下面小编为大家带来《新概念英语》第四册与托福、GRE写作，本文共6篇，希望能帮助大家!
篇1：《新概念英语》第四册与托福、GRE写作
新概念四并不是为托福、gre等考试而专门编写的应试教材,然而,由于新四着意于提高学习者各方面的英语能力，因此，该教材很多方面都可以运用到各类高级英语考试中来。我们这篇文章主要是谈谈新四对于提高大家托福、gre写作的作用。新概念四中的文章是编者alexander精心挑选的各个领域的散文名篇,这些文章文笔优美,说理透彻。课文不是教给大家机械的写作模式，而是要让学生领悟到高水平的作文的真谛。因此，深刻把握新四文章的写作特点，能让大家在托福与gre这样高级的英语考试中写出不同于一般人的具有高水准的作文。下面我们来看一下新四在哪些方面可以给托福、gre写作提供借鉴。
一、“破题”技巧
二、论证技巧
托福、gre的写作一般来说都是论说文。论说文首先要有自己的观点，这并不难做到，关键是如何用行之有效的论证技巧来证明自己观点的正确性。很多同学由于没有系统掌握论证技巧，所写托福、gre的作文往往论证空洞，很难让批卷者信服。新四中的很多文章则为大家提供了多种论证技巧，我们选取其中的几个技巧来讨论。
1，数字论证 这种论证技巧在第二课《不要伤害蜘蛛》（sparethatspider）中比较典型。这篇课文是要说明蜘蛛给人类带来的巨大好处，以此劝告人们不要伤害蜘蛛。作者为了告诉读者蜘蛛杀死害虫的数目巨大，用了一系列的数字，比如，一英亩的场地就有2,250,000只蜘蛛，相当于一个足球场就有6,000,000蜘蛛。1和2,250,000，1和6,000,000相比，读者一眼就能发现蜘蛛的数量之多，就可以想象出每年蜘蛛将清除多少的害虫。
2，比较论证 我们还是用第二课为例。作者在第一段中将蜘蛛与鸟类和兽类做比较，指出：all of them(birdsandbeasts) put together kill only a fraction of the mr destroyedbyspiders. 这样就突出了蜘蛛在清除害虫方面的重要性。接着，作者又写道：moreover, unlike some oftheother insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us orourbelongings。看到此处，面对如此有百利而无一害的蜘蛛，读者当然不忍心再去伤害了，而作者的论证也就达到了目的。
3，“以退为进”法这种技巧适用于驳论。作者先把要反驳的与自己论点相对的论点摆出来，然后用事实来推翻，这样就更能证明自己论点的正确性。我们以十九课《话说梦的本质》（thestuffofdreams）为例：作者首先提出大家习以为常的论点，即认为睡眠的作用是让身体休息，这符合读者的直觉，接着，作者用确凿的证据表明，身体休息并不是非得依靠睡眠。这样，读者在自己直觉上认为正确的论点被反驳后，就易于接受作者下文论证的观点。再比如十四课《蝴蝶效应》（thebutterflyeffect），作者的论点是：再好的天气预报的预测性也不会超过七天。文中最有说服力也是最精彩的论证也是用的“以退为进”法：作者在第二段中先假设了一个最为精确的理想化的气象预报仪器设备，让读者感觉这种设备已经到达了极致，在理论上可以推翻作者的论点。但是接着，作者还是用科学证据表明，即使用这种现实中不可能采用的理想化仪器，依然不能解决问题。这样，读者就没有任何理由不接受作者的观点了。
我们这里只是列举了几种论证技巧，大家通过新四的学习，会了解更多的论证技巧，比如第三十一课中的“先抑后扬”法，第二十八课的“例证——极度例证”法等等。
三、修辞
前面两个部分我们都是讨论的宏观上的写作技巧，这部分讨论的是写作具体的遣词造句，即修辞。对于托福和gre的写作，修辞是大家语言功底最好的展示。修辞包括词汇的运用，句式的变化和修辞格的使用。我们下面从这三个部分来讨论新四课文与托福、gre写作的关系。
1，选词新四词汇表上的新词基本上都是属于较高层次的单词，因此，掌握新四的词汇自然能够让你在写作中体现出高水平的英语文字功底，而词汇的应用是任何英语写作的重要评分标准之一。当然，并不是掌握了大量的词汇就能够保证写作水准的提高，高质量的作文应该是在较大词汇量的基础上恰当地使用词汇。新概念四的课文几乎每一篇都体现出作者用词的精妙，我们在学习课文时，如果能够在记忆词汇的同时，仔细体会课文中单词的选用，就能够在自己的写作中也尽量做到选词精当。我们以第五课《青年》（youth）为例，在课文第一段的最后一句话中出现了两个future,作者在这两个词前都要用“辉煌的”作定语，为了避免重复，作者在第一个future前用了glorious来修饰，在第二个future前则用splendid。再看下一句话：hemaybe conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous, orfatuous,……。这句话中，作者一连串用的四个形容词恰倒好处，令人叫绝。
2，句式的变化很多同学认为托福和gre中，只要一味写长句就可以显示自己的语言功底了，其实，这是一种对英语写作的误解。英语写作讲究多变，避免重复，词汇的使用如此，句式的选用也是如此。一方面，写作中必须要长短句相结合，在一连串的长句之后，应该有意识地选用短句，短句短促有力，在论证中可以增强文章的语气。另一方面，在使用长句时要避免只用一种句式。中国学生在写托福和gre等考试的作文中，为了使用长句，经常反复地使用定语从句，这会令文章显得过于单调，拖泥带水，读来索然无味（这也是一位在中国执教英语写作多年的美国教授亲口对笔者说的感受）。要让作文充满生气，就必须学会使用不同的长句句式，新四课文中有不少好的范例，大家在学习时可以仔细体会，并运用到自己的写作中。比如，我们在二十四课中可以学到典型的排比句用法，在三十一课中作者则巧妙地使用了倒装句式，二十三课中的长句很多，大家可以仔细体会作者是如何避免句式重复的。
3，修辞格的使用修辞格的使用可以增强文章的生动性与可读性。托福、gre写作的研究表明，在考试中，恰当的修辞格使用可以极大地提高作文的层次。第十一课《如何安度晚年》（howtogrow old）是修辞格使用的经典范例。作者在文中把人生比作河流(an individual humanexistenceshould be like a river), small atfirst指的是人的儿童期，rushingpassionately指的是人的青年期，boulders和waterfalls则喻指人生中的坎坷，而become mergedinthesea则是指死亡。某种程度上来说，正是这绝妙的比喻使这段话成为英语散文中的经典语段。修辞格除了比喻以外还有拟人、夸张等等，这些都可以在我们课文中找到相应的例句。
研读经典范文，学习写作技巧是提高写作的有效方法，新四的课文在这方面是不可多得的好材料。本文只是从大体上介绍了新四中值得托福、gre写作借鉴的几个方面，大家在具体的学习中一定会有更多的收获。写作具有很强的实践性，一方面，同学们在学习新四时要有意识地揣摩文章的写作手法，借鉴写作技巧；另一方面，大家一定要常动笔写文章，将自己的感悟在实践中运用，在不断的练笔中提高写作水平。（编辑：赵露）
（胡旭辉，南京新东方学校优秀教师，英语语言文学硕士。丰富国际展览会随行翻译经验，参与《钱伯斯学生英语辞典》的翻译工作。酷爱中英文写作，对诗歌、散文、英语学习与教学的理论与实践有着丰富的经验）
篇2：新概念英语第四册对托福及GRE写作的帮助
One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time they are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job.
Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.
新概念英语第四册多项选择题：Finding fossil man
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1，In illiterate societies, story-telling is a way of ____.
(a) teaching people how to write
(b) allowing us to find out about things that happened 5,000 years ago
(c) passing knowledge of the past from one generation to another
(d) preserving sagas recounted by story-tellers
2，It is extremely likely that ancient people ____.
(a) moved from one place to another
(b) came from Indonesia
(c} have left us information about their migrations
(d) preserved their sagas and legends
3，Anthropologists have been curious about ____.
(a) how Indonesia came to be inhabited
(b) how the Polynesian islands came to be inhabited
(c) why the Polynesian people travelled from Indonesia
(d) how the sagas told by ancient people were written
4，Though wood and skins rot away, anthropologists can learn a great deal from ____.
(a) materials that are easy to shape
(b) the bones of men who made tools
(c) stones that do not decay
(d) ancient tools made from stone
Structure 句型
1，In some parts of the world people are still ____ to write. (11.1-2)
a.incapable
b.impotent
c.enable
d.unable
2，They can preserve their history ____ downlegends. (1.3)
a.by hand
b.by handing
c.to hand
d.in hand
3，The ____ why these legends are useful is that theytell us about migrations. (1.4)
a.cause
b.effect
c.why
d.reason
4，There weren't ____ of them who could write down what they did.(1.5)
a. any
b. none
c. no one
d. noVocabulary词汇
1，The only way they can preserve their history is to ____ stories. (11.2-3)
a.tell
b.make
c.say
d.recount
2，The people who lived long ago could not ____ their history.(1.5)
a.make
b.know
c.record
d.note
3，Some sagas tell us about the ____ of Polynesian peoples.(11.6-7)
a.origin
b.ancestors
c.explanation
d.legend
4，Tools made of stone, especially flint, were made by ____ (1.11)
a.old men
b.men who lived long ago
c.men of old
d.past men
新概念英语第四册多项选择题：Spare that spider
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1，Spiders are our friends because they ____.
a.are beneficial insects
b.destroy insects without hurting us in any way
c.protect insect-eating animals
d.include some of the greatest enemies of the human race
2，Birds and beasts ____.
a.eat as many insects as spiders
b.eat more insects than spiders
c.can't compare with spiders as destroyers of insects
d.destroy a larger fraction of insects than spiders
3，If spiders were insects, they would ____.
a.have eight legs
b.have six legs
c.be able to fly
d.not destroy their own kind
4，Spiders are active in killing insects ____.
a.all the time
b.for most of the year
c.in the summer months
d.for a minimum of six months of each year
Structure 句型
1，It would ____ impossible for us to live in this world if insects had no enemies.(11.2-3)
a.make it
b.stay
c.be
d.have it
2，We owe ____ to the birds and beast who eat insects.(1.4)
a.a great deal
b.a lot of
c.a great many
d.much of
3，How many spiders are involved ____ this work on our behalf?(1.9)
a.at
b.for
c.in
d.to
4，There are many different ____ spiders.(1.11)
a.sorts of
b.kind of
c.type of
d.kinds
Vocabulary 词汇
1，Spiders ____ insects.(11.3-4)
a.defend us from
b.guard
c.protect
d.insure us against
2，You can see at a glance that spiders are not ____ insects.(1.7)
a.similar
b.like to
c.as
d.the same as
3，Spiders are creatures with large ____.(1.13)
a.hunger
b.appetites
c.desires
d.eating
4，Spiders like to eat more than ____ a day.(1.13)
a.three
b.three time
c.three times
d.threes
篇3：与职业选择相关的GRE写作
新GRE写作素材题目：
Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work.
新GRE写作范文正文：
Few people, if asked, would list his interests as the first element considered when searching for a career, yet even fewer would believe people would find a job just because it is out of that person's own interest, especially when it does not have anything to do with the popular trend. However, I'd rather hold the opinion that these people do exist.
True indeed, it is just natural to base one's consideration on relative ease of finding a job and the salary of that job. Let me call it “to follow the economic trends”. Catering the needs of society is following the economic trend, to weigh the ease and difficulty of finding a job is following the economic trend, moreover, bargaining on the salary is also following the economic trend. It is human nature to follow a trend. There seems to be a hidden promise that by doing so, one's decision is probably to go right and won't lose much. Why not? When all people rush to choose a specific job, say, a lawyer or a dentist, it must have GREat profits in it. To wait and see means to lose opportunities. Even if the majority all lose, the mutual destiny comforts everyone. On the other hand,choosing an appropriate salary shows another side of “following the trend”. To earn and to compete makes up another part that urges people to find a so-called decent job.No wonder we see thousand of excellent middle-school students go to GREat lengths to distinguish themselves to enroll in law schools and business schools. They are following the trend! The economic trend tells them these schools will lead to a fine job.
However, I do believe there are individuals that make jobs out of their true love of something, disregarding any trends that other people run after. We've got plenty of examples of such people. I may not be able to name some, but I know that such “mavericks” scatter on different corners on the earth. Others may argue that ignoring the needs of economy will just keep their products away from the markets and thus their income is possibly low. In response, I'd tell them that “the needs of economy” is a relative concept. While most women follow the hair-style (usually led by fashion magazines) of letting it down, there are always a small population that holds to their own tastes of winding their hair up. In the similar way, the scare people who make products out of their own love will always have their scare but corresponding buyers.For them, find a job is not as easy as their counterparts mentioned above, but once they stick to their love and goal, they will make it!
In addition, not to follow the economic trend, to some extent, illustrates a new direction of all aspects of our economic process. Fashion cannot last long. Where they turn to a new point may well come from those people. In a sense, it is those individuals that are leading the trend, though in most cases they are unaware of it.
Last but not least, it is a GREat pleasure to base one's life on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work, no matter how much the salary is, no matter how people will react to it. This attitude releases them from the thousands anxieties that afflict other people. They may enjoy themselves so much when others are worrying about the inflation or the loss due to stock market. Those people aim to the true value of their products but not the day-to-day life. To them, working out of their true interests is more a part of his or her life, rather than a job to make a living on.
In short, it is all very well for people to follow the economic trends and to put many pragmatic considerations choosing a job. But the opposite group of people should never be regarded as poor guys that are not possibly to find a job. They will definitely “sell” while they enjoy their lives so much.
篇4：托福与GRE阅读的共同点
托福与GRE阅读有什么共同之处
笔者在长期的托福教学中，经常碰到很多大学生有着这样一个问题，“我现在已经大二了，申请出国的时候，是先备考托福，还是先考GRE”。
从考生的能力的考量出发，笔者的回答始终为以先备考托福为好。GRE的Verbal部分总共计两个section，每个section20道题，一共40道题。在每个section中各包含阅读与填空10道题。很多我们的正在备考的大学生考生对于GRE备考，都停留在背单词的阶段，并认为“只要单词量够，就可以解决GRE”，而因此忽略了很多在GRE考试中必须具备的能力，尤其是阅读能力的培养，并由此在Verbal的阅读中大量丢分。
由于托福与GRE的同根性(同为ETS举办)，托福考试的阅读部分也同样涉及许多对学术类英语文章阅读相关能力的考察。因此如果在托福的阅读备考中打下良好的基础，考生将不会对GRE阅读的备考感到陌生，从而实现事半功倍的良好效果。
《GRE官方指南 第2版》明确指出，在阅读理解部分将重点考察“to distinguish main ideas from supporting ideas or evidence”，即区分主要观点，与支持性观点或者证据的能力。
托福阅读如何提升答题效率?合理安排做题顺序是关键
托福阅读做题顺序一：按照标准顺序做题
按照题目给出的顺序做题是大部分同学的标准做题顺序。在这样的顺序中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章，而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间，就会从题目的第一题顺序做到最后一题。也就是说，文章应对题目，看了一段题目后，找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于，可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握，同时，容易理解文章的细节信息，建立阅读的自信。当然，其中的缺点就是很难控制好答题的时间。另外考生在做最后一题时候，往往会需要重新阅读一下整篇文章。
托福阅读做题顺序二：先做最后一题
而针对以上这样的问题，很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的做法。也就是是说，在阅读完整篇文章之后，先做最后一道小结题，然后再从第一题做到倒数第二题。当然，这样方法有着一定的好处，因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象，在完成最后一题能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿，也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。
托福阅读做题顺序三：先看题目再读文章
用题目还原到文章这样的解题方式，目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说，我们可以先题后文，读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后，进行这句话和选项内容的比对，找到最终的答案。而最后的5分钟，我们就可以留给最后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题，同时，也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是，想要使用这种方法，我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧，必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟，否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。
托福阅读文章句间关系之例证关系
句间关系——例证关系
(涉及的题型有：词汇题/细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题)
众所周知，一篇成熟的议论文，都会有强有力的例子来证明作者自己的观点。所以，例证关系也是非常重要的句间关系，这一关系的体现我们从词汇题开始说起。官方指南上有一道词汇题，提问的对象是“distort”这个单词。相信很多同学都认识这个词，笔者还是想请各位考生从句间关系的角度上去重新思考下。请看下文：
“Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.”
在”distort ”这个词出现的后一句就是一个非常简单的实例，通过实例我们发现这句话就是对”distort ”最简单的一种解释，从而理解出这个单词的意思是“误解”。在主流的八大题型中，例证关系体现最频繁的就是修辞目的题，超过半数的修辞目的题都是在考察举例的写作意图。
这类题目的未来趋势是尽量减少关联词的出现，取而代之的是句子的具体表达。怎么通过句子的表达来判断提问的对象是否是一个例子呢?那就要从例子的呈现的特点去思考。
比如在一篇议论文中，如果出现了描写一个人或者一个团队的冒险经历，亦或是他们做实验的过程，有具体的记叙型要素，那么他们的出现就是为了证明上文中的论点服务的。官方指南中讲“食草动物的饮食习惯”和“19世纪的美国政治”两篇文章中都有典型的例题。到了推理题中，题干中的对象多半是一个“例子”，也就是说我们不仅要读懂例子本身，更需要去结合例子和前文观点之间的关系。
最典型的一道例题在一篇名为“生态系统的长期稳定性”的文章中，通过前后句的例证关系我们才能推理出”redwood forests”可能的生长地带。虽然例证关系在推理题中出现比例并没有在修辞目的题中那么高，但是为了在考场上游刃有余，还是要进行相应的思维训练。
例证关系在插入题中的体现是比较灵活的。还是刚才那篇“生态系统长期稳定性”的文章，被插入句虽然不是一个例子，但是第三个选项的后一句是一个典型的举例。如果想要放在第三个选项的位置，就必须要和例子所说的道理是一致的，并且要比例子更概括和简练，所以也等于变相地考察了考生们对例证关系的把握。如若考生能熟练地掌握修辞目的题中的例证关系，那么细节题中的例证关系也就迎刃而解了，所以在此不再赘述。
最后，也留下一个问题给同学们思考，能否从句间关系的角度去尝试着梳理下常见的段落的结构乃至段落之间的关系呢?
总之，题型和句间关系之间是融会贯通的，题型是载体，是语言点外化的方式;句间关系是本质，是提升阅读能力的法宝。一旦打通句间关系的任督二脉，不管面对的是哪一类题型，考生们都可以以不变应万变。
托福阅读文章句间关系之比较关系
句间关系——比较关系
(涉及的题型有：细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题)
比较关系在句子之间的体现我想先从修辞目的题说起。各位考生可以先用三十秒的时间来浏览下下文的这段话。
“Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.”
读过这篇文章的考生应该不陌生，是官方指南上的第六篇例文。这道题目问的是作者为什么要提及阴影部分的这部分信息。通过句尾的四个单词，考生们能够感觉到飞机的这一操作其实和前文描写鱼在海里游的行为具有相同的道理，也就能判断出最后两句话之间是类比的关系。所以修辞目的题中对于比较关系的考察还是比较容易上手的,无外乎对比和类比两个角度。
在推理题中，比较关系是常见的推理思路——“反向推理”的逻辑基础。以官方指南上一篇讲到“Himalayas”和“Caledonia”山脉的文章，作者利用了对比的手法论证山的高度和年龄之间的关系。不仅有时间上的比较，也有两座山之间的比较，这种类型的题目往往是考生们会出错的点。所以在以比较手法为主导的文章中，考生们一定要注意去梳理段落中的比较关系，这些关系出没的地方，往往都是会出题的位置。
至于细节题中比较关系的体现，最典型的莫过于官方指南在阅读部分大纲介绍中的“Applied arts and Fine arts”。整个文章都是以对比的手法呈现的。类似的文章还有练习题中关于黑尾鹿和白尾鹿的话题以及太阳系里星球的话题。这种类型的文章在细节题上容易出现整段出题的情形，也就是答案是段落中心句的概括，这种考察角度对于考生的要求还是比较高的，不仅要从内容上理解，还要从句间关系上进行把握。比较关系在句子插入题中出现的形式基本上与前文提到的类似，因为出现的频率没有那么高，在此就不再赘述。
托福阅读备考锦囊--做题精读都需要
1.做题和精读文章时，多站在出题人的角度去思考文章，这样能预判陷阱，尽快识别错误选项。
例如(包括但不限于)：(1)当出现分类，需要做好两个类型特点的辨析，常见易错点就是混淆两者。(2)选项中断章取义、主语偷换。(3)长难句通常都会作为考点，如果前文没有出题，则最后小结题选项中出现的可能性非常高。段落也是如此，前文未出题的段落或者段落的一部分，最后也会设置选项考察，不要漏读。
2.由于托福的文章是节选的，所以偶尔会出现逻辑和信息方面的跳跃，遇到这种情况，尝试记忆下来即可，或者优先解题。不要花费较长的时间强行梳理逻辑关系。
3.生物题材的文章，肯定会出现较多的学术概念，但原文中通常会给解释，尽量利用这些解释加以记忆(不能跳过和无视括号里的解释);另外很多生物的名字也要尝试记忆，不必翻译为中文，只要搞混就行。
托福与GRE阅读有什么共同之处
篇5：雅思阅读与托福阅读、GRE阅读的区别
雅思阅读与托福阅读、GRE阅读的区别
一，IELTS学术类阅读概况
从IELTS开始发展的基本轨迹可以看出，学术类考试的权威地位是至始至终的。然而国内引入IELTS考试的迟缓和改革开放以来(亦可追溯到1949年以前)中国英语教育的盲目崇美使得TOEFL,GRE考试名声大噪，而IELTS虽然具有相当幽雅的名字，但是却无法与留美考试比肩。更令人忧虑的是，很多靴子已然将TOEFL等考试作为测试自己英文水平高低的唯一标尺。美风东渐，国人了解IELTS考试的热望，也伴随着留学英联邦国家的热潮而逐渐强烈。当英国，澳大利亚，加拿大，新西兰等大学都一直要求申请着提供IELTS成绩时，人们才逐渐认识到世界上才存在着这样一种同样权威，全面的留学考试。
IELTS学术类挺立部分及口试部分一移民一致，阅读部分，与协作部分则完全不同。尤其是阅读部分，密集的文章和变幻莫测的题型常常令学多自恃横行TOEFL的考生不知所措，铩羽而归。本人根据在新东方学校教授IELTS学术类阅读所积累的心得，现就以下问题做简明阐述。
1IELTS学术类阅读与TOEFL,GRE等考试的区别
(1)文章长度及试题：IELTS(以下简称I代表IELTS学术类阅读,T代表TOEFL)学术类阅读由3篇独立的文章组成，据统计文章长度最短700-800字，最长达1500字，相当与3篇以上的T文章。I的3篇文章包括有8中左右的题型(近期的考试主要包括5中题型)，共有38-42道题目。今年国内的所有考试都是40道(七月前)，T则是由5篇文章50道试题组成(全是客观命题，即多项选择题)。
(2)考试时间：时间(timing)的概念对于I和T两种考试同等重要，但两者相比I更难。I的每篇文章前都有提示考生须用20分钟完成试题，3篇文章共需1个小时。因此提高阅读速度或者掌握技巧以在规定时间内完成试题已经成成功是否的关键，新东方的课程设置也将此作为重点强调，并在课堂上模拟限时练习。正式考试时，考官每隔20分钟会报时以提醒考生注意合理安排时间。T考试规定55分钟完成试题但不建议每篇文章都耗时，由考生自己掌握时间。
(3)命题思路：由于英式教育与美式教育的不同，在英国传统教育中，通过有效而且大量的阅读经典作品并结合自身观点及科学背景写作论文是所有检验教育成效最重要的手段。因此I文章虽然长度惊人，但题目所涉及信息量的排列是有规律的，读任何文章都必须掌握其中的必然因素，如人文科学中的时间，地点，学者观点，自然科学文章中的现象，发生的原因，科学发展的趋势等，这些文章类型与基本结构对考生而言是何等重要。T重点考生阅读文章时不论主旨及细节的掌握程度。并将一些基本的技能也列为考查范围，如词汇，根据上下文推断等等。文章也大多限于北美的人文地理历史及自然科学等方面。
(4)三种考试的用途：在英联邦国家，无论预科，本科还是研究生都要求以IELTS成绩作为衡量标准，一些知名院校的MBA也需要不超过630分的GMAT成绩。而在美国就读商学院必须经过GMAT考试，同时大多数研究生还要求申请者通过GRE考试而且无论TOEFLGREGMAT都与考生的入学奖学金有非常直接的关联，考取高分就等于创造了赢取奖学金的高机会，因此才会出现如此子多的满分或接近满分。而IELTS不可能达到满分，分数高也不能使申请者有机会赢取奖学金，只不过是证明其英文水平达到某一程度。奖学金在英联邦国家是稀缺资源，颁发的标准首先是申请者的学科及申请者已经或者将来可能获得的成就。
雅思的基本文章类型及出处
(1)关于欧洲及世界社会发展，经济状况，科学动向以及文化交流的文章
自1995年I考试的题型做出重大改革以后，有两条原则就被命题的剑桥大学考试委员会(UCLES)反复强调——非专业原则和国际化原则。为了使不同地域，不同政治经济体制，不同肤色，不同文化背景的人能平等且毫无理解困难地参与I,法律及专业性较强的医学，生物学，哲学，文学，艺术等的文章已经不再作为I的考查范围。就可能涉猎的文章类型而言，以下几个方面的内容经常作为考点出现(有一点提醒大家注意，I只有类型的重复而不大可能有内容上的重复，但今年国内出现了文章及题型完全重复的现象)
·世界范围的就业状况
·世界范围内的教育状况，经济发展的问题，机遇及挑战(粮食，能源)
·语言学，考古学，生物学，简单医学(单词量不会影响对文章的理解)
·女权注意及女性歧视问题
·环境保护(海洋，生物，陆地，森林等)及环境污染(化学，石油泄漏等)
·种族，民族问题
·人口爆炸及居住问题，城市化及相关问题(交通拥挤，设施缺乏，噪声等)
(2)关于地球，自然界的科学现象及地理现象的文章
这种文章类型在I中最为普遍，其涵盖面之广无从细分，但就最近一年以来考试文章分析，主要还是以下几种类型：
·太空，宇宙概况，以及外星生物探讨等
·全球气候变暖，厄尔尼诺，洋流异常，臭氧层破坏
·地球灾难，火山爆发，地震，彗星撞地球，森林大火，生物灭绝
(3)人类历史发展中重要事件，重要人物及重要标志性产品
这也是I中经常出现的一种重要的文章类型，但自开始对重要人物的考查总是和重要事件交织在一起，不再单独罗列。人类历史上的重大发明和表明人类文明辉煌成就的重大事件也是重点考查内容(发明电视，电影，计算机及登陆月球)。
(4)文章选取的方式及文章主要出处
I由声誉卓著的剑桥大学考试委员会命题。此机构雇佣大量学者对全世界所有重要文字每体的重要文章进行遴选，然后根据考试委员会制定的严格标准请愿作者或者新作者进行改写，一般是在一篇长达数万字的文章中选取一部分或者进行重写，形成5000-6000字的文章，这些文章又可分割为互相联系，主题一直但内容绝对不相同的文章(长度在1000-1500字)，以亚洲国家的城市化发展为例，在美国国家地理杂志(NationalGeographic)上登载了一篇25000字的长文，经改造加工成为五篇I所使用的文章(a.印度人口爆炸b.孟加拉过农村人口涌入城市引起农业产量下降c.泰国农民涌入城市引起犯罪率上升d.菲律宾政府处理农村人口政策问题e.香港楼价上涨与居住紧张)，然后出题人再根据每篇文章的特点将其与各种题型结合，最后输入电脑，一套令许多人牵挂与恐惧的I文章就这么完成了。
I是英国传统经典学府剑桥大学的杰作，英国奉行高等教育的精英主义，所选的文章也出自一些著名的媒体，其中最多的是社会发展类的文章全都出自以下媒体：
·经济学家杂志(Economist,www.economist.com),经济时报(Financialtimes),卫报(Guardian)等国际精英知识分子媒体的非社论性文章
·政府各部门(UK及世界各国)的社会发展报告，联合国各组织的年度报告
·某些著名的协会杂志(带有官方色彩)，如InfoJournal(驻英国商会的季刊)
·英国及欧洲的专业杂志(人文类)，如ArtsManagement，ArtsEducation等
·70%的自然科学文章选自NationalGeographic,NewScientist,Science,PopularScience和Nature杂志
·80%的重大事件(非政治经济)，重大发明都选自美国国家地理杂志(NationalGeographic)
了解并掌握文章的类型是完成I的第一步，但请大家注意，所有I中使用的文章都不涉及当下的所谓社会发展热点问题，而是选取典型及带有普遍性的文章，也就是说至的I中的文章多数出自90年代中期。
I文章经千挑万选而来，风格相当严谨，用词正式精确，条理非常清晰。有许多文章都是极好的IELTS写作的范文。
托福词汇中熟词僻意单词整理(一)
address v. 应付，处理(问题等)
aging n. n陈酿
appropriate v. 擅用，挪用，占用，盗用
article n. 物品;制品，商品
arrested adj. 不良的，滞留的。arrested development发育不良
articulate adj. 有关节的;有节的;articulate structure;n. 节体动物
assume v. 承担，担任。假装，装作…的样子，采取(…态度)
bark n. 树皮; 三桅帆船
bill n. 账单;清; 议桉，法桉;(水禽等细长而扁平的)嘴(勐禽的钩状嘴通常叫 beak)
book vt. 预定，定(戏位、车位等);托运(行李等)
build n. 骨格，体格，成形
catch n. 陷阱，圈套，诡计;料不到的困难
champion vt. 维护，拥护，主张;为…而奋斗。champion a cause 维护一项事业
2) 银箱;金库，公款，资金
close adj. 闷气的，闷热的
complex n. 络合物，复合物，综合体
concern n. 商行，公司;财团;康采恩;事业，业务
consume vi. 枯萎;憔悴The flowers consumed away. 花枯萎了。 be consumed (away)with (envy, fever, ambition, grief)
count n. 起诉理由，罪状。
critical adj. 危急的;决定性的，重大的
coat v. 涂上一层(例如油漆)
cure v. (鱼等用腌、熏、晒、烤等的)加工保藏(法)
cut vt. 生，长，出(牙齿)
date n. 海枣
deal n. (松等的)木板;木材，木料; adj. 松木的
dear adj. 昂贵的，高价的
deed v. 立契转让
default n.&v. 不履行;违约;拖欠
dock n. 草本植物 vt. 剥夺，扣去…的应得工资
down n. (美国)沙丘;(蒲公英等的)冠毛;鸭绒，绒毛;(鸟的)绒羽;柔毛。汗毛，软毛，毳毛
draw vt. 提取(钱款);使打成平局
drill vt. (用钢钻)钻(孔);在…上(用钢钻)钻孔
drive n. 冲力，动力;干劲;努力;魄力;精力
eat vt. 蛀;腐蚀;消磨
exploit n. 功绩，功劳，勋绩
exponent n. 典型，样品
chest n. 1) 箱，函，柜，匣
托福词汇中熟词僻意单词整理(二)
factor n. 因子，因数;倍;乘数;商
fair n. (英国)定期集市，庙会。商品展览会，展销会，商品交易会
fashion vt. 形成，铸成，造，作 (into; to)
felt n. 毛毡;毛布;毡制品;油毛毡。
figure n. 人影，人形;人物
fine
fly
functional adj. 从使用的观点设计[构成]的
game n. & adj. (集合词)猎物，野味;(鹄等的)群;野外游戏(游猎、鹰狩等)
give n. 弹性
hide n. 兽皮
hit vt. 偶然碰见，遭遇
hold n. (货船)船舱
humor n. (眼球的)玻璃状液体;(旧时生理学所说动物的)体液;(植物的)汁液。
import n. 意义，含义
inviting adj. 引人注目的，吸引人的
involved adj. 复杂的，难缠的
issue n.&v. 流出，(血、水等的)涌出;
jar vi 1.给人烦躁(痛苦)的感觉，刺激 (on) (发出刺耳声地)撞击 (on upon against)。2.震动，震荡(不和谐地)反响，回荡。3.意见、行动等不一致，冲突，激烈的争吵 (with)。jar on sb. 给某人不快之感。
late adj. 已去世的，已故的
lay adj. 1.一般信徒的，俗人的，凡俗的 (opp. clerical)。2.无经验的，外行(人)的 (opp. professional)。
lead n. 铅
leave n. 1.许可，同意。2.告假，休假;假期
letter n. 出租人;letters 证书，许可证
literature n. 文献
lot n. 土地
篇6：GRE阅读与托福阅读的区别联系
GRE阅读与托福阅读的区别联系
都知道托福和GRE是ETS的同胞兄弟，不少考生都想一劳永逸，两个考试一次性拿下。梦想很丰满，现实却骨干。两个考试是完全不同的方向，托福侧重语言能力(重点落在听力)，而GRE则是赤裸裸能力考察(俗称考智商)。这注定两门考试的备考和考点是迥异的。
但也无须灰心，毕竟一母同胞，再怎么不同也是有类似点的。GRE的整体难度系数大概就是转体三周半加托马斯回旋，而托福不过是转体一周而已，所以不少学生会先准备GRE再准备托福，阅读，词汇和作文的整体难度都会感觉小不少。
那么，先准备托福，对于GRE有益处吗?
——有，也能让你一周内就掌握转体三周半。
笔者总结了一下，托福和GRE中不少话题类型和题目类型是重复的，比如冰川，火星，maya水文明等话题都是类似的。尤其是火星，托福中有三篇考察火星的文章，分别是关于TPO8(火星上的流水)，TPO16(太阳系中的行星)，TPO25(火星表面)其中，火星地表特征这一篇在GRE中也有考察。
对比一下会发现，文章是有颇多信息是相关并且类似的。比如都在探讨火星的地表特征，洼陷的地貌;造成这种地貌的原因是什么。具体来说，托福讨论火星地表的多个地表特征(地表上类似火山的特征以及地表上各种坑)，并且针对坑的形成有比较具体的内容描述。GRE只针对一个特征(火星北部的低洼地表)进行陈述，重点落在探讨形成这个地表特征的原因。
两者的差异可以从两个角度来看，一方面是文章的行文重点。托福因为文章通常在600-700字之间，有大量的细节和论证过程。文章很多在说明火星表面的坑的形成原因(和干燥气候有关)，坑能够提供的信息(星球的年纪和地表情况)，没有很明显的观点对比或者态度变化。简言之，好似一篇说明文。而GRE文章说明性内容很少(仅仅第一段介绍火星北部地表情况)第二段开始就是不同的观点来解释火星北部的低洼地表，其中有逻辑关系词However表明观点的变化，以及指示作者态度的呈现。观点变化和作者态度，就是GRE的重点和考点。
另一方面，是选项的设置。因为托福的文章中细节比较多，所以细节题的考察也是比较多的，比如下面这个考题：
The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.
12. According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs from the ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty crater
○ Has now become part of a permafrost layer
○ Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders
○ Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site
○ Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater
针对段落中的火星的坑Yuty的喷出物和月亮的坑的喷出物的区别进行考察，根据题干中具体的对比对象描述可以定位原文句子，大概是
“A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.”
再根据题干的问题点是落脚在the ejecta of Yuty crater，也就是火星上的喷出物，所以具体是“However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.”这句话，即然而，火星的喷出物明确表明是从坑里流出或者溅出的液体。 最接近的选项就是C Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site表明从坑表面出来的液体。正确!
GRE的文章中也有类似的考题
What accounts for the low-lying, ……
Is Mars’s north similarly characterized by a sort of crust different from other areas of the planet?Some researchers do see signs of tectonic activity surrounding the northern basin that suggest thatit was created through the formation of new crust, like ocean basins on Earth. However, McGillpoints to Northern bedrock structures that predate the features said to mark the start of the tectonicprocess. McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank toits current depth as a single unit. This would explain why features around the basin’s edge, whichwould have formed as the surface dropped, seem to be younger than structures at its floor.The third possibility is that …...
As presented in the passage, McGill’s account of the formation of Mars’s northern basin differsfrom the other mentioned in that it alone
A. explains the formation of certain northern bedrock features
B. does not specify the force that caused the northern basin to be lower than its surroundings
C. takes the northern basin to be a landform that is not analogous to any found on Earth
D. denies that features around the northern basin are the result of tectonic activity
E. attributes the creation of the northern lowlands to processes occurring within the planet
没有具体指代段落了，根据题干中M的名字进而定位文章内容。题干的核心在于M的解释和别的解释的不同之处，那么就是寻找原文M的独到观点，即“McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank toits current depth as a single unit.”。相反，M认为通过一些新颖的机制，以前的表面沉降到现在的深度是单一事件。GRE选项和托福的选项有很大区别，选项不是原文句子的直接转写了。根据文意，再结合选项A错误，并没有解释特定的基层的特点。B正确，文中只提及M认为有新颖的机制，并没有具体说是什么机制，选项符合。C，根据文意，地形上有类似于地球的海洋盆地，这个选项本身也不符合题干。D，否认北部盆地特点是由地壳活动造成的。文中M并没有否认，只是指出了证据上的不可靠性，所以C是错误的。E，将北部低地是由行星内的过程形成，文中M并没有这么表明，错误。需要根据文意，加以提炼和总结，得到答案是B。
掌握好这两个考试的相似和区别，自然能够知道大哥GRE和小弟托福是各有分工各司其职，但偶尔也有小交集。抓好交集，厘清差异，大哥小弟就可以一起飞啦!
托福阅读真题练习：租金管制
托福阅读文本：
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.
In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.
One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability — rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.
托福阅读题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.
(B) Causes and effects of rent control
(C) The fluctuations of rental prices
(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.
2. The word “They” in line 9 refers to
(A) the tenants
(B) their leases
(C) places
(D) rent controls.
3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,
California?
(A) rapid population growth
(B) inflation
(C) economic conditions during wartime
(D) record-high housing prices
4. The phrase “roll back” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) credit
(B) measure
(C) vary
(D) reduce
5. The word “stimulating” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) experimenting with
(B) identifying
(C) estimating
(D) encouraging
6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to
(A) protect tenants
(B) promote construction
(C) increase vacancy rates
(D) decrease sales of rental units
7. The word “depressed” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) saddened
(B) created
(C) lowered
(D) defeated
8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?
(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.
(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units
(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control
(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.
9.According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?
(A) Santa Monica
(B) Dallas
(C) San Francisco
(D) New York City
10. The word “stringent” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) straightforward
(B) strict
(C) expanded
(D) efficient
11.According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?
(A) Luxury apartments
(B) Commercial development
(C) Moderately priced apartments
(D) Office space.
托福阅读答案：
BDCDDACBBB C
托福阅读真题练习：蝴蝶
托福阅读文本：
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
托福阅读题目：
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word “consequence” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word “striking” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word “exceed” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropicalAsia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word “generated” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
托福阅读答案：
DABCC CBCB
★新概念英语第四册多项选择题：Aman-madedisease
★新概念英语第四册第44课:Patterns of culture
★新概念英语第四册第25课:Non-auditory effects of noise
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