下面是小编精心整理的托福备考做到这3点打好高分基础,本文共8篇,希望能够帮助到大家。

篇1:托福备考做到这3点打好高分基础
托福备考保证稳定得分思路分析 做到这3点打好高分基础
托福备考保分先挖掘自身潜力
想要保证较为稳定的托福成绩,考生首先需要做的就是充分了解自己的能力水平和特点,挖掘出自身对于托福考试所具备的潜力。比如说一位考生做阅读的能力较为优秀,而对外输出性质的口语则相对较弱。那么从保证托福得分的角度来说,考生需要优先做好的就是尽可能确保托福阅读部分的答题正确率,而训练口语水平则可以放到稍微考后一些的备考工作顺位上。当考生能够保证自身擅长的题型或考试部分能够有一个稳定的表现之后,再去考虑如何提升自身薄弱的环节,这样的做法才能更有效地确保考生在考试中的表现和得分。
把备考和考试时间花在有把握的题目上
俗话说,好钢用在刀刃上。这对于托福考试的备考也同样成立。考生的备考时间有限,不可能无限制地为了托福备考而投入时间精力。同样,大家在考试中的时间也相当紧张,如果无法有效利用每分每秒来得分那就难以保证得分。因此,考生想要确保理想成绩,无论是在备考中还是考试里,都需要学会把有限的时间尽可能用到合适的地方。具体来说,在备考中,考生应该优先把时间花在自己有把握,能够做对并且保证得分的题型上,这一点上面已经有提到。而在考试里,大家在时间有限的前提下,也需要结合自身有把握和没有把握做对的题目来分配答题时间。这一点在时间特别紧张题量非常大的听力和阅读部分尤为重要。
做完题后简单回顾检查很有必要
关于托福保分,还有一点需要大家注意,那就是在做完题目后进行简单的回顾和检查。虽然托福考试中没有容易粗心出错的数学类题目,但也常会有考生因为各种原因而丢失本不该丢失的分数。比如明明想选B却错选成C,或是有些取非题目没有读完整就做题等等。这些情况在考试中时有发生,而因为这类原因扣分也无疑是相当不应该的。所以,考生如果想要保证成绩,那么在备考中培养好做完题简单检查的习惯,并在考试中合理使用,就变得非常有必要了。而除了各类选择题外,托福写作中考生常会出现的拼写错误等问题,也可以通过回顾检查来发现并改正,这也同样能帮助大家挽回一些可能扣掉的分数。
总而言之,对于追求稳妥托福成绩的考生来说,比起冲刺高分的挑战性技巧,其实大家更需要的还是保证得分的心得经验。而上文提供的这些具体经验,相信能够给大家带来一些帮助,让考生顺利拿到符合自己水平以及心理预期的理想成绩
托福写作模板:环境
托福独立写作题目:
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福写作模板及参考答案:
托福写作参考范文:
People have been living on the Earth for thousands of years. Human activity influences the Earth. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. In my opinion, the earth is being damaged by human activity. There are many statements supporting my opinion.
Human activity has damaged natural environment and almost exausted natural resources. Modern industry needs more and more resources, including minerals, fuels and water. So we confront of the serious problems such as the lack of fuels and water. Ecological balance is damaged because factories occupy many places where animals and plants live. More and more buildings are constructed and forests become less and less. If we cannot recognize these problems and solve them soon, we would finally lose the environment suitable for our living.
An other serious problem is “the green-house effect.” Human activity decreases forests and increases the usage of fuels so that the gas of carbon dioxide is output more and more and there are not enough plants to absorb it. The green-house effect is more obvious and more sensible these years. Due to the effect, icebergs in the south polar and north polar melt and the sea level becomes higher than before. I am worried about the cities nearby the sea and hope scientists find an effective method to eliminate the green-house effect.
Although we have advanced machines and our life seems more comfortable than before, we have less chances to approach natures and less spaces to act. The cities become bigger and if we want to have a picnic with our friends, we have to drive a long distance to find a natural place. In fact, the spaces of human activity are being damaged by the skyscrapers and factories.
From the above statements, we can conclude that human activity brings the Earth many damages. Fortunately people have recognized the point and I believe that the Earth will become a better place to live with our ceaseless efforts.
托福写作模板:关注名人的生活
托福独立写作题目:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.
托福写作模板及参考答案:
托福写作参考范文:
I think the media pay too much attention to the private lives of famous people. Television, newspapers, magazines and web sites dig up all kinds of past bad actions. They say that these are true reflections of a person's character. This may be true if they occurred only a few years before, but some of these are things people did as teenagers. People in their forties are expected to explain something they did when they were fifteen. If they killed someone, obviously that's more than a youthful mistake. Usually, though, these incidents involve experiments with drugs or being reckless in a car. They're not something that the public needs to know.
The media love to say that the public has a right to know. That's not true. We don't need to know if a movie star or politician has had an extramarital affair. That is something of concern only to the people involved. We do need to know if someone we're electing to public office has been involved in shady business deals, but we don't need to know if he or she defaulted on a loan twenty years ago.
It seems the media dig up these facts without giving thoughtful consideration to what might happen. It has an effect on the celebrity's family, especially the children. A celebrity's good name and credibility may be ruined before he or she can prove that rumors are false. If a case goes to court, paying a lawyer can use up all their money. Even if it doesn't come to that, they may find their career ruined.
When are we, the public, going to make it clear to the media that we're tired of having to watch this kind of thing on the news? Wouldn't it be better if they would concentrate on more important issues?
托福写作模板:不愿意做的事情
托福独立写作题目:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福写作模板及参考答案:
托福写作参考范文:
I agree that people should sometimes do things that they don't enjoy doing. This is a basic part of being an adult. Plus, some things that aren't “fun” are still good for us in the long run.
Take personal tasks. Who enjoys going to the dentist? Very few people enjoy having their annual check-up with the doctor. Not a lot of people enjoy changing the oil in their car or mowing their lawns. These are all things we do because we have to, not because we want to. We realize that taking care of our physical health is the sensible thing to do. We know that if we don't change the oil in our cars, our cars won't run. We understand that grass grows and if we don't mow it, our lawns will look like tropical forests.
Professional tasks are another part of the same equation. No one likes to be stuck with a boring assignment or to be told we have to work with someone no one else gets along with. Sometimes we have to put up with unfair criticism from a supervisor or resentment from those we supervise.
If we're in management, we may have had the unpleasant task of having to fire someone. None of these are fun things. Unfortunately, they're all part of earning a living, something the majority of adults have to do.
On the other hand, sometimes doing something we don't enjoy doing can lead to enjoyment. Simply by trying it again, we may decide we like doing it. For instance, we may have convinced ourselves we hate to dance. We agree to go to a club only to please someone else. Yet, for some reason, this time we enjoy dancing. We've been cheating ourselves of enjoyment without even knowing it. The same can be true of trying new foods or going to a new type of museum.
Doing what we don't enjoy doesn't always have to be a bother, does it? It's just part of life.
篇2:托福阅读备考打好基础才能冲刺高分
托福阅读备考打好基础才能冲刺高分 做好这3点再谈阅读提分
词汇是托福阅读高分基础
想要看懂托福阅读考生首先要解决的就是词汇问题。如果你觉得托福阅读文章中有很多生词导致你文章无法理解,或者发现自己必须要一个一个词看才能看懂,那么你在托福词汇方面可能就存在一定的积累不足了,因为这两个都属于词汇问题。特别是生词很多的情况,小编的看法是先努力提升词汇量,托福词汇量不到考试要求的至少60%你看阅读会很吃力,效果也非常差。
而很多同学其实词汇量还是可以的,但问题就出在看文章词汇懂,但是需要挨个字看的。这类问题的原因之一是词汇不够熟悉,需要反应时间,解决办法依旧是回顾背单词。不过单词和阅读可以同步学习。另一个原因是你的“反应堆”意群不够大,这需要在阅读中来训练,扩大自己的反映意群。反映意群的问题其实很好理解,举例来说:
Although her early theatrical career had included stints as anactress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressingemotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visualeffects. 你看那些诸如she was not primarily interested in可能是连起来看的。但在专业名词比较多的段落、或者词汇比较难的段落里你也许就会变成挨个字得看,这就是反映意群不够大所造成的。
理解能力够用做题速度正确率才有保证
不知道大家有没有在托福阅读中遇到过这类问题,那就是明明每个词都认识,但是看整篇文章却混乱不堪不知所言?整理不出每段的段落大意?无法认识理解句子间和段落间关系?觉得作者怎么说着说着突然插一句别的? 这些其实都属于考生在托福阅读的理解归纳上出现了问题。这个问题的解决方法对于考生来说也是至关重要的。因为只有把握了整体逻辑脉络,我们才能够理解文章做题,并且在之后的输出写作中也更具有逻辑性、更加流畅通顺地表达自己的意思。
要增强托福阅读的理解归纳能力,需要我们对文章进行仔细的精读。每篇文章看完做完题、甚至分析完错题后并不是就此结束了。考生需要查阅所有不认识的单词并且进行总结。先对阅读文章中的每个句子做总结。用中文总结这句说的是什么。然后扩大到整个段落的总结。由细到粗由小到大,由句子到全文的理解。这种方式锻炼下来大家会自然理解整篇文章,理解句子、段落之间的关系。在之后的阅读中也就能够边读边总结理解了。
不同题型解题技巧要熟练掌握
托福阅读中题型众多,而不同题型必然要使用用针对性的不同方法才能高效高质地解题。托福虽是一门考查综合英语能力的考试,但它终究是一门考试,而但凡考试就肯定会有应试技巧。很多同学面对托福阅读虽然以花费更多时间的笨办法来做对题目,但往往在技巧上缺乏那么一点的“捅破窗户纸”,这就导致部分题目解题过程中出现本可避免的失误。而想要练好托福阅读做题技巧,考生需要做好这两步:
1、识别题型:抓住关键词和特色标志。考生只有知道自己面对的是什么题型,才能更有效率地使用对应的解题技巧来见招拆招,托福阅读考试中并不存在所谓的通用解题技巧,如果有那么这个技巧的解题效率一定不是最优的或者实用性值得商榷,及时分辨题型并运用针对性技巧来做题才是最高效率的托福阅读解题思路。
2、掌握方法:先牢记,再多用。光看是肯定没用的,而且非常容易忘记,在平时的练习中注意使用才能真正的掌握。很多写在纸上的技巧看似很有道理,但实际使用下来却并能真正发挥效果,这就需要大家通过实际练习来不断磨合,结合自身的做题思路方式形成最适合自己的技巧,也只有这样你的做题技巧才算掌握到位而不是纸上谈兵缺乏实践的样子货。
托福阅读的文章细节、结构考察题型
一、单词题目
平时注意单词量的积累,力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略,那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。托福阅读考试过后,你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外,对于自己不认识的单词,我们应该主动回原文找同义词,或找相关的提示信息。
二、找代词指代对象的题目
在托福阅读考试中,它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。
(1)it、one、their、its、that类,这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握,这时,我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话,从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类,我们在面对这种题目时,应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者,因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
三、考查文章内容的题目
在历次的托福阅读考试中,也存在着两大主要题型,即:文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。
1、文章细节考查题
解答文章细节考查题,我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位,找到相近或相似的内容,进而得出答案。
常见的定位有以下3种:
(1)题目本身给出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。
(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。
2、文章结构考查题
一定要注意:
(1)千万不要根据你读的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体,尽可能各段独立。
(3)根据经验,在考试中,整篇文章的最后一句出题较多,所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的句子。
在整个的托福阅读考试中,我们还应该了解到:
(1)在这个特殊的考试时间段内,我们的记忆比理解更为重要,在解题的时候一定要完全忠实于原文,切忌私自做出任何的主观臆断。
(2)在做题步骤方面,我们可以先简读原文(主要是各个段落的第一,二句话),而后阅读题目,最后观察选项做出判断。值得我们特别注意的是,我们在做出判断的时候,切忌不要选择在选项中存在比较,而在原文中没有明确表示过的项目;切忌不要去选择那些说法过于绝对化的选项。
托福阅读需先定位文章难易程度
托福阅读考试理解部分是新托福考试重要部分,有3篇学术型的托福阅读文章,每篇700字左右,每篇有12-14个问题,做题时间在60分钟左右,分数为30分。从题型来看,托福阅读的特点是题量大,涉及的词汇面广。要想考好托福阅读,要求考生不光有扎实的托福阅读备考基础,还需要精准的做题策略。 第一步:花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子,做一个简短的scanning,定位文章难易程度,以及了解文章大致主题。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要15分钟左右,所以这其中的时间安排就需要考生自主调节。
一般来说,5篇托福阅读文章中有2篇难度大一些,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题甚至是来不及做,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度,同时目测文章的题量分布,这有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间,是非常必要的。
第二步:通过托福阅读文章结构来进一步进行scanning。所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,大多是结构明确的议论文、说明文,它们最显著的特点是呈板块结构。托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题,然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。
各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,同时也应该看一下第二句,如果有转折词,则此时第二句才是这一段的主旨。没有必要每个句子都理解,很多时候这样做无疑是白白浪费时间。以最快捷的方式了解托福阅读文章大意,从而正确引导下一步做具体的题,而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。而自始至终考生应该遵循这条原则:看完文章,才能开始做题。
托福阅读备考确实要扎根于托福阅读文章本身才能更有效果,而其他拓展开来的复习手段也都是基于掌握了托福阅读文章的前提下。
托福阅读中的小规律
如果你在新托福阅读考试之前知道了这个统计结果,即使在考试时你没有完全听懂对话的内容,你也能得出正确的答案。虽然我们不能证明这些“规律”,但是对于历年的考题却从不例外。当然,如果你对自己的听力水平评价很高的话,你可以不冒这个险。
但是,至少它是一个替代的方案。以下是根据历年考题统计得出的结论。当然,如果你自己发现了其它的某些规律,也应该把它总结出来。
(A)当两个人谈到吵或者安静时,最后得出的结论总是:宿舍里读书很吵,应该去图书馆。而不会说搬到别的宿舍。
(B)当对话内容涉及演出(音乐会或者电影)或者展览时,最后肯定说它非常好。即使他(她)不会欣赏这些展览或者演出,也会虚伪地说“It makes more sense next time”。
(C)当谈到住在校园里还是住在校外时,答案肯定是住在校园。
(D)当谈到某门课老师讲的如何时,回答肯定与“boring”相似;而当谈到课难不难时,肯定说难。
(E)对话谈到作业时,肯定都说作业很多,而且很难。
看到这些可以发现,只要在托福阅读考试中细心,什么困难都不怕。
托福阅读备考打好基础才能冲刺高分
篇3:托福阅读备考怎样打好基础
托福阅读备考怎样打好基础?冲刺高分先做到这3点
词汇是托福阅读高分基础
想要看懂托福阅读考生首先要解决的就是词汇问题。如果你觉得托福阅读文章中有很多生词导致你文章无法理解,或者发现自己必须要一个一个词看才能看懂,那么你在托福词汇 方面可能就存在一定的积累不足了,因为这两个都属于词汇问题。特别是生词很多的情况,小编的看法是先努力提升词汇量,托福词汇量不到考试要求的至少60%你看阅读会很吃力,效果也非常差。
而很多同学其实词汇量还是可以的,但问题就出在看文章词汇懂,但是需要挨个字看的。这类问题的原因之一是词汇不够熟悉,需要反应时间,解决办法依旧是回顾背单词。不过单词和阅读可以同步学习。另一个原因是你的“反应堆”意群不够大,这需要在阅读中来训练,扩大自己的反映意群。反映意群的问题其实很好理解,举例来说:
Although her early theatrical career had included stints as anactress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressingemotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visualeffect s. 你看那些诸如she was not primarily interested in可能是连起来看的。但在专业名词比较多的段落、或者词汇比较难的段落里你也许就会变成挨个字得看,这就是反映意群不够大所造成的。
理解能力够用做题速度正确率才有保证
不知道大家有没有在托福阅读中遇到过这类问题,那就是明明每个词都认识,但是看整篇文章却混乱不堪不知所言?整理不出每段的段落大意?无法认识理解句子间和段落间关系?觉得作者怎么说着说着突然插一句别的? 这些其实都属于考生在托福阅读的理解归纳上出现了问题。这个问题的解决方法对于考生来说也是至关重要的。因为只有把握了整体逻辑脉络,我们才能够理解文章做题,并且在之后的输出写作中也更具有逻辑性、更加流畅通顺地表达自己的意思。
要增强托福阅读的理解归纳能力,需要我们对文章进行仔细的精读。每篇文章看完做完题、甚至分析完错题后并不是就此结束了。考生需要查阅所有不认识的单词并且进行总结。先对阅读文章中的每个句子做总结。用中文总结这句说的是什么。然后扩大到整个段落的总结。由细到粗由小到大,由句子到全文的理解。这种方式锻炼下来大家会自然理解整篇文章,理解句子、段落之间的关系。在之后的阅读中也就能够边读边总结理解了。
不同题型解题技巧要熟练掌握
托福阅读中题型众多,而不同题型必然要使用用针对性的不同方法才能高效高质地解题。托福虽是一门考查综合英语能力的考试,但它终究是一门考试,而但凡考试就肯定会有应试技巧。很多同学面对托福阅读虽然以花费更多时间的笨办法来做对题目,但往往在技巧上缺乏那么一点的“捅破窗户纸”,这就导致部分题目解题过程中出现本可避免的失误。而想要练好托福阅读做题技巧,考生需要做好这两步:
1、识别题型:抓住关键词和特色标志。考生只有知道自己面对的是什么题型,才能更有效率地使用对应的解题技巧来见招拆招,托福阅读考试中并不存在所谓的通用解题技巧,如果有那么这个技巧的解题效率一定不是最优的或者实用性值得商榷,及时分辨题型并运用针对性技巧来做题才是最高效率的托福阅读解题思路。
2、掌握方法:先牢记,再多用。光看是肯定没用的,而且非常容易忘记,在平时的练习中注意使用才能真正的掌握。很多写在纸上的技巧看似很有道理,但实际使用下来却并能真正发挥效果,这就需要大家通过实际练习来不断磨合,结合自身的做题思路方式形成最适合自己的技巧,也只有这样你的做题技巧才算掌握到位而不是纸上谈兵缺乏实践的样子货。
托福考试阅读技巧:六大阅读策略
托福考试阅读技巧1:两分钟预读
花上两分钟的时间快速浏览文章的题目;掌握第一段的内容大义;阅读每一段的第一句话;阅读文章最后一段。这个能比较快地对文章的大体内容有个一定的了解。
托福考试阅读技巧2:利用题干关键词
先读题干,划出题干的关键词; 利用划出的关键词迅速找到对应的文章中的相应内容;通过阅读文章的相关内容回归题干找出正确选项(或者通过排除法来找出正确选项)。
托福考试阅读技巧3:快速阅读
因为托福阅读的篇幅很长,所以考生在进行阅读的时候要学会快速地阅读。最好能做到用余光来覆盖信息;从而了解每一段的大意和作者的用意,而不是一字一字地阅读每一个单词的含义。
托福考试阅读技巧4:利用上下文来猜测生词
考生要在备考时掌握托福考试的核心词汇、高频词汇。但是托福阅读的篇幅长,词汇量也比较大,考生在考试时难免会遇到生词。这个时候要学会利用上下文把生词融入到语境中进行理解。从而猜测生词的意思。
托福考试阅读技巧5:做出推论
考生们要学会定位找出文章的逻辑细节,也就是论据;然后利用各种结构指示词和文章的主题来判断这些细节的作用。
托福考试阅读技巧6:概述总结
仔细阅读文章的第一段,找出观点;了解文章的基本结构,注意文章是如何对观点进行展开的,通常是一个主要观点有3个中心点支持(一个段落一个中心点),而每个段落的中心点又会有2-4个要点支持。
托福备考经验:阅读如何化长为短
1. 长句子
俗话说得好,世上本没有长难句,修饰成分多了便有了长难句。面对一个难以理解的长句子,我们首先去反应一个问题,这个句子的生词多不多?如果有较多不认识的生词,那么先从单词的查漏补缺开始做起。然而本文的重点不是单词的记忆,而是面对单词基本都认识,句子还是不理解或者读不下去的问题该怎么办。那么,问题的关键在于句子的语法结构你是否能够明析,能否快速判断出句子的主干和细节。接下来我们用一个例子加以说明。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
这个句子的单词难度比较适中,但是句子本身的难度并不小。原因在于句子结构比较复杂,我们来对它进行庖丁解牛。
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
红色部分划出了这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾),间隔很大,支离破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need,establish是及物动词,后面却加了介词in,说明此处有倒装,还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长,为了防止头重脚轻。
原句中绿色部分是人名的并列,也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。紫色部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语,黄色部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。
综上所述,本句运用了多种语法结构(并列,倒装,同位语,后置定语,插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎,如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法,那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。
翻译:几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者,尤其是有抱负的艺术家们,并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。
2. 长文章
说完句子结构,下面来说说段落和文章结构的重要性。面对比较长的段落和文章,要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息,做对题目,那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
对于这种较长的段落,如何快速辨别段落内部结构和句与句之间的逻辑是理解的关键。[一般来说,段落的主题常出现的位置在段首和段尾,但是也有例外,比如段落内部出现转折,那么要注意转折后的内容与前面相反而且是重点。]
这个段落,首句在讲两个党派的社会组成是相似的,接着的第二三句出现了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”,提出了两点相似之处。第四句出现了关键性的however,而该句以及接下来的句子主语也发生了转变,都变为两个党派的其中一个。那么,可以推断出however之后的内容与前面相反,所以段落的主题落在了Democrats和Whigs社会组成的不同之处。
托福备考经验:如何背单词
1.背单词
在备考阶段初期,背单词是绕不开的一件事,然而在背单词的过程中,我们大多数考生往往也会存在一些误区。
首先,一提到背单词的时候,我们就直接把“背单词”等同于“背词汇书”。实际上,单词的积累过程是自然地对词汇认知的过程,真正有效的积累词汇是通过长期的使用积累。而在考试备考过程中,迫于时间、精力等种.种因素,大多数人选择考前集中突击词汇,我们不能否认这是一种短时间内突破词汇量大量积累的有效手段,但是有一点必须清楚:词汇认知必须经过长时间的输入和输出使用实现,词汇书是出于短时间内满足考试需求的需要。
其次,如果真的要背词汇书,什么样的词汇书比较好呢?选择词汇书时,我们可以掌握几个原则或者说判断标准,以便我们可以经过自己的分析和思考来判断一本词汇书是否靠谱。
第一个要关心词汇书的词源,词汇那么多,到底要哪些单词,是谁说了算?其实需要指出的一点是,无论是什么考试,考试大纲和考试真题才是最有力的说明,也就是说,以考试真题为词源,才不会浪费宝贵时间和精力背错单词,以托福为例,通过对历年真题和 TPO 模考进行科学统计,我们发现考试中的高频词数量大概在 5000 上下(刨除中考高词汇和四级词汇)。
第二个要关心词汇书的释义,在托福官方指南上说到“一个单词会多个释义,但是在一篇文章中,只有一个意思是被使用的“,面对这种情况,背准单词的释义就显得尤其重要了,单词的释义必须是在考试中常出现的释义,而不是某个大牛或者教师拍脑袋想出来的释义。
再者,在背单词的时候,需要有一个靠谱的背诵计划和方法。因为无论是所谓的”词根词缀”还是“联想记忆”只能算是起到辅助作用,背单词的根本原则和方法:高频率重复,单次消耗时间短,重复周期短,重复次数多;充分利用碎片时间,合理规划重复周期;“去熟取生”的重复法则;视觉刺激和听觉刺激结合。说简单点,就是死记硬背,翻来覆去地死记硬背。
总结与推荐:词汇认知不是一蹴而就的,想要出国学习,积累词汇是一个长期的工作;词源和释义是判断选择一本词汇书的重要标准;背单词要有科学的方法,最简单的“重复”可能也是最有效的。这里推荐一本托福单词书给大家:《猴哥托福词频蓝宝书》,80%的出国党都在用。
2.搞定语法
大家推荐的语法书和语法资料很多,在这里我只是想从实用的角度提醒一下:语法作为语言使用的规则,与其抱着一本语法书死背概念和用法,不如从实际使用出发,输入角度(读和听)哪些语法点是特别需要注意的,输出角度(说和写)哪些语法点容易出问题。
举个栗子:
在阅读句子的时候,可以着重训练区分句中的修饰性成分(句子成分,从句),学会把复杂的句子拆成简单的去理解;在写句子的时候,面对我们写出来的简单句子,如何对主干进行修饰(从时间、情态、语序的角度)。
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系
托福官方指南的第37页明确写出了阅读部分考生需要掌握的四大结构,他们分别是:
? classification
? comparison/contrast
? cause/effect
? problem/solution
以最后一个“问题/解决方法”为例来感受下官方指南上的要求是如何体现在托福考试的练习题中的。
官方放出的练习题中有一篇讲到“罗马军队对不列颠的影响”。其倒数第二题为一道句子插入题。被插入句是这样的:“One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.”这句话的开头“solution”一词暗示着前文定会提到需要解决的”problem ”,而这一线索也成为答对这道题的关键。这类题目背后的考点本质上就是对句间关系的把握。正所谓题型在变,关系不变。
所以,本文以官方指南为基础,结合真实考试要求,重点分析阅读考试中三大句间关系,希望对正在备考中的学子们有所启发。
句间关系1——因果关系
(涉及的托福阅读题型有:细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题)
因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高;曾有一个统计,在托福给出的官方练习题中,细节题中考察到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。所以,无论是从考试的角度,还是提高阅读力本身,掌握因果关系在句子之间的体现都是非常重要的。
以很多学生们非常熟悉的一篇文章“The origin of theaters”为例。有一道细节题问到考生为什么人们会逐渐放弃当时的“rituals”;在定位词出现的句子中,我们会非常容易看到句子开头有一个短语叫做“as a result ”;根据题目要求,答案的出处应该就在前一句话中。而只要能够认识“detached“这个单词,考生还是能比较顺利地选出正确答案。
类似于“as a result ”这样具有因果关系提示的词组还有很多,写作的时候也能派上用场,所以提醒各位考生一定要踏实地做好积累。比如“attribute X to Y”这个短语在官方练习题中就出现过三次,并且都是决定考生是否能读懂文章的必备词汇。
同理,在推理题中,我们也可以利用常见的因果关联词找到推理的方向;官方大纲中也明确指出,推理题会“给出一个结论,让考生推理结论产生的原因”。
在官方练习题中一篇名为”The extinctions of dinosaurs ”的文章里就有一道非常典型的推理题,根据段落最后一句话句首的“So”,考生可以讲解题的突破口锁定在前一句话中。当然,推理题本质上不同于细节题,还需要在文章给出的基础之上做适当地引申。当然,推理题也会让考生们去推文中的某些信息带来的影响,但是考察“推结果”没有“推原因”的比例高,所以在备考的时候还需要合理分配时间。
因果关系更是在修辞目的题中有着明显的出题规律。考生们一定要学会换位思考,作者为什么要在一个段落中交代“原因”?无外乎就是为了给对应的事情一个解释。反之,作者为什么要提及“结果”,也是为了告诉读者相关事情带来的影响。此外,有个不可不忽视地信号,在最新放出的官方练习题中,因果关系在修辞目的题中的体现越来越含蓄,这无疑是暗示考生,未来的考试中不一定会出现明确的关联词,但仍然考察的是因果关系。最后,让我们来看三个句子。
例句1
There is a good reason for this.
例句2
This explains their relatively low densities.
例句3
Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be accepted.
这三句话都是典型的句子插入题的题干句。因为这些句子丝毫没有提及任何新的信息,都是在重复或者为上下文提供过渡。例如,例句1中的因果关系提醒考生,这句话的前一句必须是结果;同时,这句话的后一句是对应的原因。这样,我们在把句子代入文章时就有了明确的方向感。同理,例句2和例句3也可以按照这个思路去进行。
纵观因果关系在以上四个题型中的体现,不难发现,虽然各有各的出题形式,但是本质都是相同的,只要熟练掌握因果关系的句间表达,一通百通。
篇4:GRE高分考生都能做到这3点
GRE高分考生都能做到这3点 想当学霸赶紧照着练
阅读能力是语文高分关键
GRE考试的阅读文章大多是选自美国各个学科领域专业的文章,并经过一定的改编后成为考试题目,因此阅读难度往往较大,而除了GRE阅读外,GRE语文考试的其他部分,比如填空部分的多空题审题和逻辑中对逻辑链的认识,均需要借助优秀的阅读能力来达成。因此小编建议大家广泛地阅读,首先要以GRE考过的阅读文章为主,其次课外可阅读GMAT、LSAT的阅读文章,其难度与GRE相当。同时,小编也推荐大家通过阅读英文期刊,如《TIMES》,《SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN》,《NEW YORKER》等,来增加阅读量,积累阅读能力。而如果能在做阅读和其他GRE语文部分的题目时不因为阅读能力而出现问题,能顺利完成对文章和题目的阅读,那么大家的阅读能力其实就已经达标了。
词汇基础决定VERBAL难度
GRE考试很大程度上是词汇考试,这点不仅在旧GRE中特别强调,在新GRE中同样不容忽视。无论是GRE填空还是阅读、甚至写作和数学部分,都对考生的词汇积累提出了较高的要求。因此,考生必须在备考中,根据自身的英语词汇基础,结合GRE考试要求进行词汇积累和扩充。考生长期坚持背诵GRE词汇并通过大量的练习进行词义的巩固和实际运用,做到在考试中,能够基本不出现看不懂的词汇,或者即使不认识也不影响解题,那么考生在GRE词汇上的备考工作就基本完成了。
解题技巧提升速度和正确率
GRE语文高分考生除了具备以上两点外,还能够熟练掌握解题技巧以提升答题速度和正确率。而这正是保证大家能够取得高分拉开差距的关键之一。所谓熟能生巧,因为GRE考试题型相对固定,题目也常出现类似或者重复的情况,练熟解题技巧会有助于考生大大提高做题的效率和正确率,在对考试时间有严格要求的GRE考试中,无疑能为大家节省大量时间,更加从容的应对考试。考生可以通过模考来评估自己是否已经掌握了足够的解题技巧,如果在碰到每道题目时,都能第一时间反映出正确的解题技巧和思路,那么考生在技巧方面的准备工作,就可以算是大功告成了。
总而言之,追求GRE高分,其实大家并不需要把太多目光投注在学霸们分享的经验上面,毕竟这些东西因人而异,并不一定适合你。真正决定高分的这些共同特征,才是大家需要优先学习的目标。
每日GRE词汇精选
1.aggregate /‘?ɡr?ɡ?t/ vt. & vi. (使)聚集 n. 总计
agg-=强调;greg-=group,聚集,强调聚集到一起,即“聚集,总计”。
【例句】aggregate supply 总供给
2.perpetuate /p?’p?t?uet/ vt. 使永存;使人记住不忘
per-=through,一直;pet-=seek,寻找,争取;一直在争取,引申为”使永存“。形容词perpetual adj. 永久的; 终身的。
3.incriminate /?n’kr?m?net/ vt. 使(某人)显得有罪, 牵连, 归罪于
in-=en,表使动;crimin-=crime,罪行,控诉,来自拉丁语。因此incriminate表示“使有罪”,即“牵连, 归罪于”。
【例句】He incriminated the thief to the judge. 他向法官控告了那个偷窃的人。
4.salutary /‘s?lj?'t?ri/ adj. 有益的,有用的;有益健康的
salu-=health; 词义相当于beneficial.
【例句】The team’s defeat is a salutary warning before the World Cup. 这次失利是在世界杯比赛之前对整个队的一个有益警示。
5.denote /d?’not/ vt. 表示,指示
de-=强调;not-=note,know;强调使知道,即“表示,指示”。
6.exuberant /?ɡ?zub?r?nt/ adj. 兴高采烈的;活跃的;愉快的;茁壮的,繁茂的
ex-表强调;uber-=fruitful (uber作为单词,表示乳房,比喻丰富、多产),-ant为形容词后缀,因此exuberant表示,强调有很多的(情绪、果实等),引申为“兴高采烈的;活跃的;愉快的”。
7.champion /‘t??mp??n/ n. 冠军;捍卫者, 拥护者 v.拥护,支持
champ-=camp-=field,田野;champion表示“冠军,拥护”,最早指“获胜的人获得土壤肥沃的平原”。
8.dearth /d??θ/ n. 缺乏, 稀少
源自dear 贵的;类似汉语中的“物以稀为贵”。
9.sordid /?s?rd?d/ adj. 肮脏的;卑鄙的;利欲熏心的;色彩暗淡的
词根swordo- =black, dirty。
【例句】I want no part of this sordid business. 我不想卷入这一卑鄙勾当。
10.illicit /?’l?s?t/ adj. 法律不许可的, 非法的
il-=not;licit adj. 合法的,准许的; 其中lic-=leg-=法律。所以licit 和 legal 是同义词。
每日GRE词汇精选
1.disenfranchise /?d?s?n’fr?nt?a?z/ vt. 剥夺…的选举权,剥夺…的公民权,终止…的特许权
dis-=not; enfranchise vt.给予选举选,解放:en-=使动;franch-=frank-=自由,坦白,特权(如frank 坦白的,率直的);因此enfranchise可以表示“使有特权,使自由”,即“给予选举权,解放”。disenfranchise 即“剥夺…的选举权,剥夺…的公民权”。
【例句】people who are socially disenfranchised by class. 被社会等级剥夺了社会权利的人们
2.torpid /‘t?rp?d/ adj. 麻痹的;麻木的;不活泼的;有气无力的;冬眠(中)的;(动物)非活动状态的
torp-=麻木。
【例句】a torpid state resembling sleep 像睡觉一样的麻木状态
3.colloquial /k?’lokw??l/ adj. 口语的, 会话的,白话的
co-=together, loqu-=speak; 大家都可以说的,引申为“口语的,白话的”。
4.patronize /‘petr?na?z/ vt. 以高人一等的态度对待;光顾, 惠顾,资助,支持
patr-=pater-=爸爸,父亲,祖国(如compatriot n. 同胞,同国人);-ize为动词后缀,表使动;因此patronize 表示资助,支持(patron n. 赞助人;保护人;主顾)。而“以高人一等的态度对待,屈尊”,为引申贬义,相当于“自己当做是别人的父亲一样的”。
【例句】I'll never patronize that store again. 我再也不去光顾那家商店了。
5.unseemly /?n’simli/ adj. 不适宜的;不得体的
【例句】Your levity is unseemly at this time. 在这种场合,你的轻率举动是不得体的。
6.extol /?k’stol/ vt. 颂扬;赞美;赞颂
ex-=out,向外; tol-=容忍,忍受,举起,如tolerance; 因此extol的根本含义是“举起来”,引申为“颂扬,赞美”。
【例句】I want to extol the crucial importance of imagination. 我想向你们颂扬想象力的重要性。
7.subvert /s?b’v?t/ vt. 推翻;颠覆;破坏
sub-=从下往上,vert-=turn,从下面转到上面,即“颠覆,推翻”。
8.largess /lɑr???s/ n. 慷慨的赠予;赠品
源自large,大的。引申为“赠品,慷慨的给予”。英文解释““willingness to give or spend freely; munificence”.
【例句】demonstrating wealth and largess to the outside world. 向外面的世界展示财富和慷慨
9.vanquish /‘v??kw??/ vt.克服;抑制;战胜
van-=win,战胜,征服;-ish在这里作为动词后缀,表示“造成……”。
【例句】He tried to vanquish his fears. 他努力克服恐惧心理。
10.probity /‘prob?ti/ n. 正直,诚实
prob-=prov-=worthy, good(如approve 赞同,核准);因此probity表示“正直,诚实”。
【例句】Probity and purity will command respect everywhere. 为人正派到处受人尊敬。
每日GRE词汇精选
1.credulous /‘kr?d??l?s/ adj. 轻信的;易受骗的
cred-=trust,相信;-ous为形容词后缀,表示数量很多。因此credulous表示“轻信的,易受骗的”。
【例句】Credulous people are easily misled by false advertisements. 轻信的人很容易上虚假广告的当。
2.elicit /??l?s?t/ vt. 引出, 探出
e-=out;lic-=lure,诱惑;诱惑出来,即“引出,探出”。
【例句】The police elicited a confession from him. 警察诱他招了供。
3.exasperate /?ɡ’z?sp?ret/ vt. 激怒, 触怒
ex-=thoroughly,表加强,强调;asper-=tough 粗糙;因此exasperate表示,强调使变得更加粗糙,即恶化,引申为“激怒,触怒”。ex-表示强调这种现象不常见,比如exacerbate vt. 使恶化;使加重;ex-表强调,acerb-=acid,尖,酸,锐利。
4.serene /s?’rin/ adj.平静的;晴朗的;安详的 n.平静;晴朗 vt. 使平静
源自拉丁语,最初表示天气干净、晴朗。ser-源自希腊语,表示干燥的。引申为“平静的,晴朗的”。
5.stigma /‘st?ɡm?/ n. 污名;耻辱;柱头;烙印;特征
stigm-=mark; 动词stigmatize /‘st?ɡm?ta?z/ vt. 使受耻辱;指责;污辱。
6.indignation /??nd?ɡ’ne??n/ n. 愤怒, 愤慨, 气愤
in-=not; dign-=worthy,noble (如dignity 尊严),不高贵的,不顾面子的,引申为“愤怒,愤慨”
。
7.sanctimonious /?s??kt?’mon??s/ adj. 假装圣洁的
sanct-=神圣的;-ous为形容词后缀,表示数量很多的。过多的神圣,引申为“假装圣洁的”。
【例句】sanctimonious preaching 伪善的讲道
8.foment /fo?m?nt/ vt. 激起,煽动(麻烦等)
fo-=fev-=fever,发烧。使某物发热,引申为“激起,煽动”。
【例句】They accused him of fomenting political unrest. 他们指控他煽动**。
9.presage /‘pr?s?d?/ n. 前兆;预感 vt. 预感;预言
pre-=在……之前;sag-=seek;争取;在……之前去争取,寻找,引申为“预感,预言”。
【例句】This sign presages rains. 这种迹象是下雨的预兆。
10.excoriate /??ks’k?r?et/ vt. 擦伤,擦破(皮肤);严厉指责,痛斥
ex-=out,off; cori-=hide,skin;因此把隐藏的东西说出来,即“指责,痛斥”;使去皮,即“擦伤”。
【例句】an editorial that excoriated the administration for its inaction. 一篇强烈谴责政府无所事事的社论
GRE高分考生都能做到这3点
篇5:托福听力冲刺高分先打好这4项基础
【备考提分】托福听力冲刺高分先打好这4项基础
一、词汇
对于提高托福听力成绩巩固基础首先的要求则是词汇。词汇学习目前已经是一个老生常谈的话题。考生必须要拥有至少5000左右的词汇量才行。
二、听懂单词
托福听力其实就是把一些阅读文章去报给学生听。因为英语对于中国的学习者来说完全就是一门外语了,如果在缺乏一定语言环境的情况下,大家往往是只能看得懂文章,但是完全听不懂的,所以要求考生在备考的时候必须要通过努力去做到听懂单词。
三、记笔记
再次就是记笔记了,在这里不用多说,其实对于那种程度特别好的学生而言是完全可以忽略。但是对于那种基础较差的学生而言,你们一定要让自己去尝试记下一些单词,特别是那些在文章中不断强调出现的关键性名词词组,当学生存在一些实在听不懂题目的时候,往往可以根据自己记下来的名词词组尝试进行推断做题。
四、做考前预测
最后,在托福听力考前最好是去做一下考前预测,那些基础较为薄弱的学生普遍都会有一种投机心理。看看预测的话往往能够去大大的提高大家的自信心,这样大家做题的状态就会变得更好。
托福听力练习:抗嗝化合物减少奶牛甲烷排放
The global population is now nearly seven and a half billion.
And that's just humans.
Because our planet is also home to one-and-a-half-billion cows, another billion sheep, and a billion goats.
Their combined belches account for a full fifth of the world's methane emissions—and methane is about 30 times more potent at trapping heat than CO2.
But those methane emissions might get cut—by feeding the grazers something called 3-nitro oxypropanol.
”I can tell you, they like it.
No rejection at all.“
Maik Kindermann, an organic chemist at DSM Nutritional Products in Switzerland.
Liking it, in the cow world, he says basically means they'll still gobble up their food, even with this stuff mixed in.
Kindermann's company developed the additive a few years back.
And it only targets those methane-belching microbes, while leaving the rest of the microbiome untouched.
The result?
A 30 percent decrease in methane emissions.
The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Kindermann says he thinks the compound could be a win-win for the planet—and the animals.
”You know the methane is kind of a waste product.
And this energy, instead of losing it for the animal, it can be reused for the animal in terms of performance, and at the same time we are doing something for greenhouse gas emission and climate change.“
The product's not on the market yet—toxicology tests are ongoing.
But the hope is that it might take some of the heat off of beef.
现在全世界人口数量约是75亿。
但这只是人类的数量。
因为我们的地球也是15亿奶牛、10亿绵羊及10亿山羊的家园。
这些动物反刍所排放的甲烷总量约占世界总量的1/5—而同时甲烷吸收热量的能力约是二氧化碳的30倍。
但在这些食草动物被喂食名为3-nitrooxypropanol的抗嗝化合物后,甲烷的排放量正在减少。
“我可以告诉你,它们真的很喜欢这种化合物。
真的一点也不排斥。”
瑞士DSM营养产品的有机化学家马克·金德曼说道。
他表示奶牛们非常喜欢这种化合物,即使添加到食物中,奶牛们仍会狼吞虎咽。
金德曼的公司在几年前研发出这种添加剂。
这种添加剂会拦截动物体内的微生物生成产生甲烷至关重要的酶。
而3-nitrooxypropanol只针对生成甲烷的微生物,其他微生物则不受影响。
结果如何呢?
甲烷排放减少30%。
这项研究已经在《美国国家科学院院刊》上发表。
金德曼认为这种化合物对地球和人类而言是一种双赢。
“甲烷是一种废物。
动物们可以再利用这种能源,而不是进行浪费,与此同时,我们在为温室气体排放及气候变化尽一份力。”
这款产品正在进行毒性测试,目前还未在市场上流通。
但我们希望的是,能够减少牛肉的一些热量。
1.account for 对…负有责任
例句:Computers account for 5% of the country's commercial electricity consumption.
计算机占去该国商业用电的5%。
2.get cut 减少
例句:If you are going to stand in front then it will get cut.
如果你站在植物前面就会被剪到。
3.at all 根本;简直
例句:I certainly don't remember talking to you at all.
我当然完全不记得和你讲过话。
4.mix in 混合
例句:Add the milk to the flour, and then mix in three eggs.
往面粉里加牛奶,再拌入3个鸡蛋。
2020托福听力练习:科学家扮成北极熊接近麝牛
”So I just don't approach, at least initially, a group of musk oxen.“
Joel Berger, with the Wildlife Conservation Society and Colorado State University.
”What I do is to take into account other factors that might reflect their responses. And so what I need to know is something about the group size, whether or not males are in the group. I need to know something about snow depth, about snow penetration or how hard the snow is. And then I'll approach and try to understand whether they stay, whether they flee, whether they charge.“
Oh, one more important point. When Berger approaches the musk oxen, on Russia's Wrangel Island north of the Arctic Circle, he's dressed up like a polar bear.
”I know the media has a good time when we dress up as animal models. Of course they do. But remember, two Nobel laureates, Conrad Lorentz and Niko Tinbergen, led the way for getting inside the minds of animals...and they've done this through innovative models.“
Polar bears prefer seals for their meals. But the loss of sea ice is forcing them onto the land to hunt for prey that's usually not on their menu. The idea here is to gauge the response of musk oxen to this formerly rare threat.
”It's really tough to get inside the mind of a musk ox and especially to understand from mere anecdotes how they may respond in this emerging dynamic.“
Berger works with Russian researchers on their side of the Bering Strait and with Americans in Alaska.
”We're currently in the process of evaluating more than 100 simulated interactions, some that include our three years of work in Alaska, as well as over on the Russian side...the last time I did something like this was about 15 years ago, to understand how moose and other species would respond to the new threat of wolves in and around the Yellowstone system."
Back then, Berger and his wife would get into a moose outfit to be able to get close to the ungulates. I wrote about that effort in . You can find it by googling my name and Joel Berger—a man who's work really suits him. (That joke was unbearable.)
“我不会靠近,至少不会从一开始就靠近一群麝牛。”
乔尔·博格在野生动物保护协会和科罗拉多州立大学工作。
“我采取的方法是,把其他可能影响它们反应的因素都考虑进去。我需要知道麝牛群的规模,这群麝牛里是否有雄性麝牛。我还要了解积雪的深度、渗透性及硬度。之后我才会逐渐靠近它们,试图去了解它们是会留在原地,会逃走,还是会发动攻击。”
还有一个重点。博格在位于北极圈以北的俄罗斯弗兰格尔岛靠近麝牛时,他会打扮得像一只北极熊。
“我知道媒体看到我们打扮成动物的样子会很高兴。他们当然会高兴。不过要记住,引领我们去了解动物思想的是两位诺贝尔奖获得者——康拉德·洛伦兹和尼古拉斯·廷伯根,他们采用的就是创新模式。”
北极熊最爱吃海豹。但是海冰的减少迫使它们去陆地上捕食本不在它们捕食范围内的猎物。博格的目的是评估麝牛面对这种罕见威胁时的反应。
“了解麝牛的想法真的非常难,只凭轶事来了解他们会如何应对这种新出现的变化更难。”
博格同俄罗斯研究人员在白令海峡划分的俄罗斯境内一起工作,同美国研究人员在阿拉斯加工作。
“目前我们正在对100余个模拟交互作用进行评估,这其中包括阿拉斯加方面三年的工作成果,以及俄罗斯方面的成果,我上次做这种工作是在前,当时我研究的是驼鹿和其他物种如何应对黄石公园内部和周边狼群的威胁。”
那时,博格和他的妻子会穿上驼鹿装,以接近这一有蹄类哺乳动物。时我曾写过有关那次研究的文章。听众可以用谷歌搜索我和博格的名字找到这篇文章,博格的工作真的很适合他。(这个玩笑很无聊)
重点讲解:
1. take into account 考虑到;把…计算在内;
例句:He will take into account my request.
他会考虑我的要求。
2. dress up 装扮;打扮;
例句:He often dresses up as a superman.
他经常把自己装扮成超人。
3. hunt for (人)打猎,猎杀;(动物)猎食;
例句:Davy liked to hunt for bears best of all.
大卫最喜欢猎熊了。
4. repond to 应对;作出回应;作出反应;
例句:A child's age affects the child how repond to the diaster.
孩子的年龄也会影响他们对灾难的反应。
托福听力冲刺高分先打好这4项基础
篇6:托福听力备考提升练习效率先做到这3点
【学习经验】托福听力备考提升练习效率先做到这3点
始终坚持以打基础为首要学习任务
在所有托福考试的同学里,每个人的起点和英语能力都是不一样的。所以,对于听力练习来说,也许有些同学很快能够上手,同时进步很快;而有些同学却会感到非常吃力,且觉得并没有什么太大的帮助。所以,当你觉得做听力对于自己没有太大作用的时候,也并不能立即就放弃,大家需要做的是坚持。与此同时,我们也可以回头再去回顾一下自己的词汇和语法基础知识,如果在这些基础环节上加以巩固,也会让自己的听力水平进一步提升。
无需题海战术重在做完以后的回顾
同时,想要提升托福听力能力,考生当然需要一定的题目练习,但是,这也并不代表大家就需要用到“题海战术”, 关键在于考生做完练习后不能对个答案就草草了事。大家对于做过的每道题目,听过的每篇文章,读懂读透才是关键。而我们在练习听写的过程中则更是如此,相信很少有同学能够在第一遍听写一篇文章的时候,就顺利记录下每一个单词。所以,在每一次的听写练习之后,大家一定要记得重听一遍自己的练习资料,找到听不出的词语或是生词。而在听写练习之后,小编也建议大家对于一些听力练习的段子可以进行反复的跟读。因为这样不但可以改善大家的语音语调问题,同时也能为自己之后的托福口语备考做好准备。
积累听力场景词汇提升反应速度
另外,考生如果想要通过听力训练来提高自己听力的反应速度,词汇的积累也是很重要的一步。特别是一些重要的场景词汇,大家一定要多加记忆熟悉,因为能够直接理解场景词对于考生快速理解听力内容也是有很多帮助的。同时,在听力过程中习语、俚语的积累也不能放松,考生除了做练习以外,平时在日常生活中遇到英语时也应该时刻关注。
以上就是托福听力备考提升练习效率的一些经验和方法分享介绍,大家如果觉得自己的学习进度偏慢进步不明显,那么上面的这些技巧还请大家参考运用起来。
托福写作模板:大学生是否应该自己选课
Task:Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
托福写作模板范文参考:
Some people think that university students should be able to choose whether to go to classes or not. I could not disagree more with this idea. Even though students can have excused absences, for example, when they are sick or have something emergent to attend, generally they should be required to go to classes. In fact, attending classes has many advantages, three of them most important: learning from the teacher, interacting with classmates, and developing responsibility. Attending classes has the benefit of receiving the best that a teacher can offer. Good teachers review the difficult and key pints of the material in the course textbook. The best teachers do more than this. They conduct group discussion of the material, and present alternative points of view on the same issue. This increases students' real understanding and critical thinking.
Moreover, teachers supplement the textbook material with information provide by guest speakers, which further enhances students' understanding. All this implies that, if students are absent from class, it is tantamount to forfeiting their right to full benefits of teacher-guided learning in class. Going to classes also helps students learn how to work with their classmates. In class, students need to put forward their ideas. They have to take questions from their classmates and when their classmates have a different point of view, they have to defend their own. All this is conducted in a friendly manner. Interaction of this kind teaches students about how to work with other people.
Finally, going to classes enables students to develop responsibility. Having to finish all the assigned readings before class helps prepare them for getting a job. So does the requirement of being punctual for class. Similarly, having to complete assignment on time for class helps them to foster responsibility.
Admittedly, students can obtain information from books, but they benefit a great deal more when they go to classes. They have the advantage of learning from their teacher, of interacting with other people, and of developing the responsibility required of a good worker as well as a good student. If these skills in life are in no sense optional, how can attending classes in a university be optional?
托福写作模板:你是否同意成功与运气无关
Task:“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
托福写作模板范文参考:
It is universally acknowledged that hard work is indispensable to success. Scientists toil for years before they make a major discovery. Students study for years before they are accepted by a top university. Self-make people work for a long time, even all their life before they make a fortune. However, less well-known is the essential role that luck plays in achieving one's goals. It is often luck that turns years of hard work into success: people discover and invent things with the help of luck, and so do they become famous and find jobs.
First, luck has helped a great number of people invent and discover things. Sir Alexander Fleming experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he discovered penicillin. He went through laborious trial and error, but it was on account of luck that he looked at the mold on a piece of cheese and got the idea for penicillin there and then. Benjamin Franklin had been trying to prove his idea that lightning and electricity is the same thing, but it was only in flying a kite that he proved it and the concept of a lightning rod happened to strike him.
Also, luck helps people become famous. Let us consider young authors. Many work hard to learn to write. For example, they take writing classes. Besides, they work at menial jobs so as to survive and gain experience. Then one day a lucky writer may have piece of writing published and attract public attention. Or the writer meets an editor at the right time and place. Years of continuous writing brings the writer to the door of success, but one lucky chance, like the shot in soccer, eventually helps him or her reap success.
Finally, luck has helped many people secure jobs. One may spend much time writing and sending resumes, reading recruiting ads, and going to job interviews. One may pond the pavement for a long time before getting a job. However, it is with luck that a job hunter meets the person who will offer a position to him or her, or learns of a vacancy that is not advertised. Being at the right place at the right time often helps one land a job, and this has all to do with luck. One can hardly succeed without hard work, but hard work without luck often leads to nothing. Luck has a great number of people find success. In fact, luck goes hand in hand with hard work.
托福写作模板:书本知识与实践经验
Task:It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.
托福写作模板范文参考:
We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.
First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.
What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.
In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.
篇7:托福听力备考怎样打好词汇基础
托福听力备考怎样打好词汇基础?实用经验助你稳固基本功
什么是托福听力的基础词汇?
基础词汇指托福听力的考试文章中、题目中以及选项中出现频率最高词汇。在备考托福考试时,尤其是针对托福听力做准备时,大学英语四级词汇就是所谓的基础词汇。
托福听力掌握基础词汇很重要
对于很多即将准备或者正在准备托福考试的人来说,很多人都觉得四级词汇实在是没什么难度,拼写简单语义也简单,然而当这些准考生们真正开始做托福听力训练的时候却发现除了那些根本没有背诵过的学术名词,其实为难了他们的还就是这些曾经被他们轻视甚至无视的四级词汇。
这到底是怎么回事呢?是什么让这些看似简单的词汇成了备考托福听力录上的拦路虎的呢?
首先,很多备考托福听力的同学们,他们对于单词的拼写和语义掌握的都不错,甚至可以说听到语义就能立即想到拼写,听到拼写也同样可以立即反应出语义,然而大家却忘了这是听力测试。中国式背单词的模式下没有被提起足够重视的读音问题就如同阿喀琉斯的后脚跟一样,在大家前往高分的每一步上都制造麻烦。
为了更好地提高对于这些基础词汇的识别能力,同学们在背诵单词时就要努力做到能够准确且熟练地记住每一个单词的读音,并且背诵完这些词汇的单日任务后要及时的收听词汇的音频来进行自我检测,通过做听音频写拼写和语义的训练让单词的所有要素融为一体,只有这样才能够缩短收听的反应时间,以便日后训练笔记记录时可以在自己的最快反应速度下找到并记录有效内容。
托福听力基础词汇语音语义背诵不简单
第一,语音背诵最大的难度在于国人英语学习过程中,语音学的简直是五花八门,而托福听力主要测试的语音是北美地区的英语的口音,同时伴有偶尔出现的英式、澳式以及新西兰口音等,因此最最起码要先掌握好词汇的北美读音。
第二,语义背诵则是增加了广度,背诵每个单词时如果这个词汇有不止一个词性和一个词义,那么考生们最好能够熟练掌握该词汇前两个词性的前两个词义。因为托福听力测试中,虽然这些看似生僻的语义在文章音频中使用的次数不是特别多,但是在选项中出现的次数却出奇的多,而这直接导致了部分考生听懂了文章,却找不出正确选项。
最后,在背诵基础词汇时要格外留意同义词和近义词以及同根派生词。
近年来托福听力词汇难度变化在哪里?
近几年以来,托福出题方明确说明自己并没有提升托福考试的难度,而很多过往考生却坚称考试变难了,那么究竟变化的是什么呢?
第一,同义词替换。以往的替换都是难到易为主,而如今却是增加了易到难的比重。
第二,同根派生词。语音的变化让许多考生在收听时来不及反应。
托福听力基础词汇背诵要点分析
基础词汇背诵一定要注重以下三点:
1. 语音、语义和拼写三者的完美结合(听音频,写出基础词汇的拼写和语义(提升对于基础词汇的反应速度和准确度));
2. 熟词僻义的背诵(避免听懂了文章却因为不识熟词僻义而选不到正确答案);
3. 同义词和派生词的背诵(避免由于近义词掌握量不足而选不出正确答案,同时避免由于对于同根派生词语音的不熟悉而无法精准理解文章语义)。
托福听力:“一箭双雕”,答对双选题的三个阶梯
托福听力双选题的基本概念:
托福听力双选题考什么?
双选题并不是一种题型,什么考点都能出,常常出现于主旨题,句子功能题,态度题,细节题中。初听文章时仍按照每种题型下的重点来把握信息和解题。
其中,双选以细节题中最多,主要考查:
? 特征 (features, characteristics)
? 原因(reasons, factors, causes)
如何锁定托福听力双选题的信息点?
双选多选答案的分布:可能集中于一句话or一段话中,也可能贯穿分布于整篇文章中。
双选经常带有明显的并列提示词,提示词hin重要,帮助锁定双(多)选信息。有时提示词不明显,需要参考具体题型解法,参考如but类的其他重点提示词。
托福听力双选题如何计分?
需要选对两个选项,才能得分。
托福听力双选题的正确率高吗?
? 完美错过正确答案的很少,
? 最多的情况是选错1个。
那托福听力双选题如何选对2个答案呢?
分为初阶抓并列提示词,进阶抓对比形容词,高阶练就排除选项的火眼金睛。
一、初阶:
从并列提示词入手,抓点得分。哪些属于并列提示词呢?并列提示词对于文章和段落结构起到很好的承托作用。我们先来欣赏一段散文,一起找一找里面的并列提示词。
读书乐
人们常把求知勤学叫作“寒窗苦读”,而我大不以为然。读书之乐,不一而足;苦诚有之,乐亦无穷也。我虽年方十六,却也已读了十多年的书,自谓读书有三乐”。
·一曰释疑之乐。人是万物之灵,是已知万物中唯一有思想的生灵。既然有思想,就不免对纷繁复杂的大千世界生出许多疑问来。然而一个人的思想是有限的,不可能解决所以的疑问,有疑而不解,岂不令人遗憾?“丈夫当日知其所亡”,这就是必须借助于读书了。读一本书,就像有几十个,几百个几千个人在帮你打开心中的疑惑。有时一个令你百思不得其解的问题却通过读一本书而被轻而易举地解决了,于是郁结在心头的疑问烟消云散。
·二曰启思之乐。“书籍是人类智慧的钥匙”,如果把人的创造力比作一座蓄水池的话,那么书就是泄水的闸门了。历史上有很多创造发明正是受了书的启发,例如当年青霉素的发现者弗莱明,正当他在苦苦寻找一种新型抗生素时,他偶然读到了几十年前的一本关于抗生素的书,里面提到了一种能消灭细菌的霉菌,不久以后,青霉素问世了。当然对于我们大多数的人来说,读书或许还谈不上什么发明创造,但仍极具启迪作用。比如读《世界之谜》,书中的一连串的问号把你带到了一个无比美妙的未知世界,由此你的智慧得到了启迪和发展,这不是读书的妙处吗?
·三曰神游之乐。这世界的确是太阔大了。大至宇宙,小至原子。远的不用说,就连我们所生活的世界各地的佳境名胜,在人短暂一生中游历殆尽也是不可能的。这时,书又成了一种最理想的交通工具,上天入地极大至微,只要是人类思想所及的地方,他便能带你畅游一番。佳境在目,歌声若闻,山水皆伸手可及,这又是读书一乐。
当然,读书之乐不止这三种,又如正己之乐,知理之乐,可谓不可胜数也。诚然,有乐也必有苦,然苦能生乐,又何苦之有?
都找到了吗?这篇文章中的并列提示词就是起始段的“三乐”,以及二三四段的“一曰释疑之乐,二曰启思之乐,三曰神游之乐。”如果托福听力题目这么容易的话,我们就要偷着乐了。实际考试考点会稍作设计,没有这么容易判断,BUT,一般在要出双选题的地方,也会像这篇文章一样,有比较明显的总领句,如there be结构:There are several reasons;或省略there be:Two changes took place.然后下面再分述2-3个理由/变化。我们需要抓住的正是there be后面的“一曰,二曰,三曰”。可托福听力中可不一定有“一二三”,那我们就来看一下There be后列举的几种正常与非正常打开方式。
1)“First”列举后必跟第二点并列
正常打开:Second
非正常打开:now, OK, Next, And, also, the important aspect
最常见的分述方式就是列举了,说话人为了使自己的语言也有逻辑性,往往会在总领句后用first来表述第一点理由,我们首先抓住这一点。比如31-1中解释教授讲课顺序的理由时:“Now, there are some very good reasons to approach the material in this way. First, well, we don't have very much ancient Greek music studied. Only about 45 pieces survived uh...these are mostly records of poems and songs.” 随着叙述的推进,说话人可能忘记用计数表示列举,而改用其他代表说话逻辑的词来引出第二点理由“What we do know about - and this really is the most important reason I am approaching today's lecture the way I am - is the Greek philosophy about music and its continuing influence on western attitudes toward music. ” 虽然从结构上来说好像并不对称,但事实上应该被我们采用为答案。
锁定这两处并列提示词,我们看到题目时,就可以锁定答案了:
What two reasons does the professor give for approaching the lecture material as he does? 【Click on 2 answers】
A. we have a limited idea of what ancient Greek music sounded like
B. the Greek philosophy of music influenced western thought
C. Greek music shared many characteristics with other types of ancient music
D. Greek melodies were admired by musicians from other countries
2)“One is” 后面必出现第二点并列
正常打开:the other is
非正常打开:夹杂混淆视听的其他并列词,而隐藏考点并列词
有同学提问说:既然有无用的并列词,那笔记应该怎么记呢?
? 答:在看到题目之前,凡并列词都需要记录,格外注重自问自答/师生问答。
比如:22-3中的一题
According to theprofessor, what are the two main goals of Pleistocene rewinding? 【 Click on 2 answers】
A. To restore some evolutionary processes that ended during the Pleistocene epoch
B. To help prevent the extinction of certain species of megafauna
C. To increase populations of native animal species in the western United States
D. To create a living laboratory where animal interactions can be observed
就是采取正常引入方式:“Now, the advocates of Pleistocene rewilding cite two main goals. One is to help prevent the extinction of some endangered megafauna by providing new refuges, new habitats for them. The other is to restore some of the evolutionary and ecological potential that has been lost in North America.”
而32-4中的这题就“不太正常”:
According to the professor, what interior features of the house Irwin designed were especially beneficial? [Choose two answers]
A. Circular rooms with windows in the ceiling
B. Floors that were easy to clean
C. A large, spacious common area
D. A single-fireplace system that heated the entire house
其中有提示词提领的地方比较好判断“Yeah. The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal, six-sided. Hen. So one important thing was that the rooms were arranged around a chimney in the center of the house, which could provide heat for the whole house through flues, uh, small air passageways into each room, as opposed to having a fireplace in every room, which would require more cleaning and make the air inside the house dirtier.“
而另一处答案点则隐藏在后面的一处师生问答处
“Professor:OK. Think about cleaning. What part of a room is usually the hardest to clean? Like...to sweep with a broom.
Student:Oh! The corners. Because in square or rectangular rooms, the corners are at 90 degree angles. It’s hard to reach all the dust that gathers in the corners. But if Irwin's rooms were closer to a circle than a square, it would be easier to reach all the dust and dirt with a broom. Right?
Professor:Exactly.”
二、进阶:对比型双选
解题关键:对比形容词
在听到有对比形容词的时候,如Traditional- unconventional,如Large-small ,往往代表两种性质相反的事物A,B,就会出现考察这两种事物A,B特性的双选题。如27-3中的一题,Compared to small animals, what disadvantages do large animals typically have? Click on 2 answers
A. large animals require more food
B. large animals have fewer offspring
C. large animals use relatively more energy in digesting their food
D. large animals have greater difficulty staying warm
题干中就出现“small animal”和“large animal”的明显对比,而原文中则通过“fewer”“more”的数量对比来引出考点:“Biologically speaking, sauropods shouldn’t have been successful. Large animals like elephants, say, they require much more food and energy and have fewer offspring than smaller animals.”
三、高阶:无明显提示词,练就排除易混选项的火眼金睛
这种情况下的双选即无明显提示词,选项答案点在原文中分布也相对分散,给我们的判断造成了很大的困难。这时,除了在听文章时要通过我们在细节题中所提到的其他重点提示词来提炼信息,更需要在解题时通过选项中的“蛛丝马迹”,来帮助我们排出正确选项,提高答题的正确率。
比如32-C1中的这题:
What does the woman suggest the man should do to have the best chance of selling his book to the bookstore? [Choose two answers]
A. Ask his professor if the same book will be used next semester
B. Sell the book back as soon as the buyback period begins
C. Make sure the book is in good condition
D. Bring the original sales receipt with the book
我们暂且不看原文,而从题干和选项所呈现的事实中来判断。这篇提问男生如何才能有“best chance”向书店卖出他的书(此处是二手书),best chance就限定我们一定要选出一个“机会最大”的选项,也就意味着要有比较的可能性,才有最高级。逐个看选项:A.问教授是否下学期还会用同样的书。做题时可以自问:如果下学期还用一样的书,男生的机率就最大了吗?相比较其他同学卖二手书的同学,他有何优势呢?并没有。再看B.趁回购期一开始就来卖。这里就具备了比较的条件,时间“先”“后”,比别人早来,可以更快卖出书。C呢,书保存得很完好。此处的比较是书的状态“好”“坏”的对比,有对比,就有突出的可能。比别人书的状态好,就能更快卖出。所以C也说得通。D.附上书的发票。这个可以是buyback的一个必须条件,但体现不出差别,因为别的同学也可以把发票带来。
托福听力:听力中常见的惯用语
大家都知道,每一门语言里都有着数不清的习语和一些比较地道的用法。一些惯用语(Idioms)如果单纯按照字面意思来理解的话,往往会和说话者的真实意图南辕北辙,特别是作为一名正在学习英语的“歪果仁”,仅仅靠字面直译的意思来理解一些表达可能会闹出笑话。
举个栗子,某天,你有一件事情需要麻烦你的朋友,你朋友欣然接受了你的请求并帮助了你。你表示万分感谢,这时候你朋友大度地说:“It’s okay, you’ve scratched my back plenty of times”。如果你只知知道scratch someone’s back 是给某人挠背的意思的话,此时此刻的你一定是一脸黑人问号的怀疑人生,并且用力思索自己到底什么时候给他挠过背。其实,这个短语的意思就是预支自己对他人的帮忙,以防日后不时之需时可以有人情债可收,也就是中文中常说的投(qian)桃(zhai)报(huan)李(qian)。
通过这个例子我们可以发现,和中文一样,英文中也有数量众多的idioms,如果望文生义,可能就会产生歧义,引起误会,在托福听力中尤为如此。平日多积累一些地道的惯用语和表达方式,不但能够帮助我们理解文章,更会在考到一些惯用语和特殊表达的题目时,内心像抽到SSR一样激动万分啊有木有!那么今天,就由我来给大家梳理托福听力中出现过的那些“土掉渣”的地道英语表达。
1.all over the place:乱七八糟的;到处都是
Paraphrase: completely disorganized or confused
TPO: T13L2 – Ecology
Yeah,well, there used to be beavers all over the place, something like 200 million beavers, just in the continental United States.
这里曾经到处都是海狸,大概有200万只生活在美洲大陆上。
2.all the rag:风靡一时
Paraphrase: popular or fashionable at the moment
TPO: T30L4 – Music History
Before long, Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US.
不久,夏威夷吉他就在美国本土风靡起来。
3.at odd:争执;不一致
Paraphrase: cannot agree or argue with someone
TPO: T4L2 – Literature
They try to fit in with the rest of the world even though it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities.
他们正努力融入世界,尽管他们和世界其他地方有着不同的身份和信仰。
Tips: at odds是争执、不一致的意思,应该把它作为一个整体来熟悉和运用。odd可以当形容词,意意思是奇数的;古怪的;剩余的;临时的;零散的;也可当名词,意思是:奇数;怪人;奇特的事物;
如:Although it sounded odd, this is the only way to describe this behavior.
虽然听起来很奇怪,但是这是描述这一行为的唯一方法。
It's not as though, oh, today is odd but maybe tomorrow it will be even.
并不是说今天它是奇数,明天就是偶数了。
而odds 只能当名词,意思是:几率;胜算;不平等;差别
如:Sure, you can raise money but the odds of getting venture capital are high.
当然了,你可以筹集资金,但是风险投资的几率也是非常高的。
4.be that as it may:即使如此,尽管那样; 话虽如此
Paraphrase: even so, even now
TPO: T3L3 – Art History
But be that as it may, whatever the exact date, whether it's 15,000, 20,000or 30,000 years ago, the Chauvet paintings are from the dawn of art.
尽管如此,无论准确的日期是哪天,哪怕是在15000、0还是300前,肖维岩洞的壁画都被认为是艺术的开端。
5.do the trick:奏效,成功
Paraphrase: go places, make a hit
TPO: T19C1 – Student & Professor
Yeah,I can see how that might do the trick. But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory.Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.
是的,我已经看到效果了,但是,我还是想问一下,当你提到game theory的时候,我是有一定的了解,但是我不知道这个理论是如何运用在生物学中的。
6.down the drain:浪费掉;徒劳;堕落
Paraphrase: wasted or produces no results
TPO: T4C2 – Student & Professor
I know, but I didn’t want to risk the project going down the drain.
我知道,但是我不能让这个项目冒功亏一篑的风险。
7.drop in the bucket:沧海一粟,九牛一毛,杯水车薪
Paraphrase: something is so small that it won't make any noticeable difference.
TPO: T12L4 – Environmental Science
It can generate 194 megawatts of electric power, but that’s just a drop in the bucket.
它能产生194兆瓦的电量,但是也是杯水车薪。
8.for the birds:毫无意义的
Paraphrase: worthless or ridiculous
TPO: T8L1 – Animal Behavior
Studies have been done on the reproductive success rates for the birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas – the preferred and the second choice habitat.
关于繁殖的成功率的研究结论是毫无价值的,结果令人震惊地表明,繁殖的成功率在首选和第二选择的栖息地中本质上是一样的
9.from scratch:白手起家,从头做起
Paraphrase: from the beginning
TPO: T4C2 – Student & Professor
But we've got all the sources and its due next week. We don’t have time to start from scratch.
但是我们已经找好各种资料了,截止日期是下周,我们已经没有时间重新来过了。
10.get a handle on:控制,掌握,驾驭,左右
Paraphrase: get something under control
TPO: T25L4 – Animal Behavior
Apparently,it also contributes to the development of a brain that's flexible, a brain that's quickly able toget a handle on unfamiliar situations.
很显然,它对大脑灵活、快速的适应陌生环境有着重要帮助。
11.heavenly body:天体
Paraphrase: planet
TPO: T18L1 – Astronomy
That's because of their belief at the time that the heavenly bodies, the Sun,Moon,Stars and Planets, were perfect, without any flaws or blemishes.
这是因为他们坚信所有的行星,太阳,月亮等等,都是完美无瑕的。
12.high and low:到处
Paraphrase:everywhere
TPO: T5C1 – Student & Counselor at the University Counseling Center
And it so happened that the cellist graduated last year. They’ve been searching high and low for a replacement, someone with experience.
大提琴手去年毕业了,他们到处寻找有经验的接班人。
13.how come:为什么,怎么会
Paraphrase: disbelief or surprise
TPO:T26L3 – Astronomy
I mean, how come Halley’s is still there? After four and a half billion years. How could it be?
我意思是,经过了45亿年哈雷彗星怎么还在那,怎么可能?
14.let alone:更不必说;不打扰
Paraphrase: to say nothing of…
TPO: T22L2 – Astronomy
we know the Sun’s current rate of mass loss, but if we assume that this rate has been steady over the last four billion years, the young Sun wouldn’t have been massive enough to have warmed Earth, let aloneMars, not enough to have caused liquid water.
我们知道太阳现在质量在衰减,如果我们假设太阳质量衰减的速度是恒定的,那么经过40亿年,太阳将不再有足够的质量给地球提供热量,更不用说火星了,这些热量都不够形成液态水。
15.off the hook:摆脱困境;脱身
Paraphrase: avoid sth.
TPO: T15C2 – Student & Biology Professor
And that's supposed to be a quiet environment? Not exactly. My brother and parents try to keep it down when I am studying, but the phone pretty much rings off the hook, so ...
本该是一个很安静的环境吧?事实却不是这样,在我学习的时候都爸爸和哥哥放低声音,但是电话却响个不停。
16.pros and cons:利弊
Paraphrase: advantages & disadvantages
TPO: The question is how. I mean no one really thinks that, say a bee goes through weighing the pros and cons of pollinating this flower or that flower.
问题在于怎样做到的。没有人会认为蜜蜂给花朵授粉的时候会去权衡一下这朵花和那朵花的利弊。
17.put two and two together:根据事实推理
Paraphrase: reach acorrect conclusion from the evidence; making inference
TPO: T3L4 – Astronomy
Sohe put two and two together, and decided there was an element in the sun that hadn’t been discovered here on the earth yet.
所以他根据现有情况推断,太阳里有一种元素是我们至今都没有发现的。
18.rule of thumb:经验法则
Paraphrase: approximately
TPO: T2C1 – Student & Professor
.. like your parents. That’s usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this?
例如你的父母。按我的经验我会问一句,我的父母能理解吗?
19.spot on:完全正确
Paraphrase: exactly right
TPO:T29L4 – Structural Engineering
There’sa reason I mentioned that figure of 36,000 kilometers. That’s about how high an object would have to be orbiting straight up from the equator to constantly remain directly above the exact same spot on the rotating planet Earth.
就像我刚提到的,36000公里是近地同步卫星的最低轨道高度。
20.take for granted:认为…理所当然
Paraphrase: assume sth.Is real for sure
TPO: T24L3 – Archeology
Today we take for granted that there horizontal bands of plant communities.
今天我们认为植物带的水平分布是理所当然的。
21.tall order:离谱的要求,苛求
Paraphrase: hard to achieve or fulfill
TPO: T5C2 – Student & Professor
It's still a pretty tall order, and we will be moving right along, so you will really need to stay on top of it.
这始终是个苛刻的要求,我们要一直保持前进,你就必须保持在巅峰状态。
22.tongue in cheek:不是认真的,虚情假意的
Paraphrase:not seriously
TPO:T12L1 – Biology
That's the so-called JUNK DNA. Though the word junk is used sort of tongue in cheek.
这就是所谓的“无用DNA”,不过junk一词在这里有点嘲弄的意思。
篇8:托福备考只要做到这3件事
托福备考只要做到这3件事 冲刺100+高分就有把握
托福备考需要完整细致的学习计划
托福备考中能够保证高分的基础就在于一个有条理有细节的合理备考计划。学习计划大家应该都会有,但够不够全面细节安排是否到位可能就有待商榷了。很多同学的备考计划其实可能只有明天学什么明天学什么,或者是这个礼拜要做什么这个月要怎么练这类只有目标没有具体实施安排的粗略计划。而想要获得托福高分靠着这种计划是行不通的。小编认为考生的备考计划需要有明确的规划目标,无论短期还是长期都要有,比如这个月具体需要做到哪些事情,这个礼拜要练好什么题型等等。另外备考计划还需要添加充分的细节,比如每天学习大概花多少小时做哪些题目,或是需要练习几篇作文背几个LIST的词汇等等。备考计划的细节越是丰富,考生执行这些计划才能更有目标性,达成目标以后也会更有成就感,这样的备考计划才能够帮助大家通过较为长期的备考最终收获一份满意的成果。
托福备考需要学应试技巧
托福考试虽然考察的是大家的英语语言能力,但说到底毕竟还是一门考试,而既然是考试那就一定有应对的技巧。托福考试的备考过程中,考生主要花时间掌握和提升的其实就是这些应试技巧。应试技巧种类很多,有些是为了帮助大家在限时内做完题目的技巧,比如阅读提速或者快速解答时某些难题;有些则是让考生能够更好发挥出自身实力的临场技巧,比如面对难题的猜题还有保持整体答题节奏以及随时调整心理状态等等;还有一些则是针对不同考试科目具体题型的快速解题且能够保证正确率的技巧。无论是哪方面的技巧,考生都需要在托福备考中通过各种训练方式来学习和熟练,并在考试中把这些技巧灵活运用出来。因此,大家在备考过程中,对于技巧的学习才是备考的重点所在。
考前阶段一定要做好充分准备
可能大家都知道,备考中积累的实力只是考生能够获得理想成绩的一个重要因素,而考生能否发挥出这些实力则需要看大家的考场实战发挥也就是临场表现。很多同学备考做了很多时间准备也比较到位,但到了考场上因为各种原因没能发挥出实力,本来能做对的题目都做错,这样也是无法获得高分的。因此,小编认为考生需要提前积累足够的实战经验,而这部分的工作就需要大家在考试临近的考前阶段来做好了。具体的包括一些考场上的应试经验,应对各种考场突发状况和外界干扰的策略措施,还有考前前往考场熟悉交通线路踩点确保能够准时到场的种.种准备等等。考生只有在考前事无巨细地做足功课,才能保证考场上万无一失的顺利发挥,而能够做好这些考前准备的同学,距离托福高分也就不会远了。
总而言之,托福考试的备考过程中虽然看似大家要做的事情千头万绪,但考生需要关注的大方向其实并不算多,大家如果能够做好本文中提到的这三件事,那么冲刺托福高分100+其实也并不会太难,最后小编祝大家托福备考顺利,考试成功拿下满意分数。
托福语法中介词to的常见用法
1介词to的常见用法
1.动词+to
a)动词+ to
adjust to适应,attend to处理;照料,agree to赞同,amount to加起来达…,belong to属于,come to达到,drink to为…干杯,get to到达,happen to发生在某人身上,hold to紧握,lead to通向,listen to听,occur to想起,object to反对,point to指向,respond to回答,refer to参考;指的是…;涉及,reply to回答,see to负责,stick to坚持,turn to求助,write to给某人写信。
b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.
announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。
c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.
add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to
be alive to觉察;晓得,be attentive to注意;留心,be awake to知晓,be blind to缺乏眼光,be close to紧挨着,be common to对某人来说很普通,be contrary to违反;反对,be devoted to致力,be deaf to不愿意听,be exposed to暴露;遭受,be fair to对…公平,be familiar to对某人来说熟悉,be grateful to对某人心存感激,be good to对…有好处,be harmful to对…有危害,be important to对…重要,be kind to友好对待,be known to周知于,be married to嫁给,be moved to转移到,be near to靠近,be necessary to对…有必要,be opposite to在对面,be opposed to反对,be pleasant to合某人之意,be polite to礼貌待人,be rude to粗暴对待,be relative to与…有关,be strange to不习惯,be similar to类似,be suitable to适合,be true to忠实,be thankful to感激,be useful to对…有用,be used to习惯。
3.to+名词构成的词组
to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止,to one's feet跳起来,to one's mind照…看来, to one's surprise使…吃惊,to one's taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地
托福语法:定冠词the的省略
不用the(走冠词)的情形如下:
1 除上述情况外,不用在地名或人名之前。
2 除用于特指含义外,不用在抽象名词之前:
Men fear death.
人怕死。
The death of the Prime Minister left his party without a leader.
首相一死,他的党派就群龙无首了。
3 不用在所有格名词或所有格形容词之前:
the boy’s uncle= the uncle of the boy这个男孩的叔叔
It is my(blue) book.相当于:
The(blue)book is mine.
这(蓝皮)书是我的。
4 不用在三餐名称之前(但参见第3节C):
The Scots have porridge for breakfast.
苏格兰人早餐吃麦片粥。
The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.
婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。
5 不用在体育项目的名称之前:
He plays golf.
他打高尔夫球。
6 不用在表示身体各部位或服装的各部分名称之前,这里通常用其所有格形式:
Raise your right hand.
举起你的右手。
He took off his coat.
他脱掉了大衣。
但应注意以下说法:
She seized the child’s collar.
她抓住孩子的衣领。
I patted his shoulder.
我轻轻地拍了拍他的肩膀。
The brick hit John’s face.
砖头打在约翰的脸上。
这三个句子也可以换一个方法来说:
She seized the child by the collar.
她抓住孩子的衣领。
I patted him on the shoulder.
我轻轻地拍了拍他的肩膀。
The brick hit John in the face.
砖头打在约翰的脸上。
用被动式表示时也与此相似:
He was hit on the head.
他被击中头部。
He was cut in the hand.
他的手割破了。
注意在有些欧洲语言中定冠词可以用在不定的复数名词之前,而英语中绝不可以那样用:
Women are expected to like babies.
妇女被当成是该喜欢小孩的。(指一般妇女)
Big hotels all over the world are very much the same.
世界各地的大饭店都很相像。
在上述第一个例子中,如果在women之前加上the,就表明是特指某一部分妇女。
C nature指自然界(动植物等的世界)的创造之灵和原动力时,之前不使用the:
If you interfere with nature you will suffer for it.
谁干扰大自然,就要承受恶果。
托福语法:一般将来时用法
A 表示说话人对于将来的看法、假定和推测的句子中常由动词assume,be afraid,be/feel sure, believe, daresay, doubt, expect,hope,know,suppose,think,wonder等来引导或与副词per-haps,possibly,probably,surely等连用,但也可以不用这些副词:
(I’m sure)he’ll come back.
(我肯定)他会回来。
(I suppose)they’ll sell the house.
(我想)他们要卖房子。
(Perhaps)we’ll find him at the hotel.
(也许)我们会在旅馆里找到他。
They’ll(probably)wait for us.
他们(很可能)要等我们。
一般将来时可以与时间连用,也可以不连用。这里有时也可以用 be going to,但后一种用法使动作的可能性显得更大些,而且如果没有时间时动作可能会发生得更快些。
He’ll build a house(他要盖房子)仅意指这是我的看法而不含有什么时候开始盖房子的概念。
但 He’s going to build a house(他打算盖房子)则意指他已经做出决定,很可能不久将着手盖。
B 同样,一般将来时用来表示通常认为将要有的习惯性动作:
Spring will come again.
春天将重返人间。
Birds will build nests.
鸟要筑巢。
People will make plans.
人们将制订计划。
Other men will climb these stairs and sit at my desk.
其他人会爬上这些楼梯,坐在我的桌旁。
(以上各句中也可分别用will be coming/building/making/climbing/sitting。)
C 一般将来时常用在带条件从句、时间从句的句子中,有时用在带目的从句的句子中:
If I drop this glass it will break.
如果我把这个杯子掉到地上,它就会摔碎。(参见第221节。)
When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt.
天气变暖时,雪开始融化。(参见第342节。)
I’m putting this letter on top of the pile so that he’ll read it first.
我把这封信放在那堆上面,这样他就会先看它。(参见第336节。)注意:在if从句或时间从句中,即使句子是指将来,也不用将来时:
He will probably be late.
他很可能要迟到。
但是说:
If he is late…
如果他迟到……
It will get warmer soon.
天气很快会变得暖和起来。
但是说:
When it gets warmer…
在天气变暖和的时候……
D 各助动词及表示感觉、感情、思想以及占有等概念的动词一般不能用进行时态。(参见第168节。)它们通常用一般将来时表示将来,虽然有时也可以用 be going to形式。这些动词自然也不用现在进行时表示将来:
He’ll be here at six.
他将在6点钟到这里。
You’ll have time for tea.
你会有时间吃茶点的。
She’ll wonder where you are.
她会纳闷你在什么地方。
They’ll know tonight.
今晚他们会知道。
E 一般将来时也用于关于将来计划的正式宣布及天气预报。这主要用于报纸和新闻广播中。在会话中这种陈述常会用现在进行时或 be going to结构来表示:
Newspaper:The President will open the new heliport tomorrow.
新闻:明天总统将主持新直升机机场的开幕典礼。
The fog will persist in all areas.
各地区仍将持续有雾。
但一般读者及听者自己会这样说:
The President is going to open/is opening…
总统将主持……
The fog is going to persist/continue…
大雾仍将持续/延续……
F won’t可以与各种人称连用,表示否定的意向。所以He won’t pay(他不会付钱)可能是下面两种意思中的任何一种:他拒绝付钱或我认为他不会付钱。
I/we will可表达肯定的意向(参见第 201节),但是 he/you/they will一般不表示意向。在下面这种句子中它们有时可能表示意向,如 My son/brother/husband etc.will help you(我的儿子/兄弟/丈夫等会帮助你的)。但这种意图是说话人的,而不是主语的。
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