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托福阅读中的倒装句

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以下是小编帮大家整理的托福阅读中的倒装句，本文共6篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

托福阅读中的倒装句

篇1：托福阅读中的倒装句

托福阅读之所以让同学们苦恼，除了托福阅读词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，我们必须迅速把握其主干和重点，下面介绍的倒装句便是如此。来看看吧!

托福阅读中的倒装句整理

托福阅读中的倒装句主要有下列情况：

1.方位副词放在句首

Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。

2.介词放在句首

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate， lay eggs， and rear their young are common murres， Atlantic puffins， black-legged kittiwakes， and northern gannets。

3. 形容词放在句首

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well： that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。

4.过去分词放在句首

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been， in the full sense of the word， silent。

5.现在分词放在句首

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate， or transitional， between land mammals and cetaceans。

句子倒装的目的主要有两个：

一是被提前的部分被强调，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前，是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡，否则将导致头重脚轻的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例，按照正常语序应该是：Fossils clearly intermediate， or transitional， between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕，因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans)，而谓语部分were missing until recently较短，容易造成头重脚轻的效果。第五句将missing提前，避免了这一现象。

托福阅读中为了考试时能迅速把握句子的主干，大家需要进行更多的阅读和分析，每种托福阅读难句类型都有一定的练习，在不断的练习中自己总结不同类型文章的行文思路，不同类型考题的答题技巧，练得多了考试时就能驾轻就熟了。

托福阅读中常见的八个问题

1、如何合理利用技巧完成托福阅读?

参加托福考试的考试一般集中在高中生、大学生，词汇量在四五千左右，他们在接触托福阅读的时候会遇到很多生词，尤其是分门别类的学科词汇，分为地理、天文、生物学、动物学四大块，学员就会有很多的误解，到底应该掌握多少词汇才能做好托福阅读。其实只要确定好中心词汇和构架词汇的区别，对学科词汇只需要认知，对构架词汇需要熟知。在技巧中只需要通过分解句型，由于托福阅读特别长，每个都是长连句分析，把它按照逻辑分解之后，按照关键词，找到重点部分，最后找到简洁的出题主干，就很容易理解了。

2、在读托福阅读的文章时应该采用什么顺序和方法?

读文章一般都是先看题目再读文章。看题目的话，托福和雅思的区别就在于要我们自己去定位，因为每个题目都是按照文章的顺序顺延下来的，只是在最后一个小结题目的时候需要翻开前面的文章，重点读每一段的首末句找到它。

3、平时再教学中，学生做托福阅读题目时有什么常见的误区吗?

大多数学生的问题都在于对句子的理解，尤其是复合句，学生无法理解整个句子，而是会按照个别的单次来分散，造成句子理解的中断。我们在教导的时候会把句子分解，让学生去看句子的构架，这样学生去找主干的话就会容易的多了。由于托福阅读中，一长段的内容实际上有效信息并不多，要从中找出有效信息就需要对句型有了解，只看独立的词就无法理解意思。

4、托福阅读是需要六级以上的词汇量才能得到相对较高的分数吗?为什么?

学生考过六级之后不一定能在托福上获得高分，六级和托福的考试还是有非常大的区别。六级的词汇量是考托福起码的一个基础。因为六级背诵的大多数是构架词汇，这些是需要熟练的。如果有六级词汇的基础，后续学习中基础提高也会比较快。

5、对于基础较差的学生，或者是词汇量不足的高中生，如何学习托福去拿到一个较好的分数?

现在教研组也开发出了针对不同学生所需要的词表，词汇会划分等级层层递进，我们现在也已经开始对学生实行，效果也很好。

6、那对于基础较差的学生，需要他们词汇量增加到六级的程度，是否也会比较困难?

也不会很难。词表设计十分合理，每一级别都是考试中经常出现的高频词汇，我们也会让学生每天掌握一定的量，学生如果能按照老师的要求每天完成，进展还是很快的。

7、近期的托福阅读考试趋势如何?

最近考试可能会出现一些经济类、美国国家文化、城市类的比较多，通过最近几次的考试也能看出这些内容以前都有涉及到，现在渐渐地考试中出现多了，像考古学现在也有出现，这些类型的文章对学生的难度也会比较大，对学生熟悉度较低，尤其像考古学的内容会涉及到专业性的词汇，这些词汇会有很基础的构架，我们会让学生记下来，这样答题也会比较容易。

8、对于近期要准备托福考试的学生，是否有建议?

建议学生正式备考的时间不超过三个月。考试前还是希望同学不要浮躁，按照老师的要求去专心备考，不要有特别多的侥幸心理。有同学可能觉得选择题可以按照所谓的技巧去蒙题猜题。我们确实是有给到一些很便捷的猜测题目方法，但是如果在考试时间比较充裕的前提下，还是安心备考，从最基础的学起，学习必要词汇，分析文章的方法，培养成一个良好的阅读习惯。

托福阅读真题1

The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.

In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.

The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.

After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The woman also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.

1. Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage

mainly discuss?

(A) Methods of food preservation

(B) How diet was restricted by the environment

(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms

2. The word unique in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) comprehensible

(B) productive

(D) particular

3. The word attained in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) achieved

(B) modified

(D) spread

4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is

(A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers

(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers

(D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers

5. According to the passage , what is true of the division of labor mentioned in line 5?

(A) It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast.

(B) It rarely existed among hunting

other peoples.

(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples.

6. The word abundant in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) prosperous

(B) plentiful

(D) fundamental

7. All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they

(A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish

(B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did

(D) prepared and preserved the fish

8. The word They in line 16 refers to

(A) women

(B) tools

(D) men

9. The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to

(A) store utensils used in food preparation

(B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling

(D) prepare elaborate meals

10. The wore peculiar in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) strange

(B) distinctive

(D) biological

11. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT that it

was

(A) made from fish

(B) not actually cheese

(D) made in a short period of time

PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB D

托福阅读真题2

According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.

In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930's. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.

The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week

(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week

(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution

2. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century

(A) remained constant

(B) decreased slightly

(D) increased significantly

3. The word norm in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) minimum.

(B) example

(D) standard

4. The word henceforth in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) in the end

(B) for a brief period

(D) on occasion

5. The idea mentioned in line 15 refers to

(A) the 60-hour workweek

(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles

(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse

6. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the

United States during the 1930's?

(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.

(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.

(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.

7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of

1938 ?

(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages

(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek

(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek

8. The word mandated in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) required

(B) recommended

(D) considered

9. The word immutable in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) unmatched

(B) irregular

(D) unchangeable

10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has

been declining since the nineteenth century?

(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)

(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)

(D) German metalworkers (line 21)

11. According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average

annual amount of work to

(A) 1,646 hours

(B) 1,800 hours

(D) 2,088 hours

PASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB

篇2：托福写作如何用好倒装句

托福写作如何用好倒装句?完全倒装句式改写技巧实例讲解

托福写作完全倒装句式改写技巧实例讲解

1. here, there, now, then等副词引导的句子，通常称作把时间状语，地点状语提前的倒装句，其谓语动词通常跟在时间or地点状语之后。

A controversy whether starting school day early is a better choice appears then.

变成：

Then appears a controversy whether starting school day early is a better choice.

In the urban cities, an increasing number of ambitious youngsters who attempt to earn a better living live there.

变成：

In the urban cities, there live an increasing number of ambitious youngsters who attempt to earn a better living.

2. 为了使描述的景象更生动，常把拟声词或away, in, out, up, down等状语放在句首，从而引起主谓全部倒装。

Down it fell from the apple tree.

The door opened, in rush the crowed.

Up went the arrow

总结1,2： here, there/now, then/in, out/up, down/ away + 谓语动词 + 主语

3. 句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也完全倒装: 地点状语+谓语+主语

很多工厂位于都市。

Many factories lie in urban cities.

变成：

In urban cities lie many factories.

越来越多的学生在美国学习，为了更先进的教育体系和多元文化。

Students in a growing number study in America, for advanced educational system and diversified culture.

变成：

In America study students in a growing number, for advanced educational system and diversified culture.

更多的市民选择住在在他们老了以后住小城市。

More citizens choose to live in a small town when they grow older.

变成：

In a small town choose to live more citizens, when they grow older.

更多的年轻人选待在家里放松。

Many more young people stay at home for relaxation.

变成：

At home stay many young people for relaxation.

4. 表语放在句首，倒装结构采用：“表语+ 系动词 + 主语”

1)形容词+系动词+主语:

大学生很担忧他们未来的职业发展，使他们找各种兼职工作希望去尽可能多的培养技能。

College students are anxious about their future career development, leading them to take various different part-time jobs with the hoping to cultivate techniques as many as possible.

变为：

Anxious about their future career development are college students, leading them to take various different part-time jobs with the hoping to cultivate techniques as many as possible.

2)现在/过去分词+系动词+主语：

中国正发生巨大的变化。

The dramatic change is taking place in China.

变成：

Taking place in China is the dramatic change.

7-12岁的小孩上不了小学的现象已经一去不复返了。

The phenomena that many kids aging from 7 to 12 years old cannot attend primary schools are gone.

变成：

Gone are the phenomena that many kids aging from 7 to 12 years old cannot attend primary schools.

发展中和发达国家都遭受了前所未有的经济危机。

Both developing and developed countries are confronted with an unprecedented economic crisis.

变成：

Confronted with an unprecedented economic crisis are both developing and developed countries.

目前学校基础设施的质量正在经历巨大的提升。

The quality of infrastructure facilities in current schools is experiencing a huge improvement

变成：

Experiencing a huge improvement is the quality of infrastructure facilities in current universities.

日渐衰败的传统企业处于激烈的竞争市场中。

Traditional enterprises of gradual dilapidation is involved in the market of fierce competition

变成：

Involved in the market of fierce competition is traditional enterprises of gradual dilapidation.

3)介词 + 系动词 + 主语：

由睡眠不足引起的劳累和注意力不集中是导致交通事故的主要因素。

The fatigue and distraction caused by inadequate sleep are among the main contributors to traffic accidents.

变成：

Among the main contributors to traffic accidents are the fatigue and distraction caused by inadequate sleep.

提升教师的工资是提升教学效率最重要的因素的之一。

Increasing teachers’ salaries is one of the most indispensable methods to facilitate the improvement of teaching efficiency.

变成：

Among the most indispensable methods to facilitate the improvement of teaching efficiency is increasing teachers’ salaries.

托福写作解析:Children and sports

托福写作题目：

Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

参考分析：

优点：对身体健康有好处;有助于培养与人和睦相处的能力;缺点：耽误学习，instant pleasure costs long-term benefits.

花很长时间搞体育的优点

(1)身体健康

(2)促进团队精神

(3)交很多朋友

花很长时间搞体育的缺点：耽误学习

参考范文：

Children and sports

Currently some young children spend a great amount of their time in practicing sports. Most parents feel quite happy because sports are good for their kids' development and team work spirit,however they are quite worried about some negative effects such as practicing sports occupies too much time, distracts their attentions on school work and loses certain interests on other activities. In my opinion, everything has its good side and bad side. The important thing is to handle it properly.

Admittedly, practicing sports can help children's physical development, which makes them grow faster and stronger than before. As we know, during children's development periods, especially from 10 to 16 years old, sports are really helpful for children to develop. Sports can create a strong body that reduces the possibility of contracting some diseases easily. Definitely we believe that children benefit from sports.

Another good thing is that sports teach us to learn how to corporate with other members in a team. Most sports are team work. If we want to play them well, we must master some skills to care about what our team members are thinking and how to adapt each other to achieve a common goal. Sports are not an individual activity, it needs corporation and mutual understanding. This is not easy to master. Of course, for parents they are delightful to see their children to get this skill from sports.

托福备考之独立写作满分范文

task：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? dancing plays an important role in a culture. use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

托福备考之独立写作满分范文：

Around the world, people gather to explore their emotions through dance. the dances are created as part of celebrations, as religious services, as preparation for challenging hunts and warfare and to express sorrow (less often than the other situations). indeed, dance does play an important role within a culture and reveals a wide range of information about the characteristics of a culture. three of the most revealing aspects of dance are the nature of the culture’s symbols and art forms revealed in costumes and equipment, the body language (moves and gestures) which give information about social contact behaviors and frequently the style of preferred music for the culture. Ethnic dances, and certainly popular dancing, anywhere around the world have associated preferences for costumes and special clothing. through dancing, the participants are able to reveal and express their chosen role in the garments they choose; social roles in the dance are shown public ally to the observers as well as the other dancers. frequently dancers utilize objects like swords or sticks or hoops or musical instruments to further reveal information about their role in the social story portrayed in the dance. items such as special headwear and jewelry are further examples of the garments that in general express preferences and culturally significant details about the particular culture.

Dancers, by the very nature of the activity, physically express beliefs and attitudes associated with their specific culture. in many dances the participants are modeling typical activities of their culture and thus imparting instructions and historical information to the audience. in other dances, one can see expressions of deep emotion: love, worship, grief, strength, anger, etc. and thus obtain clues about the inner feelings of the culture’s individuals. dance provides an opportunity for others to witness some of the special behaviors associated with activities in the culture. also, dance is a (usually) public statement so that observers can see how members of the culture treat those who are older members of the opposite sex, more respected members, etc.

The third aspect of dance that reveals much about a culture is the music or singing that is typically a part of the event. observers can see evidence of the of the types of instruments characteristics of the culture, and who plays these instruments as well as how they are used --instruments may be associated only with special events and thus transmit valuable cultural information. frequently singing is part of a dance program, and again an observer has an opportunity to observe who is singing and the nature of the voices. i found this aspect of dance particularly fascinating during a brief time i spent in a rural village in zimbabwe a few years ago.

Dancing is indeed a very important aspect of any culture. it provides a communal opportunity for members of the culture to artistically express emotions while acting out typical activities and concerns in their world. for outsider observers, many valuable details about the culture are revealed.

篇3：托福阅读：5种不同倒装句的解析

托福阅读之所以成为部分同学的绊脚石，除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。托福阅读中的难句主要有定语从句、同位语、并列结构、倒装句等等，对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。下面来看看倒装句的解析。

托福阅读：5种不同倒装句的解析

托福阅读中的倒装句主要有下列情况：

1.方位副词放在句首

Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。

2.介词放在句首

3.形容词放在句首

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well： that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。

4.过去分词放在句首

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been， in the full sense of the word， silent。

5.现在分词放在句首

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate， or transitional， between land mammals and cetaceans。

句子倒装的目的主要有两个：

新托福阅读背景知识：太空城休士顿

太空城

休士顿

休士顿是美国的第五大都市，人类第一次登上月球的阿波罗飞船11号就在这里升空，因而使它也成为全球闻名的城镇。这一城镇是在1836年当德克萨斯州自墨西哥获得独立时，随之而诞生。

通往墨西哥湾的休士顿港，是美国第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油产品，其数量占全美第一位。

自从美国国家航空太空总署NASA在近效设置太空中心以来，休士顿正在继续不断地急速发展。

阿斯托洛圆顶运动场Astrodome

耗资3，100万美元，于1965年兴建完成的这一运动场是目前世界上最大的一座室内运动场，内部装有冷暖气设备。棒球、足球、骞马，以至于马戏团表演，都可以在室内进行。紧邻的Afterworld是一个规模极大的娱乐中心，游客可以观赏欧洲各种村落的景色，也能够欣赏各类表演。

圣哈新托古战场SanJacintoBattlefield

1836年，休士顿将军为了争取德州独立，率军与墨军激战的地方。现在已成为州立公园，纪念塔高达174公尺，可乘电梯登上塔项。塔下是历史博物馆。距休士顿市约26公里。

美国航空太空总署太空飞行中心NASAMannedSpacecraft

因阿波罗11号在此升空而全球闻名。美国国家航空太空总署NASA于1961年设立于休士顿东南方45公里处的克利阿湖畔。附近有GeneralElectric和InternationalBusinessMachines等重要的电子工业企业，是名符其实的航空太空科学中心。

展览馆Exhibit Hall的一号馆中，陈列着太空飞行员使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的岩石，对一般观光客公开。

太空飞行中心内部极为辽阔，可在进入中心的问讯处索取地图，备作参考。太空中心内也有礼品店，出售太空船模型、月球石头模型，以及阿波罗帽等。

托福阅读背景知识：友爱之城费城

费城

费城是美国第四大都市，随同岁月的飞逝，与工业化的进展，费城所拥有的历史性遗产，已逐渐褪色。但是在十八世纪中叶，费城却是起草与通过独立宣言的地方。而且，美利坚合众国宪法草案也在费城起草与答署。贝茜·罗斯在这里升起了合众国国旗。华盛顿以总统身分，在这里也流过了许多岁月。这里乃是美利坚合众国的诞生地。

独立纪念馆IndependenceHall

建立于1732年，原为州政府，后于1776年7月，在该处发表独立宣言。其后，又在该处起草合众国宪法，从而诞生了美利坚合众国。

议事厅CongressHall

与独立纪念馆连接的建筑物。1790年到18为止，该处为联邦议事厅。华盛顿曾在该处被推选第二次担任总统。厅内留存历史性遗物极众。

罗斯故居BetsyRossHouse

这是设计美国国旗星条旗的罗斯夫人的老家。据说，它是1774年由华盛顿总统建议而兴建的。附近的Elfreth'sAlley和Bladen Coat小路仍留存了十八世纪美国开国初期的形迹，散步其间，易兴思古幽情。

罗丹博物馆Rodin Museum

是除了法国之外，收藏名画家罗丹作品最多的一家博物馆。

宾州美术馆PennsylvaniaAcademyOfTheFineArts

创设于18的美国最古老的美术馆。美国美术界的杰作，几乎都收藏在该馆。

佛兰克林科技馆Franklin Institute

为了纪念本杰明·佛兰克林的贡献而兴建的科学博物馆，展出运输、航空、物理、天文、化学资料。

新托福阅读背景知识：汽车城底特律

汽车城

底特律

底特律是众所周知的美国汽车工业的王国。福特汽车公司、通用汽车公司和克莱斯勒汽车公司等世界第一流汽车公司都在这里设厂，日生产汽车。

底特律生产的汽车，其数量占全球第一位。

福特汽车公司的Rouge工厂

自铁块开始，至新车装配完成为止，生产过程全部自动化。汽车工业先驱者福特工厂，周一到周五，上午九时至下午三时每30分钟一次免费参观;但八、九两月间，此项免费参观停办。

通用汽车公司的Cadillac分厂

美国最高级汽车卡迪拉克牌汽车的装配工厂。免费参观旅行是周一到周五，9:30和13:30每天两次。但6月1日至10月15日间停办。

克莱斯勒公司的Chrysler Imperial装配工厂

是Chrysler和Imperial牌汽车的装配工厂。免费参观是周到到周五，9:30和13:00每天两次。

绿野村Greenfield Village

是汽车大王亨利·福特拥有的具有历史性的村庄。村内以一览图方式，介绍长达三世纪的美国的生活。在100多幢建筑物中观光者能一目了然地看到美国科学、工业、农业、政治、经济的进步过程。绿野村边是亨利·福特博物馆HeryFordMuseum，陈列着福特公司初期以迄现在的每一种产品，是爱好汽车者必游之地。

贝尔岛Bellelsland

底特律河上一小岛。整个岛开辟成一座公园，内有游乐园、汽艇、泳池、动物园、高尔夫球场以及郊游园等设施。

威因堡宫事博物馆FortWayneMilitaryMuseum

保存着南北战争以前的碉堡，展示早期的营房、弹药库、军用品等。

底特律自然动物园DetroitZoologicalPark

是世界著名的自然动物园，有39种动物在自然天地中生活。园内的HolbenAmphitheater中有猩猩和小马的表演，可免费欣赏

托福阅读背景知识：议坛之城芝加哥

议坛之城

芝加哥

芝加哥系美国第二大都市，也有人称之为“美国的超级市场”TheSuperMarketofAmerica。无论从那一个角度看来，它都是一个典型的美国式都市，既是商业中心，又是交通要卫，市内到处是在建筑史上占一席地位的奇丽建筑物。可眺望密歇根湖的公园，蜿蜒的水际线，另有一番美妙景色。还有，无论是国际性会议，或美国国内较大规模的会议，大都在这一都市举行，因这又获得“议坛之城”的别称。

华丽的一英里TheMagnificentMile

自ChicagoAvenueBridge往北，到EastOakStreet之间的七条街，称之为TheMagnificentMile，可与纽约第五街媲美，有整齐、美丽的行道树，宏伟的高层建筑物，优雅的商店以及赏心悦目的橱窗陈列品。

ChicagoAvenueBridge的桥头，就是以口香糖闻名的WrigleyJuniorCo.大厦，大厦下方即为汽艇码头。那个极像是玉蜀黍的TwinTowersMarinaCity也矗立在面向河川的右侧。发行数量占全美国第三位的芝加哥论坛报也以这里为根据地。WaterTower过去被认为是象徵芝加哥的著名大厦。

约翰汉寇克中心JohnHancockCenter

别名“Big John”(大约翰)，是一幢高达100层的建筑物。它的外形像把梯子，初看有些怪异，但即是建筑结构力学上的一项新的成就。这幢大厦属一家保除公司所有，但1楼到5楼是高级时装店，6楼到141楼是公司行号的办公室，42楼以上是公寓，94楼是眺望台，95楼是餐厅，96楼则是鸡尾酒馆。

西尔斯大厦Sears Tower

这一幢取代了纽约帝国大厦，成为世界上最高的建筑物，总共103层，高达1，454尺(443公尺)，可以容纳16500人，可以称得上是世界奇观，从地面一层到第103层，有快速专用电梯直达，只需55秒钟，供游客鸟瞰整个芝加哥市，如遇阴天，有如置身云雾之间。

商品市场Merchandise Mart

位于芝加哥河北岸的18层楼建筑物，其规模之庞大，仅次于五角大厦。在市场内出售的商品，自家具到机械，种类达100万种以上。

斐尔特自然史博物馆FieldMuseumofNaturalHistory

在博物学这一范畴，堪称世界第一。恐龙的骸骨、古代埃及的木乃伊、马雅帝国的出土物等，均极珍贵。

林肯公园Lincoln Park

位于密歇根湖边，全长8公里，占地480公顷，是芝加哥最大的公园。园内有林肯、歌德、莎士比亚、贝多芬等塑像，还有动物园等设施。

篇4：GRE阅读解析倒装句

GRE阅读解析倒装句

在GRE阅读中，考生往往会因为倒装结构的不清晰导致无法理顺整个句子的结构与来龙去脉，所谓倒装也就是为了实现强调句子的某个成分对原有句子结构进行的语言顺序上的某些调整和变化。某些情况往往说话人也会为了某种修辞目的采用倒装结构，修辞目的的倒装结构以文学作品居多。通常在考试的情况下，试题命题人往往会出于某种迷惑考生的目的，有意将句子结构进行改写，在GRE阅读的很多文章中我们都可以发现这种情况。下面我们就结合几个典型的实例来对倒装结构进行分析常见倒装搭配的几种情况：

及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况。

例如：bring A to B，写作：Bring to B A例：Yet Walter’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

翻译：然而，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最为严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的手段获得了其物质报酬，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质。

如果从bring A to B的角度去分析这个句子，则这个句子应该将people who....or admiration写到it brings 后面，之所以原句子不这样做，则遵循了英语的句尾信息焦点原则，从而尾部信息成为一种受到强调的部位.根据这条原则，说话人要强调什么意思，便可以让他出现在句子的句尾，而传递的信息便主次分明了.句尾信息焦点和“尾重”原则就是采用这一原理.对比下面这两句话：

The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.

The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.

这两个句子的意思都是病人受到了很好的照顾，很快开始康复。但第一句的意义重心是immediately, 强调了康复的速度，而第二句的意义重心则在于“康复”而不强调“马上”。

另外上面的第一个例句中的倒装部分还考虑了一个因素，那就是使之读起来不至于让人产生头重脚轻的感觉，而“people who....or admiration”带有一个较长的定语从句，所以就放在了末尾，另外作者在本句中所强调的部分显然是“often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质”另外“no matter how......material rewards”为本句当中的一个插入语成分。

GRE阅读材料练习：要相信自己的身体很棒

You can. But it helps to think well of yourself in the first place.THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearing ridicule, dare not tread.But perhaps more should do so.For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion of treatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.

你可以拥有很好的体魄。但首先，你要自我感觉好，这会有帮助的。许多医学研究者都不敢探究躯体和心理的关系，因为他们害怕，踏进这一领域会受人嘲笑。但也许，研究这方面的人应该多一些才好。几个世纪以来，医生已逐渐认可了安慰剂效应。因为患者会产生错觉，认为自己在接受治疗。比如，服用无活性成分的药片也能产生实际疗效。

More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequently experience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives.They have fewer heart attacks, for example, and fewer colds too.Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in which such emotions alter an individual's biology.

根据最近的可靠的研究表明，平时积极乐观的人会活得更长久、更健康。比如，他们心脏病发作的次数更少，也很少感冒。然而，人们才开始慢慢了解这种情况发生的原因。人们需要的是做一场实验，明确这样的情绪是通过怎样具体的、可测量的方式来改变人的生理状况。

And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nerve starts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominal organs including the heart.Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm and safety.

北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的芭芭拉·弗雷德里克松和贝瑟尼·可可就是按照这个思路做了一项研究，并在《心理科学》上发表了相关论文。弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神经上。这对神经起于颅腔，通过无数分支与胸腔、腹腔的几个脏器相连。它的其中一项工作就是为器官发送信号，让它们在躯体平静、安宁的状态下放缓节奏。

How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone's heart rate as he breathes in and out.Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and a subtle decrease while breathing out.The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to be connected with health.Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.

他们通过监测一个人吸气、呼气时的心率，追踪记录迷走神经如何有效地工作。如果吸气时心率略微增加，呼气时略微下降，则说明迷走神经工作正常。两次心率之差构成迷走神经张力指数。人们都知道该指数与健康程度有关。例如，低指数就与炎症、心脏病发作几率有联系。

What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showed something else about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those with low at stopping bad feelings getting overblown.They also show more positive emotions in general.This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.

让弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特别感兴趣的是最近的研究，因为它显示了迷走神经张力指数的另一个性质：与张力指数低的人相比，指数高的人能更好地防止不良情绪失控。研究也显示，指数高的人大体上情绪更乐观。这也许弥补了心理健康与生理健康之间缺失的环节。

In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in , that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period of time go up.This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in a virtuous spiral.They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university's staff, to try to find out.

尤其值得注意的是，两位研究人员在的初步探究中发现，人们如果体验一段时间的积极情绪，迷走神经张力指数会就增加。这为他们留下了疑念，积极情绪与迷走神经张力是否处于一个良性循环之中，互相促进?因此，他们对本校的65名员工展开实验，一探究竟。

They measured all of their volunteers' vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and at its conclusion nine weeks later.In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designed for the purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such as hope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.

他们在实验开始时测量了所有志愿者的迷走神经张力指数，九周后实验结束时又再次测量。在实验期间，他们要求志愿者每天晚上登录一家专门为此设计的网站，为当天所经历的各种烈情绪评定等级。弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士为志愿者提供了九种可供考虑的积极情绪选项，如期待、开心、热爱，还有十一种消极情绪，包括愤怒、疲倦、厌恶。

They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whether—and how strongly—they had felt each emotion.One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshops run by a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender in the meditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.

两位博士要求他们以五分制一一打分：是否有这样的情绪、情绪有多强烈。1分代表完全没有，5分代表非常强烈。此外，他们还随机邀请了一半志愿者到一个注册治疗师开的一系列工作坊中，学习冥想的技巧，旨在让冥想者产生一种善待自己、善待他人的情绪。

This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people who meditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scores reported the biggest increases in positive emotions.

在众多冥想者之中他们鼓励这组人每天冥想，并向他们报告冥想用的时间。弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士发现，冥想的人的迷走神经张力显著增加，而那些不冥想的人几乎没有任何变化。，那些实验一开始就拥有指数的人，积极情绪增加的幅度;

Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generate positive emotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for it implies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.

而一开始指数就很低的人，几乎没有这样的奇效。作为一个整体来看，这些发现意味着，这迷走神经张力指数越高，越容易产生积极情绪;反过来，积极情绪又能促进指数的提升。无论是从直观还是隐含的角度看，这都是一个正反馈循环。对于情绪乐观的人来说，这是个好消息;但对于消极的人来说，情况正好相反，因为它意味着，那些最需要振作精神的人却往往无法产生积极情绪。

A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up all hope.A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day's social connections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to a mental state from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique of meditation.

然而可可博士的进一步研究表明，脾气不好的人也尚存希望。有一种比冥想简单的方法，即每天晚上对白天的社交活动进行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神经张力指数。就算是对生活不抱希望的人，也可能通过这种方式自我解脱，达到另一种精神状态，然后他们可以进一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。

Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok have discovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the fact of being treated.More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthy mind for a healthy body.

除了提高综合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士发现的机制是否有助于解释安慰剂效应，还有待进一步研究。但这的确有可能，因为安慰剂效应就包括实验中因治疗产生的良好情绪。更为普遍的是，古代的医生就有个说法：身体好，精气儿足。而这个实验则启发人们，尽管谚语说得有理，但精气儿足，身体好可能才更准确。

篇5：关于托福阅读中的词汇

关于托福阅读中的词汇这些错误看法需及时纠正

一、托福阅读需要知道一点专业词汇这不假，但绝非很难很专的词汇!

第一是托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的，原因是这样：托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识，因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的，而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。

第二是托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。这点也是很自然的，因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试，又不是专业考试。难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现，但根本不是考察的内容，而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。举个例子：It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals，这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。这句话中的cetacean就是一个过分专业而无需背的单词，你只要认识了whales，dolphins，mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)动物，而且是哺乳动物，这就相当于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要记忆的是mammal，whale，dolphin这种比较常用的专业词汇，而不是cetacean这种生僻的类型，把精力放在背这种艰涩的单词上是很不值得的。

二、托福阅读确实是需要六级以上的词汇量才能得到相对较高的分数。为什么呢?

第一是因为托福阅读中有一种题目叫做词汇题，词汇题是这样的一种题：你认识这个单词就肯定能做对，而且能很快地做对。你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断，耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果，所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?光是题数就占了很高的比例，由此可见词汇题的重要性。换句话说，考生只要把词汇题解决了，就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数，还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇，也有稍难一些的。所以为了保险起见，单词的水平要达到6级以上，这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。

第二是阅读速度的问题。对于中国考生，托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用，读文章的速度太慢了。不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章，而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!

托福阅读长难句：识别修饰成分抓住句子主干

说到托福阅读，想必除了各种术语，专业名词，最让大家头疼的还是一句句动辄三五行的长难句吧!那么今天我们就来熟悉一种最常见的长难句类型：主谓分隔。

什么叫主谓分隔呢?就是主语和谓语之间有着长长的修饰性成分将其隔开，这些修饰性成分可以是形容词/副词、介词短语、非谓语(过去分词、现在分词、动词不定式)，也有可能是从句(定语从句、同位语从句)。

那么如果我们能迅速识别修饰性成分，便能很快抓住句子主干，又快又好地理解句子啦～

形容词，副词

eg. Plants / able / to tolerate low levels/ of this mineral / can survive.

主干部分为主谓句型：植物能存活。

able形容词后置定语修饰主语：能够忍受矿物质浓度含量低的植物能存活。

介词短语

eg. / Thus / a part / of the total space / of any object / consists of empty space.

主干部分内容：一个部分包含空的空间。

of介词短语后置修饰主语：任何物体的总空间的一部分包含空的空间。

非谓语动词

动词不定式：The only way to protect this fragile and important part of the planet is to stop tourists from traveling to Antarctica.

主干内容为：唯一的方法就是禁止游客来南极旅游。

动词不定式作后置定语修饰主语：要保护地球这片脆弱又重要的地区的唯一方法就是禁止游客来南极旅游。

现在分词：A third fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals provides evidence of the result of the Cambrian(寒武纪)explosion.

主干内容为：第三个化石形成物提供了寒武纪爆发结果的证据。

现在分词短语作后置定语修饰主句主语：包含软体动物和硬体动物的第三个化石形成物提供了寒武纪爆发结果的证据。

过去分词：The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.

主干部分为：提高了的价值也帮助解释了出生率的增长。

过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主句主语：家庭观念方面的提高的价值也帮助解释了出生率的增长。

从句

定语从句：Farmers { who grow crops [that need a lot of water] } make higher profits.

主干部分为：农民们获得更高的收益。

定语从句先行词为主句主语：种植需要大量水的庄稼的农民们获得更高收益。

同位语从句：The fact { that artisans are frequently considered artists today } is / directly /attributable / to the Arts and Crafts Movement / of the nineteenth century /.

主干部分为：事实可以直接归因于十九世纪的工艺美术运动。

同位语从句修饰主句主语：工匠们在今天往往被认为是艺术家的事实可以直接归因于十九世纪的工艺美术运动。

同学们熟悉了如上几种后置定语的形式，便能很快找到主语及其修饰语，从而定位主干，把握句子大意!

托福阅读句子插入题中重复信息的使用方法

█Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. █It liberated industry from dependence on running water. █The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. █The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.

Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories.

Where would the sentence best fit?

老司机们看到段首可爱的小方格心里就有数了，这是我们在每篇文章倒数第二题位置上都会遇到的句子插入题。

我们今天就来跟大家聊一聊，句子简化题这个题目到底应该怎么做。

“You need to understand the logic of the passage as well as the grammatical connections (like pronoun references) between sentences.”

上面是托福官方指南中对这道题目的说明，这句话已经将解答句子简化题的关键线索呈现给大家了，即“grammatical connections”语法连接和“logic”逻辑。其中语法连接还给大家提供了最常见的一种应用，连词指代。既然有了方法，那我们一起来完成以下上面这道例题。

首先先看题干句子，然后我们就傻眼了，这题干里也没有逻辑，也没有指代，没有可用的线索，我该怎么办?此时很多同学无奈之下只能选择回到原文，开始逐个阅读选项句子，挨个带入，靠所谓的“语感”想把题目解答出来。最终往往会陷入到花费大量时间，题目还做不对的尴尬境地中。

其实在句子简化题中，我们可以使用的线索，除了官方指南中给我们提供的逻辑和指代之外，还有另外一个，就是重复信息。

现在我们来重新看一下题干句子，

“The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories.”

这句话说的是当动力可以来到工厂的时候，工厂就不用建在河流边上了。主要信息有三点：工厂，动力，河流。然后我们回到原文中，看看选项句子中哪一句和以上三个信息有对应关系。

A选项，瓦特的蒸汽机很快显示出它能干什么。没有信息点对应，排除。

B选项，它将工业从对流水的依赖中解放出来。这句话中对应了我们题干句子中工厂和河流两个信息点。可以被视为是我们的备选选项，继续往下看，有没有更好的信息对应。

C选项，蒸汽机通过驱动高效的水泵，排除矿井的水，使得矿越挖越深称为可能。只对应动力这一点，排除。

D选项，煤的可获得性刺激了WM在1790s发明了夜间照明的新方式。没有信息对应，排除。

所以选项中和题干句子信息关联最紧密的应该是B选项的句子。但是别着急，此时我们距离正确答案仍然还差一步判断，题干句子到底应该放在B选项句子的前面还是后面呢?这时候我们重新来看一下B选项句子，

“It liberated industry from dependence on running water.”

这句话主语是代词it，指代的是应当是A选项中的蒸汽机，A,B两个选项因为代词指代的关系，中间不能插入句子，从而排除掉B选项，这道题的正确答案是C。

这道题目是一道非常经典的是用重复信息来确定句子关联手段的例题，总结上面完整的做题过程，我们会发现，在使用重复信息解答句子简化题的时候，我们在找到题干句子和选项句子的关联后，还需要判断题干句子和选项句子之间的前后位置关系。

接下来，我们就再通过几个例题，给大家展示一下，题干句子和选项句子之间前后位置关系判断的方法。

Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. █And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. █For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. █The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. █

Look at the four squares[█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.

Where would the sentence best fit?

先看题干句子，完成每天的家务劳动需要很多努力。我们要和题干句子对应的信息是“household tasks”家务劳动。对应“household tasks”这个信息，答案应该对应到第三句话的“chore”家务，那么正确答案应该选B还是C呢?

此时我们应该按照“观点→阐述”的原则进行，即观点性的，概括的，抽象的表达在前;描述性的，细节的，具体的表达在后。对比两句话，选项句子中提及了具体的家务劳动的内容，是更加细节的表达，因此这道题应该放在选项句子的前面，正确答案为B。

再看一道例题：

█Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. █The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. █We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █

Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.

Where would the sentence best fit?

先看题干句子，由人类造成的对环境的破坏通常比由自然进程造成的破坏更严重。题干句子中对比了两种破坏造成的影响，因此我们对应的信息应该是“damage by humans”和“by natural events and processes”，对应选项句子，应当是第二句话“The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.”

同样的问题，题干句子应当放在这句话之前还是之后呢?我们发现选项句子中包含for example，是举例的内容，属于具体细节的内容，根据我们刚才提到的“观点→阐述”的原则，题干句子应当放在这句话的前面，正确答案为B。

关于使用重复信息解答句子插入题的内容就给大家说到这里，句子插入题，题干句子有明确的逻辑或指代线索的时候，大家就按照线索，跟选项进行对应;如果没有相应的线索，也不要慌张，根据重复信息这个线索，对应题干句子和选项句子中的相同信息进行选择，最后注意两句话的前后关系，按照“观点→阐述”的原则，选出正确答案即可。

托福阅读核心技巧揭秘

托福考试阅读技巧--单词：

这一部分在前面已经提到了，并给出了背单词的建议和注意事项。多背多记，一定是必须要做的。这里就不多说了。

托福考试阅读技巧--语法：

这一条更多的是针对初级水平的宝宝们来说，除了背单词之外，其实就是要打磨语法。我们可以通过一个体系将自己的英语语法梳理一遍，如果时间比较长，比如说1-2年的时间，而且自学能力不是特别好的话可以找一些课程听一听，但是如果是比较着急的考友，来进行自学。所谓自学，建议大家可以去做一下托福的语法的真题，通过做题来让自己对于语法的细节可以进行熟练的运用，当然，分析错题，并且研究里面的讲解永远是很好的学习方法。

当大家可以刷10-20套老托福语法真题的时候，其实就已经具备了一个初步做题的能力，就可以尝试直接做TPO，然后再根据里面的错题来分析自己的问题。

托福考试阅读技巧--长难句：

这一项是几乎90% 的考生都被打败的一项，长难句，顾名思义，不仅句子长，单词多，而且句子的结构复杂，有些甚至是层层嵌套，这些一系列的特征就让很多阅读能力平平的考生望而却步，那么，如何提高学生的阅读能力，帮助学员攻克阅读长难句呢?

(1)判断是简单还是复杂句?

当考生拿到一道句子简化题的时候，首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。如果该句只含有一个主谓结构，并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成，那么这个句子就是简单句。如果该句包含分句，那么这个句子就是复杂句。

(2)找出主干和句内逻辑。

在对长难句的句类判断之后，考生可以分析这个句子内部的逻辑关系。对于简单句来说，只要要找出这个句子的主干，即主谓宾语。而对于复杂句来说，考生需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系，考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。

(3)在选项中找到句子主干和逻辑关系。

当考生完成对句子的分析之后，考生就要去看选项了。但是这个时候考生不能只是去看选项，考生要做的是在选项里寻找考生刚刚对句子进行分析的结果：主干和逻辑关系。在判断句类和找到主干、逻辑关系后，考生就来看一下选项。如果选项主干和逻辑齐全，就是正确选项。其余都是错的。

篇6：托福阅读中近义词分类

托福阅读中近义词分类整理

阅读近义词完全汇总：

ded=extra( 答案还有continuing) anchor=hold in a place abstract = concrete 文中找反意 Advance = improvement accomplished = achieved Admit (permit to enter) =let in

Adjusted = modificated (adjusted adj.调整过的 ) Annually = yearly

avenue (大路，手段方法) = means advent--introduce(不确定)

a matter of speculation--supposition(speculation的同义词) adjusted--modificated advance--improvement

accumulate-- collect/press down，

(它在原文的句子是the diamonds accumulate in the 什么地方，是因为它的什么什么的特点)

appeal--attraction

attachment to --preference for

array=range n.排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批 vt.部署, 穿着, 排列 attendant-- accompanying

ascribed to--assumed to be true of afford--provide/purchase/originate/require available--obtainable apparent--obvious alert

beckon= invite

beckoning (引诱人的, 令人心动的)=inviting

Breed = reproduce (breed v.(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养n.品种, 种类 ) beckoning=inviting breed--reproduce budding brilliant--bright barriers boost --raise boom--expansion beneficial--advantageous classic

constant = stable

counter of = in the opposition of continual = constant consistently= regularly counter of = in the opposite of Critical = significant Critical = significant critical --important critical --essential chisel==carve

counter of--in the opposite of constantly -----regularly(i guess) classic--typical

close--careful (其他选项为 final/instant/restricted) n. 结束 couple--associate commemorate--celebrate correspondence 一致 harmonies confine--limit camouflage--hide constituent--component counterpart --version

consequently--therefore / thus convert--transform “demise”--decline, demand=need

delineate这个我可能错了，但根据上下文，及其象 trace detrimental = harmful

durable=lasting

for instance=for example

fast (go without food) (not sure !!!, donot affect you adversely) forage==feed finding

flourishing--thriving

fragment--break up

Gap (笔试：gap 缺口，裂口 = opening) Generate 产生, 发生 Given = particular gap

hence =therefore harsh =drastic hazard=danger

haul (拖拉, 拖运 )= pull

Heightening (提高，升高) = increasing hider = interfere (笔试：hide = conceal) highlight /layer==inner Hub 中心=center

Hydroelectric (adj.水力发电的 ) highlight/layer---inner hider-interfere

heightening--increasing host--great number

世纪末19世纪初美国制造业的革新.其中有一题

tailors, butchers and a (host) of trades began to ... hub--center,

hollow n.洞, 窟窿, 山谷 adj.空的, 虚伪的, 空腹的, 凹的 adv.<口>彻底vi.形成空洞 vt.挖空, 弄凹

hamper--make difficulty heed--notice hold -- propose hold--keep up heighten--increase：

“indigenous”----native (in the context), incorporable = included

immediately = closest( 说类人猿是人类最近的进化祖先) In and of themselves (not sure) = alone

Incorporable= Included (Incorporable adj.可结合的, 可包含的 ) indemention Initiate =begin;

Instant = moment (adj. N. 片刻，瞬间) Invariably = always initiate =begin;

托福阅读近义词选择技巧

生词不必害怕

托福阅读考试中对单词量的要求还是很大的，即使单词量很大了，也难免会遇上生僻词的情况，而托福考试中选用的文章说明性特别强，往往是自定义 — 自解释的模式，遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次，还可以分析选项，进行对比，往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项，此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。

分段做托福阅读试题

在四六级考试中，阅读时间也很少，虽然单词相对简单，但是篇幅较长，逐字阅读肯定是没有时间的，所以做题技巧中扫读是很重要的环节，目的是找到与题目相关的段落或者语句才能找到做题依据。而在托福阅读考试中，是每阅读完一段就做只涉及该段的题目，信息集中，重要的是节省了大量的时间，缓解了托福阅读文章通篇的眩晕感。而这部分题目就是四六级中常说的细节题。

托福阅读近义词选择有技巧

几乎每段中都会有生词意思辨析题，有些词考生因为知道不少托福阅读技巧，一看就认识，这样的题目就很容易了，但是也不能粗心大意，如果时间富裕或者把握不大，可以把选项带入文章中检查一遍。对于那些不认识的词汇，也是有许多技巧的。首先是分析词性，采用排除法排除词性不一致的选项。其次是用代入法。选项中给出的词意一般就是考生认识的，将选项带入，分析一下是否能够保证原文合情合理，通顺。

分段托福阅读打基础

在分段阅读的同时，可以记下关键词或者中心句，在文章结束时就可以有根据回想起整篇文章的脉络结构，逻辑关系，对14题的选择有很大帮助。同时题目中也明确给了做题方法，即没有提到的信息或者不重要的观点就可以排除了。

托福阅读真题1

Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.

The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired, it loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.

Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. Glazes came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were needed. Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making

(B) How early pottery was made and decorated

(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery

2. The word meticulously in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) heavily

(B) initially

(D) completely

3. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?

(A) adding temper

(B) removing the water

(D) mixing the clay with plastic substances

4. The word durability in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) quality

(B) endurance

(D) applicability

5. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the

following?

(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels

(B) prevent the vessels from leaking

(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality

6. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glassy finish?

(A) Smoothing them with wet hands

(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions

(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object

7. The word incised in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) designed

(B) carved

(D) painted

8. The word they in ling 27 refers to

(A) kilns

(B) firings

(D) cracks

9. According to the passage , the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns

(A) required less wood for burning

(B) reached higher temperatures

(D) baked vessels without cracking them

10. Look at the terms temper (line 10), glazes (line 16), kilns (line 24), and compounds (line 25).

Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage ?

(A) temper

(B) glazes

(D) compounds

11. The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood, the ashes help

(A) prevent the clay from cracking

(B) produce a more consistently baked pot

(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish

PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B

托福阅读真题2

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.

The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.

In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.

The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.

1. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?

(A) Their naturalistic themes

(B) Their importance in museum collections

(D) Their role in an industrialized society

2. According to the passage , before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be

(A) defenders of moral standards

(B) creators of cheap merchandise

(D) artists

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have considered

all of the following to be artists EXCEPT

(A) creators of textile designs

(B) people who produce handmade glass objects

(D) metalworkers who create unique pieces of jewelry

4. The word revered in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) respected

(B) described

(D) created

5. According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle- and working-class

families usually were

(A) made by members of the family

(B) the least expensive objects in their homes

(D) thought to symbolize progress

6. The word extolled in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) exposed

(B) praised

(D) accepted

7. The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT

(A) the pride with which they were crafted

(B) the complexity of their design

(D) the quality of their materials

8. The word consistent in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) conservative

(B) considerable

(D) concrete

9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the

Arts and Crafts Movement?

(A) The creation of brighter and more airy spaces inside homes

(B) The rejection of art that depicted nature in a realistic manner

(D) An increase in the buying of imported art objects

10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?

(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth century concentrated on acquiring paintings.

(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States, unlike the one in Britain, did not react

strongly against mechanized processes.

geometric designs.

(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement believed in the beneficial effect for people from being

surrounded by beautiful objects.

PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD

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