以下是小编帮大家整理的托福写作之浅谈综合写作，本文共7篇，欢迎大家收藏分享。
篇1：托福写作之浅谈综合写作
托福写作之浅谈综合写作
根据托福OG有关综合写作的要求，评分标准主要为信息(information)和逻辑(organization)。这两点考察的就是我们对听力要点的把握能力，以及如何用简要的语言概括阅读稿和听力稿中的信息，并且层次清晰，要点明确。有的同学说，我听懂了，我直接写就好;有的说，我看懂了，但听懂了一部分，编下就行。其实不然。阅读稿看懂了，听力听懂了，只是一半。还需要将听力中的有效信息用自己的语言表达出来，并且也不能与阅读稿中的表达完全一致。
在这里我将综合听力需要锻炼的能力列为以下三点：
1. 阅读能力(快、准)
2. 听写和速记能力(不是简单词不记，是记重点名词、动词或短语)
3. 一定的改写能力(这个就是我们对于句型的运用，涉及句子表达准确性、语态、词的适当替换等)。
可能有的同学说听不懂，这里建议，如果练习听力，尽量用托福听力材料进行练习，因为托福听力材料内容信息量大，需要记的东西多，也能通过做题找到自己听力的盲区。如果托福听力能听懂了，托福综合写作的听力也没有问题了。
这里附上两篇学生写的综合写作范文。
TPO26
Inthe listening material, the professor made several points about the invasion ofthe zebra mussels can be stopped.
Firstof all, the reading passage states that the human transportation will cause theinvasion of the zabra mussels, while the professor contradicts that people cannotcontrol it in the past because of the lack of the knowledge. On the other hand,the ocean water will be taken by the ship to replace the freshwater, which maykill the mussels.
Moreover,the reading passage also mentions that if the mussels are taken to the newplace, they won't have predators, while the professor refutes that they candominate it just for a short time. They will be a new food source for birds, sothey can not dominant in the end.
Furthermore,the reading passage then talks that the invasion of the mussels will cause thedecline in the fish population in its area, while the professor departs from itthat it is true that mussels have negative impact in plankton. But for otherfish, mussels provide nutrition for fish at the bottom of the lake.
Thisis the entirely opposed to the writer's expectation.
TPO27
Inthis listening material, the professor states several points about global cooling caused by the Little Ice Age.
First,the reading material states that after the ocean currents melted, the glaciersproduce an enormous number of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream. This actioninfluenced the earth’s climate strongly, while the professor in the listening material disagrees that the cooling water just affected Europe and parts ofNorth America, but it can’t explain global cooling, or the cooling in southernarea.
Second,the reading material says that the volcanic eruption caused the Little Ice Ageas they generate dark clouds with dust and sulfur gas into our atmosphere whichwill reduce the earth’s temperature. By contrast, the professor contradictsthat the volcanic eruption produce colorful clouds and gases, but those gasesare not strong enough to decrease the earth’s temperature.
Lastly,the reading material mentions that the decrease of human population affect theearth’s temperature indirectly because we no longer cut substantial number oftrees and let the forest grow freely, these trees absorb carbon dioxide andthat will reduce the earth’s temperature. However, the professor objects thatpeople still cut a large number of trees and the short cease of deforestationis not long enough to cause the global cooling.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：适合自己的学习方式
托福写作难点话题一览
What method of learning is best for you?
People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.
写作思路展开结构分析
最适合自己的学习方式，这个题目的难度较低，因为不同考生完全可以结合自身的实际经历来展开写作。而且题目当中本身也已经给出了3个选择，大家如果不想自己另想答案可以直接从这3种学习方式里挑一个出来展开。当然也可以采用保险起见的it depends策略，比如要看学什么内容来决定等等。
本话题高分范文赏析
There are many different methods that people use for learning. Some people learn with hands-on experience, others learn by reading, and still others learn by listening to discussion of other people. It is generally believed that learning is a subjective process, and it is important to discover the ways in which one learns best. I find that personally, learning by doing things is the best way. First, I find that the hands-on method is right for me because I am a very visual learner. If I can see what is happening, I have a much easier time understanding it. Reading a book does not give me this ease. When I read a book in order to gain knowledge, particularly technical one, I sometimes have trouble visualizing exactly what is being explained. However, when I actually see the process happening, it is much easier for me to understand. I also use a visual method when I am studying English. For example, if I am working on new vocabulary, I will write the words down, and then draw pictures of the words to remind myself of the meaning. Going through the process of drawing the pictures greatly increases my ability to memorize any type of information. When a picture is too simple to be enough or is hard to draw, I will close my eye and draw a mental picture that serves more helpful. It seems as though most businesses prefer people to have this hands-on experience as well. It is rare to find a good job that does not require applicants to have spent a certain amount of time doing a similar type of work in the past. By having this past experience, it shows that they have learnt to do a particular task well, and that they have practical knowledge of the job. In conclusion, I think that hands-on learning is best for me, and beneficial for my future. As stated above, however, everyone learns in a different style, and it is important to find the most efficient method for themselves.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：朋友人数的选择
托福写作难点话题一览
Spend time with one or two close friends, or with a large number of friends?
Some people prefer to spend time with one or two close friends. Others choose to spend time with a large number of friends. Compare the advantages of each choice. Which of these two ways of spending time do you prefer? Use specific reasons to support your answer.
写作思路展开结构分析
这个话题需要大家对比的是少数朋友和许多朋友，其实是一个择友观的问题。这个题目本身没有明显倾向性，考生可以结合自己的实际情况来说。选择和一两个亲密朋友一起玩，可以说自己跟愿意和少数志同道合的朋友共度时间，选择和一大群朋友一起玩，则可以说自己喜欢参加集体活动跟许多人建立友谊等等。
本话题高分范文赏析
Of the two possibilities, I prefer the first, that is, to spend my time with one or two close friends, because I enjoy close friendship with one or two people and the cozy atmosphere of spending time with close friends. When spending time with a large number of friends, it tends to be difficult to form solid, meaningful friendships with any of the people, since cultivating friendship needs time to communicate. On the other hand, when spending time with only one or two close friends, it is more likely to get to know these people on a very close level. I think this closeness is very important in a friendship. In fact, if I share no closeness with a person, then I do not consider him a friend; I consider him an acquaintance. Moreover, it is not only closeness but also the cozy atmosphere that makes me prefer spending time with only one or two friends. In this cozy atmosphere, I always feel there is nothing that I could not or would not tell my friends, as they feel the same. This means we can trust each other completely. Although this doesn't at all mean there's no cozy atmosphere or complete trust when spending time with many friends, it is my observation that everyone tends to be more open in private. This is why I enjoy the intimate friendship. In addition, spending time with few friends can save much time, since the relationship among a few people is more likely to be simpler. I'm not proficient at dealing with relationship among people, and often get frustrated communicating with a crowd. However, when I am spending time with one or two close friends, this doesn't matter at all. In fact, my close friends, notwithstanding few in number, always tell me I'm their best friend who can truly care about them and handle the relationship smoothly. I think it is my personality that has me make such a choice.
篇2：托福综合写作经典
The lecture and the reading discuss ( ). The lecturer puts forward 3 pioints and effectively contradicts the opinions of the reading.
First of all, the reading says that ( ). In contrast, the lecture claims that ( ). By this way, the lecture contradicts the first opinion of the reading.
Second, the reading claims that ( ), while according to the lecture, this is not the case. The lecturer says that ( ). By casting doubt on an important peice of evidence of the reading, the lecture contradicts the second claim of the reading.
Finally, the reading states that ( ), while the lecture claims that ( ). Thus the lecture refutes the last claim of the reading.
篇3：托福综合写作经典
The lecture apparently refutes the points illustrated in the reading material. According to the professor, ________________.On the contrary, the reading contends an opposite stand that_____.
The first point the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that___________, which differs from the statement in the reading that_____.
Another evidence the speaker adopts to contradict the passage is________. However, the reading states that_________.
In the conclusion, the point made in the lecture contrasts with what is presented in the reading. As the professor claims, ________whereas the reading material holds that________.
篇4：托福综合写作经典
The reading passage contends that… (详细的写) The listening material completely refutes the reading passage . It is pointed in the listening that ……(写出main idea 就行)
First, the point, stated in the reading passage, is that … In contrast, the listening passage holds the opposite opinion and believes that ……
Second, the reading passage contends that …… But the speaker in the listening says that …
Third, the author, in the reading passage, believes that …… However, the lecturer in the listening argues that ……
怎样合理使用托福写作模板
第一， 强大自己的英语基本功。只有在平时注意积累，注意改正自己的错误，才会避免低级错误，才会运用正确的语法结构。
第二，动笔之前，一定要认真审题，和构思，要尽量明确写作的结构，内容，然后要要注意看写作要求，这一点至关重要。如果没有认真审题的话，见题就写，没有严谨的写作思路，很容易造成跑题，偏题，不符题意的错误，也就不能使模板中的句型和内容相匹配。
第三，我们在初练写作的时候套用模板是正常的事情，也是一个必经的过程，只有先试用别人的东西，才能发现一些漏洞，也才能在此基础上进行自己的写作积累。模板要活学活用，不要一字不差的照抄无误，而是要根据自己所要表达的内容进行更改。写作不一定要字字句句都是难词，长句，而是要学会运用一些常见词的常见短语去表达，这样才能真正显示写作的水平。这就要求学生再平时的学习中注意积累常用的短语或者词组，以备写作之用。另外，关于写作素材，不仅仅指写作常用的词汇，句型或者语法结构，还要包括所用的事例。因此，在平常的练习中要注意从阅读中积累素材，积累词句，而不要仅仅局限于模板之中。
模板只是给了学生一个写作的思路和框架，但是要想获得高分，就要在框架之上填加自己的内容，把模板变成自己的东西，只有文章中有自己的内容，才会吸引判卷老师的眼球
托福综合写作经典模板范例汇总
篇5：托福综合写作经典
托福综合写作经典模板分享
开头段
The lecture apparently disproves what is argued in the reading material. According to the passage … However the professor asserts that a closer scrutiny of this argument would reveal how flimsy it is. He then presents several evidences to demonstrate his statement.
内容第一段
To start with, the professor claims that the reading passage fails to take into account that…
Therefore, the assertion of the author seems too absolute since other possibilities could not be eliminated by any current evidence.
内容第二段
Furthermore, the passage assumes that…. The professor, however, suggests that this assumption may not be merited by the evidence. Say, ….. The contradiction is obvious here when … . On the basis of this point the lecture explicitly refutes the passage.
内容第三段
Last but not the least, the passage may be right about …., but one critical fact is being left out of consideration. Pointed out by the professor, the author totally neglects the truth that… On account of above-mentioned grave mistakes, the author’s assertion turned out to be a preposterous idea.
结尾段
In conclusion, based on the arguments offered above, the professor clearly identifies the defects in the reading passage and forcefully shows that…
其它说明细节
文中至少有一个举例形式，如果实在用不到上面句型，可以用转述凑字数：In other words, that is to say, …
其他有用句型
The reading assumes that…, a situation that seems to be at odds with … 与…是矛盾的
托福写作：怎么做到善用例子
如动物→鸟类，现代交通方式→飞机，上面的举例是简单的形式，即对单个词/短语，或说单个对象举例。我们在独立写作中会遇到对单个对象的举例，这也是大家都能做好的;但我们更常遇到的是需要对一个句子，或说多个对象互相联系而串成的观点举例的情况，这时我们就需要留意我们所举的例子的有效性了。
托福写作举例的基本原则：
a. 细节性原则----细于被举例者。
b. 一致性原则----良好体现与要用举例证明的观点的一致对应关系，观点中的重点信息应在例子中不多不少地体现。
新托福写作真经介绍的举例的具体操作方法：
粗举，细举，引调查，列数字。
(1)粗例----粗犷的例子
“粗例”即一类人、物或事，或一个公认事实的例子，说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松，只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后“narrow down”就可以了。
观点1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
“粗例”可以建立“面”对“线”的关系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同时也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用，才能使整个段落更有血肉。
托福写作之常犯的错误
1. 不完整的句子
(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.
If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.
(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
2. 分词短语作状语的错误
Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.
As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.
3. 修饰词错位
(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.
Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.
(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.
After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.
(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.
Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.
4. 串句
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
5. 时态错误
The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.
The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.
6. 代词错误
(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.
Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.
(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.
Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.
(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.
This college has its own entrance requirements.
(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.
If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.
(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
7. 结构混乱
Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.
Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.
Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.
篇6：托福综合写作如何记笔记
托福综合写作如何记笔记
托福写作记笔记是综合写作最基本也是最重要的技能，阅读和听力的内容都要记录，尤其是讲座的内容。而尽管阅读材料隐去后还会再次出现，但是笔者还是建议在阅读的时候尽量将主要东西记下来。
记录的速度取决于考生对于单词简写或速记符号的熟练程度，考生可以参考一些相关书籍和网站资料对于这些符号的介绍，然后结合自己的习惯选择最适合自己的记忆符号。
然后配合书本上的练习，用两个星期左右的时间，完善和熟练自己的速记能力和归纳能力。在这段时间里，考生要将重心集中在记录的内容是否准确，概括性是否全面的练习上，而在此过程中考生自身的“短期记忆力”也会由于这样的高强度训练得到很大的提高。
专家建议，一份成功的托福综合写作听力笔记应该是这样的：发现所听材料的隐含结构，找出观点的构架以及演讲者是如何在这些构架的基础上构建自己的讲座的。
为了避免在托福综合写作听力过程中记笔记会影响对讲座内容的把握，考生应当遵循以下几个原则：一是“三七原则”，即听占70%，记占30%，记下自己认为对写作有帮助的要点;二是一定要用缩写或者符号，没必要写完整的句子。
托福独立写作时间分配
托福写作考试部分限时50分钟，其中托福独立写作时间共30分钟。
托福独立任务写作有 30 分钟的作答时间。考试屏幕左侧给出的论述题目，右侧输入内容，要求至少300词，若大家提前答完同时通过检查无误以后，可以交卷。
那么30分钟写作时间如何分配呢?建议花 5 分钟时间快速在草稿纸上确定作文的观点、理由和例子，以及整个作文的框架。留 20 分钟左右的时间完成整个作文的初稿。剩下的 5 分钟时间用来调整作文中不合适的内容，检查错别字等等。
独立写作第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由，最少花费3分钟最多5分钟。考生考试是要避免两个极端：1. 用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，造成文章逻辑结构不清，引起行文中频繁的修正;2. 用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来，可以边思考边写。
独立写作第二步：正文写作，花费时间最少22分钟最多26分钟。考生在各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。当被告知还有5分钟结束时，争取已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。
独立写作第三步：需要1-3分钟有侧重点的检查时间。主要检查文章的时态和句法准确。
托福综合写作怎么拿高分?
1、字数要求
最新版的备考指导，里面关于字数的描述如下：Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.也就是说只要你是在回答问题，多写是不会扣分的。不少学生写了长篇大论还得了高分，毕竟内容详实了，细节更多了。
2、阅读和听力孰轻孰重
在官方说明中有这么一段话： You will receive a score of zero if all you do is copy words from the reading passage. You will receive a score of 1 if you write ONLY about the reading passage. To respond successfully, you must do your best to write about the ways the points in the lecture are related to specific points in the reading.
可以看出抄袭阅读材料或者只写出阅读的内容是要严重扣分的，我们应该做的是侧重听力并明确指出与阅读材料的关系。
3、听力写多少
综合写作的听力的确比听力考试的听力简单，但是听力考试中我们只要听懂大致意思就够了，细节并没有那么重要，做题也不过是选择题，对我们的表达能力并不做要求。而综合写作的听力不仅要讲清楚大概还要说清楚细节，不管是论据还是例子。这就要求我们真正理解文章的内容结构和层次和衔接，所以才能在写作中体现出听力的逻辑性。
4、阅读写多少
根据以上备考指导的要求，它并不侧重阅读。因此只要写出阅读的中心思想和主要论据就可以。写作中如果想凑字数或丰富文章可以多添加阅读的细节。不过更关键的无疑是听力的内容是不是记录完整了。这是得分点。
5、事实和理论是否弄清楚
在阅读和听力里面有提到一些研究，实验或者发现，这些往往是事实，而据此研究者们提出相关的理论或推测。很多学生不分事实还是推测就进行写作，毋庸置疑犯了逻辑错误。事实上我们可以根据一些信号词来判断，比如表示可能性的词，may, might, could, would, is likely, more likely, probably，这些词的前面就是事实，这些词的后面就是理论或推测。这就能大大方便了学生扫描文章或做听力时抓住要点。
6、模板使用
模板提供了一个完整的框架，比如一个开头段，三个主体段，学生只要进行填空就可以。所以很多学生喜欢用模板，但是却断章取义，在自己填充的部分不管是内容上还是语法上犯很多错误，比如是要写名词短语还是从句，是写对方观点还是自己观点，用什么时态等，学生经常摸不着头脑，这就需要老师细致的进行批改分析。
托福写作议论文满分内容赏析
父母对孩子的管教
Some people think that parents should plan their children's leisure time carefully. Other people believe that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time. Which idea do you agree with Give reasons for your choise.
托福议论文写作试题分析：
一 条件: 父母对孩子的管教/孩子的空闲时间的安排/有人认为父母应为孩子指定使用空闲时间的详细计划/有人认为孩子应该自己安排空闲时间。
二 要求: 说明自己同意何种观点并说明理由。
三 写作分析: 本题为家常话题,尚无定论,可选任意一种观点表示同意,并说明理由.也可辩证地看问题,在分析的基础上提出自己不同的见解. 动笔前应先决定写法,若摆脱绝对肯定与否定的方式,写作时宜用归纳法,通过步步深入的分析,最后得出比较客观的结论.这种写法比较复杂, 难度较大,写作时思维一定要清晰,不然就会产生混乱.
Should parents plan their children's leisure time carefully Or should they let their children decide for themselves how to spend their free time before answering these two qusetions, we should first of all ask another question: do children know how to plan to spend their free time The answer to this question is both “yes” and “no”. Our common sense tells us that some children spend their free time in a planned way while some others, especially the younger ones, just play as they like without any paln at all.
The above answer leads to three more relevant questions about those children who know how to plan their leisure time: How have they obtained the ability Is the ability innate Or is the ability learnt Our observations tell us that this ability is not born but learned from others---their parents, teachers, other adults, or other children.
With these questions settled, the answer to the first two questions should be verry clear. Parents should not give their children a free hand at the beginning. INstead, they should plan their childrren's leisure time carefully, making sure that their children understand why they should have a plan. In this way, the children will gradually forma habit of making palns and know how to make a good plan.. Then, we can say these children know how to spend their leisure time.
When children alrady know how to spend their free time , they will not need any longer for the parents to paln for them. The most they can do is to keep an eye on their children's activities and give some guidance or advice when necessary. For most of the time, children should be allowed to decide for themselves. The whole process is in fact a process of training, in which instruction, demonstration and practice should be planned in a scientific way. Without plenty of practice, the whole process of learning would be a failure.
以上就是托福写议论文范文以及解析，给大家参考下，写作除了语句之外更不能忽略的就是词汇量，大家可千万不要忘了这个重中之重，业余时间要多看看词汇书籍，多写几篇作文修改，坚持下去便可在日后发现自己写作水平的飞跃。
父母对孩子的管教
Some people think that parents should plan their children's leisure time carefully. Other people believe that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time. Which idea do you agree with Give reasons for your choise.
托福议论文写作试题分析：
一 条件: 父母对孩子的管教/孩子的空闲时间的安排/有人认为父母应为孩子指定使用空闲时间的详细计划/有人认为孩子应该自己安排空闲时间。
二 要求: 说明自己同意何种观点并说明理由。
三 写作分析: 本题为家常话题,尚无定论,可选任意一种观点表示同意,并说明理由.也可辩证地看问题,在分析的基础上提出自己不同的见解. 动笔前应先决定写法,若摆脱绝对肯定与否定的方式,写作时宜用归纳法,通过步步深入的分析,最后得出比较客观的结论.这种写法比较复杂, 难度较大,写作时思维一定要清晰,不然就会产生混乱.
Should parents plan their children's leisure time carefully Or should they let their children decide for themselves how to spend their free time before answering these two qusetions, we should first of all ask another question: do children know how to plan to spend their free time The answer to this question is both “yes” and “no”. Our common sense tells us that some children spend their free time in a planned way while some others, especially the younger ones, just play as they like without any paln at all.
The above answer leads to three more relevant questions about those children who know how to plan their leisure time: How have they obtained the ability Is the ability innate Or is the ability learnt Our observations tell us that this ability is not born but learned from others---their parents, teachers, other adults, or other children.
With these questions settled, the answer to the first two questions should be verry clear. Parents should not give their children a free hand at the beginning. INstead, they should plan their childrren's leisure time carefully, making sure that their children understand why they should have a plan. In this way, the children will gradually forma habit of making palns and know how to make a good plan.. Then, we can say these children know how to spend their leisure time.
When children alrady know how to spend their free time , they will not need any longer for the parents to paln for them. The most they can do is to keep an eye on their children's activities and give some guidance or advice when necessary. For most of the time, children should be allowed to decide for themselves. The whole process is in fact a process of training, in which instruction, demonstration and practice should be planned in a scientific way. Without plenty of practice, the whole process of learning would be a failure.
篇7：托福综合写作怎么写
综合写作(Integrated Writing)长期以来都是托福考试的难点之一，全面考察考生快速阅读、听取关键信息和原文复述的能力。
很多考生在备考过程中片面注重独立写作，忽视综合写作，甚脸谱酆闲醋魇切∽魑模懒⑿醋魇谴笞魑模庵炙悸肥羌舜砦蟆⒎浅NO盏摹M懈P醋髯钪沼勺酆虾投懒⒍呷∑骄郑谎灾咄戎匾豢善稀
然而还有很多考生是有心无力，由于阅读和听力实力较弱导致综合写作失分严重，想要提升却不得其法。从传统备考思路看提升阅读和听力固然没错，但如何在有限的时间内加强针对性、高效提分才是关键。
要达到快速提升的效果，首先要关注综合写作本身的设计理念。有别于托福考试的阅读和听力部分，综合写作中的阅读和听力以学术类话题为主，且二者围绕同一主题展开论证，构成反对或支持的关系。因此阅读和听力本身难度就大大降低。那么考生能否在快速阅读的基础上，对听力做出正确的预测呢?
横向观察ETS设计的各类考试不能发现，虽然考察重点不同，但一些基本思路不尽相同。在GRE考试的写作部分同样要求考生写两篇文章：Argument与Issue。在Argument部分，考生先阅读一篇文章，然后写出文中存在的逻辑错误。这种考察形式与托福综合写作部分有很多相似之处，只不过在托福综合写作中不需要考生主动描述阅读中的逻辑漏洞，而是复述听力中的演讲者如何驳斥阅读中的观点。
因此参加过GRE考试的考生触类旁通，通过利用TPO等备考材料反复练习，不断矫正思路，可以培养从阅读文章出发、预测听力内容的能力。从而在合理判断的基础上有的放矢的去听，提高通过听取关键词完整复述的能力。
以下结合GRE写作Argument部分的解题思路，对托福综合写作进行梳理：
一、条件假设
阅读部分针对某一结论列举出一些条件或提出一些假设，与逻辑学中的命题概念非常类似，既若P则Q的形式，条件或假设是为了证明某个结论为真命题或假命题。考生可从逻辑学角度出发，通过考虑条件与结论之间的充分性和必要性，预测听力中的反驳内容：一是从条件本身着手。思考条件是否成立、本身是否完备、是否有其它条件对结论产生更重要的影响?二是从结论着手。思考结论是否成立、在相同条件下是否可能得出其它结论?三是从条件与结论的关系着手。思考条件与结论之间的逻辑关系是否为必要充分、是否构成因果关系等?
例如TPO26的阅读部分针对“斑马贝(zebra mussel)的传播无法阻止”展开如下论证：
Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it. They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction. Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.
上文论点为“斑马贝可以很快占领新寄居地”。论据为三个给定的假设条件：一是斑马贝存活能力强;二是斑马贝繁殖能力强;三是斑马贝在新寄居地没有捕食者。这就构成多个条件指向一个结论的映射，因此要分别考虑条件、结论和二者关系。
据此考生可对听力的反驳形式做出预测：一是条件有问题。斑马贝存活能力强、繁殖能力强、没有遭遇捕食者是否成立?二是结论有问题。斑马贝在上述三个条件下也无法占领新寄居地，考虑是否存在其它更重要的证据质疑结论?三是二者之间的关系。上述三个条件是否与斑马贝占领新寄居地有关联?
把握以上三点，考生可以有的放矢的完成听力部分。尤其对于听力偏弱的考生，只需听到关键词就可以更好地完成整个反驳逻辑的重述。听力原文如下：
Second, it’s true that zebra mussels often don’t have predators in their new habitats, but that’s only in the beginning. What’s been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there’s a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it. They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels. And birds can eat a lot of mussels. So zebra mussels aren’t so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.
综上所述，听力部分的论点为段落最后一句：最终斑马贝不可能占领新寄居地。论据围绕斑马贝在新寄居地存在捕食者展开，既质疑阅读中提出的条件不成立。听力中指出：虽然起初斑马贝不会遭遇捕食者，但一段时间后当地的水鸟就会开始以其为食物，所以听力从条件本身的变化着手反驳了阅读。
在研究分析TPO之后，我们发现以下几类词汇出现可以用类似思路预测：
1、表示导致或促使：lead to/cause/decide/stimulate/give rise to等
2、表示由来或源头：derive from/originate from/stem from等
3、表示原因或结果：because/so/therefore/result in/result from等
二、比较关系
阅读中出现两个主要描述对象，并采用比较两者之间的相同或不同之处的方法展开论证，考生可从以下两个方面预测听力中的反驳内容：一是比较双方是否对等，包括比较双方是否可以在某种条件下形成比较关系、比较的标准是否相同(比较要在公平对等的条件下才能进行)、比较是否叙述完整;二是整体和部分发生比较时，由整体特征推导部分特征，或是由部分特征推导整体都是错误的，既不能以偏概全，也不能忽略个体差异。例如TPO6的阅读部分针对“在线互动百科全书”和“传统百科全书”是否会出错展开论证如下：
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that non-specialists can not really achieve.
上文对“在线互动百科全书”和“传统百科全书”进行了比较：在线互动百科全书在学术方面可信度低，很多情况下信息不准确;而传统百科全书由训练有素的专业人士编写，在学术方面标准严格。考生可以从比较关系的第一个层面进行分析预测：比较双方虽然对等，但对比较条件的叙述并不完整。传统百科全书由专业人士编写就一定不存在错误的信息吗?据此我们可以在听力中进行验证：
First, errors. It’s hardly in a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate. If you are looking for a really comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it’s easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia. But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.
由此可见，听力部分针对阅读中叙述不完整的比较信息提出了批驳，进而提出在线互动百科全书比起传统百科全书更容易纠错和改正。因此考生只要关注比较双方发生矛盾的核心所在，就可以更准确的复述关键信息。
在研究分析TPO之后，我们发现以下几类词汇出现可以用类似思路预测：
1、直接表示比较：unlike/in contrast to/not...but.../be against等
2、时间表示比较：used to be...now...等
3、比较级表比较：more...than.../rather...than.../superior to等
三、调查研究
阅读中援引某某专家、某某机构的权威调查研究，并据此展开论证，考生可从以下三个方面预测听力中可能出现的反驳内容：一是调查研究本身是否客观公正、设计是否科学合理?某某专家、某某机构发布的调查结果很多情况下不足为信，或是调查过程中没有采取随机抽样，而是选择性抽取对某个结论有利的样本。二是调查研究历时多久?调查时长是经常被质疑的一个因素，很多调查研究太过仓促，不能反映出调查对象的重要发展变化。三是调查研究的抽样问题。样本量是否足够大?应答人群是否足够多?虽然从统计方法和概率论的角度出发，这些问题不是影响调查结果的关键因素，但现实生活中还是经常被用来质疑调查研究的可靠性。
例如TPO28的阅读部分援引(美国)国家地理学会委员会的调查结论，以证明Peary确实抵达了北极：
First, the National Geographic Society put together a committee that was instructed to conduct a thorough investigation of Peary’s records and equipment. At the end of the investigation, the committee concluded that Peary’s accounts were consistent and persuasive and declared that he had indeed reached the North Pole.
听力部分针对调查提出质疑，认为第一该委员会没有秉持客观公正的原则，第二该调查本身历时太短、调查不充分，因此结论不足为信：
First, it is true that the National Geographic Society committee declared that Peary had indeed reached the North Pole, but the committee was not completely objective. In fact, the committee was composed of Peary’s close friends who had contributed large sums of money to fund Peary’s trip. Moreover, the investigation lasted only two days. And according to Peary himself, the committee did not examine his records carefully. So the committee’s conclusions seem biased and therefore are not trustworthy.
在研究分析TPO之后，我们发现以下几类词汇出现可以用类似思路预测：
1、表调查研究：survey/investigation/sample/study等
2、表数据引用：cite/quote/respondent等
综上所述，在备考托福综合写作的过程中，通过提升快速阅读、逻辑分析和合理预测的能力，考生可以更轻松、更直接的提升成绩。在大量练习的基础上，考生可以不断矫正思路、提高预测的准确率，将分析预测的时间缩短，最终形成正确、敏锐的“直觉”。最后请各位考生务必量力而行，不要做过分推理，不要让预测误导听力。
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