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托福阅读常见的句型结构

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托福阅读常见的句型结构

篇1：托福阅读常见的句型结构

托福阅读常见的句型结构

一、英语句子结构的原则

1、谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。

2、主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)

二、三大从句

1、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句

引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)

结构主语从句

what+VO=n. for eg.

what+SV=n. What you said is right.

形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do

that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)

_形式主语和强调句的区别

形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

n.=it

强调句 It is/was + A + that + B

SVO=A+B

而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句

同位语从句

同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2

S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

_同位语和定语从句的区别

同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the sun is round.

定语从句中，引导词充当成分。

The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。

Example

It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.

人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。

_如何找出复杂句中的谓语?

先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。

2、形容词性从句=定语从句

引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)

结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

This is pig that/which is very fat.

(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语

This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)

This is the pig from which I make fun.

引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词

This is the pig,which is very fast

This is the pig, (which)I ate.

This is the pig, from which I make fun.

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.

The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。

_具体分析举例

In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis he developed that based on it….

因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

_形容词性从句的省略

当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。

This is the pig that/which I ate.

This is the pig I ate.

当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。

The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

_个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。

As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.

_系表倒装

主系表结构变成表系主结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时

1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

In Jilin province lies my hometown.

2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

3、副词性从句 =状语从句

引导词 when/though/while/although……

结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略的条件 s’=S v’=be

省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略 Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.

托福阅读真题练习：碳酸钾

托福阅读文本：

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial NorthAmerica need hardly be stressed.

Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.

The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.

The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.

In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts “to encourage the making of potash,” beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How it was made

(B) Its value as a product for export

(D) Its importance in colonial NorthAmerica

2.All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:

(A) They are alkalis.

(B) They are made from sea plants.

(D) They are used in making glass.

3. They phrase “the latter” in line 4 refers to

(A) alkali

(B) glass

(D) soap

4. The word “stressed” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) defined

(B) emphasized

(D) mentioned

5. The word “interchangeable” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) convenient

(B) identifiable

(D) advantageous

6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North

America because

(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available

(B) making potash required less time than making soda

(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use

7.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT

(A) wood

(B) fire

(D) water

8. The word “adjunct” in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) addition

(B) answer

(D) possibility

9.According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that

(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods

(B) it helped finance the creation of farms

(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking

10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems

for southern settles?

(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.

(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.

(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.

托福阅读答案：

DBDBCACABD

托福阅读真题练习：社会艺术

托福阅读文本：

Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.

What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society's art may also reflect the culture's social stratification.

托福阅读题目：

1.According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are

(A) more difficult to handle than wood and

(B) of their stable social conditions

(D) available only in specific locations

2. The word “conclusive” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) definitive

(B) controversial

(D) realistic

3. The word “apparent” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) attractive

(B) logical

(D) distinct

4. Why does the author mention the “supernatural powers of a stone or tree” in line 10?

(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials

(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials

(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs

5. The word “it” in line 13 refers to

(A) realization

(B) society

(D) influence

6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because

(A) they influenced each other stone

(B) commonly used by artists in all societies

(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways

7.According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT

(A) It is used to create glass.

(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.

(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.

8. The word “Moreover” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) similarly

(B) in addition

(D) frequently

9. The word “preoccupation” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) involvement

(B) separation

(D) argument

10. The word “primary” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) discrete

(B) preliminary

(D) fundamental

托福阅读答案：

DACCB DBBAD

篇2：托福阅读的句型结构

托福阅读的句型结构

一、英语句子结构的原则

1、谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。

2、主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)

二、三大从句

1、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句

引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)

结构主语从句

what+VO=n. for eg.???????

what+SV=n. What you said is right.

形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do ?

that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)

.形式主语和强调句的区别

形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

n.=it

强调句 It is/was + A + that + B

SVO=A+B

而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句

同位语从句

同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2

S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

.同位语和定语从句的区别

同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the sun is round.

定语从句中，引导词充当成分。

The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。

Example

.如何找出复杂句中的谓语?

先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。

2、形容词性从句=定语从句

引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)

结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

This is pig that/which is very fat.

(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语

This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)

This is the pig from which I make fun.

引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词

this is the pig,which is very fast

this is the pig, (which)I ate.

This is the pig, from which I make fun.

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.

The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。

.具体分析举例

In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….

因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

.形容词性从句的省略

当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。

This is the pig that/which I ate.

This is the pig I ate.

当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。

The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

.个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。

.系表倒装

主系表结构变成表系主结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时

1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

In Jilin province lies my hometown.

2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

3、副词性从句 =状语从句

引导词 when/though/while/although……

结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略的条件 s’=S v’=be

省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover .

4. The word which in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to

the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

篇3：托福阅读的常见文章结构

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托福阅读的常见文章结构

托福考试作为一门专业衡量语言能力的测试，无论是阅读还是听力，所涉及的篇章都是属于学术性的，尤其是阅读这一部分，根据ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中所说，阅读文章均摘录于大学教科书，一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容，主要目的是评估考生对“学术性文章”的理解程度。而从ETS十大题型的设置来看，阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子，再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解，最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握。对于很多考生来说，最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼，因为所要看的内容实在太多，在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪，只能乱选一气。但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构，完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题。

所有的阅读文章，无论文章背景是什么，结构无非会分为以下几种，《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类：classification(分类)，comparison/contrast(比较)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(问题与解决方法)。

Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结。这样的结构对于我们做小结题非常有利，因为summary通常就是把所分的几个小类分别用一个选项概括出来，比如这篇文章的最后一题3个正确选项：Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host对应文章第二段讲述parasitism部分的内容;Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it benefits both partners involved in the relationship对应文章第五段讲述mutualism部分内容;The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other对应文章第4段讲述commensalism部分内容。把握住了文章的3种共生关系的主要特点，最后一题也就手到擒来了。同样属于分类结构的文章还有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》、TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》、TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，读文章时注意在笔记上几下各个类型的主要特点，在面对最后一题时即便时间有限也可以从容不迫。

Comparison/contrast指的是文章中含有两种相关事物，将这两种事物在各个方面进行了一系列的比较，其实整体结构类似于上面所说的分类。比较典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the desert》，文中主要介绍了沙漠中的水，将其中的河流分为两大类：Endogenous Rivers(内流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然后分别论述这两大类的主要特征—内流河起源于沙漠内部，往往来源于地下水，容易干涸;外流河只是途经沙漠，往往是一些比较大的河流等等。在碰到这种类型的文章时，往往最后会出到表格题，需要总结两个比较对象的特征。表格题区别于小结题的一大特点是，选项中包含的细节比较多，不同于小结题的选项高度概括，表格题本质上其实是基于全文的细节题，需要看的内容比较多，所以在前面看文章时需要记好笔记，将文章主要行文结构弄清楚，这两类事物本质区别是什么?分别是在哪些段落讲述了各自的特征?确定好大的框架，最后做题时进行定位不至于慌乱。类似的文章还有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。

Cause/effect又称现象解释型文章，所指的是一篇文章讨论的话题是一个现象，就这个现象的形成原因或是产生的结果花了大量篇幅进行介绍。最为典型的一篇文章就是官方指南《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介绍沙漠化形成的各种原因：植被减少，气候干燥，人类活动等等，最后文章小结也就是将这些原因当中比较重要的几点总结出来，所以概括时主要关注每个段落的topic sentence即可。官方指南《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都属于此类文章。

Problem/solution解决方法类文章指的是文章一开头就抛出一个问题，而主题内容是在就这个问题进行探讨给出答案。此类文章最明显的特征就是在开头段背景引入部分会引入问题，然后下面给出几种可能的解释。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》这篇文章，开头段讲东西方人都想要彼此进行贸易，但是苦于陆上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上贸易，可是又存在一系列的问题。接着文章就具体描述存在的问题以及是如何克服掉这些阻碍的：航船的改变，导航仪的改进，海上行为规则的制定等等。主要问题介绍完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最后的小结题总结出来的三个选项也是跟这些主要问题相关。与此类似的，TPO1的《The Origins of Theater》研究的问题是究竟戏院的起源是什么以及为什么它会发展起来，TPO6的《Infantile Amnesia》讨论的问题是婴儿为什么记不得自己三岁之前的事情，TPO18《The Mystery of Yawning》探究的是人为什么会打哈欠。类似的文章还是比较多的，做小结题时需要概括的就是给出的几种主要答案。

在平时做题过程中，考生需要学会对所做的每一篇文章进行总结，快速识别对应的文章类型，可以帮助我们在最短的时间内抓住文章的主要内容，从而提高最后一题的正确率。

托福阅读的十大出题原则是什么

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： FirstFirst,……Second,……Third,……等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . Except 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ???

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如年 10 月第 48 题。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名词： base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

九、段落句

文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出： (1) 主题性问题 (2) 细节性问题 (3) 结构性问题。

十、特殊标点

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：

(1) 破折号，表示解释.考细节性问题;

(2) 括号，表示解释.考细节性问题;

(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;

(4) 引号，表示引用，考细节性问题：

(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。

综上所述，我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案;同时作为出题规律，检验自己所选答案的正确性。

托福阅读真题1

From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Farming practices

(B) The work of artisans

(D) Types of furniture that were popular

2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) investigation

(B) location

(D) records

3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) constructing

(B) altering

(D) demonstrating

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was

(A) especially helpful to woodworkers

(B) popular in rural areas

(D) expensive

5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?

(A) to enable them to produce high quality products

(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times

(D) to keep expenses low

6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) protecting with

(B) moving toward

(D) using

7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to

(A) woodworkers

(B) finished pieces

(D) chests

8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that

were

(A) simple

(B) delicate

(D) exceptionally long-lasting

PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA

托福阅读真题2

Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.

Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.

Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.

1. The passage mainly discusses how

(A) birds prepare for breeding

(B) bird feathers differ from species

(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes

2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) despite

(B) because of

(D) regarding

3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) regular

(B) complex

(D) important

4. The word random in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) unfortunate

(B) unusual

(D) unpredictable

5. The word optimal in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) slow

(B) frequent

(D) early

6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?

(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.

(B) The weathers are still warm.

(D) Food is still available.

7. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by

(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers

(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time

(D) only losing one-third of their feathers

8. The word Others in line 21 refers to

(A) ducks

(B) sides

(D) flight feathers

9. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that

(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long

(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time

(D) shed their outermost feathers first

10. It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers

takes

(A) a year

(B) a season

(D) a few weeks

PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD

篇4：英语感叹句常见句型结构

感叹句指的就是用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。如：

Wonderful! 真棒!

Good heavens! 天哪!

How cold it is! 天气多冷呀!

How fast he drives! 他开得有真快!

英语的感叹句通常以how和what开头，其中what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词或动词。根据感叹句的不同结构，我们可以将它归纳为以下句型(其中的“主语+谓语”通常可以省略)：

句型一：What +名词+主语+谓语

What a shame! 真倒霉!

What a surprise! 真是没料到的事!

What fools they are! 他们多傻啊!

What nonsense! 真是胡说八道!

注意：如果是单数名词，其前必须要有不定冠词;如果是不可数名词或复数名词，则其前不用不定冠词。由于第一、二句中的shame和surprise均为可数名词，其前面用了不定冠词;而第三句中的fools为复数名词，所以其前不用不定冠词;第四句中的nonsense是不可数名词，所以其前不用不定冠词。

句型二：What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语

What a fine day! 多好的天气呀!

What a slow train this is! 这列火车开得多慢呀!

What clever boys they are! 他们是多么聪明的孩子啊!

What beautiful weather we have! 天气真好!

注意：如果是单数名词，其前必须要有不定冠词;如果是不可数名词或复数名词，则其前不用不定冠词。由于第一、二句中的shame和surprise均为可数名词，其前面用了不定冠词;而第三句中的boys为复数名词，所以其前不用不定冠词;第四句中的weather是不可数名词，所以其前不用不定冠词。

句型三：How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语

How nice! 多好呀!

How well she plays! 她演奏得多么好啊!

How beautiful the city is! 这座城市多么美丽!

句型四：How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!

How tall a boy he is! 他是一个多高的孩子啊!

How interesting a story it is! 这是个多有趣的故事啊!

注意：这类结构中的名词必须是单数可数名词，不能是复数名词，也不能是不可数名词，且名词前的不定冠词不能省略。

句型五：How +主语+谓语

How he worked! 他多么肯干啊!

How I missed you! 我多么想念你啊!

How he wished for a drink! 他多希望能有点东西喝!

这类感叹句可为how的面省略了一个不言而喻的副词。如第一句可视为在how之后省略了副词hard，第二、三句可视为在how之后省略了副词much。

篇5：托福写作常见句型的

1)There are three reasons for this.

2)The reasons for this are as follows.

3)The reason for this is obvious.

4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

5)The reason for this is that...

例如 There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place inourlife.

Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.

Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.

Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

篇6：托福写作常见句型的

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

2)It does us much harm.

3)It is harmfulto us.

例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also

托福写作句型4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.

2)We think it necessary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life.

例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

篇7：托福写作常见句型的

1)We should take some effective measures.

2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.

3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.

托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：学校买书还是买电脑?

托福写作难点话题一览

Should school buy computers or books?

Your school has enough money to purchase either computers for students or books for the library. Which should your school choose to buy — computers or books? Use specific reasons and examples to support your recommendation.

写作思路展开结构分析

两边都可以写，无论是书还是电脑都有各自的优点和缺点可以展开，不过要注意围绕题目对学校有帮助这点来写。比如选择书籍，可以说计算机的坏处，比如计算机更新换代太快一直要投入很多钱;计算机并不万能;没有好的软件计算机发挥不了作用，而软件又是很大的花费;用计算机上网找的资料不完整，无权威性等等。。

本话题高分范文赏析

There are many difficult decisions that school supervisors must make in order to ensure the success of their students. One of these decisions is how to spend money when it is available. Quite often, extra funds are spent on either computers or books. Given the choice, I believe that money is best spent on computers.

New technology is being created faster and faster. Each year, IBM develops a new “super computer” that is hundreds of times faster than the previous model. With this constantly changing technology, it is easy for schools to be left behind because they cannot afford new gear. Students deserve to learn on the best technology available, so schools should always upgrade their computers whenever possible. Computers also offer students a wealth of information, perhaps mre than books can provide. It is now possible to buy e-books, dictionaries and encyclopedias for a computer. These computer versions of popular research tools are much better than their hardcover predecessors. For example, a computer encyclopedia takes up no space in the library, it allows students to access the information instantly, and it is much more cost effective than buying the entire series on paper. Also, the Internet allows students to find information on anything their hearts desire.

Finally, spending school funds on computers is more beneficial than spending money on books because computers prepare the students for the working world. In today's society, to attain a high paying position in a company it is necessary to have basic computer skills. If students do not have the ability to learn such skills, they will be left behind while others succeed in their place. Accordingly, I feel it is better for schools to spend money on computers rather than books. In addition to the reasons listed above, it is important to note that most major cities have extensive libraries that a local school would be hard-pressed to match. However, libraries frequently do not house computers, and if they do, they are constantly in use by other patrons. In many cases, the only chance a young person has to use a computer is at his/her school.

托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：为何选择出国留学?

托福写作难点话题一览

Why do some students study abroad?

Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries. Why do some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

写作思路展开结构分析

这道题对于考托福的同学来说应该不难写，毕竟大家参加托福考试可能就是为了出国留学。所以理由也应该很多，比如增加经验、拓展知识、开阔视野;为了实现理想(如，周恩来就是为中华之崛起而读书，所以他到法国留学去了);为了保证将来的就业机会;父母要求子女上出国;别人都出国了，所以自己也选择出国等等。

本话题高分范文赏析

Choosing which university to attend is a big decision for a young person to make. Some students prefer to stay near their homes, and live with their parents while at school. Others choose to move far away to a different country for their education. I believe that latter students choose to move away to experience a new culture, to learn a new language, or to go to a specific university that specializes in their field of study.

Moving to a new country is an eye-opening experience. The way society works in other cultures is very different from one's own. For example, I had a friend who went to school in Canada. She constantly told me stories about the differences in the food, the architecture, and the way people treat each other. One cannot fully understand his/her own culture until he/her has compared it with another that is vastly different. For this reason, moving to a new country to go to school can be of great importance for students who wish to study international relations.

When one moves to a new country, it is much easier to learn the language of that country. For example, my friend who moved to Canada studied English for years before her departure. While she could express herself, she never fully mastered the language. However, upon her return, I was shocked and amazed at her new level of English. She was completely fluent, and thus gained a great new skill because she studied abroad.

The last reason why students choose to study abroad is because in some cases, doing so is the only way to enter the program one is interested in. For example, if one wants to study marine biology, it would be best if he/she went to a university that was located near the ocean. Also, some schools are known to be the best in a particular field. For instance, in America, Harvard is known to be the best school for law.

So, I believe that students study away because they are interested in learning about new cultures, learning new languages, or studying specific programs. While there are many excellent reasons to study in one's home country, studying abroad can offer many new and exciting experiences.