealand
重复年份 0114 1031 1124 0212
题材 农业
题型 小标题 7+人名理论配对 3+句子填空 3
文章大意 新西兰水产养殖，介绍了新西兰一种新型保护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作
的方式一 aquaculture , 其发展遇到的问题及前景。
部分参考答案：
小标题
14. vi (一个受益的村庄)
15. vii (company’s profit)
16. 选含 limitation 的那项
17. 选含 concerns to environment 的那项
18. 选含 alternative explanation 的那项
19. 选含 research 的那项
20. 选含 science and business 的那项
填空题
24. polyculture/aquaculture
25. commercial partner
26. market value/high price
文章题目 Expert in musician
重复年份 20160130 0517
题材 人文社科
题型 选择 4+判断 6+填空 4
文章大意
天赋是遗传先天的还是靠练习，主要以音乐为例。讨论坚持不懈对成功的作用和他们的关系。首先探讨了毅力是否是成功的必要条件，并阐述了众多学家就此提出的各类观点。在论证天才是不是也需要坚持不懈时，举例了莫扎特一个人坚持找工作的过程。最后证明了坚持不懈和成功的关系密切。
文章题目 The meaning of history study
重复年份 20151114A 20140920 20111210
题材 人文社科
题型 配对 9+填空 4
文章大意 本文讲了历史研究的意义。列举了名人对于学习历史的观点。历史学家和教育家都认为历史不仅具有学术研究的意义，更有助于其他领域。
雅思阅读模拟题：Search begins for Earth
Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar system
Staff and agencies
Wednesday December 27,
Guardian Unlimited
1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another “Earth” among the stars.
2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.
3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find “any little green men”.
4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.
5. “At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men,” Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.
6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find “rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water”.
7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a “transit”. Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.
9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called “asteroseismology”.
10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star's precise mass, age and chemical composition.
11. “A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve,” Prof Roxburgh said.
12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first “exoplanet” - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.
13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the “wobble” their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.
14. In the s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.
15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets.
篇2：雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之Summary
雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧--Summary(摘要填空)
Summary(摘要填空)
1. 题型要求：该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，我们称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求填空。
摘要可分为两种：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。部分段落摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。
考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5题左右。
对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。
按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：
1. 原文原词
2. 从多个选项中选词
3. 自己写词。
原文原词的题目要求中常有from the Reading Passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。最近考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。
这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次，每次考一组，共五题左右。
2. 解题步骤
(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
A. 原词
B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
NOTICE
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读机经真题解析--How to Achieve Happiness
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.
Throughout the whole period of one’s lifetime, the achieving of happiness can be seen as our ultimate and everlasting goal. Happiness is far more than a strong body, a magnificent villa or an around-the-world tour; it is something we need from our heart. However, we can investigate happiness through scientific methods.
A
When we are asked the question “Where can we find happiness”, it is a puzzle difficult to answer accurately. We can find happiness right in our own home, in our workplace, in school, in the company of our friends, etc. It is up to us to find the ways and means to achieve that happiness each of us seek and long for. However, it is essential to recognize that there is no one absolute way to achieve happiness. People may have different ideas with regard to the ways of achieving happiness. The following five classifications are perceived by many people as sources of happiness: family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievement and fame.
B
To give it a comprehensive definition, happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including Positive Psychology, endeavor to apply the scientific method to answer questions about what “happiness” is, and how we might attain it. While philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek Eudaimonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.
C
While the level of physical healthiness is the biggest determinant of happiness, comparison of financial success with others of the same age group is the second largest source of happiness and unhappiness. Financially richer people tend to be happier than poorer people, according to sociological researcher Glenn Firebaugh of Pennsylvania State University. Their research is focused on whether the income effect on happiness results largely from the things money can buy (absolute income effect) or from comparing one's income to the income of others (relative income effect). They present their research in a session paper, tided “Relative Income and Happiness: Arc Americans on a Hedonk Treadmill?” Firebaugh argues that, in evaluating their own incomes, individuals compare themselves to their peers of the same age. Therefore, a persons reported level of happiness depends on how his or her income compares to others in the same age group. Using comparison groups on the basis of age, the researchers find evidence of both relative and absolute effects, but relative income is more important than absolute income in determining the happiness of individuals in the United States. This may result in a self-indulgent treadmill, because incomes in the United States rise over most of the adult lifespan. They always dissatisfy with the salary. For example, the survey indicates that the students studied in Harvard University expect to earn much more money than their classmates rather than care about the exact amount of the salary.
D
We have long been aware that elements from various perspectives of We could contribute to realizing happiness. The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA) has recently conducted a research project, choosing 120 pairs of reared-apart twins as subjects to test their perception of happiness. In an early report of results it was found that, on most measurable psychological traits, the level of welfare between the twins in a set felt is varied instead of being the same or similar. Thus environmental factors may not be the only factor that affects the feeling of happiness significantly. In another investigation, among persons of European ancestry, for psychological features that can be measured, heritability range from about 25 percent to 80 percent. Or, to put it more concretely, from one-fourth to four-fifths of the variation from person to person in such features as IQ, creativity and happiness, is associated with genetic differences between those persons. That indicates that genetic difference may also affect the happiness. Furthermore, neurobiological evidence shows that left and right frontal lobes play different roles in the emotion (MC) (M). Happiness is a type of emotion, a positive one. From the experiments, happiness and the left prefrontal lobe are combined together. The more active it is, the more positive emotion you sense.
E
At the outset of new millennium, a global research had a result that the people living in the modern world were even unhappier. With crises being on the rise these days, finding happiness can be a bit challenging. Despite of all the stresses associated with life, we still do our best to be happy — because being happy is the only way to keep us afloat. Happiness is considered a very important therapy, both physically and mentally. With it, we are inspired to accomplish whatever goals we want to achieve. It's a strong drive that keeps us going and helps us live our life every single day.
F
There are many ways to be happy. Spend time with individuals who are dear to you. There is nothing more joyful than to be with the people you love. During the weekends, try to schedule a fun trip for you and your partner, or one for your whole family. Just go somewhere else for a change and enjoy the change of scenery. Do something nice for others. Helping others is a very honorable way to find happiness. If your schedule is too tight for volunteer work, you can just donate a small sum of money or some old clothes or toys to charity. When you eat out, try to be a good tipper to the waiters or the valet who safely parked your car. All these simple things will not only make you happy, but other people as well. Start and end your day with a smile. Smiling is a very powerful gesture. There's no need for words to describe how pleasant it is. If you have a lousy day, smile your way out of the office. When people smile back at you, it will uplift your mood and make you feel better. Spending some time with your friends. A close circle of friends is one of the most important sources of happiness.
Questions 1-5
The reading Passage has six paragraphs A-F
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate number, i-ix. in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Solutions of acquiring happiness
ii. Happiness helps to ease pressure from modem life
iii. Smile can make you happy
iv. The wealthier, the happier
v. The influence of environment
vi. Sources of happiness
vii. How to define happiness
viii. The comparison of old times and modem life
ix. Factors that affect the happiness
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
Example
Paragraph F i
Questions 6-10
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet
6 Which of the following items is NOT the source of happiness?
A. company of wife and children
B. experience of having a big feast
C. obtaining higher education
D. high social status
7 What is the decisive step of achieving happiness?
A. having a positive mind
B. strong in social activities
C. lots of belongings and properties
D. a healthy body
8 Which is NOT mentioned in this passage for affecting the happiness?
A. personal character
B. the reflection of frontal lobes
C. genetic differences
D. environmental factors
9 A worldwide research in the 21st century indicates that
A. Male feels more stressful than female.
B. People are leading a happy life.
C. Modem life makes people upset.
D. Most people are not satisfied with current situation.
10 Which suggestion is NOT mentioned in the last paragraph for achieving happiness?
A. go out for a picnic during weekends
B. to consult a psychologist
C. make donations to charities
D. a beautiful smile
Questions 11-13
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11 A study of reared-apart twins
12 The left prefrontal lobe of human
13 People living in modern city
A. have no method to escape from pressure.
B. may cam more sense of happiness by a circle of close friends.
C. encouraged people to make further investigation.
D. demonstrates that environment is not the sole factor that affects happiness.
E. suggests that people have no control on their welfare.
F. has affirmative connection with the feeling of happiness.
G. are not sure about what is happiness.
文章标题： 怎样获得快乐?
篇章结构
体裁
论说文
题目
怎么获得快乐
结构
A段 幸福的来源
B段 如何定义幸福
C段 财富会影响幸福，越富有的越幸福
D段 影响幸福的因素
E段 幸福帮助现代生活缓解压力
F段 获得快乐的方法
试题分析
Question 1-5
试题类型： summary
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
1
sources of happiness
A段倒数第二行
A段一开始提问人们从哪里可以找到快乐，然后举例说了很多可以找到快乐的地方，最后总结出获得快乐的5个来源，只有 vi sources of happiness符合要求。 因此，本题答案为vi
2
define happiness，definition
B段的第一，三，六行
B段从不同的学科角度对获得快乐这个问题进行探讨，试着对快乐进行定义，只有vii 选项反复提到了对快乐进行定义。 因此，本题答案为vii
3
wealthier, happier
C段的第三行
C段第一句说到同龄人的富裕程度决定快乐与否，然后又通过两项具体的相关研究来说明在同龄人当中，通常越富裕的人会觉得越快乐。 因此，本题答案为 iv
4
factors, effect happiness
D段的第一，六，七，十二行
D段第一句说到生活中各个方面的因素可能影响快乐，然后通过一项双胞胎分开抚养的研究结果来说明environment, genetic differences等都有可能是影响快乐获得的因素，只有ix factors that affect happiness可以概括这段的意思。 因此，本题答案为 ix
5
ease, pressure, modern life
E段的第一，四，五行
E段主要在说当代的生活压力大，人们过的并不愉快，但是大家还是尽力寻找快乐，快乐是一个很好的治疗方式，只有ii选项可以概括本段的意思。 因此，本题答案为ii
Question 6-10
试题类型：choose the correct answer
6
not, sources of happiness
A段倒数第一，二，三行
A段中提到快乐的来源有family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievements和fame,而题目问不是快乐的来源，只有B选项experience of having a big feast 文中没有提到。 因此，本题答案为B
7
decisive step, achieving happiness
C段第一行
C段第一句就说到healthiness is the biggest determinant of happiness,由这句话可以推出决定快乐的决定性因素应该是人的身体健康，D选项healthy body刚好是同意表达。 因此，本题答案为D
8
not mentioned ,affecting happiness
D段第六，十一行，倒数第一，二行
本题提问哪个选项不影响快乐的获得，B，C,D这三个选项分别在D段第六，十一行，倒数第一，二行都有提到，只有A选项是原文没有提及的信息。 因此，本题答案为A
9
worldwide research,21st century
E段的第一行
E段第一句话说在新千年开始的时候，全球的研究表明人们过的不快乐，而题目问这个全球的研究表明了什么，符合原文描述的相同意思的就只有D选项人们对现状不满。 因此，本题答案为D
10
suggestion, not mentioned, achieving happiness
F段的第二三行，第五六行，倒数第三，四五行
本题问的是以下哪个不属于获得快乐的建议，A,C,D选项分别在原文F段的第二三行，第五六行，倒数第三，四五行都有提到，只有B选项咨询心理医生这点文章并未提及。 因此，本题答案为B
Question 11-13
试题类型：complete sentence
11
reared-apart twins
D段第二，三，四五六七行
根据关键词reared-apart twins定位到文章D段第二行到第七行提到对120对双胞胎进行分开抚养，对他们的一些测试结果表明环境并不是唯一的影响快乐的因素，只有D选项符合原文的意思。 因此，本题答案为D
12
left prefrontal lobe
D段倒数第一二行
根据关键词left prefrontal lobe定位到D段的倒数第1,2行，原文说的是happiness and left prefrontal lobe are combined together这句话，而选项F中affirmative connection 刚好可以看成是combined together 的同意改写。 因此，本题答案为F
13
people，modern city
F段倒数第一二行
本题需要用到排除的方法，因为正面去做的话，根据题干people living in the modern city这句在原文可以找到很多相关的信息，A选项的描述和E段的第3,4行信息相反，C,E,G的信息原文并没有提及，D和F已经选完，只有B
参考译文
怎样获得快乐
终其一生，快乐是我们最终和永恒的最求目标。快乐不仅仅是一个强健的体魄，一栋豪华的别墅，或者一场环球旅行，而是我们自己心底的某种感觉。然而，我们可以通过科学的方法来研究快乐。
A
“我们可以从哪里找到快乐？”当被问到时，会发现这个问题很难准确回答。我们可以从家里，工作中，学校，朋友的陪伴中找到快乐。获得我们自己所寻找和渴望的快乐的方式和方法取决于我们自己。然而，有一点我们非常清楚，获得快乐并没有绝对唯一的方式。不同的人可能对于获得快乐的方式的看法不一样。以下五种分类被很多人认为是快乐的来源：亲人朋友，财富，地位，教育成就和名望。
B
快乐的宽泛定义是一种以积极或愉快的情绪为特点的良好的精神状态，其中情绪从满足到极度快乐都有可能。很多生物学的，心理学的，宗教的和哲学的方法都已经试图定义快乐和它的来源。各种各样的研究组，包括积极心理学，致力于应用科学的方法来回答诸如“快乐是什么以及我们如何可能获得快乐”这样的问题。哲学家们和宗教思想家们仍然定义快乐为好好生活或者健康成长，而不是简单的定义为一种情绪。从这个层面上来说，快乐被用来理解希腊的快乐主义并且仍然被用在美德伦理学。
C
身体健康的程度是快乐最大的决定因素，而同年龄层的人们财务成功的对比则是快乐与否的第二大来源。根据宾夕法尼亚州立大学的格伦菲尔鲍社会学研究表明，财务上富裕的人比贫穷的人更倾向于变得快乐。他们的研究注重收入对快乐的影响是否很大程度上因为金钱能够买到的东西（绝对收入影响）或对比人与人之间的收入（相对收入影响）。他们把自己的研究以“相对收入和快乐：美国人处于享乐适应症吗？”为标题放在了学期的论文上。格伦菲尔鲍通过估计他们自己的收入证明人们会把自己和同龄人比较。因此，个人所报告出来的快乐程度取决于和同龄的其他人比起来，他或她的收入怎么样。通过基于同龄人群的比较，研究者们发现了相对和决定影响的证据，但是在决定美国个体快乐程度方面，相对收入比觉得收入更重要。这可能导致自我放纵的单调的工作，因为在美国大部分成年人的整个生命中收入是上升的。他们总是对收入不满。比如，这个研究表明哈佛大学的学生期望比他们的同学挣更多的钱而不关心工资的准确数量。
D
我们很早就知道来自生活的各个方面的因素能够促进实现快乐。米尼苏达州双胞胎分开抚养研究最近做了一个研究项目，选了120对分开抚养的双胞胎作为测试快乐理解的对象。在早期的结果报告中发现，在大部分可测的心理学特点方面，双胞胎之间的良好程度并非相同或相似而是不同。因此环境因素可能不是唯一的对快乐感影响巨大的因素。在另一项调查中，研究对象的祖先都是欧洲人，对于可以测量的心理学特点而言，遗传可能性从25%到80%都有可能，或者更加具体的来说，人和人之间在智商，创造力和快乐方面的差异度从四分之一到五分之四，遗传性和这些人之间的基因不同有联系。那就表明基因不同可能也会影响快乐。此外，神经生物学的证据表明左右大脑额叶可能在情绪在有不同的作用。快乐是一种情绪，一种积极的情绪。从这个实验来看，快乐和左前额叶是结合在一起的。左前额叶越活跃，你就会感觉到越积极的情绪。
E
在新千年的开始，一项全球的研究表明生活在现代的人们甚至感觉更加不快乐。在那些日子里伴随着危机上升，寻找快乐比较有挑战。尽管和生活相关的所有压力，我们任然尽力变得快乐，因为变得快乐是我们保持活动起来的唯一方式。快乐被认为是一种非常重要的身心的治疗方法。有了它，我们被激励去完成任何我们想要到达的目标。它是一个保持我们继续向前和帮助我们过好每一天的强大动力。
F
有很多方法可以变得快乐。花时间和自己爱的人在一起。没有什么比和自己爱的人在一起更开心。周末，试着组织一次你和朋友或者全家人的旅行。只需要去其他的地方并且享受由此带来的变化的风景。为其他人做件好事。帮助他人是一种寻找快乐的可敬方式。如果你的安排太满以至于没有时间去做志愿者工作，你可以捐点钱，旧衣服或者玩具给慈善机构。当你外出吃饭的时候，多给服务员或者帮你安全停好车的服务人员一些小费。所有这些事情，不仅可以使你自己快乐而且也可以让别人快乐。用微笑来开始和结束你的一天。微笑是一个非常有力量的表情。没有必要去表述它有多愉快。如果你的一天过得不顺利，在离开办公室的路上微笑。当人们对你的微笑给予回复，这会使你情绪变好并使你感觉好起来。花更多时间和你的朋友在一起。一群关系亲密的朋友是快乐最重要的来源之一。
参考答案：
Version 5-4 主题 怎样获得快乐1vi2vii3iv4ix5ii6B7D8A9D10B11D12F13B
篇3：雅思阅读题型解析之填空题Summary题
【雅思阅读题型解析】填空题Summary题
总的来说，雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式：
一种是单词填空式，这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要，空出若干空格，要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空。
另一种是单词选择式，就是在第一种形式的基础上，额外提供了一个词库，要求考生从词库中选词填空。
下面环球雅思将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题。
一、单词填空式
解题策略：对于单词填空式题，一般把握三个关键信息： 逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。
首先，观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词，即逻辑关系词推断。
这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括：
①表示因果关系的词，如because，as，since，for，due to，thanks to，as a result of等。 在考试中，在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外，还有一些表示因果关系的大词，如trigger，breed，induce，engender，generate，be responsible for，affect，determine等，这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系。 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的。
②表示转折关系的词，如but，however，while，yet，instead，rather，whereas等
③表示让步关系的词，如despite，in spite of，although等
④表示并列关系的词，如and，both…and…，neither…nor等
⑤表示举例关系的词，如such as，for example等
观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时，能缩小寻找范围，使定位更加准确。 在文章阅读中，题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用。
如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中
This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______。 But in today’s world，factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages。 One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____。
解题中，对于Q1很多考生把geographical作为定位词，所以回到原文几乎是大海捞针。 但是这一题中由 as a result of 这一层因果关系给出启示： 空格处为原因。 前半句的great variety of language 表示结果。 所以从这一因果关系切入，可以在文中找到定位句 “Isolation breeds linguistic diversity”，isolation 导致great variety of languages，所以答案为isolation。 再看Q2，这一题中体现出多层语义关系。首先空格处和government initiatives 构成并列关系，其次这一并列词组隶属于上义词factors，即并列词组是因素之一。最后这些因素是导致语言数量下降的原因。 所以结合这层层关系，加以government initiatives 定位词的辅助，就可以找到定位句”…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization”，即答案为economic globalization。对于Q3，虽然没有传统的因果信号词，但是one factor 已经给出因果关系的信号，要求考生所填的是使语言不至于消亡的因素，所以只需回到原文找提到预防语言消亡的方法的出题处。
其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性，即语法属性判断。
为了使所找的答案万无一失，还需要对空格处进行语法判断，这样一来，可以缩小选择的范围，使答案更加精确。 语法属性大致包括空格的词性，单复数以及句子成分。
如果空格前为形容词，那么空格处应为名词; 空格前为副词，那么空格处应为动词或形容词; 如果空格后面是be动词，那么空格应为名词复数或形容词。 从这些小细节可以看出雅思阅读考查的细腻。
以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例
Having rented a garret he took on a number of _____，who stood at a long central desk。
根据预测，空格处应填复数名词，再根据后面的定语从句，再次精确到填表示人的复数名词。 很多考生回原文找到assistants。 的确，assistants s看似符合我们的预测，但是却忽略了定语从句中的关键限制性的词组stood at a long desk。 所以根据这个限定，回原文找到对应的the copying clerks would work standing up。 因此正确答案是copying clerks或clerks。
再者，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。
总的来说，摘要填空题有一定的顺序原则，即填空题的出题顺序往往是按照文章段落的顺序。 结合这一题型特点，考生可以通过定位关键词回原文定位，无需从头至尾的阅读完整篇文章。
再以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例
Johnson did not have a ____Q5______ available to him，but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40，000 words written down in 80 large notebooks。 On publication，the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many European countries as a landmark。 According to his biographer，James Boswell，Johnson’s principal achievement was to bring ___Q6_____ to the English language。 As a reward for his hard work，he was granted a ___Q7____ by the king。
Q5中根据特殊定位词40，000和80 ，直接回到原文锁定定位句，然后通过预测判断出空格处所填的答案是一名词，而且离空格较近的地方有表示否定的概念 “did not have”，因此找到数字定位词后看定位句中是否有提到Johnson 没有什么。 根据原文中的without a library to hand，可以推断出所填的答案应是library。
再看Q6，这一题中的定位词很容易定位到人名 James Boswell，再加上另一个独特的名词principal achievement，能帮助考生较快锁定到倒数第二段的最后一句 “It is the cornerstone of Standard English，an achievement which，in James Boswell’s words，‘conferred stability on the language of his country’。” 然后根据语法属性的预测，得知所填的空做bring 的宾语，所以找到给英语语言带来什么就能迎刃而解了。即stability
同理，对于Q7，根据独特定位词king回原文中锁定到最后一段第一句 “…King George III to offer him a pension”。 Offer与题中的grant 同义，所以尽管语态的不一致，但是句义一致。 答案应填offer 的宾语，即pension。
对于有的基础差的考生，要求掌握通过逻辑关系词去分析语义间的关系似乎是比较困难的一件事，因此定位词可能是他们解答题目的机会。 再辅助一些必备的语法知识去进行预测判断，哪怕是不认识的单词或不理解的句子，有时候也能帮这些考生找到正确的答案。
二、单词选择式
对于单词选择式的填空题来说，考生需要从词库中选择符合题目要求的词，而题库中有可能成为答案的词有两种情况：1)是文章中的原词;2)是文章中原词的替换词。
第一种情况对考生来说更容易驾驭。考生只需按照上文中提到的解题策略，回原文确定所应填写的词，然后对应词库中的词得出选项。
第二种情况，考生可以先判断词库中的词为单一词性或多种词性，如果为单一词性，考生根据阅读理解文章原词的词义来寻找统一替换词。
如果是多种词性，首先对词汇按照词性分类，以便在确定空格内应填入的单词的词性后，在检索时缩小范围，提高做题准确率。
根据观察词库可以得出该词库为多种词性的词库。所以首先对词库进行大致的词性分类：名词(cost， technology，nutrition，education，medicine，pollution，health)， 动词( falling，increasing)， 形容词(undernourished，disabled，constant， independent)， 形容词的比较级(earlier，later，more)。 通过观察Q20 所填的词性判断，应填一名词。定位关键词link，life expectancy，回到原文找到与之同义转化的词组correlation， live longer。 从锁定的句子“one interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer。”中得出应填写的词与better-educated people 相关，对应词库中education 符合所填的信息。
三、总结
在解答雅思阅读summary时，逻辑关系词可以让考生较快找到答案的大致位置， 定位词可以有助于将大致方向缩小到一定范围，而借助语法属性的预测分析能具体确定答案。这三个关键信息是解答摘要题的支柱。当然，在解题过程中也不能小觑同义转化的作用。这些策略在解题中是相辅相成，互相补充。 因此，掌握这些策略对于考生较快又有效的解答摘要题是至关重要的。
影响雅思阅读答题效率的原因
首先，当然是词汇。任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章，都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词。从文章的选材而言，范围是十分丰富的，主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志，内容涉及任何一个国家的文化、经济、自然和科技等。而IELTS考试所考查的，是实际运用语言的能力，所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词，或是题目中真正考查到的单词，往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词。这些单词虽然数量不多，难度不大，但却是必须掌握的。就考试而言，掌握6000左右的常用词汇，即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的。
第二，复杂的句型结构。有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右，但是依然感觉读不懂文章，这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句。如：The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子，主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 从based on到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语。后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句，充当presumption的同位语。在同位语的后面，有一个if 引导的条件状语从句。一般而言，对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句，倒装结构，所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析。建议大家最好在备考中将雅思阅读题型分类，多了解一下雅思常识。
第三，题型多样化。这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生，在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解，或是被众多题型干扰，不能正常发挥。一些必考题型如list of headings, summary, T/F/NG等，可以作为练习重点。如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型，普遍感到非常难找。其实不然，只要记住两大原则即可。原则一，顺序原则。summary题的答案排列顺序，必定与文章的行文顺序一致。原则二，完整的summary，不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义，而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章。所以根据语法也可以进行判断。
在准备考试的过程中，除了要做IELTS考题之外，还要进行泛读和快速阅读。泛读可以选择一些英美主流媒体的文章，在网站上可以找到，目的是熟悉单词和句型。快速阅读就是用扫描文章的方法对其结构有大致的了解，并把握其主旨。同时，在重点句子和词汇上做出标记。这种方法对阅读考试帮助极大，平时可多加练习。另外，为了提高阅读的速度还要养成良好的阅读习惯，不能边看边用嘴跟着读，眼、嘴并用必会降低阅读速度;一旦发现生词(这种情况绝大多数同学都肯定要遇到)，先不要紧张，要通过英语构词法(前缀、词根和后缀)来分析推测词义，或结合上下文、前后词语去猜测，如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义，可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的，还是否定的，实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了，实在不行就做上记号，将来看一看是否影响答题，如无影响就坚决忽略。
雅思阅读中的7种常见信号词
雅思阅读信号词A、表示顺承和递进关系
例词：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore
例句：The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed in middle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass production promoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.
雅思阅读信号词B、表示对比与转折关系
例词：but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand
例句：Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the world‘s adults cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education.
雅思阅读信号词C、表示相似关系
例词：like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way
例句：Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed.
雅思阅读信号词D、表示时间先后关系
例词：now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually, finally
例句：As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slow rolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soon after, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.
雅思阅读信号词E、表示排列次序
例词：another, the second…even more…the most… the best… the least…
例句：This situation is compounded by yet another factor.
雅思阅读信号词F、表示因果关系
例词：as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence
例句：As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education.
雅思阅读信号词G、表示举例或说明关系
例词：that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for example, for instance
例句：More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.
正确的雅思阅读方法
现实生活中，不同文化有不同的观念，往往带来认识上的偏差和误区，这也反映在日常的英语学习。
不同文化有不同的阅读方法
中国学生习惯于采取细读的方法进行阅读，也就是说，从左边一个字一个字地读到右边，再下一行。这样，速度很慢，而且影响阅读质量。一来，浪费时间，如果遇到不懂的地方，读得再慢还是不懂;二来，如果是内容比较浅的话，精力容易分散，阅读质量反倒不升。
西方学生阅读时往往更注重于根据不同的阅读需要采取相对应的阅读方法来最有效地获取信息，谋求更好、更到位的理解。
学会提取段落主题句是关键
一般中国老师在小学的时候就开始教学生概括段落大意，但是方法是通篇全读，领悟后自行总结。
西方老师的方法就不一样，根据西方段落写作的特点，段落的主旨是通过topicsentence(主题句)凸显出来的。老师在教学生概括段落大意时，会先教会学生根据段落结构的不同，主题句出现的位置不同去提取主题句，从而得到整段的段落大意。这就和中国学生的阅读方式有很大的不同了。所以，往往中国学生在做雅思题目时，因为没有这种做题的习惯，就往往提取不了段落主题句，通篇全读好几遍，依然无法确定其段落大意，以至答错题或没法答题了。
考察通过阅读提取信息能力
雅思阅读考试是针对同学们出去读书的实际需要，测试同学不同的通过阅读获取信息的阅读技巧。这些阅读技巧包括：scanning(查读)、skimming(略读)和intensivereading(精读)。根据不同的题型的具体要求，考生应相对应地用不同的解题方法进行高速解题。
在雅思阅读考试的过程中，经常会出现很多考生都不知道那些答案是什么意思，但就可以找到答案的情况出现。因为，雅思阅读考试的相当一大部分的侧重点是考察考生通过阅读提取信息的能力，而不是考考生对信息真正领悟的能力。希望大家能够多做一些雅思阅读题，加强雅思阅读学习。
如果我们用中国阅读的老办法来进行雅思阅读的话，会因为速度过慢而不能在规定的时间内完成答卷，造成不必要的损失。
学生应学会提高阅读速度，增强阅读能力，这样既能考好雅思考试，也能顺当地适应外国留学所需要的大量阅读。
篇4：雅思阅读新变化大盘点
根据近几年的雅思考试统计，雅思阅读题量上发生了变化，填空题、选择题和段落标记题，配对题，选择题的题量增多，而段落标记题则减少，对于考生来说这是好事，毕竟阅读考试时间有限，段落标记题特别耗时间而且容易连错。
作为阅读核心题型，填空题除了传统的考法，出题形式更加丰富，比如完成句子，流程图、表格或示意图等。
雅思阅读备考方法
雅思阅读题型共有9种题型，但一以贯之的备考方法还是关键词定位法，不需要花时间通读文章，有限时间里根本不够完成全文阅读，用关键词定位能很好的节约时间，做题效率更高。
小站雅思君友情提示：定位词优先选择名词，名词一般在阅读中有明确的意思，当然也不是所有名词都适合用来定位，有几个原则：优先选择特殊性名词、抽象名词其次是同义词替换。
首先特殊性名词包括：数字、时间、斜体、人名、大小写在文中非常明显，且不容易被替换，这样考生很容易就找到相对应的文章答案了。
同义词替换，这个对考生的要求很高，不过依然有技巧，优先选择句子主语或宾语。
最后小站雅思君提醒各位考生的是，关键词定位的技巧还是需要考生用练习去实践，名词作为关键词定位并不适合所有题目，有时动词也可以成为关键词定位，如果一种关键词定位无法帮助考生找到答案范围，那么多尝试其他的方法，灵活运用考试技巧才是雅思阅读高分的不二法门。
剑桥雅思阅读真题之做题思路讲解
Reading Passage 1 ：：The Orion Spacecraft
Q3： Some extreme advocates of the Orion believed that the fears about nuclear
Technology were no necessary.
问题： 文中第 2 段不是说支持者们觉得不用担心核工业吗，为什么答案是 NG 呢?
解答： 原文 Some of the more extreme advocates of the Orion system present it as the holy grail of space travel, which could have taken mankind into a new age of space travel in the 50s or 60s were it not for misplaced fears about nuclear technology.这道题先理解“were it not for”，意思是“若不是有……的话，若非”。文中说：“极端支持者认为它是太空旅行的里程杯，要不是对核技术错误的害怕，它应该可以在五六十年代就把人类带入太空旅行的新纪元。” 文中表达的意思是极端支持者认为五六十年代对核技术是错误的害怕。没有提到需不需要害怕或审慎的担忧核技术，故选 NG。难题。
Reading Passage 2 ：Economizing of the Poor
Q19： The surveys of ERS help low-income households develop economizing practices.
问题： 原文应定位何处?为何答案是 NO，我选的是 NG?
解答： C 段第 2 句，注意“such surveys shed little light on the economizing practices of households.” Little 表否定。
Q22： Brand-name products are promoted more frequently.
问题： 没有找到原文根据。
解答： F 段第 3 句中：“...private-label products, which are on promotion less often...than the brand-name alternatives. ”
Q23： Middle-income households purchased less private-label RTE cereal than
low-income households.
问题： 没有找到原文根据。
解答： F 段第 4 句，重点看“with those shares decreasing with increasing income levels”，可推出 middle-income 的状况。
Reading Passage 3 ：Development of Mathematics
Q3： It is Archimedes who made the first estimate of л.
问题： 找不到定位。
解答： 文中第 1 段第 2 句，早在“second and third millennia B.C.,”就测量 л 值了。
Q29： Psychometrics was cited in Einstein’s Grand Theory of Relativity.
问题： Harvey 的解释：“爱因斯坦的宏观相对论在文中提到只是一个时间参考，和心理测验一点关系都没有。”可文中并没有说明究竟有没有关系，为什么不是 NG?
解答： Harvey 再解：相对论是物理学里的，和心理学真的没有关系!你别说你不知道，别逼我。
Q30： At the time the US entered the First World War, average American adults’ intelligence was equal to that of a thirteen-year-old.
问题： 原文可以找到与题目同样的表达，为什么 FALSE?
解答： 该陈述是一个 quite astounding conclusion，而真实情况是文中并未提及。文中举例说明智商测验用的不好，得出可笑的结论。
雅思阅读全真练习系列：Global warming
Global warming
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs A-F .
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers i-viii in boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The plaintiffs?viewpoints on regulating emission
ii Federal government being taken to court
iii Possible impact of the case on other lawsuits
iv Regulating air pollution by twelve States
v Stance of the Bush administration
vi Viewpoints of Bill Clinton on regulation
vii The call for emission caps and reduction
viii Uncertainty in ruling by the Supreme Court
Example Answer
Paragraph A ii
1. Paragraph B _____
2. Paragraph C _____
3. Paragraph D_____
4. Paragraph E _____
5. Paragraph F _____
Green states take the federal government to court
Nov 30th
From The Economist print edition
A WHEN the subject is global warming，the villain is usually America . Although it produces a quarter of the greenhouse gases that are heating up the planet，it refuses to regulate them. When other countries agreed on an international treaty to do so——he Kyoto protocol——America failed to ratify it. But not all American officialdom is happy with the federal government's stance. In fact，12 states disagree so fiercely that they are suing to force it to curb emissions of carbon dioxide，the most common greenhouse gas. The Supreme Court heard argument in the case on November 29th. The outcome will not be known for months，but the political wind seems to be shifting in favour of firmer action to counter climate change.
B The Clean Air Act charges the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with regulating air pollution from vehicles. But the EPA argues that Congress did not intend to include CO2 under that heading，and that to do so would extend the EPA's authority to an unreasonable extent. Furthermore，it contends that regulating emissions would not do good unless all or most other countries did the same. That is in keeping with the policies of President George Bush，who opposes mandatory curbs on emissions and believes that any international accord on global warming should apply to all countries——unlike the Kyoto protocol，which exempts poor ones，including big polluters such as China and India . Ten states，among them gas-guzzling Texas and car-making Michigan，also back the EPA.
C The plaintiffs comprise 12 states，three cities，various NGOs，and American Samoa，a Pacific territory in danger of vanishing beneath the rising ocean. They are supported by a further six states，two power companies，a ski resort，and assorted clergymen，Indian tribes and agitated grandees such as Madeleine Albright，a former secretary of state. They point out that under the administration of Bill Clinton，the EPA decided that it did have the authority to regulate CO2. The act，they note，says the EPA should regulate any air pollutant that “may reasonably be interpreted to endanger public health or welfare”. It goes on to define public welfare to include “effects on soils，water，crops，vegetation，manmade materials，animals，wildlife，weather，visibility，and climate”.
D The Supreme Court may give a mixed ruling，decreeing that carbon dioxide is indeed a pollutant，but one the EPA is free to ignore or regulate as it pleases. Or it might dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the plaintiffs did not have the right to lodge it in the first place. In theory，they must prove that the EPA's foot-dragging has caused them some specific harm that regulation might remedy——a tall order in a field as fraught with uncertainty as climatology. Even if the court found in the plaintiffs' favour，rapid change is unlikely. By the time the EPA had implemented such a ruling，Congress would probably have superseded it with a new law.
E That is the point，environmental groups say. They want Congress to pass a law tackling global warming，and hope that a favourable court ruling will jolly the politicians along. Moreover，the case has a bearing on several other bitterly-contested lawsuits. Carmakers，for example，are trying to get the courts to strike down a Californian state law based on certain provisions of the Clean Air Act that require them to reduce their vehicles' CO2 emissions. If the Supreme Court decides that the act does not apply to CO2，then the Californian law would also be in jeopardy. That，in turn， would scupper the decision of ten other states to adopt the same standard.
F However the Supreme Court rules，many state governments are determined to tackle climate change. California is in the vanguard. Its legislature has passed a law that will cap and then reduce industrial emissions of greenhouse gases. Seven eastern states have formed the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative，which will treat emissions from power plants the same way. Almost 400 mayors have signed an agreement to cut their cities' emissions in line with Kyoto . Many businesses，even some power companies，would rather see regulation now than prolonged uncertainty. And several of the leading contenders for 's presidential election are much keener on emissions caps than Mr Bush. Change is in the air.
Questions 6-9 Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage?
In boxes 6 - 9 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
6. Texas and Michigan are among the 12 states which call for regulating air pollution.
7. An American island is in danger of disappearing beneath the rising ocean.
8. The plaintiffs can prove that the EPA抯 foot-dragging has caused them harm that the regulation might remedy.
9. The Supreme Court's ruling may influence the results of other lawsuits.
Questions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10 - 13.
10. What country produces 25% of the world's greenhouse gases?
11. Which president opposes mandatory curbs on emission， George Bush or Bill Clinton?
12. Who are trying to get the courts to strike down a Californian state law that require them to reduce their vehicles' CO2 emissions?
13. What would some power companies rather see than prolonged uncertainty at present?
篇5：盘点雅思阅读高分的3个技巧
1、语法和词汇
考生想要在雅思考试中取得好成绩，没有一定量的词汇量是不可能的。当然我们在考试中可以通过上下文，转折词等等猜测生词的意思。但是，一旦生词量超过一定比例，势必会影响考生的理解。
2、了解雅思阅读文章的结构
考生如果对一篇文章的把控能力不高，也会影响最后的得分。小站老师认为：如果考生对于雅思考试阅读文章的行文结构有一定程度的了解，会大大提高考生答题的效率及准确率，并且节约答题时间
3、明白出题角度
明白雅思考试的出题角度这并不难。小站老建议各位考生仔细研究各种题型考察的是何种能力。然后有针对性的去锻炼这方面的能力。
雅思阅读审题难该如何克服
众所周知，雅思阅读考试的时间是60分钟整，排除我们正常填涂答题卡的时间(约5分钟)还只剩55分钟，期间我们要完成A类三篇(或G类五篇文章)的阅读，同时还要针对40道题进行作答，听上去就会让我们不由得有些担心时间够不够用的问题。
了解雅思阅读考试的同学们应该都知道雅思阅读考试有8大备考题型：list of headings，complete the sentences，answer short questions，picture filling ，summary，multiple choices，matching ，true or false or not given. 但是，很多考生只知其一不知其二，雅思考试可谓是明枪易躲暗箭难防，这所谓的“暗箭”就是八大题型均包含审题陷阱，也就是说八大题型都需要审题。这无疑对雅思考生又是一个重磅炸弹，在仅有的55分钟的做题时间里，还需要匀出一部分时间进行审题，简直是难上加难，烤鸭们莫急，莫急，小编在本篇文章就将针对八大题型审题问题进行分析，最终会抛出一秒钟击破雅思阅读八大题型审题瓶颈的方法。
简单来讲，就出题方式，可以将八大题型整合为三大题型分别为：判断题，填空题以及选择题。下面就来分别阐释三种题型。
八大题型中只有一种题可以归类为判断题，如果从字面义上稍微理解一下上文提及的八大题型，就不难发现，只有true or false or not given 一种题型属于判断题。一秒钟击破判断题审题瓶颈，我们在考试中如果遇到了对错无关题，只需要看清题目要求的true or false or not given还是yes or no or not given .80%的题目要求将正确的选项用TRUE 表示，错误选项用FALSE表示。但是也有20%的题目要求相应的用YES/NO来表示正确以及错误选项。如果不能很清楚的看清题目要求，那我们的答案是会按照错误去处理的，所以一定要注意。
针对填空题这种形式的考题，总体来讲有几种，summary， complete the sentences， answer short questions， picture filling这几种。在此，有必要ps小注一下：summary(摘要题)这种题有两种出题形式，手边有剑桥六这本书的同学可以翻到97页这是一种填空式的摘要题，而翻到91页审题会发现同样的summary可是形式确实选择题。本段针对summary的填空题型审题原则进行阐释。填空题我们在审题的过程中肯定会发现大写黑体加粗的几个词NO MORE THAN ? WORDS 翻译过来即：不超过?单词。我们可以用一个数学等式来表示即：小于等于?单词。一般情况下都是小于等于三个单词，而个别情况下我们还会发现小于等于两个单词的情况出现。所以一秒钟的时间只需要看清问号是数字几就可以了。
最后一种就是选择题，这种考题分为：list of headings，matching，summary，multiple choice 这几种题型。首先：list of headings题请参考剑桥四第96页。切忌：这种题答案唯一性，用过一次即在备选项中排除。再有matching ，summary 这种题请将一秒钟的时间用于寻找题目要求中有无NB两个字母，如果有请记住：有且只有一个选项需用两次。答案不再唯一性。如果没有则答案唯一性。最后 multiple choice 看清题目所配题号则可知道单选或多选。
以上就是雅思阅读题型审题难点的相关介绍，审题是雅思阅读解题的第一步，如果审题这一关就没做好的话，那么解题的正确率就不用谈了，只有把雅思阅读各类题型的审题首先做到位了，才有可能整体提高雅思阅读的解题效率和准确率。
雅思阅读八大题型之判断题解答
雅思阅读主要有以下八大题型：判断题(TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)，归纳题(SUMMARY)，段落标题配对题(LIST OF HEADINGS)，配对题(MATCHING)，选择题(MUTILPCHIOCE)，填空题(COMPLETION)，简答题(SHORT ANSWER)和图表题(TABLE)。其中前四类题型是雅思阅读的必考题型。这四类题型对于多数考生来说可谓是四大名“不”——读不懂题、找不到文中出处、得不出答案、时间不够。在时间紧迫的情况下，多数考生往往匆匆浏览完题干后就进入正文阅读了，但这会造成一个巨大隐患——由于潦草读题导致把握不住原文的阅读重心，解题时往往重复阅读原文，大大浪费了宝贵的时间。所以广大考生们一定要扭转思路——读题比解题更重要!题干读懂读到位了，就是在为你的阅读和解题节省时间、提高准确率。本文主要从判断题(TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)的读题和解题技巧出发，为解决考生们的四大名“不”困扰给出思路。
对于判断题，让大多数考生十分困惑的就是FALSE和NOT GIVEN之间的区别。以下试看一例：
原文：Sydney harbor is one of the largest in the world.
题干：Sydney harbor is the largest in the world.
有同学就说：我知道，世界上最大的港口是Holland的Rotterdam，而不是悉尼港，因此这道题是FALSE。但是雅思阅读的判断题是语言类的考试，不是常识考试，判断一道题到底是TRUE，FALSE还是NOT GIVEN要从这三点基本原则出发，即原文和题干之间是一致性则为TRUE，矛盾性则为FALSE，不确定性则为NOT GIVEN。比如上文的原文说悉尼港是世界第一大港口之一，那么有可能悉尼港是第一大，也有可能是第二大，因此题干的表述“悉尼港是世界第一大港口”就是不确定的，因此为NOT GIVEN。
关于判断题的读题技巧，本文主要介绍以下六点原则，主要帮助考生在读题时定位考点，po解题目。
⑴信号词原则：先在题干中划出定位信号词，要注意名词是关键，但要挑选“长相别致”的名词，比如：时间、数字、年代、人名、地名、机构名称、专有名词、特殊称谓、大写字母、斜体字等。这些信号词有助于考生回原文快速准确定位题干出处。
⑵但是如果题干没有明显信号词怎么办?可联系判断题的出题特点采用关系原则和顺序原则：
第一，从出题特点来看，判断题的考点除了比较明确的要考数字时间范围的精确度以外，更多的是考两个事物之间的“关系”，包括并列、因果、递进、转折、主被动等明显关系，以及隐藏着的隐性“关系”。因此审题时先找出题干中产生关系的两个事物A和B，然后以A和B为定位关键词回原文定位，具体情况见下：①A和B都在文中出现，但文中二者并无任何关系，即题干中的关系在文中不存在，此时答案即为NOT GIVEN;②A和B存在，但文中关系表述与题干相抵触，则答案为FALSE;③A和B存在，文中表述的二者关系和题干中的为同义转换，即表述一致，那么答案为TRUE;④A和B中有一者在文中未出现，且没有出现他们的近义或反义表达，则答案也为NOT GIVEN，因为产生“关系”的事物都没有全部出现，就更不用说二者的关系了。
第二，从顺序原则的角度来看，判断题的出题顺序基本与原文行文一致，因此要先解容易定位或者相对容易判断题干中关系的题目，缩小答案的搜索范围后再解其余题目。例如，第一和第二小题没有明确定位关键词，而第三小题题干中有大写的地名或年代容易回原文定位，则可先对第三小题进行定位，然后在第三题的文中相对应部分之前的文章内容中寻读第一和第二小题的对应点。
以剑六TEST 2的Passage 3为例，从NO.32到NO.40为判断题：
32. For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.
33. Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.
34. Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.
35. All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.
36. The word ‘thousand’ has Anglo-Saxon origins.
37. In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.
38. In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.
39. The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.
40. Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers than a group of pebbles.
解题思路：
应先解33、36、37、38及39这些题中有大写字母或年代这些相对容易定位的题目，例如33题在文中对应的部分为第三小节开头，则根据顺序原则32题在文中的对应部分最后可能出现在开头两个小节中，这样一来寻读32题的范围就缩小了。
再者，以“关系”的视角来解题，那么32题可以被看成是the concept of sufficiency 与the concept of quantity之间的比较关系，以这两项回原文寻读，对应点为“Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind. Is this enough? Rather than how many when they were engaged in food gathering, for example.”此句以 Is this enough 和How many两个短句来同义替代题干中的两个concept,而句中提到的我们的祖先考虑较多的是够不够而不是有多少则来同义转换题干中的more important,因此由于比项均出现且二者的“关系”在文中也有同义表达，此题答案即为TRUE.此外40题也可以看作是有“关系”的题目，即fingers 与 groups of pebbles之间的关系，用哪一个数数更容易，文中对应点位 “Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers.”,虽然产生“关系”的手指与鹅卵石均有重现，但二者并无任何比较关系，因此答案为NOT GIVEN.
⑶注意否定考点词：否定考点词是判断题中非常高频、重要及优先的考点词，除了not, never, hardly, few, little, 以及某些否定前缀如dis, mis, in, un等之外，考生还需要了解一些隐含或间接的否定词，如fail to, be at a loss to, be free of, lack, be short of等等。例如：
题干: London Zoo’s advertisements are dishonest.
原文: One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me some irritation, so patently did it distort the reality.
首先确定题目中的考点为否定词dishonest, 否定考点词在思路上一定要回原文找否定对应，具体做法是将考点词dishonest一分为二，分成dis与honest两部分，我们现在只需回原文找到这两个部分分别的对应点就可以确定答案为TRUE了，如果发现方向是相反的，则FALSE, 没有讲是否诚实的话，那就选NOT GIVEN. 结果在原文中发现了distort中的否定前缀dis, 而在其后又找到了honest 的对应词汇reality, 答案直接锁定TRUE. 即使不认识distort这个词，或者说原文中的这个倒装句根本看不懂，但是只要你掌握了这种对应法，一切问题都可迎刃而解。
⑷考点唯一原则：有的考生还会有个小疑问，原文中讲的是伦敦动物园的广告之一，而题目中则泛指了伦敦动物园的广告，为什么不是NOT GIVEN, 因为不清楚是不是所有的广告都不诚实。做这种题要采用考点唯一原则，即每道题目只设置一个陷阱，大家又问，那这个唯一的考点为什么一定是dishonest,而不是advertisements, 道理很简单，否定词是优先考点。那么除了否定词是考点外，还有哪些必然属于考点呢?题干中必是考点的包括：数字对应的内容(时间、增降幅度)、比较级、最高级、绝对词、否定词、句内关系。
再看一例：
题干: Zoos made an insignificant contribution to conservation up until 30 years ago.
原文: Zoos were originally created as places of entertainment, and their suggested involvement with conservation didn’t seriously arise until about 30 years ago.
这道题目的考点换成了insignificant, 这次的对应词不像上一道题目那么好找，in这次对应是didn’t, 而significant对应的是seriously arise, 答案同样为TRUE.
还是这篇文章里的一道题目：
题干: The number of successful zoo conservation programmes is unsatisfactory.
原文: Today approximately 16 species might be said to have been “saved” by captive breeding prgrammes, although a number of these can hardly be looked upon as resounding successes.
现在大家一定已经清楚了考点词为unsatisfactory, 再回原文找一下对应，这次un对应hardly, 而satisfactory对应的是success.
综合两道题目来看，考点都为否定词，做题目的思路上基本一致，都在找对应，而答案又惊人地一致，都选了TRUE.请仔细体会。
下面给大家一道题目，练习一下：
题干: Biologists are unable to explain why the frogs are dying.
原文: Biologists are at a loss to explain their demise.
能不能找到unable的对应词呢?如果你并不认识原文中的间接否定短语be at a loss to 的话，那么至少你知道loss这个词能够表明否定含义，否定词对应到了否定词，其他的就不用担心了。答案为TURE。原文中的短语be at a loss to 意思即为“不知道，不知所措。”请注意积累。
⑸中心词原则：如果题干中的名词是文章中心词，比如在文章的标题中出现，那么这个名词绝不是信号词，因为很多段落中都会出现该名词，很难判断出题目落在哪个段落。
⑹转换词性原则：若在题干中无法找到合适的名词，可以换其他词性→形容词和副词的比较级、最高级和反义词;动词的同义词、反义词和该动词的范围程度;数词在英语和阿拉伯数字的互相转换(50%——FIFTY PERCENT / HALF);连词在文章本身中隐含答案，最常暗示答案的几个连词是BUT，HOWEVER，WHILE，AND， ALSO， MOREOVER.雅思阅读对冠词、介词、代词、感叹词这四种词性基本不进行考查。
以上是判断题的读题和解题思路，考生们切忌“光说不练、纸上谈兵”，带着每一类题型的“战略战术”去研究至少两套阅读真题，真正做到技巧和做题相结合的“练兵”，才能找出自己的薄弱点，各个击破。
雅思阅读文章之海水的利用
考试日期：1月9日Reading passage one
Title：海水的利用
大致内容：
关于如何应对地中海地区缺水的情况，讲一个利用地壳的热能供水的project,如何利用海水，利用地热方法提取海水，得到饮用水，以及这个方法带来的其它的好处.境空的内容有mineral extraction,crust，grid, operating cost;是非无判断:NG(上一个工程的失败可以避免)F(当地人一开始很支持这个project) T(这个机构还用了一些别的措施来帮助当地人)NC. (local audnrities campaigned against theproject)
雅思时事阅读：中国水问题的希望——海水淡化
More government support, including subsidies and a favorable pricing mechanism, is neededfor the country to use desalinated seawater to quench its thirst, a top industry expert said.
“The lack of an effective pricing mechanism for desalinated water and support for an operablepolicy is affecting the development of the country's sea desalination industry,” said Li Linmei,director of the State Oceanic Administration's Institute of Seawater Desalination andMultipurpose Utilization in Tianjin.
The country aims to produce 2.2 million cubic meters of desalinated seawater daily in ,about three times current capacity, according to a National Development and ReformCommission plan released last year.
Current domestic water prices range from 2.4 yuan to 4.9 yuan a metric ton in the coastalregions, while the price of water for industry ranges from 3.3 yuan to 7.9 yuan a ton, accordingto ChinaWaterNet.
However, desalination plants can produce 674,000 tons daily at a cost of about 5 yuan ($0.80)a ton - not including infrastructure such as pipelines.
Li said the government should consider bringing desalinated water into the water grid.
Aside from subsidies and funding for pilot programs, Li believes desalination is a key part ofwater security.
“The seawater desalination industry is as important as water conservancy projects for China tocope with its water shortage,” Li said.
China suffers from severe water shortages, nearly 54 billion cubic meters on average everyyear. This means that more than 66 percent of cities experience water shortages.
To compound that difficulty, water consumption is expected to surge to about 700 billion cubicmeters in 2030, up from 600 billion cubic meters.
Facing such a severe shortage, authorities are taking measures.
In March, the NDRC identified the regions and companies selected to carry out the firstdesalination projects, including heavily populated areas such as Zhejiang and Hebei provinces,and the municipalities of Shenzhen and Tianjin.
The commission asked regions and companies to encourage desalinated water use forindustrial and domestic purposes.
The industry is expected to get a 10-billion-yuan boost from the plan.
Li said the policy showed the country's determination and confidence in boosting the industry.
Key technology
Reverse osmosis technology and other areas of development vital for desalination have beenmastered, Li said.
Osmosis technology pushes water under high pressure through fine membranes, filtering thesalt.
Coupled with the distilling process of high-pressure steam and evaporators, this means that thetechnology is, in more ways than one, on tap.
The country has 16 seawater desalination plants with a daily capacity of more than 10,000metric tons of fresh water, according to the NDRC.
“Although we have made great progress in technology, large-scale plants in China still dependon foreign technology,” Li said.
Desalination is used in more than 150 countries to supply water to more than 200 millionpeople.
The Tianjin Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization is strengtheninginternational cooperation to raise China's domestic seawater desalination technology and boostexports, Li said.
There are concerns about the potential environmental effects of large-scale seawaterdesalination plants, especially wastewater discharges.
Li said the government should launch an environmental assessment before any major upgrade.
尽管中国已将海水淡化视为解决沿海未来淡水资源短缺的措施之一，但是业内专家认为，淡化水的广泛应用仍存在一定难度。
国家海洋局天津海水淡化与综合利用研究所所长李琳梅在接受本报专访时指出，“尚未形成有效淡化水价格机制以及缺乏具体可操作的优惠政策在一定程度上影响了中国海水淡化产业的发展。”
相关数据显示，我国海水淡化装机能力为67.4m3/d，海水淡化水综合成本价格约为5元/吨左右。
中国水网显示目前我国沿海居民生活用水价格介于为2.4元/吨~4.9元/吨;工业用水价格3.3元/吨~7.85元/吨。与自来水相比，淡化水显然没有价格优势。
李琳梅提出，为了促进中国海水淡化产业的发展，国家首先要将海水淡化水视为保障国家水资源安全的重要组成，将淡化水纳入国家水资源配置体系和区域水资源规划。同时，政府应为公益性海水淡化工程提供补贴。
根据去年国家发展改革委员会发布的《海水淡化产业发展“十二五”规划》，到，海水淡化产能规模将达到220万立方米/日以上，约为目前产能的3倍。
该规划还提出，到20，海水淡化对解决海岛新增供水量的贡献率达到50%以上，对沿海缺水地区新增工业供水量的贡献率达到15%以上。
李琳梅指出，目前中国海水淡化技术发展已基本成熟，但其市场的培育和发展需要实质性的产业政策支持。
她认为国家财政应设立专项资金，用于支持具有自主创新的海水淡化技术及其规模化示范的试点项目。
李琳梅说：“作为中国应对水资源短缺的措施，海水淡化与水资源保护同等重要。”
根据水利部发布的统计数据，我国年平均缺水量接近540亿立方米，66%以上的城市受到水资源短缺的困扰。
水资源缺口仍在不断扩大。到2030年，年水资源消耗量将由目前的600亿立方米增至7000亿立方米。
面对如此严峻的水资源短缺，国家开始采取措施以推动海水淡化产业发展。
三月份，国家发改委公布了第一批海水淡化工程试点区域和企业，浙江、河北、深圳和天津均榜上有名。
发改委要求试点区域和企业积极促进将淡化水应用于工业和住宅。
国家发改委预计，海水淡化设备的快速发展将使该行业年均增长达10亿元。
李琳梅说，这些政策初步显示了国家推动海水淡化产业发展的决心和信心。
中国海水淡化技术
李琳梅说，经过50多年的研究，我国已经掌握了反渗透海水淡化技术和低温多效蒸馏海水淡化技术。
反渗透技术利用高压推动水通过膜分离出盐，而低温多效蒸馏则由多级组成，通过利用低压蒸汽以产生高纯水。
国家发改委表示，我国产水量高于10000立方米/天的海水淡化工程有16个。
“尽管我们在海水淡化技术领域已经取得了长足的进步，但目前国内大型海水淡化工程仍主要使用国外技术。”李琳梅这样表示。将国产海水淡化技术应用于工程实践，是提高我国海水淡化自主创新能力的关键。
至20，海水淡化工程已被应用于世界上150多个国家，解决了2亿多人的饮水问题。
李琳梅说，目前淡化所正积极开展国际合作，以提升我国自主海水淡化技术在国际市场中的地位，促进国产淡化设备大规模向国外输出。
面对迅速发展的中国海水淡化产业，也有人对大规模海水淡化工程的潜在环境影响表示担忧。因为浓海水排放可能会影响临海水域的水质，引起受纳海域盐度、温度的升高。
李琳梅表示政府应对高盐度浓海水的排放进行环境影响评估，并提供排放标准。
篇6：雅思阅读摘要填空Summary题型解题技巧
(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
A. 原词
B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
NOTICE
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：Coarse work
BRITISH universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the American GPA model. At present, students are bunched into grade clusters. The top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “2.1” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. The latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.
The main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a 2.1 grade. But it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of individual grades, though this is not nearly as common in Britain as you might expect. The stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. Adopting the GPA system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.
I think this might be missing a trick. My experience of the 1st/2.1/2.2 system is that it has a very strong effect on students' work effort. For weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “Desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. Many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a 2.1, and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.
For stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. The risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high 2.1, largely indistinguishable from all other 2.1's. The crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.
An interesting paper by Pradeep Dubey and John Geanakoplos of the Cowles foundation at Yale Univeristy makes the same point. They write:
Suppose that the professor judges each student's performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. Suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. Third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. We show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.
One might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. But this is often not the case. Coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.
They give a simple example. Suppose there are two students, Brainy and Dumbo, with disparate abilities. Brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and Dumbo works. Suppose, for example, that Dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while Brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. With perfectly fine grading, Brainy will come ahead of Dumbo regardless of their effort levels. But since they only care about rank, both will shirk.
But, by assigning a grade A to scores above 85, B to scores between 50 and 85, and C to below 50, the professor can inspire Dumbo to work, for then Dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status B as Brainy, even when Brainy is working. This in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs Brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from Dumbo. He doesn't want to be mislabelled. With finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.
The corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. There may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. If he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.
However, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at Oxford or Cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. The trend in other British universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. The result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a 2.1 and then slack off in the remaining years. It is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. Oxford and Cambridge are less keen.
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：Game lessons
It sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games
SINCE the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. Chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.
Abandoning it, though, is what Katie Salen hopes to do. Ms Salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design, in New York. She is also the moving spirit behind Quest to Learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double French but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.
Quest to Learn draws on many roots. One is the research of James Gee of the University of Wisconsin. In Dr Gee published a book called “What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. Another is the MacArthur Foundation's digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of Ms Salen's ideas about educational-games design. A third is the success of the Bank Street School for Children, an independent primary school in New York that practises what its parent, the nearby Bank Street College of Education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.
Ms Salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise Bank Street's methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. Instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.
Periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. Quest to Learn's school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. Such domains include Codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and English), Being, Space and Place (English and social studies), The Way Things Work (maths and science) and Sports for the Mind (game design and digital literacy). Each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “Boss Level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.
Freeing the helots
In one of the units of Being, Space and Place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient Spartan who has to assess Athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. In doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. In a unit of The Way Things Work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. This lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. Another Way-Things-Work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient Egypt. This means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the country's religion and geography.
Whether things will work the way Ms Salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. The school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . If it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. If it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. And it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.
篇7：雅思阅读技巧
a. 题型要求：
每个题目都是一个特殊问句，要求根据原文作出回答。
绝大部分的题目要求有字数限制，一般有如下几种表达方式：
◆ no more than two/three/four words(不超过2/3/4 个字);
◆ one or two words(一个或两个字);
◆ use a maximum of two words(最多两个字)。
有字数限制的，一定要严格按照题目要求去做。少部分的题目要求中没有字数限制，这时，请注意，答案字数也不会很长，一般不会超过四个字。总之，这种题型的答案都是词或短语，很少是句子，所以又叫“短问答”。考试中，A 类和G 类一般都是每次必考，考一组，共三题左右。
b. 解题步骤
◆找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，这必将大大加快解题时间，并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。题目中如果包含年代、人名、地名、数字，这些词肯定是关键词，因为原文中不会对这些词做改变，而且这些词特别好找，所以依据这些词在原文中确定答案比较快。
◆从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其他关键词，确定正确答案。确定一个段落后，答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以，需要从头到尾快速阅读该段落，确定正确答案。
◆答案要对应题目中的特殊疑问词。
答案必须要对应题目中的特殊疑问词。绝大部分的答案是名词或名词短语，也有少部分是动词或形容词短语。
◆要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序与原文的顺序基本一致。
题目是有顺序性的。第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。这个规律也有助于确定答案的位置。
注意事项：
◆所有的答案都不用大写，专有名词除外。
一句话的第一个字母需要大写，我们的答案大部分都是词或短语，都不是一句话，所以不用大写。但答案中的专有名词，如人名和地名需要大写。例如：Australian taxpayer，不能答为：australian taxpayer。
◆绝大部分的答案来自原文原词，极少一部分需要自己写答案。
大部分的答案来自原文原词，而且是原文中连续的几个词。只有极少一部分需要自己写答案。所以，在考试中，如果发现有很多都需要自己写答案，应首先怀疑自己找错答案的位置。需要自己写答案的例子：
原文：…… if your iron produces droplets of water instead of giving off steam, your temperature control is set too low.
题目：What should you do if our iron starts to drip water?
答案及解释：原文说：如果你的熨斗产生水滴而不是放出水蒸气，是以为你把温度设置的过低。题目问：如果你的熨斗开始滴水，你应该做什么?答案应该是升高温度的意思，但原文中并没有相应的原词，需要自己写出来。最好的答案是根据your temperature control is set too low 改为set temperature high/higher。同样正确的答案为:increase the temperature 或turn up temperature。
文档为doc格式
